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Biophilic Inspired Railway Stations: The New Frontier For Future Cities
Biophilic Inspired Railway Stations: The New Frontier For Future Cities
Biophilic Design Applicat ions: Put t ing T heory and Pat t erns int o Built Environment Pract ice
Phillip Roös
Underst anding and designing nat ure experiences in cit ies: a framework for biophilic urbanism
Maibrit t Pedersen Zari
Incorporat ing biophilia int o green building rat ing t ools for promot ing healt h and wellbeing
zhonghua gou
Biophilic-Inspired Railway Stations:
The New Frontier for Future Cities
Authors:
Phillip Roös1*, Paul Downton2, David Jones1, and Josh Zeunert1
1 School of Architecture & Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
2
Paul Downton Architects, Parkdale, Australia.
ABSTRACT: Globally new metro rail projects are changing the face of our cities and
bringing more commuters to the core of the bustling urban environments and city centre
business districts, as well as interconnecting regional cities and associated key nodes. The
need for improved public transport and railway stations is a result of a current
unprecedented growth in urbanisation, where it is estimated that more than 66% of the
world’s population will live in cities by 2050. Cities and their governance entities invest in
more sustainable public transport systems to aid the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions,
aid economic efficiencies in goods and people movements in and out and across and within
the cities, provide better forms of transport, as well as in assisting in creating better
sustainable and healthy urban environments aligned to policy and Earth Summit
international agreement obligations.
This paper explores the opportunities that new and existing railway stations and their
associated infrastructure can provide in creating better sustainable and healthy urban
environments, through the lens of Biophilic Design. Kellert and Wilson (1993) defined
biophilic design as the deliberate attempt to translate and apply an understanding of the
human affinity to connect with natural systems and processes, known as Biophilia, into the
design of our built environments. In this instance, this paper explores the application of
biophilia to railway stations. Re-imagining the experience of taking the train in a stressful
city environment, to the possibilities of nature-inspired commuting journeys where enriched
wellbeing can be experienced by spaces (for example) that embrace living green walls with
enhanced natural day-lit entrances to station buildings, forecourts embraced with water
features, shrubs and trees, the authors aim to realise this vision by applying the principles of
biophilic design to a case study project. The paper concludes with recommendations on
biophilia inspired railway station designs that can assist in the advancing of the larger vision
and agenda of ecologically sustainable and smart cities.
Keywords: Biophilia, Biophilic Design, Railway Station Design, Future Sustainable Cities
Introduction
All over the world railway stations, transit centres and transport interchanges are evolving
rapidly from purely functional transit spaces to new urban centres and destinations, resulting
in activity hubs and gathering places. These stations generate high footfall creating life and
vitality, and are the centre of daily routines for many urban dwellers (Roös & Juvara, 2012)
Rail transport infrastructure, especially railway stations, significantly contributes to the
quality of life, sustainability and economy of urban centres. Station buildings play a major
role in efficient and vibrant places, and are at the forefront of innovation and modernity.
Due to the current unprecedented growth in urbanization, cities and their governance entities
invest in more sustainable public transport systems to aid the reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions, aid economic efficiencies in goods and people movements in and out and across
and within the cities, provide better forms of transport, as well as in assisting in creating
better sustainable and healthy urban environments. Core to these investments are the
upgrades and construction of railway stations. This paper thus explores the opportunities that
new and existing railway stations and their associated infrastructure can provide in creating
better sustainable and healthy urban environments, through the lens of Biophilic Design.
Methodology
This paper follows a structure of exploration in research that includes a review of the
literature relevant to the meaning and application of biophilia, biophilic design principles and
attributes, and secondly the position of this discourse in the global ecological and sustainable
city agenda. The paper first set the principles in place for biophilic design, align its
consideration along the urban environment discourse, and then apply the biophilic design
considerations to railway station design. Thereupon consideration is given to the
contemporary performance of sustainable infrastructure opportunities and the context of
railway stations, and how railway station design addresses biophilic design considerations.
The investigation considers this scope having regard to a typical case study railway station,
and the discussion identifies patterns and key issues, offering design and planning
conclusions for future railway station infrastructure provision.
To apply biophilic design to the built environment in its simplest form, Downton, Jones &
Zeunert (2016), drawing upon Potteiger & Purinton (1998) and Browning et al (2014),
propose the following design principles aligned with ‘biophilic patterns’ that can guide
design decisions:
These 14 patterns support and can enhance the designs of railway stations according to the Beatley
(2016), stating that “Nature in cities, we increasingly recognize, is not something optional, but
absolutely essential to leading a happy, healthy and meaningful life. And this extends to the design of
every element in the city, including transit stations.” (cited in Downton, Jones & Zeunert, 2016, 9).
FIGURE 1: LANDSCAPED GARDENS FOR THE RAISED CENTRAL PARK (IMAGE: JOHN WARDLE +
GRIMSHAW ARCHITECTS)
What would the outcomes have been if a biophilic design agenda was used to inform design
formulation the future of this railway station? This paper explores what principles and
patterns of biophilic design needs to be considered (additionally to the initial landscape
design and principles) to the application of railway station design, using as an example the
Flinders Street railway station layout of the competition entry by the John Wardle +
Grimshaw Architects design team.
The key application of biophilic design includes the identification of the 14-biophilic design
patterns and relevant biophilic attributes to the station complexes. Figure 2 indicates the
potential considerations for biophilic design applications to the Flinders Street Station design
lay-out. Even though the John Wardle + Grimshaw design was used as a case study, the 14-
biophilic design patterns framework could be used for any station design to assess and apply
effective biophilia outcomes.
FIGURE 2: BIOPHILIC DESIGN PATTERNS AND ATTRIBUTES FOR FLINDERS STREET STATION
The identification and application of the 14 biophilic design patterns and relevant biophilic
attributes to the station complexes indicates potentialities that can improve the station
environments, re-connecting the human nature relationship within public open spaces. What
are important to consider are also the requirements for providing successful biophilic
environments. These include the types of vegetation, soils and water provisions, materiality
of finishes, as well as adequate daylight spaces and surrounding environmental conditions.
Vegetation
To include nature in the station environments, planting can be considered in the horizontal
plane, and the vertical plane (Jones, Downton & Zeunert, 2016).
The horizontal plane includes:
Planting at street level with in-ground soils; and
Planting on slab - external station areas that are on top of structural elements (including
car parks, station buildings).
The vertical plane includes:
Living green walls - vertical climbing plants (including climbing plants used for vertical
façades and walls; e.g. self-supporting or requiring wire/mesh/trellis systems); and
Living green walls - sculptured with planting modules (including vertical green walls
created with planting modules/units/structures attached to vertical surfaces that contain
soil, irrigation, nutrient and possibly lighting systems).
Materiality
Biophilic materiality refers to the textures, materials, forms, and shapes and finishes that
represent the desired effect of biophilia to be achieved in the built environment. Materials and
finishes need to be also cognisant of railway station character, siting, urban precinct/context
and historical attributes, surrounding environments as well as considering low maintenance,
durability and vandalism-proofing where possible.
The selection and use of materials, textures and finishes need also to be aligned with the
desired biophilic design pattern outcomes. A typical palette of materials, textures and
biomorphic forms need to support the materiality aspects of design as indicated in Figure 4.
Daylight
In the context of biophilic design, the availability of daylight is critical, and the provision of
daylight support two aspects of healthy environments; first, daylight use for occupants, and
second, daylight for vegetation growth. Daylight provision is one of the key requirements for
healthy plants, as indicated in Figure 5. The amount light needed depends on the location of
the plant and varies according to each plant species. Plants can adapt to their exterior and
interior settings, and usually are divided into three general categories: those suitable for low,
medium and high light intensities. External plants for vertical walls also need to be designed
according to the orientation and amount of sunlight available within the urban environmental
context.
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