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What does "COLD STRETCHING 冷拉伸"mean?
What does "COLD STRETCHING 冷拉伸"mean?
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Cold Stretching background(1/2)
Cold stretching has been in use for more than 30 years, but not
under ASME code rules until 2008(Code Case 2596). Cold
stretching (or cold working) increases the yield limit of a stainless
steel material by work hardening it after all forming and welded
steps are complete. A vessel can be cold stretched by over
pressurizing it 1.5 to 1.6 times design pressure under careful
control of the deformation vs pressure as outlined in VIII-1 App 44.
The resulting permanent plastic deformation increases the diameter
up to 7% and the volume by 14%.
冷拉伸已經使用超過30年,但直到2008年才符合ASME規範。
冷拉伸(或冷加工)通過在所有成型和焊接步驟完成後加工硬
化來提高不銹鋼材料的屈服極限。 如VIII-1 App 44所述,在小
心控制變形與壓力的情況下,可以通過將容器過度加壓至設計
壓力的1.5至1.6倍來對容器進行冷拉伸。所得永久塑性變形將直
徑增加至7 %和14%的容積。
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Cold Stretching background(2/2)
Stainless steel stress strain curve showing an increase in yield strength after cold working.
Circumferential Stress
Elastic Plastic 515MPa Safety Factor
3 270MPa 1.9 double
P 2 138MPa 3.7 double
Guidelines such as:
a) AS 1210 Supplement 2 (1999),
b) EN 13458-2 (2002),
c) EN 13530-2 (2002),
d) ISO 20421-1 (2006),
e) ISO 21009-1 (2008),
f) ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC) VIII-1 Appendix 44
≤ 0.1%/hr (2013).
The ASME allowed stress in a vessel made of SA-240 304 stainless is 138MPa for cryogenic
applications. After cold stretching, the allowable stress is increased to 270MPa (Table 44-1-1
in ASME VIII-1). The higher allowable is a combination of both an increase in the yield
stress and a decrease in the factor of safety.
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44-1 SCOPE
designing and constructing cold-stretched austenitic stainless steel(ASS) vessels
Materials Allowable stress of ASS in different standards [MPa]
UNS Min. Min. ASME BPVC ASME BPVC II GB150
No. Tensile Yield VIII-I Code Part D
Strength Strength Case 2596
S30408 515 205 270 138 137
S30403 485 170 247 115 120
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44-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Approval( APP. KK)
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44-6.2 COLD-STRETCHING OPERATION
a) Fill the vessel with water, the vents open for at least 15 min.
b) the circumference of all shell courses shall be measured, All
measurements shall be made with instruments that have been
calibrated to an accuracy of ±0.05%. Additional measurements of
the vessel while under Pc shall be taken as necessary to calculate
the strain rate. The strain rate during the cold-stretching operation
shall be calculated over the full circumference.
c) cold-stretching operation (witnessed by AI):
1. The pressure shall be increased until Pc is reached. Pc shall be
maintained until the calculated strain rate has dropped to ≤ 0.1%/hr.
2. The minimum holding time ≥ 1 hr.
3. The calculated strain rate shall be determined by repeated or
continuous measurements of the circumference while the vessel is
under Pc. The required maximum strain rate of 0.1%/hr shall be met
during the last half hour. 8
44-6.3 COLD-STRETCHING PROCEDURE (CSP)
A written record shall be prepared containing at least the
following information:
(a) pressurizing sequence specifying pressure readings and time
(b) circumference measurement before, during, and after
pressurization; or alternatively, time, pressure, and the elongation
of circumference
(c) strain-rate calculations
(d) notes of any significant changes of shape and size relevant to
the functioning of the vessel
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44-7 STAMPING AND CERTIFICATION
(a) The Certification Mark on the nameplate shall include
marking with “CS” under the Certification Mark, indicating
the vessel was constructed using cold-stretching methods.
(b) The Manufacturer shall indicate in the Remarks section of
the Manufacturer’s Data Report: “This vessel has been
constructed using cold-stretching processes in accordance
with Mandatory Appendix 44.”
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