Institut für Umwelttechnik und Energiewirtschaft

Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics

Introduction

Martin Kaltschmitt

Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg

Institut für Umwelttechnik und Energiewirtschaft (IUE)
Eissendorfer Str. 40; D-21073 Hamburg

Renewable
Energy
Summer- Contents
term 14

 Organizational issues

 Literature

 Content of the lecture

 Renewable
Energy Climate Protection
Summer-
term 14

Pasterzegletscher

www.gletscherarchiv.de

Renewable
Energy Climate Protection
Summer-
term 14
Energiebedingte CO2-Emissionen in Mt/a
 Renewable
The global energy demand will increase by a factor of 1.5 till 2030
Energy Development of the global
due to an increase in population and an even stronger increasing
Summer- energy demand
term 14 welfare especially in Non-OECD countries.

Source: BP 2013

Renewable
Energy Security of Supply
Summer-
term 14

Quelle: BGR

8
 Renewable
Energy Security of Supply
Summer-
term 14

Quelle: BGR

The supply of Europe with fossil fuel energy is characterised by:

- increasing dependency from few seller from political unstable countries
in tendency,
- oligopolistic and monopolistic structures on the market,
- significantly increasing prices in tendency,
- increasing shortage on the longer term.

Renewable
Energy
Summer- Political targets within the EU
term 14

 Environment
 Reduce greenhouse gases by 20 % till 2020

 Reduce other energy based environmental effects

 Provide a more sustainable energy system

 Energy
 General

 Improve security of energy supplies

 Higher share of CHP

 Heat: so far no regulation; according measures are

being discussed
 Electricity: 23 % „green" electricity till 2020

 Fuels: increasing percentage of sustainable biofuels

11
Renewable
Energy
Summer- Content of the lecture
term 14

 Renewable energies within the energy system

 Utilization of solar energy
 Passive systems

 Solar thermal heat utilization

 Solar thermal power plants

 Photovoltaic power generation

 Wind power generation

 Hydroelectric power generation
 Excursus: Utilization of ocean energy
 Utilization of geothermal energy
 Shallow geothermal energy

 Geothermal energy from deeper layers for heat

and/or power generation

Renewable
Energy
Summer- Contents
term 14

 Energy balance of the earth

 Exploitability of renewable energies

 Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energies

 Renewable energies within the energy system

Renewable
Energy
Summer- Energy balance of the earth
term 14

Renewable
Energy Options for using renewable
Summer- energies for energy provision
term 14

Geothermal
Geothermal heat power plant
Geothermal
heating plant Thermal
energy
Solar energy Radiation Photovoltaic cells
Solarthermal collector
Solarth. power plant Chemical
Heating of the Ocean thermal energy
earth`s surface and power plant
atmosphere
Heat pump
Evaporation and
precipitation Hydropower station
Melting Glacial ice power plant Mechanical
Wind energy converter energy
Wind
Wave motion Wave power station
Ocean current
Ocean current power plant
Production of biomass Conversion plant
Gravitation Electrical
and motion Tides Tidal power station energy
of planets
Renewable
Energy
Summer- Usage of biomass
term 14

BIO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION

Alcoholic Anaerob. Com-

Fermen- Fermen-
tation posting
tation

Renewable
Energy Use options of renewables in
Summer- Germany
term 14

 Electricity Generation
 Hydropower

 Wind power

 Solar energy / photovoltaics

 Geothermal energy

 Solid biofuels, biogas, liquid biofuels

 Heat provision
 Solar energy

 Geothermal energy

 Shallow geothermal energy

 Deep geothermal energy
 Solis biofuels, heat from biomass-fired CHP-systems

 Fuels
 Liquid biofuels

 Gaseous biofuels
 Renewable
Energy Renewable Sources of Energy
Summer- - Benefits -
term 14

 Environmentally compatible (i.e. lower emissions) compared to

usage of fossil fuels
 Higher climate compatibility compared to presently used
options
 Low „social“ and „external“ costs
 Contribution to local and regional value creation
 Particularly suitable for decentralized energy supply
 Rather high public acceptance
 Relatively high social compatibility in Germany
 Almost no long-term effects
 No consumption of resources

Renewable
Energy GHG Emissions of renewable
Summer- sources of energy (electricity)
term 14

100
20
Without
ohne KWK
900 80 cogeneration
15
800
kg/GWh

60
inkg/GWh

700
ininkg/GWh

10
600 mitWith
KWK
40 cogeneration
500 5
Emissions
Emissionen
Emissions

400 20
300 0
0
200
100
0
P 5 m

PV 100 W m
PV W D
W 4,4 W D
W 29 W D
60 W D

PV kW D

k a

S)
1 k p
W 30 W D
W 36 kW D
W 2,2 kW D
W 2,6 W D

in k p
W K 3 s-G le

in 7 a

Bi /R 00 W
1 kW

ix W
d 0 W

o g o MW

Bi o 5 kW
ro . 2 W
Bi . C ,5 W
W d 6 0 kW

W d 3 ,5 W
K M N
K M H
K M H
M N
K 0 N

5 M
K 2k u

K 0 N
K M H
W dg koh

PV 00 W
PV V kW

W 100 kW
W d2 W

H G ,5 M
in x 6 M

m k
St og 0 k
og 11 k
in 1 k

(H
m 0
2x 0
W ind 00

. C 20
Er tein

G 7
a
S

H
 Renewable
Energy Environmental effects of
Summer- renewable sources of energy
term 14

Emissions Noise Influence on Waste Area Landscape Others

emissions biosphere heat requirement disruption

Solar thermal indirect none shading in power high collector albedo

energy plants arrays change

Photovoltaics indirect none partial shading none can be high module arrays local albedo
change
Environmental direct/indirect low temperature none can be high low
heat drop
Biomass direct/indirect none disruption of yes high monocultures
natural cycles
Wind power indirect high reduction of none low masts, towers radio
wind speed interference
Water power indirect (low) marginal ground and none high (dams) dams flood
surface water prevention
Geothermal direct/indirect marginal marginal yes high piping seismics,
heat ground
lowering

Renewable
Energy
Summer- Energy density
term 14

Waves < 100 kW/m2

Extraterrestrial radiation < 1,35 kW/m2
Wind energy < 3 kW/m2
Global radiation approx. 0,1 kW/m2
Tidal energy approx. 0,002 kW/m2
Biomass production approx. 0,0002 kW/m2
Geothermal heat flow approx. 0,00006 kW/m2

Cooking plate approx. 100 kW/m2

Coal combustion approx. 500 kW/m2

Electric cable approx. 1,000,000 kW/m2

Renewable
Energy
Summer- Range of variation
term 14

Max. radiation power (D) approx. 1 kW/m2

Min. radiation power (D) approx. 0.00x kW/m2

Max. daily radiation (D) approx. 8 kWh/m2

Min. daily radiation (D) approx. 0.1 kWh/m2

Max. annual radiation (D) approx. 1,200 kWh/m2

Min. annual radiation (D) approx. 900 kWh/m2

Renewable
Energy Renewable sources of energy
Summer- - Drawbacks -
term 14

 Consequences on the natural environment

 Lower energy density compared to fossil fuels
 Energy supply changes strongly and to some extent
stochastically
 Many technologies for usage of regenerative energies are still
at the beginning of their development
 High capital intensity and costs of materials due to low energy
density (systems are not completely developed)
 Lack of knowledge of usage and handling techniques
 Sometimes significant problems of local acceptance (NIMBY-
effect)
 Renewable
Energy Worldwide primary energy
Summer- consumption
term 14
Oil
62; 11%
Natural Gas
35; Coal
6% Nuclear
23,5; 4%
173,5; 30% Hydro
Other renewables

Total
156,5; 27%
576 EJ (2012)
125,5; 22%

Daten u. a.: BP.com 2013 Values for 2012 in EJ

Roughly 16 % of the global energy consumption is covered by
renewable sources of energy.

Renewable
Energy Worldwide primary energy
Summer- consumption
term 14
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013
Renewable
Energy Hydropower
Summer- Views
term 14

26

Renewable
Energy Hydropower
Summer- System Approach
term 14
Renewable
Energy Hydropower
Summer- Use
term 14
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013

Renewable
Energy Hydropower
Summer- Use
term 14
Renewable
Energy Ocean Energy
Summer- Views
term 14

Renewable
Energy Wind Energy
Summer- Views
term 14
Renewable
Energy Wind Energy
Summer- System Approach
term 14

Stator retaining ring Rotor brake

Stator lamination Electric switchboard
Rotor blade Pol pieces and control system
adjusting Rotor retaining ring Rotor hube with Gear box
device blade adjusting
Disk brake device Anemometer

Anemometer
Electric switchboard Generator
Rotor bearing and control system

Nacelle adjusting Nacelle bearing Nacelle bearing

device

Rotor blade Rotor blade

Tower Tower

Grid connection Grid connection

Foundation Foundation

Renewable
Energy Wind Energy
Summer- Use
term 14
Renewable
Energy Wind Energy
Summer- Use (onshore, D)
term 14

Renewable
Energy Solar Thermal Elect. Generation
Summer- Views
term 14
Renewable
Energy Solar Thermal Elect. Generation
Summer- System Approach
term 14

Direct Evacuated glass tube

solar radiation Absorber tube

Receiver Concentrated
konzentrierte Receiver
radiation
Strahlung
direkte
direct solar Direct solar
direkte
Solarstrahlung
radiation Solarstrahlung
radiation konzentrierte
Concentrated
Strahlung
radiation

Supporting stand
Heliostatenfeld
Heliostat field Turm
Tower Heliostatenfeld
Heliostat field Turm
Tower
with single-axis Parabolic trough
tracking concentrator with a
reflecting surface

Renewable
Energy PV Electricity Generation
Summer- Views
term 14

37
Renewable
Energy PV Electricity Generation
Summer- System Approach
term 14

Photovoltaic
modules

Meter box
Inverter with fuses

House distribution system

Renewable
Energy PV Electricity Generation
Summer- Use
term 14
Renewable
Energy PV Electricity Generation
Summer- Use (D)
term 14

Renewable
Energy Solar Thermal Heat Generation
Summer- Views
term 14
Renewable
Energy Solar Thermal Heat Generation
Summer- System Approach
term 14
Open natural circulation (thermosyphon) Closed natural circulation (thermosyphon)
Pressure-relief valve
Cold water
Hot
Hot water
water Expansion tank

System without Heat

circulation exchanger

Hot
water Cold
Heat consumer water
(e.g. unpressu- Heat consumer
rised storage) (e.g. pressurised
b c storage)

Open forced circulation Closed forced circulation

Pressure-relief
Cold valve
water Expansion tank
a
Hot
water

Heat
consumer
Heat consumer Heat exchanger (e.g. pressur-
(e.g. swimming pool) rised
storage)
Pump
d e Cold water

Renewable
Energy Solar Thermal Heat Generation
Summer- Use
term 14
Renewable
Energy Solar Thermal Heat Generation
Summer- Use (D)
term 14

Renewable
Energy Shallow Geothermal Heat
Summer- Views
term 14
Renewable
Energy Shallow Geothermal Heat
Summer- System Approach
term 14
Section A-A
Floor heating system
Series connection 25-32
mm
A A

Trench
system
Hot water
storage 50-70 mm
Parallel connection Shaft Trench B
Heat pump
U-probe

Ground probe
B
Section A-A A A Section B-B
Filling
~ 46 mm

Ground Coaxial probe

Renewable
Energy Shallow Geothermal Heat
Summer- Use
term 14

3%
47% 4%

25%
3% 3% 1% 2% 2% 2% 5%
3%

USA Kanada China Schweden

Dänemark Deutschland Österreich Finnland
Niederlande Tschechien Schweiz Norwegen
Renewable
Energy Shallow Geothermal Heat
Summer- Use
term 14
Overall heat provision ca. 53 PJ (2013)
Renewable contribution (i.e. from ambient air, from water and the shallow
underground) ca. 26 PJ (2013)

Renewable
Energy Deep Geothermal Energy
Summer- Views
term 14
Renewable
Energy Deep Geothermal Energy
Summer- System Approach
term 14

Geothermal
heating station

Consumer

Production Injection
well well

Reservoir

Renewable
Energy Deep Geothermal Energy
Summer- Use – Electricity – World
term 14

14
Afrika Südpazifik Nord- und Mittelamerika Asien Europa
Installierte elektrische Leistung in GW

12

10

 2013 wurden global geothermische Kraftwerke mit einer geschätzten

6
elektrischen Leistung von rund 11,5 GW betrieben.
 Die höchsten Leistungen sind in Nord- und Mittelamerika sowie in
4
Asien installiert.
2

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Renewable
Energy Deep Geothermal Energy
Summer- Use – Electricity & Heat – D
term 14
 2013 wurden 70 bis 80 GWh Strom eingespeist und die zusätzlich in
KWK realisierte Wärmeeinspeisung liegt bei 0,32 PJ

Renewable
Energy Deep Geothermal Energy
Summer- Use – Electricity & Heat – D
term 14

Die Wärmeeinspeisung aus KWK und HW liegt zusammen bei 1,27 PJ

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Heat in Small Scale Systems
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Approach – Small Scale Combustion
term 14
Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- CHP from Solid Biofuels
term 14

56

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- System Approach – CHP
term 14

Throttle valve
Exhaust gas
Pressure
reducing
valve
Boiler
Boiler G Generator
Biomass
Steam
Air turbine
Feed
pump

Feed water Heating

tank condenser

Heat
consumer
Water
pretreatment
Pretreatment
Condensate
Water Condensate tank
pump
Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Use of solid biofuels
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Use of solid biofuels (D)
term 14 Overall
electricity generation ca. 9,4 TWh (2013)
Overall heat provision ca. 67 PJ (2013)
Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Biogas Production
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- System Approach – Biogas
term 14

Quelle: FNR 2006

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Biogas – Use in Europe & D
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Biogas – Use (D)
term 14

Possible electricity generation ca. 26,2 TWh (2013)

Realized electricity generation ca. 25,5 TWh (2013)
Overall heat provision ca. 40 PJ (2013)
Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Biogas as a Transportation Fuel
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biogas
Summer- Biomethannutzung
term 14
Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Vegetable Oil & Biodiesel
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Vegetable Oil Production
term 14
 Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Bioethanol
term 14

Quelle: CropEnergies 2006

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Bioethanol Production
term 14
 Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Bioethanol and Biodiesel Production
term 14

Renewable
Energy Biomass for Energy
Summer- Bioethanol and Biodiesel Production (D)
term 14
Ethanol
180
Pflanzenöl
160
Biodiesel
Biokraftstoffe in PJ/a

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
 Renewable
Energy Renewables within the German
Summer- energy system (2013)
term 14

Stromerzeugung 1) Wärmebereitstellung ²) Verkehr ³) Primärenergie 4)

Option
in TWh in % in PJ in % in PJ in % in PJ in %
Wasserkraft 21,2 14,5 - - - - 76,3 4,3
Windkraft onshore 49,8 34,1 - - - - 183,2 10,4
Windkraft offshore 1,1 0,8 - - - -
Solarenergie 29,7 20,4 23,0 3,6 - - 129,9 7,3
Biomasse 44,05 30,1 587,0 92,0 115,0 100,0 1349,7 76,4
Umgebungs-/ Erdwärme 0,08 0,05 27,6 4,4 - - 27,9 1,6
Summe 149,9 100,0 637,6 100,0 115,0 100,0 1 729,0 100,0
1
) einschließlich KWK ²) Nutzwärme; einschließlich KWK-Wärme aus Bioenergie; Einzelraumfeuerungen Brennstoffeinsatz ³) Kraftstoffe
4
) Umrechnung elektrischer Energie aus Wasserkraft, Wind- und Solarenergie sowie Geothermie nach der Wirkungsgradmethode und aus
Biomasse gemäß Brennstoffeinsatz 5) einschließlich Klär- und Deponiegasverstromung und Strombereitstellung aus biogener Müllfraktion
und biogener Anteil in Mitverbrennung in Papier- und Zellstoffindustrie

Renewable
Energy
Summer-
term 14

Institut für Umwelttechnik und Energiewirtschaft (IUE),

Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics
Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg
Hamburg University of Technology
Eissendorfer Str. 40; D-21073 Hamburg
Tel. / Fax: 040 – 42878 – 3008 / 2315

Contact person:
73
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Kaltschmitt