Pointers

Chemical Equilibrium
• How to write equilibrium expressions
• From rate constants – equate rate forward to rate reverse
• From balanced chemical equations - products/reactants
• From partial pressures of gases
• Relating Kc and Kp by P = (n/V)RT
• Interpreting Q vs Keq
• When Keq is large -> products more stable
• When Keq is small -> reactants more stable
• Q > Keq, products must decrease, reactants must increase
• Q < Keq, products must increase, reactants must decrease
Pointers
Chemical Equilibrium
• Interpret the thermodynamics of equilibrium
• ΔG = -RTlnKeq =
• Larger K = more negative ΔG
• How to use the Vant Hoff Equation
Keqf ΔHo 1 1
• ln =− −
Keqi R Tf Ti
• Le Chatelier’s principle
• ICE Table
Pointers
Acid Base Equilibria
• What are acids and bases
• Arrhenius definition
• Bronstead Lowry definition
• Conjugate acid base pairs
• Lewis definition
Pointers
Acid Base Equilibria
• Relative strengths of acids
• Same row - more polar = stronger acid
• Same column – longer bond = stronger acid
• Oxoacids – more O = stronger acid, more OH = weaker
• Dissolved metals – larger charge density = stronger acid
• Basically, weaker H-X bond = stronger acid
• Larger Ka = stronger acid
Pointers
Acid Base Equilibria
• How to use Ka and the ICE table
• To get pH and [H+] of weak acids and polyprotic acids
• To get % ionization
• When to use the approximation 0.1-x ≈ 0.1
• What to do with a common ion in solution
Pointers
Acid Base Equilibria
• Buffers
• How to use the Henderson Hasslebach equation
[Conjugate Base]
• pH = pKa + log
[Acid]
• How to prepare Buffers
• How to pick the acid and bases to use
• From a weak acid and its conjugate base
• From a weak acid and a strong base
• How to adjust to the desired pH
Pointers
Acid Base Equilibria
• Titration Curves
• How to get the equivalence point volumes
• How to get the pH at the beginning and end
• How to get the pH at the equivalence point
Pointers
Solubility equilibria
• Factors affecting solubility
• Common ion effect – decreases solubility
• Uncommon ion effect – increases solubility
• Ion pair formation (for very soluble salts) – decreases activity
• Simultaneous equilibria – may increase solublity due to the
formation of complexes, or participation in acid base
reactions
• Fractional precipitation – lowest Ksp precipitates first, Q
determines when a solute will precipitate
• pH – acidic solids dissolve in base, basic solids dissolve in acid.
Pointers
Solubility Equilibria
• How to use Ksp and the ICE table
• How to setup the Ksp expression (products/reactants)
• How to use solubility to get Ksp
• How to use Ksp to get solubility
• How to know if a precipitate will form or of a solid
will dissolve
• Comparing Q and Ksp