Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 10. Personality
Chapter 10. Personality
Personality
1. Psychodynamic (Tâm động học): personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts
about which people have little awareness.
2. Sigmund Freud: the proponent of Psychoanalytic theory that uses free association: A patient talks of whatever
comes into their minds, so that the doctor can help the patient achieves healing.
3. Psychoanalytic theory (Thuyết phân tâm học): unconscious forces (động lực vô thức) act as determinants of
personality (yếu tố quyết định tính cách).
4. Unconscious (Vô thức): A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, drives
and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
5. Preconscious (Tiền ý thức): contains material that is not recognized (threatening) yet but is very easily brought to
mind.
6. Freudian slip (lời nói lỡ lời): A slip of the tongue that shows the speaker’s unconscious desires.
7. Structures of Personality:
Id (cái ấy): The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension
which created by primitive drives as hunger, sex, aggression,…
Based on the “Pleasure principle” where the goal is immediate reduction of tension, and achieve the
maximum of satisfaction.
Ego (cái tôi): Provides a buffer (=balance) between the Id and the outside world.
Based on the “Reality principle” where instinctual energy is restrained (hạn chế) to maintain the
individual’s safety.
Superego (cái siêu tôi): Judge harshly the morality of our behavior (xét khắc nghiệt)
Conscience (lương tâm): prevents us from behaving in a morally improper (không đúng đạo đức) by
making us feel guilty if we do something wrong.
10. Defense Mechanism (cơ chế phòng thủ): are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety.
Repression (dồn nén): Unpleasant impulses are pushed out of awareness.
Ex: A woman is unable to recall that she was raped.
Regression (hồi quy): People behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development.
Ex: A boss is very angry when an employee makes a mistake.
Displacement (chuyển đối tượng): giận cá chém thớt
Ex: A brother yells at his younger sister after his teacher gave him a bad grade.
Rationalization (biện minh): sour graping & sweet lemonizing.
Ex: A student goes out drinking the night before exam rationalizes that the test is not important.
Denial (chối bỏ): People refuse to accept an anxiety-producing piece of information.
Ex: A student refuses to accept that he has failed a course.
Projection (đổ lỗi): “suy bụng ta ra bụng người”
Ex: A man who is unfaithful to his wife and thinks that she also does like this to him.
Reaction – formation (phản ngược): Unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite.
Ex: A mother resents her child because the child acts overly loving way toward the child.
Acting out: acting instead of expressing the feelings.
Ex: Instead of saying “I’m angry with you”, he throws a book at the person.
Undoing (hoàn tác): cố gắng làm hài lòng người mà mình đã vô ý làm họ tổn thương.
11. Collective Unconscious (by Carl Jung): is an inherited set of ideals, feelings, images, symbols,… that are shared
with all humans because of our common ancestral past.
12. Archetypes (nguyên mẫu): universal symbolic representations for people, objects, ideas, or experiences.
Mother archetype (nguyên mẫu mẹ): trong các bài văn học, tôn giáo,…
Feminine archetype (tính nữ): Anima – a part of man’s personality.
Male archetype (tính nam): Animus – a part of woman’s personality.
Nam và nữ đều dị tính, nhưng nó không vượt quá giới tính trội.
Shadow archetype (bóng tối): the dark side, negative side of personality.
Persona (bề ngoài – mặt nạ): the opposite of authentic self.
16. Humanistic Approaches by Carl Rogers: The uniqueness of you (cách tiếp cận nhân văn)
Self-actualization (thể hiện bản thân): a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize that their highest
potential, each in a unique way.
Self-concept: the set of beliefs & perceptions which people hold about their own abilities, behavior.
Unconditional Positive Regard (tình yêu thương vô điều kiện): the attitude of acceptance and respect
others, it doesn’t depend on their behavior (even it’s wrong). Self-actualization
Conditional Positive Regard: a significant person withdraws their love from another person who did
something that they cannot accept. Frustrations & anxiety.