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Lesson 3: Model of
Communications
Date: @October 9, 2021

Topic:

Notes

Models of Communication
conceptual frameworks

Linear Models
Aristotle Model of Communication
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira,
Northern Greece.

was also the teacher of Alexander the Great.

studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 1

 speaker, speech, occasion, audience, effect

Characteristics of Aristotle's Model

linear model of communication for oral communication.

considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C.

the most widely accepted among all communication models.

mainly focused on speaker and speech.

speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the
only one active.

speaker's role to deliver a speech to the audience.

role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. Makes the

communication process one way, from speaker to receiver.

speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience
and situation (occasion).

Criticisms of Aristotle's Model of Communication

there is no concept of feedback, it is one way from speaker to audience.

there is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers.

this model can only be used in public speaking.

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 Example: a politician (speaker) is persuading to vote for him. The situation is
election.

Shannon and Weaver's Model

💡 designed for telephone communication

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 3

 original model is linear, introduced in 1948

early model has no feedback

sender plays the primary role

receiver plays the secondary role

Elements of Shannon and Weaver

original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone
technologies.

initial model consisted of three primary; sender, channel, and receiver.

the sender was the part of a telephone a person spoken into,

the channel was the telephone itself,

the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person.

Shannon and Weaver also recognized that the process of communication could be
interfered by the noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal.

Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based
on the
following elements:

An information source, which produces a message.

A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals.

A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission.

A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal.

A destination, where the message arrives.

Lasswell's Model
basic framework for analyzing one-way communication by asking the five questions:
Who, Said what, through which channel, to whom, with what effects?

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 4

 who-sender

says what-message

in which channel-channel
to whom-receiver

with what effect-result of the message

SMCR Model by Berlo

developed by David Berlo

Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of Communication separated the model into

clear parts and has been expanded upon by the scholars.

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 5

 Difference of source vs receiver:
they are different persons

level of communication skills, attitudes, etc.

the sender should have a good communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, etc... to
have a long lasting communication or message (?)

limitations-doesn't capture the face-to face interaction (orig model)

it is nonverbal

there's no feedback

people are complicated

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 6

 Interactive Models
Osgood-Schramm
good example of interactive communication model

a circular, rather than linear, way of messaging

Communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a receiver.

Later, Wilbur Schramm, adapted the model and added the notion of field of
experience, or
commonality, to the mix.

Field of experience incorporates what is mutually understood between the sender

and receiver.

For his part, Schramm is considered one of the pioneers of the mass
communications field.

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 7

 Components of Osgood-Schramm
Sender: This is the person who encodes (converts) and sends the message.

Message: This is the content being shared between the parties.

Receiver: This is the person who decodes (interprets) the message.

Semantic barriers: The backgrounds, beliefs, experiences, and values that

influence how the sender conveys a message, and how the receiver interprets it.

In the Osgood-Schramm model, messages travel back and forth between the sender
and the
receiver. In this way, the sender can deliver one message, and then become the
receiver, getting a message.

two way process of communication

communication is circular

communication is equal and reciprocal

messages inquire interpretation

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 8

 4 key principles
1. Communication is ciruclar

2. Messages require interpretation

3. Communication is usually equal and reciprocal

4. there are three steps for communicating: encoding, decoding and interpreting.

Advantages of Osgood-Schramm
dynamic

shows why redundancy is an essential part of communicating

shows that the sender and receiver can be the same person

shows that communication is circular in nature.

Disadvantages of Osgood-Schramm
does not have the concept of semantic noise

assumes that the moment of encoding and decoding does not happen
simultaneously.

The Westley and Maclean Model of Communication

The Westley and Maclean model shows that our communication is influenced by
environmental, cultural and personal factors

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 Transactional Models
Barnlund’s Transactional Model
Barnlund’s Transactional Model of Communication highlights the role of private and
public cues that impact our messages.

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 10

 good example of transaction

introduced in 1970

simultaneously

continuous process

sender and receiver are equally important

feedback for one is the message for the other

public cues
physical, environmental or artificial and natural or man-made.

private cues
senses of a person
behavioral cues

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 ......
jagged lines

limited

Advantage of Barnlund’s Transactional Model

shows equal field of experience both sender and receiver

talks about simultaneous

most systematic model of communication

Disadvantage of Barnlund’s Transactional Model

very complex

both the sender and receiver must understand the codes sent by the other

they must each possess a similar “code book”. (The concept of code book is not
mentioned in the model but understood.)

Influence Communication Encounters in Transactional

Models
social context

relational context

cultural context

Dance’s Helical Model

Dance’s Helical Model sees communication as a circular process that gets more
and more
complex as communication occurs, which can be represented by a helical spiral.

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 12

 📌 SUMMARY:

Quiz 1: Next week

Coverage: topic 2 and 3

Assignment: October 9
Project and quiz: Next week

Lesson 3: Model of Communications 13