What is government?

- The term government describes how a society organizes itself and

allocates authority in order to accomplish collective goals and provide
benefits that the society as a whole needs.
- Define government as the organization through which a political unit
(national, state, or local) exercises authority and performs functions.
How a government is organized is determined by the way that people
choose to run themselves in an attempt to have order and rules.
- A governing body or organization, as:
o The ruling political party or coalition of political parties in a
parliamentary system.
o The cabinet in a parliamentary system.
o The persons who make up a governing body
- The executive or administrative branch of government of a particular
nation as constituted by the political party or coalition in power.
Types of Government (World)
 Democracy
o Democracy is a form of government that allows the people to
choose leadership. The primary goal is to govern through fair
representation and prevent abuses of power. The result is a system
that requires discourse, debate, and compromise to satisfy the
broadest possible number of public interests, leading to majority
rule. Democracies advocate for fair and free elections, civic
participation, human rights protections, and law and order.
 Communism
o Communism is a centralized form of government led by a single
party that is often authoritarian in its rule. Inspired by German
philosopher Karl Marx, communist states replace private property
and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal
control of economic production, such as labor, capital goods, and
natural resources. Citizens are part of a classless society that
distributes goods and services as needed.

 Socialism
o Socialism is a system that encourages cooperation rather than
competition among citizens. Citizens communally own the means
of production and distribution of goods and services, while a
centralized government manages it. Each person benefits from and
contributes to the system according to their needs and ability.
 Oligarchy
o Oligarchies are governments in which a collection of individuals
rules over a nation. A specific set of qualities, such as wealth,
heredity, and race, are used to give a small group of people power.
Oligarchies often have authoritative rulers and an absence of
democratic practices or individual rights
 Aristocracy
o Aristocracy refers to a government form in which a small, elite
ruling class — the aristocrats — have power over those in lower
socioeconomic strata. Members of the aristocracy are usually
chosen based on their education, upbringing, and genetic or family
history. Aristocracies often connect wealth and ethnicity with both
the ability and right to rule.
 Monarchy
o Monarchy is a power system that appoints a person as head of
state for life or until abdication. Authority traditionally passes
down through a succession line related to one's bloodline and birth
order within the ruling royal family, often limited by gender. There
are two types of monarchies: constitutional and absolute.
Constitutional monarchies limit the monarch's power as outlined
in a constitution, while absolute monarchies give a monarch
unlimited power.
 Theocracy
o Theocracy refers to a form of government in which a specific
religious ideology determines the leadership, laws, and customs. In
many instances, there is little to no distinction between scriptural
laws and legal codes. Likewise, religious clergy will typically occupy
leadership roles, sometimes including the highest office in the
nation.
 Colonialism
o Colonialism is a form of government in which a nation extends its
sovereignty over other territories. In other words, it involves the
expansion of a nation's rule beyond its borders. Colonialism often
leads to ruling over indigenous populations and exploiting
resources. The colonizer typically installs its economy, culture,
religious order, and government form to strengthen its authority.
  Totalitarianism
o Totalitarianism is an authoritarian form of government in which
the ruling party recognizes no limitations whatsoever on its power,
including in its citizens' lives or rights. A single figure often holds
power and maintains authority through widespread surveillance,
control over mass media, intimidating demonstrations of
paramilitary or police power, and suppression of protest, activism,
or political opposition.
 Military Dictatorship
o A military dictatorship is a nation ruled by a single authority with
absolute power and no democratic process. The head of state
typically comes to power in a time of upheavals, such as high
unemployment rates or civil unrest. They usually lead the nation's
armed forces, using it to establish their brand of law and order and
suppress the people's rights. Dictators dismiss due process, civil
liberties, or political freedoms. Dissent or political opposition can
be dangerous or even deadly for the country's citizens.

Type of Government (Philippines)

 The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government
wherein power is equally divided among its three branches: executive,
legislative, and judicial. The government seeks to act in the best interests
of its citizens through this system of check and balance.
 The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides
in the people and all government authority emanated from them.
 One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the
principle of separation of powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress,
execution to the Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the
Judiciary

 The Philippines is a unitary state with the President as both the head of
state and the head of government. The government of the Philippines is
made up of three interdependent branches which are the legislative, the
executive, and the judicial system. The powers of these branches are
bestowed by the:
The Constitution of The Philippines
 The Legislative power is exercised by the Congress of the Philippines
which comprise of two chambers, namely the House of Representatives
which is the lower chamber and the Senate which is the upper chamber.
 The Executive power of the Philippine government is exercised by the
regime under the President's leadership. The Judicial power is exercised
in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines being the highest
judicial organ
The Legislative Branch of The Government of Philippines
 The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is
divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives
 The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms, or rejects
Presidential appointments, and has the authority to declare war. This
branch includes Congress (the Senate and House of Representatives) and
several agencies that provide support services to Congress.
 The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the
qualified voters of the Philippines.
 The House of Representatives is composed of about 250 members elected
from legislative districts in the provinces, cities, and municipalities, and
representatives elected through a party-list system of registered national,
regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.

 The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the total
number of representatives including those under the party list. For three
consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of
the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided
by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor,
indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors
as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
The Executive Branch of The Government of Philippines
 The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice
President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six
years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his
Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s
bureaucracy
 The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the
President, Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments,
independent agencies, boards, commissions, and committees.
 The President leads the country. He or she is the head of state, leader of
the national government, and Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of
the Philippines. The President serves a six-year term and cannot be re-
elected
  The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to
serve, the Vice President becomes President. He or she also serves a six-
year term.
 Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the
Vice President and the heads of executive departments. Cabinet
members are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the
Commission of Appointments.
The Judicial Branch of The Government of Philippines
 The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving
rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch
determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and
instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and
lower courts.
 The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to
individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial
power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as
may be established by law.
Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as
follows:
 The President can veto laws passed by Congress.
 Congress confirms or rejects the President's appointments and can
remove the President from office in exceptional circumstances.
 The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional
laws, are appointed by the President.

How does the government affect the students? (THE ROLE OF

GOVERNMENT IN EDUCATION)
“ IN THE PHILIPPINES EDUCATION IS A STATE FUNCTION”
GO (2015)
ARTICLE XIV OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION CONTAINS THE STATE
PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLE IN EDUCATION:
 The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6655(FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT).
 Specific provisions on education upon which all decrees, policies,
regulations, and rules on education are based, are provided in the
constitution. These are expressly stated by way of the constitutional
mandate, presidential decree, and other legal provisions

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 232 otherwise known as the “education act of 1982:”
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What is School ?