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Chapter 5

Determination of Stress Intensity

Factor KI

Prepared by Etienne Mfoumou/Sharon Kao-Walter

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Determination of Stress Intensity

Factor KI
• Handbook (f. ex. Appendix 3)
• Superposition K  K  K  K  ... ,
total
I I
A B
I
C
I K e2  K I2  K II2 
4
 1
2
K III

• Analytical methods
K I   y a f K II   yx a g K III   yz a h

• Numerical methods: FEM, BEM, BCM

• Reciprocity relations
2 2 2

• Energy methods G  KE  KE  K2 I

'
II
'
III

• Other methods
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Background
• Chapter 2: Stress intensity factors KI, KII and KIII were defined

• Chapter 3: The small plastic zone appearance due to the

singularities at the crack tip was described by two models.

• Chapter 4: Energy considerations related to crack growth was

described and relationship with stress intensity factor was shown.
– Energy balance Etot= +Ws
– Energy release rate G 1  2 2
G KI
– Relationship bretween G and KI E
1
G  K I2
E

• Chapter 5: Description of methods to determine the mode I stress

intensity factor KI
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The Stress Intensity Factor KI

• Used in fracture mechanics to more accurately
predict the stress state near the tip of crack
caused by a remote load or residual stresses.
• Three methods of determination in focus of
Ch.5:
– The compliance method: based on energy
– The reciprocity method, based on
measurement of load and/or displacements;
– Use of handbooks.

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1. The Compliance Method

• Derived from energy considerations.

• From chapter 4 (eq.4.33):

 2 a
G K I   a (1)
E

K I2  E '  E Plane Stress
G  E (2)
E' E '  Plane Strain
 1  2

However, by use of the definition of G,

d
G (3)
dA

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Use the Compliance Method

to get KI
From chapter 4, for both load control and displacement
control, we got (eq. 4.24):
P 2 dC
G (4)
2 B da

Identifying (2) and (4) and solving for K I yields

E ' dC
KI  P (5)
2 B da Notice that C=/P.

If we can meassure the P, E’, B, and dC/da at crack initiation, KIC can be found.

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2. Reciprocity relation
Consider a structure loaded by 2 forces F1 and F2:
F2
F2
F1 F1
F1 u2(F1) u2(F2)
u1(F2)
u2(F2) u1(F1)
u1(F2)

Devide to Step 1 Step 2

Only F1 applied While force F1 is still loading the structure,
the force F2 is applied.

While loaded by F1, points p1 and p2 will undergo the displacements u1(F1)
and u2(F1) respectively .
Under the later condition, let’s apply F2 at p2. p2 and p1 undergo
displacements u2(F2) and u1(F2) respectively.
• The total amount of work performed by F1 and F2 is then:

(5)
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Reciprocity relation (cont.)

Next, we unload the structure and start the loading once again.
F2
F2

F1
u2(F2)

u1(F2) u2(F1)
u1(F1)

Step 2
Only F2 applied
Step 1 While force F2 is still loading the structure,
the force F1 is applied.

While loaded by F2, points p1 and p2 will undergo the displacements u1(F2)
and u2(F2) respectively .
Under the later condition, let’s apply F1 at p1. p2 and p1 undergo
displacements u2(F1) and u1(F1) respectively.
• The total amount of work performed by F1 and F2 is now:

(6)
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Reciprocity relation (cont.)

• According to the (Maxwell-)Betti reciprocity theorem, the total work
performed by the two forces cannot depend on the order in which the
forces are applied. Therefore,

W (a )  W (b ) (7)
leading to
F 1 u 1( F 2)
 F 2 u 2( F 1 ) (8)

• Equation (8) is a simple form of the reciprocity theorem.

•Generalization:
•F1 : any loading case (1)
•u(F1) : associated generalized displacement
•F2 and u(F2) : general loading case (2).
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Reciprocity relation (cont.)

• Analogy with fracture mechanics:
– The displacements u1(F2) and u2(F1) may be expressed by use of the stress
intensity factors KI(F2) and KI(F1) (see section 2.2.4 Dahlberg) as follows:

 1  2x
uy   KI (x  0) (9)
4 
– The KI are thus embedded into equation (9).

– And knowing one loading case completely, the stress intensity factor for the
second loading case can be found using the reciprocity relation.

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Stress intensity factor for mode I using

the reciprocity theorem
• Let assume loading case (1) is completely known
– i.e. displacements ui(1) are known, including the stress intensity
factor KI(1) due to load (1).
• The unknown stress intensity factor KI(2) at loading case (2) is then
obtained from the following [Wu & Carlsson (1991)], where the weight
function method needs to be used which will be described in the
comming course ”Computational Engineering”:

4  u i( 1 )
K (I 2 )   T i( 2 ) d (10)
(   1 ) K (I 1 )  a

E
where  is the shear modulus,   and
2( 1   )

 3  4 if plane deformatio n


  
 3 -
 if plane stress
1  
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 is the boundary, including the crack surfaces, of the structure.

Ti(2) are the loadings in case (2) expressed as tractions (stresses N/m 2 )
on the boundary of the structure.
(1)
u i are the displacements in loading case (1) where the tractions Ti ( 2)
act in loading case (2).

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Example 5.2.3

1. Known: KI(1), uy(1). To find: KI(2) ?

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Hints:

tan = sin

Errors correction:

Eq.(h). 𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 should be: 𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛

arcsin(x)- arcsin 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥 1 𝑦2 𝑦 1 𝑥2

arcsin - arcsin =?

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2. To get (3.20)
𝐾
𝜎
2𝜋𝑟
With,
𝐾 =𝑞 𝜋𝑙/2 1 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛

𝑙 2𝜌 𝑎, 𝑙 a ρ
We can get: eq(3.20a)

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Outcome from this chapter

• Stress intensity factor can be obtained from the energy release rate,
knowing the compliance of the structure.

• Knowing the stress intensity factor for one load case, the K
corresponding to another case can be calculated using the
reciprocity theorem.

• Readily usable expressions of stress intensity factors for common

problems are available in handbooks.

./-

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 Home work
5.3, 5.7, 5.8

 Home work for discussion to next class room

exercise
 In compliance method, a compliance C has been used. How it is
defined?

 is it possible to apply the reciprocity theorem for mode II and

III?
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