PROJECT REPORT

“A STUDY ON AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

ON WOMEN’S ROLE TOWARDS
ENVIRONMENT”

BY

PRAVANJAN CHAKRABORTY

ENROLLMENT NO.: 166174106

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II WOMEN’S ROLE

TOWARDS

ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER III RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS &

INTERPRETATIONS

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS &

RECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

➢ QUESTIONNAIRE

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 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Women Symbolize 'Prakriti' means 'Nature' in Indian Philosophy She creates and nurtures

the creation to bloom She signifies 'shakti' - the power that drives the system True, that

the status of Indian women has eroded significantly since the Vedic times .Nevertheless,

with the spread of education and social reforms 20th century experienced reawakening

and a gradual uprise. Women in our country have brought a different perspective to the

environment debate, because of their different experience base. Poor women's lives are

not compartmentalized and they see the issues in a broad and holistic perspective. They

understand clearly that economics and environment are compatible. Their experience

reveals to them that soil, water and vegetation, necessary for their day-to-day living,

requires care and good management. Environmental degradation is related not only to the

biosphere alone, but to the social sphere as well.

Traditionally, women have been responsible for subsistence and survival for water, food,

fuel, fodder and habitat, though they rarely get the credit for nurturing these life support

systems. In addition, this environmental destruction worsens women’s problem in a way

very difficult from that of man. Women have always been the major conservers of bio-

diversity.

Even today, they perform duties such as seed selection, multiplication and conservation.

The on-farm conservation traditions of rural and tribal women, with reference to agro-

biodiversity are well known. Unfortunately, current food security systems depend on too

few crops. It is important to expand the basis of food security by including large numbers

of spices and varieties of food plants still maintained by tribal and rural families. For this

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purpose, women can be trained in the revitalization of the on-farm conservation traditions

of the older generation through bio-technological process. The training should also

include equipping them for compiling bio-diversity inventories and for taking decision on

issues like giving consent to using their genetic material by breeding companies /

institutions.

Traditionally, women are responsible for resource mobilization and management. Fuel,

fodder and water collections are the accepted responsibilities of women. As the

environment degrades, these basic necessities become difficult to collect. The time a

woman spends on gathering fuel, fodder and water, as well as attending to household

work, agricultural work and animal care, reduces her competence. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan,

former member of the planning Commission stated, "If men had to fetch drinking water

the 230,000 villages would not have remained without provision of drinking water after

several years of planned development". Traditionally, women have dealt with non-

monetized biomass based subsistence economy of the household i.e. firewood, cow dung,

crop wastes, organic manure, etc. In comparison men tend to destroy nature to earn cash

even if it means creating hardship in their own families for their womenfolk to collect fuel

and fodder e.g. sale of herbs and wood. The upshot is that women work as unpaid laborers

on family farms with a greater role than men in operational decision making. The

population pressure has increased male migration, which in turn adds to the load of work

on women. Thus, women's responsibilities extend from the household duties to working

in the fields as well. A destructive chain reaction emerges. As the time required for fuel

and fodder collection grows and firewood becomes scarce, cow-dung previously spread

on the fields, is used in the kitchen, thereby depleting soil resources and causing a negative

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effect on the livelihood of local people and environment.

Throughout history, men have looked at natural resources as commercial entities or

income generating tools, while women have tended to see the environment as a resource

supporting their basic needs. As an example, rural Indian women collect the dead branches

which are cut by storm for fuel wood to use rather than cutting the live trees. Since African,

Asian, and Latin American women use the land to produce food for their family, they

acquire the knowledge of the land/soil conditions, water, and other environmental

features. Any changes in the environment on these areas, like deforestation, have the most

effect on women of that area, and cause them to suffer until they can cope with these

changes. Women play a key role in the protection of biological diversity through their

varied responsibilities. They have identified the need not only to protect the bio-diversity,

but also to recreate it.

The Indian women were always ahead in the matter of prevention of pollution and

protection, preservation, conservation, promotion and enhancement of the environment

They have made greater sacrifices, have exhibited greater love than man in the area of

environment protection. The strong desire, devotion and dedication towards better

environment made Indian women a crusader against environment pollution

In India, most of the people live in villages where the sanitary conditions are poor. As we

know a country cannot make sound progress unless its rural conditions are improved.

Sanitation is one of the important areas on which countries of the developing world are

focusing attention to improve the living conditions and health status of the poor. Norman

(1989) defined sanitation as an applied science that incorporate the principle involve with

maintenance, restoration or improvement of hygienic practices and conditions.

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Environmental pollution in rural areas can be minimized at nominal cost by creating

awareness among the rural residents. In this connection women, being the key person of

the family, can take initiative in growing everyone concern about environmental pollution

and can play pivotal role in controlling pollution to some reasonable extent.

The basic needs of the people are purified water, clean air and sanitation around the

houses. These things can be maintained by proper disposal of domestic refuse and

maintenance of proper cleanliness surrounding the houses. The process starts from home

particularly by women. Women’s consciousness of the environment and therefore, their

conservative approach is not something inherent arising out of their being women as it is

rooted in their roles.

With the objective of women empowerment and to assess the role of women in

environment protection, the present study was conducted in the rural areas of Dehradun.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The present study is an attempt to know the present status of women in the area, their

activities which affect the environment and to assess the awareness among women about

their role in environment protection.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

❖ The study were delimited to the rural areas of Dehradun only.

❖ The study were further delimited to the respondents of the villages Akhandwali

Bhilang, Amwala Karanpur, and Amwala Manjhala.

❖ Further, only 90 respondents of rural women were selected for the present study.

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 CHAPTER II: WOMEN’S ROLE TOWARDS

ENVIRONMENT

WOMEN'S ATTITUDE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The deep connection between women and men comes from the daily interaction between

them. In recent decades, environmental movements have increased as the movements for

women's rights have also increased. Today's union of nature preservation with women's

rights and liberation has stemmed from invasion of their rights in the past.

In developing areas of the world, women are considered the primary users of natural

resources (Land, forest, and water), because they are the ones who are responsible for

gathering food, fuel, and fodder. Although in these countries, women mostly can't own

the land and farms outright, they are the ones who spend most of their time working on

the farms to feed the household. Shouldering this responsibility leads them to learn more

about soil, plants, and trees and not misuse them. Although, technological inputs increase

male involvement with land, many of them leave the farm to go to cities to find jobs; so

women become increasingly responsible for an increasing portion of farm tasks. These

rural women tend to have a closer relationship with land and other natural resources,

which promotes a new culture of respectful use and preservation of natural resources and

the environment, ensuring that the following generations can meet their needs. Besides

considering how to achieve appropriate agricultural production and human nutrition,

women want to secure access to the land. Women's perspectives and values for the

environment are somewhat different from men's. Women give greater priority to

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protection of and improving the capacity of nature, maintaining farming lands, and caring

for nature and environment's future. Repeated studies have shown that women have a stake

in environment, and this stake is reflected in the degree to which they care about natural

resources. Ecofeminism refers to women's and feminist perspectives on the environment

- where the domination and exploitation of women, of poorly resourced peoples and of

nature is at the heart of the ecofeminist movement.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND WOMEN

Today, women struggle against alarming global trends, but they are working together to

effect change. By establishing domestic and international non-governmental

organizations, many women have recognized themselves and acknowledge to the world

that they not only have the right to participate in environmental dilemmas but they have

different relationship with environment including different needs, responsibilities, and

knowledge about natural resources. This is why women are affected differently from men

by environmental degradation, deforestation, pollution and overpopulation. Women are

often the most directly affected by environmental issues, so they become more concerned

about environmental problems. Studies have shown the direct effects of chemicals and

pesticides on human health. According to United Nations Chronicle journal researchers

have found an association between breast cancer and the pesticide DDT and its derivative

DDE; and also one study by the World Health Organization has found that women who

are exposed to pesticides face a higher risk of abortion. These kinds of health problems

cause women to feel more responsible regarding environmental issues.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS INITIATED BY WOMEN

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People in Western countries think they originated the environmental movements without

knowing that the villagers in mostly poor and developing countries initiated these

movements.

The direct concern of Indian women with environment protection can be traced long back

to 1731 AD, when Amrita Bai of Khejaralli village of Jodhpur District of Rajasthan

sacrificed her life for saving the trees of her village. She is the founder of the modern

‘Chipko Movement’ In order to save the trees, she embraced the trees and was cut as per

the orders of the then Maharaja. Her three daughters and later her husband came forward

and one by one. 363 people were killed and the trees remained untouched because of

villagers strong resistance.

This movement started by Amrita Bai in 1731 AD was revived by Bachni Devi and Gaura

Devi of Uttar Pradesh in 1972. They snatched the axe from the wood cutters and warned

contractors not to cut the trees. They gave a slogan which means forests bear soil, water

and air and the three substances are basic requirements of our life.

An example of female prominence in the defense of natural forests comes from India in

1906. As forest clearing was expanding conflict between loggers and government and

peasant communities increased. To thwart resistance to the forest clearing, the men were

diverted from their villages to a fictional payment compensation site and loggers were

sent to the forests. The women left in the villages, however, protested by physically

hugging themselves to the trees to prevent their being cut down, giving rise to what is now

called the Chipko movement, an environmentalist movement initiated by these Indian

women (which also is where the term tree-huggers originated). This conflict started

because men wanted to cut the trees to use them for industrial purposes while women

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wanted to keep them since it was their food resource and deforestation was a survival

matter for local people.

The movement was an act of defiance against the state government’s permission given to

a corporation for commercial logging. Women of the villages resisted, embracing trees to

prevent their felling to safeguard their lifestyles which were dependent on the forests.

Deforestation could qualitatively alter the lives of all village residents but it was the

women who agitated for saving the forests Organized by a non-governmental organization

that Chandi Prasad Bhatt led, the Chipko movement adopted the slogan “ecology is

permanent economy”. The women embracing the trees did not tag their action as feminist

activism; however, as a movement that demonstrated resistance against oppression, it had

all the markings of such"

It began when Maharajah of Jodhpur wanted to build a new palace in Rajasthan which is

India’s Himalayan foot hills. While the axe men were cutting the trees, martyr Amrita

Devi hugged one of the trees. This is because in Jodhpur each child had a tree that could

talk to it. The axmen ignored Devi and after taking her off the tree cut it down. Her

daughters environmentalists like Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna.

The threat of deforestation was enough to rally the local women to civil disobedience to

protect the eco-system. They knew very well that their well being, their prosperity, their

life, all was associated with the forest. Some commentators have described chipko

movement as Women’s movement (Bahuguna 1975; Bhatt and Kumar 1982, Jain 1983,

Mishra & Tripathi 1978). It is important to recall the names of Indian women who have

fought legal battles in the court of law for environment protection, as Mrs. Sarla Tripathi

of Indore, Kinkari Devi of Sirmour District, Krishna Devi of Rajasthan etc.

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Today the torchbearers are Maneka Gandhi, an environmentalist & politician, Medha

Patekar, a social worker & environmentalist who are carrying on the crusade of

environment protection But the problem of present day environment protection cannot be

solved with the involvement of a few selected groups of women It requires a global

involvement of the entire community of womenfolk. Today, there is need of participation

of every woman of every class / every locality, and any woman should not underestimate

her role.

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 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically investigate the research problem. It

gives various steps in conducting the research in a systematic and a logical way. It is

essential to define the problem, state objectives and hypothesis clearly. The research

design provides the details regarding what, where, when, how much and by what means

enquiry is initiated. The researcher must have an objective understanding of what is to be

done, what data is needed, what data collecting tools are to be employed and how the data

is to be statistically analyzed and interpreted. There are a number of approaches to the

design of studies and research projects all of which may be equally valid. Research is a

systematic attempt to obtain answers to meaningful questions about phenomenon or

events through the application of scientific procedures. It an objective, impartial,

empirical and logical analysis and recording of controlled observation that may led to the

development of generalizations, principles or theories, resulting to some extent in

prediction and control of events that may be consequences or causes of specific

phenomenon. Research is a systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing

specialized tools, instruments and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution

of a problem than would be possible under ordinary mean. Thus, research always starts

from question. There are three objectives of research factual, practical and theoretical,

which gives rise to three types of research: historical, experimental and descriptive.

Research design has been defined by different social scientists in a number of ways. All

these definitions emphasize systematic methodology in collecting accurate information

for interpretation. Selltize et al. (1962) expressed their views as, “Research designs are

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closely linked to investigator’s objectives. They specify that research designs are either

descriptive or experimental in nature.” Research design tells us how to plan various phases

and procedures related to the formulation of research effort (Ackoff Russell, 1961). Miller

(1989) has defined research design, “as the planned sequence of the entire process

involved in conducting a research study.”

Keeping in view the requirements for an adequate design as discussed above, the

investigator formulated an appropriate design for the purpose of the present study. The

details about the same are given as under.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

To study the women interface with rural environment in Dehradun, a survey will be

conducted in three villages of Dehradun, through personal interview with women with the

help of a questionnaire. During the survey 30 respondents from each village Akhandwali

Bhilang, Amwala Karanpur, and Amwala Manjhala respectively i.e., total 90 will be taken.

For the collection of relevant data, a detailed questionnaire will be prepared involving

various aspects such as socio-economic status, details of bovine population, fuel collection,

waste disposal, water resources, agricultural activities and state of awareness.

The analysed data will be used to prepare the report from which inferences will be drawn

and conclusions will be arrived.

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 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATIONS

When data has been obtained, it is necessary to organize them for the interpretation.

Qualitative data may have to be summarized and treated statistically to make significant

clean.” Olive R.A.G.

According to Good, Barr and Scates, “Analysis is a process which enters into research in

one form or another, from the very beginning. It may be fair to say that research, in

general, consists of two large steps i.e. gathering of data and the analysis of research

data.”

ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATIONS OF DATA

Table: 4.1: Social status of the women in the study area

S.No. Question Options Percentage

Akhandwali Amwala Amwala
Bhilang Karanpur Manjhala
1. Status Housewife 95 83 95
Working 5 17 5
2. Family Nuclear 82 33 45
Type Joint 18 77 65
3. Illiterate 45 53 45
Educational Under Matric 25 13 50
Status Matric 16 7 5
Above Matric 14 27 0
4. Type of Kaccha 64 60 30
House Pacca 36 40 70

Inference

The study revealed that majority of the women in the study area was illiterate and

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housewives. The low percentage of working women was attributed to low educational

levels which were due to less educational facilities as there was only one high school in

villages Akhandwali Bhilang, Amwala Karanpur and none in village Amwala Manjhala.

Also, the large family sizes had increased workload on women due to which their

efficiencies had got reduced.

Table: 4.2: Livestock management by the women in the study area

S.No. Question Options Percentage

Akhandwali Amwala Amwala
Bhilang Karanpur Manjhala
1. Bovine Cows 17 28 24
Population Buffaloes 25 39 18
Goat 28 10 45
Sheep 11 8 0
Others 19 15 13
2. Grazing Agricultural 26 63 60
Area Fields
Near Forests 28 7 25
Pasture land 36 30 15
3. Who Son 53 47 45
accompany Daughter 13 6 20
them while Myself 23 30 25
grazing? Others 11 17 10
4. Nature of Green Fodder 89 77 90
Feed Hay 80 67 80
Crop Residues 75 10 60
Tree leaves 71 17 20
Others 3 13 5
5. How the Open dumping 87 94 65
dung is Managed Pits 13 6 35
managed?

Inference

The average number of animals per household was highest in Village Nawda (75 percent).

Cows and buffaloes constituted the major livestock in majority of households. Animals

were mostly grazed in agricultural fields, nearby forests and pasturelands. It was observed

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during the study that the forests have been degraded in large scale due to excessive lopping

and cutting in the past. The grazing and pastureland were also in the bad shape due to over

exploitation and overgrazing. Mostly women or their children were involved in the

grazing of cattle. Cattle dung was usually dumped in the open and used as manure.

Table: 4.3: Fuel collection practices by women in the study area

S.No. Question Options Percentage

Akhandwali Amwala Amwala
Bhilang Karanpur Manjhala
1. Do you Yes 98 90 95
have
traditional No 2 10 5
chullah?
2. If inside Yes 7 6 5
the
kitchen, do
you have No 93 94 95
the
provision
of
chimney?
3. Fuel Firewood 98 96 60
collection Dung cakes 18 47 10
Crop waste 91 57 90
LPG 82 73 95
Electric Heater 55 17 65
Kerosene oil 41 0 0
4. Source of Agricultural 95 76 90
Fuel Fields
Near Forest 60 48 60
Market 85 76 95
Others 5 0 0
5. Do you sell Yes 0 3 0
Firewood
cut from No 100 97 100
forests?

Inference

Majority of the women used traditional chullahs for cooking purposes but when the

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chullahs were present inside the kitchen, majority of the households did not have the

provision of the chimneys. This had resulted in increased level of indoor air pollution. The

most commonly used fuel was firewood. The women were mostly involved in extraction

and collection of dry wood, collecting crop waste, preparing dung cakes etc. for cooking

purposes. Though LPG was used as fuel in most of the households, due to poverty, people

were not completely dependent on it.

Table: 4.4: Waste disposal practices by the women in the study area

S.No. Question Options Percentage

Akhandwali Amwala Amwala
Bhilang Karanpur Manjhala
1. Place of Open Fields 60 84 55
defecation Toilets 40 16 45
2. Do you know Yes 88 81 85
consequences
of defecating No 12 20 15
in the open?
3. How the Garbage Box 14 6 5
rubbish is
managed? Open dumping 86 94 95

Inference

Most of the inhabitants of these three villages defecated in the open. Majority of the

women respondents revealed that they dumped their waste in the open to be washed away

with rain. The waste was also put into the crops without any knowledge of nature of waste

i.e., there was no segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

It was also observed that major source of drinking water in the study area was Bawlis

while other sources were hand pumps, tap water etc. and all the three purposes of drinking,

washing, bathing and fetching water for the cattle were fulfilled from the same water body.

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 Table: 4.5: State of Awareness among women in the study area

S.No. Question Options Percentage

Akhandw Amwala Amwala
ali Karanpur Manjhala
Bhilang
1. Water Harvesting Yes 46 37 45

No 54 63 55
2. Cause of declining Chemical 7 27 0
food production Fertilizers
Monoculture 12 10 5
Deficient 81 57 95
monsoon
Others 0 6 0
3. Activity when air Cooking 38 33 25
pollution is most Brooming 8 17 10
Smoking 52 40 65
Others 2 10 0
4. Common Means of Bus 97 94 100
Transport
Personal 3 6 0
Vehicle
5. Use of Non Yes 7 0 5
conventional
sources of energy No 93 100 5

6. Do you segregate Yes 19 3 10

biodegradable and
non-biodegradable
wastes? No 81 97 90

7. Do you adopt the Yes 37 10 25

norm of small
No 63 90 75
family?
8. Mode of dusting Wet 55 53 65
Dry 45 47 35
9. Is education must Yes 93 87 95
for girls? No 7 13 5
10. Do you switch off Yes 93 90 90
the lights when not
in use? No 7 10 10

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 11. Do you plant trees Yes 89 77 85
or maintain
garden? No 11 23 15

12. Awar Ban on Yes 64 43 45

eness smoking No 36 57 55
about Laws for Yes 4 3 0
environme
nt No 96 97 100
protection
Role of Yes 82 87 95
women
in
environme
nt No 18 13 5
protection

Inference

Women performed key agricultural tasks ranging from land preparation, seeding, fertilizer

application, plant protection, and harvesting, threshing, winnowing and storing products.

Only few women respondents responded positively for adopting water harvesting

practices. As the people were heavily dependent on rains for irrigation, so majority of

them believe deficient monsoon is the major cause of declining food production. Smoke

released from burning of low grade fuels and cigarettes smoking are found to be the worst

source of air pollution. Most of them responded positively towards electricity saving by

switching off the lights when not in use, maintaining gardens at their homes and awareness

about environmental issues.

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 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of analysis and interpretation of results, the below recorded conclusions are

drawn.

(I) CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE

RESPONDENTS

The study revealed that majority of the women in the study area was illiterate and

housewives. The low percentage of working women was attributed to low educational

levels which were due to less educational facilities as there was only one high school in

villages Akhandwali Bhilang, Amwala Karanpur and none in village Amwala Manjhala.

Also, the large family sizes had increased workload on women due to which their

efficiencies had got reduced.

(II) CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO BOVINE POPULATION OF THE

RESPONDENTS

The average number of animals per household was highest in Village Akhandwali Bhilang

(75 percent). Cows and buffaloes constituted the major livestock in majority of

households. Animals were mostly grazed in agricultural fields, nearby forests and

pasturelands. It was observed during the study that the forests have been degraded in large

scale due to excessive lopping and cutting in the past. The grazing and pastureland were

also in the bad shape due to over exploitation and overgrazing. Mostly women or their

children were involved in the grazing of cattle. Cattle dung was usually dumped in the

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open and used as manure.

(III) CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO FUEL COLLECTION PRACTICES BY THE

RESPONDENTS

Majority of the women used traditional chullahs for cooking purposes but when the

chullahs were present inside the kitchen, majority of the households did not have the

provision of the chimneys. This had resulted in increased level of indoor air pollution. The

most commonly used fuel was firewood. The women were mostly involved in extraction

and collection of dry wood, collecting crop waste, preparing dung cakes etc. for cooking

purposes. Though LPG was used as fuel in most of the households, due to poverty, people

were not completely dependent on it.

(IV) CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES

Most of the inhabitants of these three villages defecated in the open. Majority of the

women respondents revealed that they dumped their waste in the open to be washed away

with rain. The waste was also put into the crops without any knowledge of nature of waste

i.e., there was no segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

It was also observed that major source of drinking water in the study area was Bawlis

while other sources were hand pumps, tap water etc. and all the three purposes of drinking,

washing, bathing and fetching water for the cattle were fulfilled from the same water body.

(V) CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND

STATE OF AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Women performed key agricultural tasks ranging from land preparation, seeding, fertilizer

application, plant protection, and harvesting, threshing, winnowing and storing products.

Only few women respondents responded positively for adopting water harvesting

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practices. As the people were heavily dependent on rains for irrigation, so majority of

them believe deficient monsoon is the major cause of declining food production. Smoke

released from burning of low grade fuels and cigarettes smoking are found to be the worst

source of air pollution. Most of them responded positively towards electricity saving by

switching off the lights when not in use, maintaining gardens at their homes and awareness

about environmental issues.

RECOMMENDATIONS

There are following recommendations:

1. Promote Education to motivate women to auto efficiency.

2. Promote Education on environmental awareness and family planning.

3. Promote Education on agriculture and soil management.

4. Promote Recycling wastes, limit water use and protection of existing forests by

restricting the collection of firewood.

5. Organized environmental education workshops and street demonstrations.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

The study will pave the way for other researchers to conduct similar studies in any

districts, any states and any countries to bring to limelight on environmental awareness,

attitude, and practices among women.

SUMMARY

Women in the rural areas live in close association with the environment in relation to their

overall daily activities. Although women can play big roles in the field of environment

conservation but their role is often undervalued and ignored. The present study is an

attempt to know the present status of women in the area, their activities which affect the

23 | P a g e
environment and to assess the awareness among women about their role in environment

protection. The study was based on a survey conducted in three villages of Dehradun

namely Akhandwali Bhilang, Amwala Karanpur and Amwala Manjhala through personal

interview with the help of a questionnaire. It was observed that there is a wide scope for

women to realize their potential and strength in the field of environment protection so that

they can transform themselves from effective home managers to effective environmental

managers.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

❖ Omvedt, G. (1992). Green earth, women’s power, human liberation. Development

Dialogue; (1-2): 116-130.

❖ Rajakutty, S. and Kojima, M. (2002). Promoting Clean Household Fuels among

the Rural Poor. South Asia Region Internal Discussion Paper; 24-39.

❖ Barnes, D. and Kumar, P. (2002). Haryana - role of women. Journal of

Environmental Studies and Policy; 5(2): 99-112.

❖ Anita Thakur, A Study on Role of Women in Controlling Environmental Pollution

at Household Level, Ijcaes Special Issue On Basic, Applied & Social Sciences,

Volume Ii, October 2012

❖ Calestous, J. (1991). Sustainable development and economic policy in Kenya.

Gaining Ground: institutional innovations in land use management in Kenya. pp

51-86.

❖ Sehgal, N. (1995). Role of women in environment conservation. Peoples Action;

10(1): 3-6.

❖ Dua, R. (1999). Role of women in environment protection. MJP Rohilkhand

University News; 37(7): 18-25.

❖ Rajamma, G. (1993). Changing from subsistence to cash cropping-Sakkaramma’s

story. Focuson Gender; 1(3): 19-21.

❖ Renu sharma; dr. Baljit kaushik, “Role Of Women In Environmental

Conservation” Vol.1 Issue 2, November 2011, Issn 2249 8834

❖ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_and_the_environment

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26 | P a g e
 QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Name of the respondent

2. Status ( )

A. Housewife

B. Working

3. Family Type ( )

A. Nuclear

B. Joint

4. Educational Status ( )

A. Illiterate

B. Under Matric

C. Matric

D. Above Matric

5. Type of House ( )

A. Kachha

B. Pacca

6. Bovine Population ( )

A. Cows

B Buffaloes

C. Goat

D. Sheep

E. Others

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7. Grazing Area ( )

A. Agricultural Fields

B. Near Forests

C. Pasture land

8. Who accompany them while grazing? ( )

A. Son

B. Daughter

C. Myself

D. Others

9. Nature of Feed ( )

A. Green Fodder

B. Hay

C. Crop Residues

D. Tree Leaves

E. Others

10. How the dung is managed? ( )

A. Open Dumping

B. Managed Pits

11. Do you have Traditional chullah? ( )

A. Yes

B. No

12. If inside the kitchen, do you have the provision of chimney?

( )

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A. Yes

B. No

13. Fuel Collection ( )

A. Firewood

B. Dung cakes

C. Crop waste

D. LPG

E. Electric Heater

F. Kerosine oil

14. Source of Fuel ( )

A. Agricultural Fields

B. Near Forest

C. Market

D. Others

15. Do you sell firewood cut from forests? ( )

A. Yes

B. No

16. Place of defecation ( )

A. Open fields

B. Toilets

17. Do you know consequences of defecating in the open? ( )

A. Yes

B. No

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18. How the rubbish is man-aged? ( )

A. Garbage box

B. Open dumping

19. Water harvesting ( )

A. Yes

B. No

20. Cause of declining food production ( )

A. Chemical fertilizer

B. Monoculture

C. Deficient monsoon

D. Others

21. Activity when air pollution is most ( )

A. Cooking

B. Brooming

C. Smoking

D. Others

22. Common Means of Transport ( )

A. Bus

B. Personal Vehicle

23. Use of Non-Conventional source of energy ( )

A. Yes

B. No

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24. Do you segregate biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes?

( )

A. Yes

B. No

25. Do you adopt the norm of small family ( )

A. Yes

B. No

26. Mode of dusting ( )

A. Wet

B. Dry

27. Is education must for girls? ( )

A. Yes

B. No

28. Do you switch off the lights when not in use? ( )

A. Yes

B. No

29. Do you Plant trees or maintain garden? ( )

A. Yes

B. No

30. Awareness about Ban on Smoking ( )

A. Yes

B. No

31. Awareness about Laws for environment protection ( )

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A. Yes

B. No

32. Awareness about Role of women in environment protection ( )

A. Yes

B. No

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