Basic Concept of Hazard and its Example

1. Earthquake
CAUSES EFFECTS
- Tectonic movements - Tsunami can occur
- Volcanic Eruptions - Ground shaking, tilting and ground rupture

- Minor causes such as landsides, avalanches, the collapse - Loss of life and collapse of infrastructure
of heavy rocks, etc. can also cause minor shockwaves

- Man-made like mining and nuclear bombing - liquefaction

- Geological faults or the displacement of plates of their - Fire, Floods, and Diseases
original plane

2. Volcano Eruption
CAUSES EFFECTS
- Gas release under decompression causing magmatic - Lava and Ash deposited during an eruption
eruption breaks down to provide valuable nutrients for
the soil which is good for Agriculture

- The buoyancy of the magma - Many lives can be lost as a result of a

volcanic eruption
- The pressure from the exsolved gasses in the magma - Geothermal energy can be harnessed
because of the high level of heat and activity
inside the earth close to volcano

- The injection of a new batch of magma into an already
filled magma chamber
- Thermal contraction from chilling on contract with water
causing phreatomagmatic eruption
- Human and Natural landscapes can be
Destroyed and change forever
- It can also result to floods, mudslides, power
outages, drinking water contamination and
wildfires

3. Geological
CAUSES EFFECTS
- A geological hazard is an extreme natural event in the crust - May cause loss of life
of the earth like:
- Earthquakes result from movement of faults and plate
boundaries
- Volcanic Eruption arise from heating by magma - Injury or other health impacts
- Tsunamis can follow earthquakes, volcanoes or landslides - Social or economic disruption or
environmental damage
- Landslides are a form of mass wasting - Property damage
- Ground subsidence and expansive soils - Loss of livelihoods and services

4. Hydrometeorological
CAUSES EFFECTS
- Hydrometeorological hazards are caused by extreme - May cause loss of life
meteorological and climate events and also the primary
causes of all these hazards are water and wind
- Precipitation, in many different forms at the upstream end
leads to FLOODING when it is too high;

- And DROUGHTS when it is too low - Injury or other health impacts

- Hazards due to Tropical Cyclones are strong winds with - Property damage
heavy rainfall that can cause mudflows, landslides, etc.
- FLASH FLOODS caused by heavy rain with a severe - Loss of livelihoods and services
thunderstorm
- Hurricanes, Tornado and Typhoons - Social or economic disruption or
environmental damage

5. Fire
CAUSES EFFECTS
- Faulty wirings and electric short circuits - Destroying homes, wildlife habitat and
timber
- Smoking (cigarettes, cigar, pipes, lighter, etc.) - Polluting the air with emissions harmful to
human health
- Misuse of Equipment and appliances - May cause loss of life
- Faulty fuel supply like gas leaks - Fire also releases a carbon dioxide - a key
greenhouse gas – into the atmosphere
- Flammable and combustible materials - Cause erosion and subsequent
sedimentation of creeks and wetlands