PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

THC – 1 MACRO PERSPECTIVES OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

Type of Examination
The test questionnaire consists of three (3) sections: (1) Explanation/Discussion (2) Case Analysis/Evaluation (3) Illustration Analysis.
Test I – 5 items; Test II 6 items; Test III 1 Item.

The tourism and hospitality industry strongly affect one another. Several associations and industry leader consider the combined industries of tourism and
hospitality as one large industry – the tourism and hospitality industry.

DEFINITION OF TOURISM

The temporary short-term movement of people (less than a year) to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, as well as their activities
during their stay at these destinations. – Tourism Society in Berlin

DEFINITION OF Hospitality

The word ‘hospitality’ is derived from the Latin word ‘hospitare’ which means “to receive as a guest.” This phrase implies that a host is prepared to meet a guest
basic requirement while the guest is away from home.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

Contribution to balance of payments - Tourism can help correct the balance of payments deficit of many countries by earning the much needed foreign currency in
international trade.
Dispersion of development - International tourism is the best means to spread wealth among countries thus, bridging the economic gap between the rich and poor
nations.
Effects on general economic development - Expenditures by tourists can have beneficial effects on all economic sectors and lead to the development of different
industries and other economic activities.
Employment opportunities - Tourism is a source of employment. It is a service industry which could have significant effect on those countries which surplus labor 
such as the Philippines.
Social Benefits - Social exchanges take place when tourists come in contact with the inhabitants of the places they visit. 
Cultural enrichment - Tourism emphasizes a sharing and appreciation of cultures rather than the lack of trust brought about by isolation.
Educational Significance - Tourism enhances one’s education. International conferences, seminars, and study trips held each year enable people of all nations to
exchange ideas, propose solutions to problems and share their concerns.
A vital force for peace - Tourism properly designed and developed can help bridge the psychological and cultural distances that separate people of different races,
colors, religions and stages of social and economic development.
FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL

Distance - The difference between local travel or traveling within a person’s home community and nonlocal travel or traveling away from home.
Length of Stay at a destination - Tourists are temporary visitors who make at least one overnight stay, while excursionists are temporary visitors who do not stay
overnight in the country that they visit.
Residence or origin of the traveller - For business and research purposes, it is important to know where people live.
Purposes of travel - Visiting friends and relatives, conventions, meetings, business, outdoor recreation, entertainment, personal (family, medical, funeral, wedding).

The Nature of a Tour

Domestic Tourism – refers to travel taken exclusively within the national boundaries of the traveler’s country.
International Tourism – involves the movement of people across international boundaries.
Package Tour – also called inclusive tour is an arrangement in which transport and accommodation is bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price.

TOURIST PRODUCT

Tourist Destination is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays. It may be a village, a town, a city, a district, a region, an island, a country, or a
continent.
3 A’s that determine the success of tourist destination
Attractions
Amenities/Facilities
Accessibility

Attractions 
Site attractions – in which one has an appeal
Event attractions – is one in which tourists are drawn to the destination because of what is taking place.
Natural attractions – include mountains, beaches, and climatic features.
Man-made attractions – include buildings of historical or architectural interests such as Fort Santiago, holiday camps, theme parks.

Amenities/Facilities - Include accommodation, food, local transport, communications, and entertainment at the site.
 
Accessibility - Means having regular and convenience of transport in terms of time/distance to the destination from the originating country at a reasonable price.

7 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
1. Products are not bought to the consumer. - Rather the consumer has to travel and go to the product to purchase it.
2. Products of tourism are not used up. - They do not exhaust the country's natural resources.
3. Tourism is Labor-Intensive - It requires more manpower than other industries.
4. Tourism is people-oriented - It is primarily concerned with people.
5. Tourism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon - It is dependent on many and varied activities, which are separate but interdependent.
6. Tourist Industry is seasonal - it usually depends on seasons.
7. The industry is dynamic - It is characterized by the changing ideas and attitudes of its customers.

History of Tourism Industry

In the ancient time Early Man or the so called caved man traveled in different areas to survive for a living. Shanks pony/shanks mare - the first form of
transportation

Civilizations of Sumaria and ancient Egypt

“nomadic Traveler” - someone who lives by traveling from place to place (Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes follow the animals they hunt, carrying tents with them)
STOPOVERS - Trading between cultures created the need for groups of people to travel often a great distances
Certain stopover points became favored out as a necessity for trading and it became the trading centers.
RELAY HOUSES - The length of a journey segment was significantly longer than the anticipated time. At these journey segments, lodging facilities became a
need.
Innkeepers began to incorporate food and beverage services in their operation.
Roads provided fast and safe routes for traveller.
Many spare rooms in the castles and estates serves as a sources of REVENUE. Ex. Colonial inn and English inn.
The word Hotel is the anglicised version of the French “hotel garni “- “large, furnished mansion.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Travel DECLINED – dangerous and demanding during this time.
After the decline of the roman Empire in the 5th Century, roads where not maintained and they became unsafe.
Thieves inflicted harm on those who dare to travel.

Tourism in 19th century;

Two technological development: Railway and steam power.
Transformation of the small business catering to the elite…
Travel organizers emerged; THOMAS COOK

Tourism in 20th century:

Pleasure of travel continued to expand.
WORLD WAR I – prosperity, migration , demand for international travel.
In the same period, the railways as the means of transportation declined due to the introduction of motor car.
WORLD WAR II – progress in aircraft technology.
Introduction of Boeing 707 jets in 1958.

Two Forms of Early Tourism

Trading. The invention of money, writing, and wheel by the Sumerians facilitated travel and exchange of goods.
Travel for religious reasons. This took the form of pilgrimages to places of worship such as Chaucer’s tale of pilgrimage to Canterbury.

History of Hospitality

ANCIENT PERIOD

THE SUMERIANS
Produce abundant harvest that they were able to sell.
Invented alcoholic beverages
Required the service for traveller (food, drinks, and shelter)

EARLY TRADERS
Trade for exotic goods.
Needs hospitality service for their long journeys.
“caravanserai”- food and shelter.
EMPIRES ( Egyptian, Greek, Roman)

Egyptian Empire
Pyramid attraction
The need of Food service and lodging
Industrial Era: 1800
Development of railroads- greater effect for hospitality
Railroad station became excellent location for hospitality businesses

19th Century
Public dining was not popular.
Hotels were constructed without dining facilities
Restaurant referred to “dining room of hotel”.
More luxurious hotels began to appear.
Better preserving food (canning and vacuum packing)

20th Century
Rapid development of hotels and coffee shops.

THE PIONEERs - here are several outstanding individuals who made a significant contribution to the growth and development of the Tourism and Hospitality
industry.
CESAR RITZ - General manager of the SAVOY Hotel in London, one of the most famous and luxurious hotels in the world. He made the hotel a cultural center for
high society.

ELLSWORTH MILTON STATLER - Considered to be the premier hotel-man of all time. He brought a high standard comfort and convenience to the middle class
traveler at an affordable price. He was the first to put telephones and radios in every guest room together with full-length mirrors, built-in closets , and a special
faucet for ice water.

CONRAD HILTON - Recognized as “the biggest hotel man in the world”. In New York Time- “master of hotel finance”. He formed the first major chain of American
Hotels- a group of hotels which followed standard operating procedures.

THOMAS COOK - The first professional travel agent. He was the founder of the world’s first travel agency.

HOWARD DEARING JOHNSON - Was the pioneer of brand leveraging. He was one of the first to introduce the franchising in the 1930s.

J. WILLARD MARRIOTT - Founded the Marriott Corporation which has continued to be an important asset of the Hospitality Industry.

RAY KROC - He founded the McDonald’s Corporation, a multibillion dollar industry, through his strong dedication, organizational skills, perseverance, and
aptitude for marketing.

ISADORE SHARP - A first generation Canadian, was the founder of FOUR SEASON REGENT HOTELS, the world’s largest hotel chain and a multibillion-dollar
global hotel empire.

RUTH FERTEL - Was the founder of Chris Steak House, the largest upscale restaurant chain in US. Sells more than 11,000 steaks daily.

Factors That Favour the Growth of Tourism and Hospitality

Rising disposable income for large sections of the population

Growth in the number of retired persons with the desire and the energy to travel
Increase in discretionary time – shorter workweeks and longer vacations
Greater mobility of the population
Growth in the number of “singles.”
Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank loans
Higher educational levels
The growth of cities
Simplification of travel through the package tour.
Growth of multinational business
Modern transportation technology
Shift in values
Advances in communication
Smaller families and changing roles

ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Tourism in the Philippines began when the original inhabitants roamed around in search for food. Wooden boats sailed between Mexico and the Philippines
(trade).

During American occupation; they were able to reach Manila via Pan American Airways air-clipper.
American Express international, which informally arranged land tours.
1947, more orderly activity started
1950’s, more hotels, restaurants and entertainment was established.
1952, first association of the Philippines was organized.
1960’s-70’s, economic, social and political crisis.
1972, after the martial law: “tourist boom”.

Motivation of Travel
Escape
Relaxation
Relief of Tension
Sun lust
Physical
Health
Family togetherness
Interpersonal relations
Roots or ethnic
Maintain Social contacts
Convince oneself of ones achievements
Show one’s importance to others
Status and prestige
Self-discovery
Cultural
Education
Professional/business
Wanderlust
Interest in forest areas
Interest in scenery

4 basic travel motivators

Physical Motivators - include those related to physical rest, sports participation, beach recreation, relaxing entertainment, and other motivations connected with
health.
Cultural Motivators - include the desire to know about other countries
Interpersonal Motivators - Pertain to the desire to meet other people, visit friends or relatives, escape from routine, from family and neighbors.
Status and Prestige Motivators - Ego needs and personal development. Included in this group are trips related to business, and conventions, study, and pursuit
of hobbies education. Travel will enhance one’s recognition and group reputation.

Tourist motivations
The need to escape or change - The greatest reason for travel can be summed up in one word ---- escape
Travel for Health - Development in the field of medicine have influenced travel for centuries, giving rise to the concept of health tourism.
Sports - Interest in sports either as participant or spectator is attracting large segments of the population
Social Contact - Much travel grows out of the social nature of people. Human beings are social animals; They need contact and communication with others.
Status and Prestige - Travel provides the means of ego or self-enhancement. Travel to a poor country can provide the traveler with a feeling of superiority. Travel
can also provide a means of mingling with wealthy and social elite.
Travel for Education - The search for knowledge and truth is inherent in every individual. Travel offers an opportunity to satisfy urge to learn
Personal Values - The notion of personal values is an important travel motivator. Many people are urged to travel to satisfy personal values and as the
search for; spiritual experience, patriotism and wholesomeness.
Cultural Experience - Cross-cultural exchanges, experiencing how other people live and fostering international understanding are some of the reasons to satisfy
curiosity about other culture, lifestyles and places.
Shopping and Bargain Hunting - To many people the joys developed from buying certain goods may be the major reason for travel.
Professional and Business motives - Great number of people travel for professional and business motives
Search for natural beauty - Travel to satisfy ones search for beauty
TRAVEL AS MEANS TO SATISFY A NEED AND WANT

Key in understanding Tourist Motivation is to view vacation travel as a vehicle to satisfy ones need and wants.
Individual will buy a vacation package if he has learned that the
purchase will satisfy an important need.
Tourist compares various alternatives with list of criteria to determine which alternative will most likely satisfy a particular motive.
The resulting inclination will have an effect on the decision to buy.
The inclination may be positive or negative, depending how well a chosen alternative meet the motivator.
The number of alternatives may vary according to the characteristics of the traveler.

TWO CLASSES OF VISITORS

TOURIST. Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose could be classified as:
Leisure
Business
Family
Mission
Meeting
EXCURSIONISTS. Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited and not making an overnight stay.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS BASED ON PERSONALITY

Phychocentrics – people centered on self, are inhibited and unadventuresome. When traveling, they prefer to visit “safe” destinations. They do not want to
experiment on the accommodation, food and entertainment.
Allocentrics – people having interest on other person, are highly curious and thrive on stimulation and change. They have a strong need for variety and new
experience.
Midcentrics – people who resides in the middle. They prefer going
to a safe place but still won’t hesitate to experience new things.

Travel Constraints

Lack of money
Lack of time
Lack of safety and security
Physical disability
Family commitments
Lack of interest in travel; and
Fears of travel