SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

D life more and more

LESSON 2 : NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY
MODULE 7

LESSON LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
A. To be familiar with the differentiate pharmacological breakthrough;
B. Examine the positive and negative impact of these pharmacological breakthrough to the society;
C. Be involved in upholding our society from the advancements of these different pharmacological
breakthrough;
D. Know what is information age;
E. Understand the advantages and impact of robotics to humanities;
F. To be familiar with the concept of nanotechnology.

TOPICS:

1. Pharmacology breakthrough
2. Alternative medicine
3. Alternative system of medical practice
4. Information age
5. Robotics and humanity
6. Nanoworld of science and technology

TOPIC PRESENTATION

PHARMACOLOGY BREAKTHROUGHS
1.ANTISEPTICS
John Lister (1827-1912) was a British surgeon who radically changed surgical practice with the
introduction of antiseptics. He reduced the risk of bacterial infection during surgery. Lister’s antiseptic
solutions of carbolic aced was used to clean wounds and surgical cuts and to scrub surgeons’ hands.
Lister believe that infection was caused by airborne dust particles so he also sprayed the air with carbolic
acid. The equipment was heated to a high temperature to make it bacteria free. His discoveries met with
initial resistance but had become widely accepted by the 1880s when he introduced antiseptic catgut
ligatures. Ligatures are strong threads used to sew surgical wounds together. He also devised new
operations and invented several surgical instruments.
2.INSULIN
Sir Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Herbert Best (1899-1941) discovered
insulin, a hormone used to control the disease diabetes melitus. Diabetes usually results when the
pancreas does not produce insulin to use the sugar in the blood. al Hospital.
3.MAJOR HISTO COMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS
Swiss immunologist Rolf Zinkernagel discovered how the immune system recognizes virus in
cells, a finding that led to his receipt of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1996. He spent the
bulk of his career researching on this and other questions of immunology at the University of Zurich
Switzerland.
Peter Doherty, however, a music lover himself, did not seem to mind and they were made
research partners.
By the end of 1973, Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty made a discovery that was later to win them
a Nobel Prize. Through experiments conducted on cells with viruses, the scientists determined how the
immune system recognizes and attacks foreign materials on the human body.
4.EPINEPHRINE
Jacob Abel’s research was mainly biochemical in nature. In1895, scientists in London had
injected into animals an extract from adrenal glands found that it produced an instant rise in blood

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pressure. between 1895 and 1905, Abel worked on isolating the active substance that was found in this
gland. In 1897, Abel announced that he had managed to isolate though not in its pure form, the active
substance, which he called.

5.ILOSONE
Dr. Abelardo Aguilar was in the news recently. He is the Filipino doctor who helped discover a
widely-used antibiotic without receiving anything from the sale of the drug that earned billions of dollars
for a giant US drug firm (Ely Lilly of Indiana). The drug’s proprietary name is Ilotycin and Ilosone which
is commonly known by its generic name erythromycin. Ilotycin derived name from Iloilo province where
in 1952 Aguilar obtained soil sample that bore the Aspergillus species of fungi from which the antibiotic
was obtained.
6.PENICILLIN
Penicillin refers to any one of group of antibiotics derived from the fungus penicillium or created
by using partially artificial processes. The action of natural penicillin was first observed in 1928 by
British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming. Ten years later, penicillin was concentrated and studied by
German-British biochemist Ernst Chain, Australian pathologist Sir Howard Florey and other Scientists.
Penicillin acts both by killing bacteria and by inhibiting their growth. It does not kill organisms in
the resting stage but only those growing and reproducing. Penicillin is effective against a wide range of
disease-bearing microorganisms including pneumococci, streptococci, tetanus, and the syphilis
spirochaetes. The drug has been successfully used to treat such deadly diseases as endocarditis,
septicemia, gas gangrene, gonorrhea and scarlet fever.
Alexander Fleming was born in a remote, rural part of Scotland.
7.SALVARSAN
In 1909, German chemist-physician Paul Ehrlich developed a chemical treatment for syphilis.
He had tried hundreds of compounds, and the six hundred and sixth worked. It was named salvarsan
(meaning “that which saves by arsenic”). The only previous treatments for this disease had been so toxic
as to often kill the patient. Ehrlich brought news of his treatment to London, where Fleming became one
of the very few. His work was taken over by a team of chemists and mold specialists, but was cut short
when several of them died or relocated. It took World War II to revitalize interest in penicillin, and
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain picked up the work.
In recognition of his contribution, Alexander Fleming was knighted in 1944. With Chain and
Florey, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945.
8.NIACIN/PELLAGRA
Joseph Goldberger
In 1892, Joseph Goldberger had been fighting tropical fevers, typhus, typhoid and other
infectious outbreaks throughout the United States and the Caribbean. The surgeon general took note of his
energy and success and in 1914, appointed him to tackle the crisis of pellagra, a disease recently reaching
epidemic proportions in the South.
Goldberger died of cancer in 1929 before his questions were answered. In 1937, researcher Conrad
Elvehjem picked up Goldberger’s question, and after much experimenting found that nicotinic acid or
niacin, prevented and cured pellagra in dogs and in humans. The study and understanding of vitamins and
cell chemistry advanced markedly during the 1930s.
9.NYSTATIN
One of the most famous tales in the history of American medical science is the long-distance
collaboration of Elizabeth Lee Hazen and Rachel Fuller Brown, who developed and patented a wonder
drug of the 20th century: the world’s first successful fungus-fighting antibiotic.
Hazen and Brown invested all their royalties from Nystatin (over $13 million) in the nonprofit
Research Corporation, which had helped them earlier to obtain a patent for their drug. Their generosity
has provided for a great deal of further medical research. Their example has inspired many women to
pursue a scientific career.

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10.CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF DRUGS

Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin graduated from Oxford in 1932. She found a position in an x-ray
crystallography lab studying biological crystals. This technique helped ease out the structure of
molecules. Though diagnosed at age 24 with rheumatoid arthritis, she became one of the most skilled
crystallographers of her time. In Cambridge and later at Oxford, she always chose projects that no one
else thought would be quite possible. She ran into Ernst Chain one day, who was beaming from his recent
animal trials of penicillin. It took four years. But she cracked penicillin’s complex and misleading
structure in 1946. That knowledge would help manufacturers create semisynthetic penicillin. Ten years
later, she announced the structure of vitamin b12 and in 1964 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry, in 1969,
she finally solved the puzzle of the structure of insulin.
11.DIPTHERIA, ANTITOXIN, TRYPAN
The work on immunity of the German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), led to his co-
reception of the 1908 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine. Ehrlich determined the dosages for the
diptheria, antitoxin of Emil Adolf von Behring. He then theorized that certain substances could act as
“magic bullets”, attacking only disease-causing organisms in the body and leaving the rest of the body
unaffected. His subsequent discovery of the effectiveness of trypan dye in treating African sleeping
sickness and his synthesis (1910) of Salvarsan which was used against beginning of chemotherapy.
12.POLIO VACCINE
Microbiologist Jonas Edward Salk (1914-1995) developed on June 23, 1995 the first vaccine
effective against poliomyelitis. Salk and his associates developed and inactivated virus vaccine that
provided immunity against polio.
After massive field tests in 1953 and 1954, the vaccines quickly came into wide use in 1955 and
helped to reduce the incidence of polio until an oral vaccine was introduced by Albert Bruce Sabin in
1960. Salk withdrew from biological research in 1985 but later returned to work on developments of a
vaccine against AIDS.

13.LASER

The word LASER means Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although
the common usage today is to use the word as a noun – laser – rather than as an acronym – LASER.

A laser is device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent light.

Schawlow and Townes Invented the Laser

The invention of the laser dates back to 1958 with the publication of the scientific paper. Infrared
and Optical Masers, by Arthur L. Schawlow, then Bell Laboratories researcher, and Charles H.
Townes, a consultant of Bell Laboratories. That paper, published in Physical Review, the journal
of the American Physical Society, launched a new scientific field and opened the door to
multibillion-dollar industry.

INDIGENOUS/TRADITIONAL HEALTHCARE PRACTICES

With the increasing costs of medicines and physicians’ professional fees, the use of indigenous
health care practices is advocated by the Department of Health and other sectors and organizations. This
includes the use of herbal medicines, acupressure, acupuncture, naturopathic medicines, homeopathy, and
chiropractic.

Republic Act No. 8423, known as Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997,
created the Philippines Institute of Traditional Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) to accelerate the
development of traditional and alternative health care in the Philippines, providing for a traditional and
alternative health care development fund and other purposes.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

Alternative medicine is synonymous to healing alternatives affecting those whom modern

medicine has little to offer as far as giving relief to their sufferings is concerned. It is usually performed
by someone other than a licensed physician although some physicians learn and practice alternative
healing methods.
Alternative medicine is also considered as unconventional medicine and/or complementary
medicine. It is categorized into several areas:

1. Psychophysiologic
- supports the premise that mental state has a profound effect in the immune system. It
includes meditation, hypnosis, art therapy biofeedback, and mental healing.
2. Bioelectromagnetic Applications
- uses nonthermal, nonionizing radiation in bone repair and in treating osteoarthritis and
wound. It is also for nerve stimulation and immune system stimulation. It includes
ultrasound.
3. Touch and Manipulation
- use of hands and tactile methods to cure ailments. It includes chiropractic, osteopathy,
and massage therapy.
4. Alternative Systems of Medical Practice
- the use of differing views of disease causation. These includes acupuncture, ayurvedic
medicine, homeopathy, and naturopathy.
5. Pharmaco-biological Therapy
- refers to the use of animal products or parts as medicine. It includes the use of anti-
neoplastins from human blood and urine for AIDS treatment, honey bee products for
arthritis, and milk and placenta product for skin rejuvenation.
6. Herbal Medicines
- the use of plants and plant products for their medicinal effects such as the iscador from
mistletoe for tumors, and allium sativum or garlic oil as rubbing oil for lesion.

ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF MEDICAL PRACTICE

1.ACUPRESSURE
- is a form of alternative medicine which aims to maintain health, treat diseases, and
alleviate pain through application of pressure or massaging certain points on body
surfaces.
- Acupressure started some 5000 years ago when the wounded Chinese soldiers recovered
from their chronic illnesses through this procedure. acupressure/acupuncture points are
discovered by rubbing the pointed stones on the various parts of the body.
- Traditional Chinese medicine believes in the Qi or life energy. It enters a person when he
or she is born, and leaves when he or dies. Qi has two aspects, the YIN and YANG. YIN
is the negative and feminine force while YANG is the dominating, positive, and
masculine force. For the person to be healthy, there should be a balance between the
YIN and the YANG. Imbalance of the two forces results to illness.

2.ACUPUNCTURE
- Acupuncture is another alternative medicine, which aims to maintain or restore balance
in the body to ensure health. If follows the same principle of the YIN and the YANG.
acupuncture tends to stimulate the natural healing of the body through the insertion of a
needle to the various parts of the body. Special needles to the various invisible points of
the various internal organs into the skin or muscles of one or more meridians. Needles
vary in length from half an inch to several inches for use in different parts of the body.
From two to fifteen needles are used, and they rarely cause bleeding. The most
commonly used parts of the body are the hands, forearms, lower legs, feet, back,
abdomen, and ears.

3.CHIROPRACTIC
- Chiropractic treatment is based on the belief that human diseases are related to
misalignment of the vertebrae of the spinal column. This results to compression of the

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nerves. Chiropractors believe that the ability of the human body to work effectively lies
in the smooth functioning of the nervous system. They consider the spinal column as the
lifeline of the nervous system. therefore, any misalignment of this part causes disease. To
treat such disease, application of chiropractic is employed after diagnosis using an x-ray.
4. HOMEOPATHY
- Homeopathy is a comprehensive system of medicine developed by a German doctor,
Sameul Hahnemann in the late 1700s. The world homeopathy is derived from the
Greek word homoios, meaning “similar” and pathos, meaning “suffering/disease”.

- Hahnemann found that giving his patient tiny doses of substances that would cause the
symptoms of their illnesses in a perfectly healthy patient could, in fact, cure them. The
founding principle of his system, then, is to treat “like” with “like”, similar to the medical
theory underlying vaccination or immunization. This method of treatment is said to
stimulate the body’s own healing process to cure the particular ailment or overpower the
bacteria, rather than treating the symptoms themselves, which may suppress the problem
temporarily.
- Homeopathy is based on the Hippocrates Law of Similars which states that the use of
small doses of a substance that caused a disease could stimulate and infected organism to
heal. This method is an exceptionally safe form of medicine that uses natural substance
found in mineral. Plants, and animals.it can be used to treat a specific ailment or used for
maintenance of good health.

5.NATUROPATHY

- Naturopathy is the western equivalent of the traditional medicine of Ayurveda. The

Ayurvedan healing practice from India proffers that a disease is caused by imbalance in
movement structure and metabolism; hence, fasting, nutrition, and meditation ared to
cure diseases.
- This principle was also established in ancient Greece by Hippocrates, who taught that the
body has the power to heal itself, and illnesses are reactions to disharmony and
imbalance. Health could be regained, provided that the natural process of healing not
interfered with.
- Naturopathy is a treatment that goes by the belief that diseases occur when the natural
chemical substances in a person’s body have been abused. It used natural forces such as
light, heat, air, water, sunlight, natural food, vitamins and minerals, and herbs.
- The object the naturopathy is to help the body restore its natural balance rather than deal
with symptoms. Naturopathy seeks to treat and avert diseases by bolstering the body’s
defense system through a healthy diet and living sensible lifestyle.

6. OSTEOPATHY

- Osteopathy is the practice of medicine that uses all of the usual techniques of drugs,
surgery, and radiation, but looks more on the links between the organs, the muscle and
the skeletal system. Osteopathic physicians may correct structural problems by chasing
the position of bones in the treatment of health problems (Mosby’s Medical
Encyclopedia, 1997).

- The name osteopathy come from the Greek words osteon (bone) and pathos (to suffer),
so it literally means “suffering of the bone”. The name has created confusion, leading
people to think that an osteopath treats only conditions of the bone. However, Dr.
Andrew Still (1898 - 1917), a civil war surgeon who founded osteopathy, choose the
name because he recognized the importance of a properly functioning musculo-skeletal
system for the total well-being of the individual. He based it on the principle that best
way to fight a disease was by naturally stimulating the body’s immune system.

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

UNIT VI – TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT: ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS

I. INFORMATION AGE
- Is defined as a “ period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became
effortlessly accessible through publications and through the management of information by
computer networks”
- Also called the Digital Age and the New Media Age because it was associated with the
development of computers
- Is a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry
that the industrial revolution brought through, an economy based on information technology
- The digital revolution is also known as the Third Revolution, is the shift from mechanical and
analogue electronic technology to digital electronics which began anywhere from the late 1950s
to the late 1970s with the adoption and proliferation of digital computers and digital record
keeping that continues to the present day.
- According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982, “the
information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via
telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real-time and as-needed
basis

II. ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY

Robotics – is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of
robots

Robot
- A machine resembling a human being and able to replicate certain human movements and
functions automatically
- Are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration,
surgery, weaponry, laboratory research and mass production of consumer and industrial goods
Modern Robotics
- Commercial and Industrial robots are now widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or
greater accuracy than humans
Roles played by Robotics
- Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the society as a whole
1. Service Robot
- Performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation
application
2. Personal Service Robot
- Robot for personal use which is for a noncommercial task, usually by laypersons
- Examples: domestic servant robot, automated wheel chair persona; mobility assist robot,
and pet exercising robot
3. Professional Service Robot
- Used for commercial task, usually operated by a property trained operator
- Examples: cleaning robot for public used places, delivery robots in offices or hospitals,
firefighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robots in hospitals

List of Misconceptions commonly attributed with Robots

1. Robots will still our jobs
2. Robots will take away our freedom and fun
3. They will turn us into fat, lazy couch potatoes
4. They are not safe
5. Robots will take over human

ADVANTAGES

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

1. Quality/Accuracy/Precision
2. Efficiency/Speed/production Rate

3. Freedom from human limitations like boredom

4. Reduce waste
5. Attract more customers
6. Work in environments that are inhospitable to humans

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Increasing unemployment
2. Cannot handle unexpected situation
3. The ROI of your business may suffer if your operation relies on too many robots
4. They are not as intelligent as human
5. Robots installed in workplaces still require labor attached to them
6. Robots have no sense of emotions or conscience or empathy
7. Robots operate on the basis of information fed to them through a chip.
8. Where a robot saves ties, on the other hand it can also result in a lag.
9. If ultimately robots would do all the work, and the human will just sit and monitor them, health
hazards will increase rapidly
10. High initial investment-typically require large upfront investments in hardware and software, as
well as the costs of workplace training and education.
11. Expertise is scarce: industrial robots need sophisticated programming, and while the number of
people with this skillset is growing, it is currently limited
12. Ongoing costs: while robots reduce some labor costs, they introduce other ongoing expenses,
such as preventive maintenance, troubleshooting and programming. Having those skills in house-
house would introduce costs that you’re not accustomed to seeing.

ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS

1. Safety - Who should be blamed and who should be held accountable or responsible if such thing
happens
2. Emotional component - looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely
impossible for robots to develop emotions
3. Inequality – How do we distribute the wealth created by machine?
4. Robot rights-How do we define the humane treatment of AI?

III. NANOWORLD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOOGY

- Is of great interest to governments, industries and academia

- the prefix “nano” denotes sizes of the order of one billionth of a meter.
- Nanostructure science and technology is a broad and interdisciplinary area of research
and development activity that has been growing explosively worldwide in the past few
years.
- It has the potential for revolutionizing the way in which materials and products are
created and the range and nature of functionalites that can be accessed.
- The two terms often used in the literature with reference to the world of nano materials

NANOMATERIAL
- Denotes divided matter
- “ As Rao ( 1999 ) said“ if you take a piece of a solid matter ( say a metal) containing an
Avogadro number of atoms and go on dividing it to smallest bits, you will reach a stage
of ultimately end up with an atoms of the substance. Before that, you will reach a stage of
very tiny particles containing 100 to 10,000 atoms, Such particles with diameter of 1-5-
nm are referred to as nanoparticles.
- Exhibit properties entirely different from bulk materials and constitute materials of the
future

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

NANOSCIENCE
- Refers to the scientific study of materials of nanometer size, e.i., one billionth of a meter
- It is a combination of developments in solid state chemistry, synthetic chemistry,
molecular biology, solid state physics and engineering, and scanning tunnelling
microscopy

NANOTECHNOLOGY
- Refers to the various technologies to produce materials of extra high precision and
dimensions on the scale of one-billionth of a meter
- Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University is credited with coining the term
“nanotechnology” in 1974
- Implies the ability to generate and utilize structures, components, and devices with assize
range from about .1nm to about100 nanometer by control at atomic, molecular, and
macromolecular levels
- One of the interesting aspects in nanotechnology is building molecule by molecule
materials similar to those produced by biological self-assembly, selforganization and self-
regulation ( Carraher,Jr., 1994
- As Stoddard ( cited in the Royal Society,1994) described,” think of atoms as the
equivalent to letters, molecules as words, assemblages of molecules as sentence, and
supramolecular arrays as paragraphs”

NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

1. NANOCRYSTALS: formed by combining two or more molecules of inorganic substances,i.e,

silica and aluminium to form commercial grade heat and rust resistant coatings.

2. NANOTUBES: Carbon atom aggregates in various forms at nanoscale, for examples in shapes of
cylinders which are electrical conductors, can be mixed with special polymers to make nanofibers
and painted on rooftops as part of solar cells

3. QUANTUM DOTS: Size and arrangement of nanocrystals impact physical properties such as
color.For example,nanogold appears orange depending on the size and arrangement of gold
aggregates.Clear sunscreen containing nanosized Zinc Oxide particles allows visible light to pass
through and absorbs UV rays, hence appears colorless whereas bulk Zinc Oxide in regular
sunscreen scatter visible light resulting in white color

EXAMPLES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Pharmacology :Use nanomachines for site specific delivery of drugs, and useful in
chemotheraphy of targeted cells.

2. Molecular electronics: Use atomically precise molecular parts for molecular switches, circuits
and nanocells for creating miniaturized nanocomputers.

3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: useful for imaging conducting surfaces

ORGANIZATION
The National science and Technology Council ( NSTC ) Committee on Technology, The
Interagency Working Group on NanoScience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN) ( 1999) broadly
organized nanoscience and nanotechnology into four groups as follows:

1. Dispersions and Coatings: ( e.g., functional nanocoatings, optical and thermal insulators, ink-jet,
recording devices)

2. High Surface Area Materials: e.g.,bacterial filters, molecular sieves, adsorption surfaces, energy
storage devices)

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3. (e.g., biomedical sensors, nanotubes in color displays, DNA sizing and sequencing}. The
functional nanodevices have a large biological component compared to the other three
categories
4. Consolidated materials ( nanocomposite cement, ultra-high strength materials, soft magnets,
magnetic refrigerants)

NANOSCALE DIMENSIONS
The Royal Society and Royal academy of Engineering 2004) have categorized nanoscale into :
a. One dimension: includes thin films, layers and engineered surfaces. They provide large
surface support in catalyst useful for “on-site” manufacturing of pharmaceuticals in
smaller quantities.
b. Two dimension: consists of materials such as carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes,
nanowires and biopolymers. Carbon nanotubes in the form of wires and tubes exhibit a
wide range of electrical and mechanical properties , inorganic nanotubes are potentially
useful as catalysts and lubricants
c. Three dimensions: includes nanoparticles, fullerenes, dendrimers and quantumdots.
Nanoparticles show optical properties, high chemical reactivity and are useful for
targeted drug delivery while fullerenes resembles miniatures ball bearings
Potential Uses
The joint Center for bioethics in Canada ranked potential uses of Nanosciences and
nanotechnologies with respect to development. The top ten uses:( BBC News, 2005).
1. Energy production, conservation and storage
2. Enhancement of Agricultural productivity
3. Treatment and remediation of water
4. Screening and diagnosing diseases
5. Systems for drug delivery
6. Processing and storing food
7. Controlling air pollution
8. Construction
9. Monitoring Health
10. Detecting and controlling pests

ISSUES:
The nanoworld is not without issues. The NSTC Committee on Technology in the US raised
concerns over the short term and long term health issues originating form nanotechnology products.
Certain types of single walled carbon nanotubes are water soluble and shown to enter T cells
(King,2005).carbon nantubes are pulmonary toxicants. The british government (2005) in a regulatory
effort required all new nano materials be treated with caution as new chemicals in terms of registration,
evaluation, authorization, and restriction.

The Nanoworld is perhaps the fastest growing world in the twenty-first century, Global
competition among nations in nanotechnology towards improving the quality of life are many. However,
disadvantages of nanotechnology especially related to human health and the environment are only
beginning to surface raising serious concerns, Systematic exploration, characterization, organization, and
regulation of the nanoworld are warranted to make the best use of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The
nanoworld will continue to influence Science and Technology.

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