Music of India

Elements of Music in India

Timbre

• Nasal
• Melodic instruments such as sitar have sympathetic strings, the vibrations of
which create a distinctive shimmering texture
• Other melodic instrument such as te sarangi imitate the forward vocal quality

Rhythm

• Elaborate metric system of Indian Tala

Harmony/Texture

• Heterophonic and highly ornamented

Melody

• Ornamented and complex modal system

• Use drone
• Use raga
• Raga is the essential melodic element in Indian classical music

Religions and Beliefs in India

Religion

• Religion is considered to be extremely important

• India is known as the “land of spirituality and philosophy”
• India was the birthplace of some religions that exists around the world.
• Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism are the four of the world’s major religion.
• They also have Islam and Christianity.
• In Hinduism, their beliefs lay in reincarnation.
• Various forms of yoga to raise awareness, time as a resolving circle, karma, mantras,
and yantras.

Relations of Religion, Belief, and Music

• Music is an essential part of India’s culture

• Their music and religion are closely connected.
• Indian music is close to most rituals in Indian religions
• They use music in their rituals and worships.
• It also expresses many aspects of religion and philosophy
• Though Indian music is most effective during ritual when it improves participation

Characteristics of Indian Music

• India’s musical characteristics can be described through Hindustanic and Carnatic

music

Hindustanic Music

• Sometimes called North Indian Classical Music

• Indigenous to the North
• Based on the Raga System
• Uses Tala
• Practice of non-metric system
• Instrumental music is more important
 • Starts with a slow elaboration of raga

Carnatic Music

• Indigenous to southern part of Indian subcontinent

• Main emphasis on vocal music
• Most compositions are written to be sung
• Performed with small ensemble
• Faster and shorter in tempo
• “Temple Music”

Indian Vocal Music

• A way to express their deep devotion to their gods and goddesses.

• It is manifested trough the art of vocalization that becomes more than a vocal warm up
but an act of worship

Example of Vocal Music

• Gangal – known for rich romantic and poetic content

• Lakshan geet – oriented towards musical education
• Swarmalika – used for pedagogic purposes
• Sargam – is used instead of words
• Tamil Nad – speaks the beauty of the Land of the Tamils
• Vijaya – an example of farewell song

Arts of India

Indian Arts

• It shows the great cultures and traditions of Indian people.

• Their wonderful example of architecture, sculpture, painting, and crafts reflect the age
old traditions of this country.
• Indian craftsmen are well-known for beautifully designed metal works, jewelry,
ivories, utensils, fabrics, and woven material.

Attires and Accessories/Artifacts

Sari/Saree

• A traditional Indian women clothing which represented India in any formal occasion.
• It is a strip of unstitched clothing ranging from four to five meters in length.
• The most popular style is to wrap it around waist with one end draped over the
shoulder baring the irdiff.

Dhoti

• A man’s strip of cloth which is wrapped around the waist, fixed with belt which is
either ornamented or embroidered or flat or simple.
• It is usually tucked when the person is working in fields or workshops.
• It is left open in worship places or in formal occasions, as a mark of respect.

Ganesha

• The reverence for life is much typified by the Hidus in creating a statue of Ganesha.
• The God of light and festivals.
• It is plated with gold sheet.
Turban

• It is worn by the Sikh community in India

• It is symbols of faith and values such as honor and spirituality.

Indian Painting

• Indian painting is a medium stating spiritual ideas.

• Indian painting is done on scrolls.
• It shows rewards of good and evil deeds in the world.
• By the mid-20th century, Indian painting has become more international; and Indian
Artists were working in different foreign sytles.

Softball

Softball

• A game similar to baseball but played on a smaller area uses a larger ball than the
latter.
• The objective of the game is to score more runs than the opposing team after the end
of the innings.

Nature and Background of Softball

• This game uses a larger ball but with smaller field.

• It was in 1887 that this was developed in Chicago which is considered as an indoor
game.
• The other names of the sport are indoor baseball, soft bund ball, mush ball, and kitten
ball for the reason that it is played by women.
• It was only in 1926 that it earned the name softball.

Skills Used in Softball

Fielding

• A defensive act of catching the ball after a successful hit was made.
• It could be ground fielding or fly ball.

Throwing

• It is the act of passing the ball to a teammate.

• Underhand throwing is the act of throwing the ball below the shoulder level.
• Overhead throwing is the act of passing the ball by swinging your arm just above
shoulder.

Batting

• Hitting the ball by swinging the arms backwards and hitting the incoming ball by
swinging it again towards the area of origin.

Catching

• The process of receiving the ball from a pitch or throw.

• Good coordination is necessary for this kind of skill.
Players’ Position in Softball

Pitcher

• The one who throws the ball towards a batter which is positioned at the middle of the
diamond.

Catcher

• The player who controls the pitcher throws and positioned at the back of the home
plate.
• The catcher and the pitcher are the leaders of the game.

First Baseman

• The player that is positioned on the right side of the diamond next to the catcher’s
position to his or her right.

Second Baseman

• The one who is in the middle of the diamond next to the first base.
• He/she is in control between the gaps from the first base going to him/her.

Third Baseman

• This player takes care of the hit that travel the third base.
• He/she is positioned next to shortstop.

Shortstop

• The player whose position is in between the second baseman and the third baseman.
• He/she is in control of the ball travelling between the second and the third base.

Outfielders

• The players who cover the position outside the diamond or the field.
• They take care of the ball that passes through the diamond.

Gears and Equipment's Used in Softball

Ball

• The size of the ball is 12 inches in circumference or 30.5 cm in circumference.

• The actual ball is not really soft.

Bat

• It can be made of aluminum, wood, or carbon fiber.

• The size of the bat is 34 inches long and 2.25 inches in diameter, weighing not more
than 1.2 kg.

Gloves

• Made up of leather or materials similar to it.

• The softball glove is bigger than the baseball glove which is 14 inches.

Protective Gears

• The helmet which has two ear flaps to protect the ears used or worn by all players in
the field.
• Face mask and throat protector, shin guard, and body protectors are gears used and
worn by the catcher.
 Infection

Infection

• Infection is a condition in which pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses enter the
body and multiply.
• This process causes symptoms of a disease.
• Infectious disease or communicable diseases can spread from one living thing to
another.

Stages of Infection

Stage 1: Incubation Stage

• The time between the exposure to a contagious disease and the appearance of
symptoms.
• Incubation period varies from hours to months, depending on the type of pathogen.
• Colds can develop in a few hours.

Stage 2: Prodromal Stage

• Generally lasts about one or two days, during which the body reacts to the presence of
pathogen.
• Signs and symptoms of the disease show during this stage.
• The disease is now communicable at this stage.

Stage 3: Acute Stage

• The period when the disease is at its highest point that the signs and symptoms can be
clinically tested to diagnose the disease.

Stage 4: Declining Stage

• The period when symptoms start to subside and the patient may feel improvement but
still cannot return to doing normal activities.
• The infection is still present but now reduced.

Stage 5: Convalescent Stage

• When the patient recovers his/her strength and returns to his/her normal state of
health.

Morbidity and Mortality

• Morbidity discusses the disease state of an individual, or the occurrence of illness in a

population
• While mortality is the number of death in a population

Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality

• Certain conditions originating in perinatal period – 11,514

• Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis – 13,799
• Diabetes – 22, 245
• Chronic lower respiratory diseases – 22,755
• Tuberculosis – 25,470
• Accidents – 35,990
• Pneumonia – 42,642
• Malignant Neoplasms – 47,732
• Diseases of the Vascular System – 65,489
• Diseases of the heart – 100,908
 Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity
• Disease of the heart – 37,589
• Injuries – 51,201
• TB Respiratory – 72,516
• Urinary Tract Infection – 83,569
• Influenza – 272,061
• Acute Watery Diarrhea – 326,551
• Hypertension – 345,412
• Bronchitis – 351,126
• Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection - 586,186
• Acute Respiratory Infection – 1,289,168