PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

PRESTRESS LOSSES
 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES
WHY LOSSES

 The Prestress force applied through jack is not transferred to the beam completely.
 The applied force reduces at every section and at every time.

 Short Term Losses : Elastic deformation of Concrete

Friction between Tendon & Duct
Slip during Anchorage

 Long Term Losses : Relaxation of Steel

Shrinkage of Concrete
Creep of Concrete
 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES
LOSS DUE TO FRICTION

 Friction between tendon and surrounding material ; sheathing or concrete

 Loss in two Part : a) Length effect & b) Curvature effect
LENGTH EFFECT :
 Friction even though the cable is straight
 In practice, the sheathing can not be perfectly straight, this
un intentional deviation is called “ WOBBLE EFFECT” of duct
 It depends upon the length and stress of the cable.
CURVATURE EFFECTS :
 Friction between cable and surrounding material due to curved
profile of the cable
 It depends upon the co-eff. of friction between materials
and cable.
PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES
LOSS DUE TO FRICTION

Prestressing force at distance x from jacking end,

 ( ma  Kx )
Px  P0 e Cl. 7.9.3.2 IRC:112-2019

P0 = prestressing force at the jacking end

m = coefficient of friction between cable and duct
a = the cumulative angle in radians
K = friction coefficient for wobble effect
 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES
PARABOLIC PROFILE

x
The equation for a parabolic profile is : ym

x L  x 
4 ym
y
L2 a(L)
y

ym = displacement of the CGS at the centre of the beam from the ends
L = length of the beam
x = distance from the stretching end
y = displacement of the CGS at distance x from the ends.
dy 4 ym
 L  2 x 
dx L2

An expression of α(x) can be derived from the change in slope of the profile.
The slope of the profile is given as follows.

At x = 0, the slope dy/dx = 4ym/L

a(L) = 8ym/L
PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SET

 After tensioning of the cable, jack is released to transfer the prestress to concrete.

 The wedges, employed to grip the strands, slip over a small distance before the
strands are firmly housed between the wedges.

 The amount of slippage depends on the type wedge and stress in the strands.
 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SET

P1
 Assuming Slip of 6 mm at each end

sPO(x)
 P2 = P1 e-(mq + kx1) P2
O
 Px = P1 e-(mq + kx)

(sx1 - sx2)dx Shaded Area

Total slip = ------------ = ------------- P3
Es Es
x
or shaded area = A x Es = 6 x 1.95 x 104 = 117000 kg.mm

The stress drop after slip is obtained such that

Shaded area = 117000 Kg.mm = 117 kg.mm per m length
PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

 Pre – tensioned Concrete :

The Prestress is transferred to the concrete, the members shortens and

prestressed steel shortens with it ; hence there is loss of prestress in steel.

 Post – Tensioned Concrete :

If single Tendon, concrete shortens as tendon is jacked against concrete. As

prestress force in cable is measured after concrete is shortened, no loss of
prestress.

If more than one tendon, and tendons are stressed in succession, the prestress is
applied to concrete gradually. The shortening of concrete increases as each tendon
is tightened against it. The loss in tendon occurs.

The tendon that is first tensioned would suffer the max. amount of loss due to
elastic shortening.

The tendon that is last tensioned will not suffer any loss due to elastic shortening.
 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

Elastic Shortening for member with axial stresses

fc
Unit shortening d = E where, fc = Stress in concrete
c

Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

If ‘F0 ‘ is the prestress force after elastic shortening,

Es F0 F
Loss of prestress in steel =  f c  Es d 
Ac Ec
m 0
Ac

Ac = Cross sectional area of member

PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

Elastic Shortening for member with bending stresses

When bending of member due to own weight and due to eccentricity of prestress force :
P P.eC . y M girder . y
fc   
A I I

P = Prestress Force e = eccentricity of prestress w.r.t. NA of member

y = NA of member from bottom
I = MI of the member
We want to find stress at level of steel, y = e fc 
P P.eC . eC M girder . eC
 
A I I

Loss of prestress in steel = fs = m fc,

 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE CREEP OF CONCRETE

 Creep : Progressive increase in the inelastic deformation of concrete under

sustained stress component.

The stress in concrete due to prestress and external loading is computed. ( F1)

IRC:112 the value of the Creep Co-efficient is to calculate

Loss due to creep = F1 x f x Es/ Ec x Area of cable

 PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE

Shrinkage : Contraction of concrete on drying.

The loss of prestress due to shrinkage is the product of the effective shrinkage,
and the modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel.

IRC:112 the value of the strain due to residual Shrinkage as per the age concrete
at the time of stressing is to calculate

The loss is obtained as follows:

Loss due to Shrinkage = esh x Es x Area of Cable
PART – IV : PRESTRESS LOSSES

LOSS DUE RELAXATION OF STEEL

With constant elongation/stress maintained over a period of time, the prestress

reduces gradually, called “Relaxation of Steel”

IRC:112 recommends the relaxation loss on the basis of 1000 hour value.

The long term loss at @ 0.5 x 106 hours shall be taken as the 3 times the 1000
hours values of relaxation loss. These values are given in IRC for various initial
stresses.