EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

> Any device that includes a programmable/nonprogrammable computer but not itself
intended
to be a general-purpose computer.
> An electronic system that contains at least one controlling device, but it is designed in
such a way
that is hidden from the end user.

An Embedded System must be.

1. High-speed: fast response
2. Low Power: low power consumption
3. Small Form-Factor: small size, light weight
4. Very accurate: minimal percentage error
5. Highly adaptable: adapts to changes and feedback
6. Reliable: must be reliable over long period of time

Based on Functionality:
1. Stand-Alone Embedded Systems
- Embedded Systems that works by itself. Does not
require any host computer.
-Takes inputs (digital/analog) from its ports. Signals will
be calibrated, converted, and processed into data that
will be displayed or sent to other attached external
devices.

2. Real-Time Embedded Systems

- Embedded Systems that gives the required
output in a specific time, usually at an instant.
- Systems that strictly follows deadlines for
completion of a task.
Soft Real-time vs. Hard Real-Time
3. Network Embedded Systems
- Embedded Systems that are connected to a network
(LAN/WAN/Internet) either wired/wireless to access
certain resources.
- Fastest growing are in an embedded system
application, due to applications directed to web
servers.

4. Mobile Embedded Systems

- Embedded Systems that are considered mobile or portable.
- Limited to a small form-factor, memory, power capacity, and other resources.

TYPES of EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

>General Computing
>Control Systems
> Signal Processing
>Communication & Networking

1. Small - Scale Embedded Systems

- 8-16 bit microcontrollers, on chip RAM and ROM, performs simple task.

2. Medium - Scale Embedded Systems

- 16-32 bit microcontrollers/ microprocessor, external RAM/ROM, performs more
complex
operations.

3. Large - Scale Embedded Systems

- 32-64 bit multiple chips, perform distributed jobs.
NATURE of SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:
>Control Laws - actuators
> Sequencing Logic
> Signal Processing - externa/ interface
>Application Specific Interface
>Fault Response - "Graceful Degradation "

DEVELOPMENT PHASES:
Analysis
- Understand and analyze the requirements
and system specifications.

Design
- Software: Selection of appropriate software-dev
tools, which includes modules, program segments, libraries, etc.
Hardware: Consists of microcontroller, external interfaces
and expansion boards/circuits.

Implementation
- Each module or task is implemented using
Segments, statements and routines. Appropriate
software dev tools are employed for coding.
Testing & Debugging

- Design and implementation need several iterations.

System Engineers/ Developers use the write-edit-embed
and test cycle to test the written code based on the
requirements and specifications.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS CATEGORIES

1. Manufacturing Costs
- Design & Development & - Cost of Production/Marketing

2. AppIication-Dependent Requirements
- Fault Tolerance & Safe

3. Dedicated Systems
- Pre-defined Functionality & 2ProgrammabiIity
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS EXAMPLES

1. Sony PlayStation 1 (1994)

Spearheaded the game industry's
transition from cartridge to CDs
CPU: R3000 (32-bit RISC)

Specs:
32BlT RISC CPU 39.9mhz
IMB RAM & 2MB VRAM
16 Million Colours
360,000 Polygons
6401480 Resolution

2. Soujourner Mars Rover (1996)

- First wheeled vehicle to rove on

a planet other than Earth.
CPU: Intel 80C85 (8-bit
microprocessor)
- A Delta II Rocket transported the Mars Pathfinder
and Soujourner rover to Mars

3. Nokia 6110 (2002)

-First GSM phone to use an ARM processor

CPU: ARMZTDMI (32-bit RISC ARM)