Unit 2:

Reading And Writing

Strategies For Academic
And Professional Texts
PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING
PERFORMANCE TASK #4:
Think of songs with similarities in rhythm and
beat.
List these songs down and identify the way
these are similar or different.
YOU HAVE TO SING THE SONGS WITH YOUR
GROUP.
PLAGIARISM …
➢Is a serious form of academic dishonesty
and is frowned upon in the academe.
➢Is defined as the copying verbatim of
language and ideas of other writers and
taking credit for them.
NOTE-TAKING …
➢Techniques such as summarizing,
using quotations, and paraphrasing are
used to address plagiarism of
language.
2 Types of Plagiarism:
➢Plagiarism of ideas – occurs when credit
for a work is ascribed to oneself
untruthfully.
➢For instance, if one writes a paper on the
theory of relativity of physics and no
mention of Einstein is given, the writer
explicitly or implicitly claims that this theory
is his/hers.
CITATIONS …
➢Starts with the surname of the author,
year of publication in parenthesis.
➢Verbs of statement such as argues,
posits, and emphasizes at the start of
paragraph or sentences maybe used.
ASSIGNMENT 3:
•SEARCH FOR DIFFERENT VERBS USED IN
RESEARCH.
➢PRINT OUT: TIMES NEW ROMAN, 12, 3
COLUMN, SHORT BOND PAPER.
AUTHOR-ORIENTED CITATION …
Pulido (2012) believes that language in
an online environment can be
understood if other modes of online
communication are further analyzed to
provide a full account of interaction in
virtual worlds.
AUTHOR-ORIENTED CITATION …
➢Pulido (2012) believes that language
in an online environment can be
understood if other modes of online
communication are further analyzed to
provide a full account of interaction in
virtual worlds.
TEXT-ORIENTED CITATION …
➢A paragraph or sentence from a
source is followed with the surname of
the author, year of publication. The
citation must be enclosed in
parenthesis.
TEXT-ORIENTED CITATION …
Unless educators realize the importance
of reading and writing across subject
areas, problems in comprehension of
subject matter will be a prominent issue
in the teaching learning process
(Estacio, 2010).
ANOTHER WAY OF CITATION …
➢Start the sentence or paragraph by
using the phrase “According to…”
followed by the surname of the author
and year of publication enclosed in
parenthesis.
ANOTHER WAY OF CITATION …
According to Mendoza (1990), by the
end of the century, our fuel reserves will
be reduced to half, and scarcity of
energy supplies will be a big problem.
MOVIES, IMAGES, AND MUSIC
CITATION
➢Author, title of work (image, movie,
music) and year it was produced (if
applicable) be included in the citation.
Images …
1. Luna’s Spoliarium (1884) inspired several
artists in music and creative writing to
produce works related to this powerful
painting.
2. In 1884, Luna’s Spoliarium presented the
different aspects of Philippine life.
Video …
1. Spencer’s (2009) “The Matchmaker” shows
different experiences of artists when they
struggle with stardom and deal with the
consequences of fame and fortune.
2. “The Matchmaker” (Spencer, 2009)
accurately captures the trials and
tribulations of fame and fortune of artists
making it big in show business.
Music …
1. The Beatles’ song “A Hard Day’s Night” features
John Lennon and Paul McCartney’s genius that
will influence generations of musicians to
create songs that challenge the norm.
2. John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the
song “A Hard Day’s Night” (1964) which is
considered as one of the Beatle’s greatest hits
in their illustrious career.
ASSIGNMENT 4:
➢Search for online article, music, image
and video and copy them.
➢Apply the author-oriented/text-
oriented citation.
➢Apply the citations used in music,
video, image.
2 Types of Plagiarism:
➢Plagiarism of language – happens when
an author uses the language of an other
writer and claims it as his/her own.
➢Copied word-for-word from a source
➢Cites the author but copies the whole
text verbatim
➢Patchwork plagiarism
NOTE-TAKING TECHNIQUES …
➢Citations are used to attribute ownership
of ideas to authors while Note-taking
techniques allow you to rephrase original
text into your own.
✓Direct quotations
✓Summarizing
✓Paraphrasing
DIRECT QUOTATIONS …
➢Is employed for statements that are so
closely associated that altering the words
may lose its rhetorical impact.

“The Filipino is worth dying for” – Ninoy

Aquino
Employing Direct Quotations
(Employ Text Oriented Citation)
1. Using Direct Quotations means to lift
text and enclose them in quotation
marks. In addition to the author’s
name, the page numbers are
included.
➢“Globalization is just a convert term for
colonization.” (Reyes, 1994, p.2)
Employing Direct Quotations
(Employ Text Oriented Citation)
2. If the text is too long, you may omit
certain parts and replace them with
ellipsis (…). If the words omitted are at
the end of the statement, another dot
is added, making it four. (….)
Employing Direct Quotations
(Employ Text Oriented Citation)
➢“Smartphones resulted from global
innovations in technology … and
therefore, consumers need to be
updated on the latest trends if they want
to maximize opportunities offered by
these gadgets to make daily activities
more convenient.” (De Claro, 2010, p.7)
Employing Direct Quotations
(Employ Text Oriented Citation)
3. Interpolation may be done to insert
notes within the directly quoted
passage to help readers understand
the context of the statement.
Interpolation is marked by open and
close brackets.
Employing Direct Quotations
(Employ Text Oriented Citation)
➢“De Quiros, Zabala, Uy, and Lee believe
that the education sector should address
the material conditions of schools to improve
teaching and learning.” (Danao, 2011,p.7)
➢“[Educators] believe that the education
sector should address the material
conditions of schools to improve teaching
and learning.” (Danao, 2011,p.7)
Employing Direct Quotations
(Employ Text Oriented Citation)
4. Using too many Direct Quotations does not
reveal your true identity as an author.
Specifically, it is important that you develop
your own voice and style of writing in
expressing ideas.
✓Therefore, 20% of the total length of the work
may employ direct quotations.
✓In an essay of 1000 words, 200 words are only
allotted for direct quotations.
SUMMARIZING …
➢Is a short restatement of the main idea
of a text.
➢Ideally, it is a third of the original text of
your paper.
Tips in Developing your Summary
1. Make sure to read the text thoroughly
and highlight the important details in
the text. Bear in mind that certain
details have relationships (cause and
effect) and these need to be noted as
well.
Tips in Developing your Summary
2. After getting the main idea/s, use your
own words in your summary. Make
sure to check if the relationships
between ideas are established.
Tips in Developing your Summary
3. When done with your summary,
recheck your output with the original
to see if your output does not stray
from the original text. You may seek
your teacher or peer’s feedback to
be sure.
PARAPHRASING …
➢Is a restatement in your own words of the
main idea and supporting details of a text.
➢May match the length of the original work.
➢Paraphrasing may be considered more
challenging than summarizing, it allows little
opportunities for misinterpretation on the
part of the reader as you account for both
major and minor points.
Tips in Crafting your Paraphrases
1. Read the text thoroughly, noting both
main ideas and supporting details. If
confronted with a long text, you may
outline these ideas to distinguish the
major points from the minor ones.
Tips in Crafting your Paraphrases
2. After identifying these, carefully state
the major and minor points in your own
words, making sure that the
relationships between and among
these ideas are observed.
Tips in Crafting your Paraphrases
3. Finally, when the paraphrase is done,
compare your work with the original to
make sure that the original intentions
of the author are not changed.
WAYS IN PARAPHRASING …
1. Literal Paraphrasing – this type only
replaces vocabulary terms from the
original text.
2. Structural Paraphrasing – this type
changes the sentence structure as
well as the word class of the key words
of the original text.
WAYS IN PARAPHRASING …
3. Alternative Paraphrasing – in this type, the
writer first poses questions about the text
such as what the text is about, how the
main idea is supported, and the stand of
the author about the topic. Then, the
writer answers these questions using
his/her own words after reading the text;
making sure that all ideas are connected.
WRITTEN WORK #4:
Summarize and Paraphrase the text and
employ text oriented citation
Mobile and computer technology may also
affect children’s sociability. The use of this
technology may take away hours from
children’s social and playing time. Yet from
another perspective, it can help cultivate
their communicative and social skills through
using different social media platforms and
sharing apps with friends. (Subia and Tatel,
2014)
WRITTEN WORK #5:
Apply Literal Paraphrasing with the
underlined words
1. Personal profit can serve as an inspiration
to business to better serve their customers.
2. Overclocking is a process that is capable
of improving a computer’s performance
through overloading electricity.
3. Animation is an activity where you draw
several pictures to make it into a movie
film, or a comic magazine.
ASSIGNMENT #5: GROUP WORK
PRINTED (SHORT BOND PAPER, ARIAL12, JUSTIFIED)
➢Write an ABSTRACT, which is a SUMMARY of a concept
(STRAND RELATED TOPIC) you wish to present in class.
➢In writing your abstract, you should include relevant
sources which will not only strengthen the main idea of
your topic but also provide meaningful supporting details.
➢The abstract should be at least 250-300 words.
➢Make sure to apply appropriate note-taking techniques
as well as citations in your final output.
 Family Problem
Family problems affect the senior high school students nowadays and that is the reason
why some of the students dropped out from school.
Torres (2019) supported that “Family problem is the most common problem among
teenagers. It affects their physical and emotional health.”(p.9).

Drop-outs in Senior School Students increase for the past three years because of a lot of
factors. One of those factors is family related.
Drops-outs were increasing for the passed few years and one of the reason is family
problem aside from financial and health problem. (DepEd, 2019)

In order to solve this problem, the school and parents should help one another to help
the students.
According to Dewey (2019) teenagers need a lot of encouragement and support
because this is the adolescent stage where teenagers are emotional.