SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

SCALAR QUANTITIES VECTOR QUANTITIES

Scalar Quantities are physical Vector Quantities are physical
quantities that pertain to quantities that pertain to the
magnitude only. magnitude and direction.
A.  Distance A.  Displacement
X = 4 km D = 4 km, Due East
B. Mass B. Force
m = 80 kg F = 30 N, Downward
C. Time C. Velocity
t = 30 sec V = 20 m/s, 30o S of E
D.  Speed D. Acceleration
V = 20 m/s E. Torque
E. Work & Energy F. Momentum
Vectors can be represented graphically by a directed line segment, or an arrow,
in the direction of the given vector whose magnitude is proportional to the
magnitude of the given vector itself.
Example 1: A = 50 km/hr, 30o above X-Axis.

Y-Axis
Scale: 1 cm : 10 km/hr
10 km/hr
A = 50 km/hr

50 km/hr
30o
X-Axis
Example 2:
B = 500 km, 60o N of E

Scale: 1 cm : 100 km
N

100 km

B = 500 km
B = 500 km

60o
W E

S
Addition of Vectors
When adding two or more vectors, the result is a single vector that has the
same combined effects of the given vectors. It is called the “RESULTANT” or
“RESULTANT VECTOR”.
Example: A + B + C = R
B+C+A=R
C+A+B=R

METHODS OF ADDING VECTORS:

Graphical Methods Analytical Methods

A.  Triangle Method A.  Algebraic Sum & Difference

B.  Parallelogram Method B.  Pythagorean Theorem

C.  Polygon Method C.  Sine & Cosine Laws

D.  Component Method
Graphical Method : Case I: Vectors having same directions
Problem:
Scale : 1 cm : 10 m/s
A = 30 m/s, 40o Above X-Axis
B = 50 m/s, 40o Above X-Axis R = 8 cm x 10 m/s / 1 cm
Req’d: R = A + B
Y R = 80 m/s , 40o Above X-Axis

B = 50 m/s
R
40o
ß
A = 30 m/s
40o
X
Graphical Method : Case II: Vectors having opposite directions
Problem:
Scale: 1 cm : 10 m/s
A = 30 m/s, 40o Above X-Axis
B = 50 m/s,140o Below X-Axis R = 2 cm x 10 m/s / 1 cm

Req’d: R = A + B
R = 20 m/s , 140o Below X-Axis
Y

A = 30 m/s
140o
B = 50 m/s
40o
R X
ß
Graphical Method: Case III: Vectors with angle of inclination.
Problem:
N B = 70 N
A = 50 N, 25o N of E
B = 70 N, 80o N of E

Req’d: Find R = A + B
R
Scale: 1 cm : 10 N 80o
ß
50 N A = 50 N

70 N W 25o
E

R = 10.50 cm x 10 N / 1 cm

R = 105 N , 57o N of E S

TRIANGLE METHOD
Problem:
A = 50 N, 25o N of E
B = 70 N, 80o N of E N
Req’d: Find R = A + B B = 70 N
Scale: 1 cm : 10 N

50 N R

70 N
ß
A = 50 N
80o
R = 10.50 cm x 10 N / 1 cm 25o
W E

R = 105 N , 57o N of E

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
Graphical Method: Case IV: Adding more than two vectors
Problem:
A = 50 km, 0o with respect to X-Axis
Y-Axis
B = 80 km, 40o Above X-Axis
160o 140o
C = 40 km, 140o Above X-Axis
D = 30 km, 160o Below X-Axis
R
Req’d: Find R = A + B + C + D

Scale: 1 cm : 10 km
ß 40o
50 km
X-Axis
80 km
R = 8.60 cm x 10km / 1cm
40 km
R = 86 km, 52o Above X-Axis
30 km
POLYGON METHOD
Problem:
A = 50 km, 0o with respect to X-Axis
B = 80 km, 40o Above X-Axis
C = 40 km, 140o Above X-Axis
D = 30 km, 160o Below X-Axis
PAGE 3:
C = 40 km, 140o Above X-Axis
D = 30 km, 160o Below X-Axis
Use Triangle Method

PAGE 1: R2 = ______, ___________________

Use POLYGON METHOD to get the
resultant by graphing the vectors starting
from D, to C, to B, and A. PAGE 4:
R1 = ______, __________________
R = ______, ___________________
R2 = ______, __________________
PAGE 2: Use Parallelogram Method
A = 50 km, 0o with respect to X-Axis
B = 80 km, 40o Above X-Axis R = ______, ___________________

Use Triangle Method

R1 = ______, ___________________
Review of Trigonometry:
Triangle : a closed geometric figure with three (3) sides and
three (3) corresponding angles.
Right Triangle Oblique Triangle
- Triangle with one of the - Triangle with no 90o-angle.
angles is 90o.
A C b A A B
c c a
b a c b
c
C B a CA b C
a B B
Complementary Angles Cosine Law:
C = 90o ; A + B = 90o
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bcCosA
Pythagorean Theorem
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2acCosB
c2 = a2 + b2 c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abCosC
Trigonometric Functions: SOH-CAH-TOA
Sin A = a/c Sin B = b/c
Cos A = b/c Cos B = a/c
Tan A = a/b Tan B = b/a
Analytical Method: Case I: Vectors with same directions
Problem:
R = | A | + | B | , Common Direction
A = 30 m/s, 40o Above X-Axis
B = 50 m/s, 40o Above X-Axis
R = | 30 | + | 50 | , 40o Above X-Axis
Req’d: R = A + B
Y R = 80 m/s , 40o Above X-Axis

B = 50 m/s

R
40o
ß
A = 30 m/s
40o
X
Analytical Method: Case II: Vectors with opposite directions

Problem:
R = | A - B | , Direction of Greater Vector
A = 30 m/s, 40o Above X-Axis
B = 50 m/s,140o Below X-Axis
R = | 30 - 50 | , 140o Below X-Axis
Req’d: R = A + B
Y
R = 20 m/s , 140o Below X-Axis

A = 30 m/s
140o
B = 50 m/s
40o
R X
ß
 Analytical Method: Case III: Vectors that perpendicular with each other
Problem:
A = 30 m/s, 30o Above X-Axis
B = 70 m/s, 120o Above X-Axis
B = 70 m/s
Req’d: R = A + B
Y R
θ
A = 30 m/s
R Using Pythagorean Theorem:
R2 = A2 + B2 Sin θ = 70 / 76.16
B = 70 m/s
ß R2 = (30)2 + (70)2 θ = 66.80o
120o A = 30 m/s
R = 76.16 m/s ß = θ + 30o
30o

X
ß = 96.80o
Above X-Axis
Analytical Method: Case III: Vectors with angle of inclination
Problem: Using Cosine Law:
A = 50 N, 25o N of E R2 = A2 + B2 – 2ABcosΏ Ø
B = 70 N, 80o N of E R2 = (50)2 + (70)2 – 2(50)(70)cos125o B = 70 N
Req’d: Find R = A + B R = 106.84 N R
N Ώ
Solve for θ:
B = 70 N B2 = A2 + R2 – 2ARcosθ θ
(70)2 = (50)2 + (106.84)2 – A = 50 N
R 2(50)(106.84)cosθ
cosθ = 0.84
θ = 32.46o
ß
A = 50 N Finally:
80o
25o ß = θ + 25o
W E
ß = 57.46o N of E
55o + 55o + Ώ + Ώ = 360o
2Ώ = 360o – 110o
Ώ = 125o
Resolving a Vector:
A vector can be resolved into its horizontal and vertical components.
The combined effects of the components is equal to the single effect of
the vector itself.

Consider:
Sin θ = Vy / V Cos θ = Vx / V
Y
Vy = Vsinθ Vx = Vcosθ

Vy θ is a reference angle
V
θ’ Cos θ’ = Vy / V Sin θ’ = Vx / V
θ Vx Vy = Vcosθ’ Vx = Vsinθ’
X
θ’ is not a reference angle
Problem: A = 50 km, 0o with respect to X-Axis Y
B = 80 km, 40o Above X-Axis B = 80 km
C = 40 km, 140o Above X-Axis By

D = 30 km, 160o Below X-Axis

C = 40 km
Req’d: Find R = A + B + C + D Cy
140o
Sign Convention: V=+ 40o Bx
V=+ V=- Cx X
V=- Dx A = 50 km
D = 30 km Dy 160
o

Vector θ X-Comp. Y-Comp.

Y
ƩVy = +66.87
A = 50 km 0o Ax = 50 AY = 0

B = 80 km 40o Bx = +61.28 BY = +51.42

C = 40 km 40o Cx = -30.64 CY = +25.71

R

D = 30 km 20o Dx = -28.19 DY = -10.26 ß

X
ƩV’s ƩVx = +52.45 ƩVy = +66.87
ƩVx = +52.45
Using Pythagorean Theorem:

R2 = (ƩVx)2 + (ƩVy)2

R2 = (+52.45)2 + (+66.87)2

R = 84.99 km

Tan ß = +66.87 / +52.45

ß = 51.89o Above X-Axis

Problem: The magnitude of the force vector F is 280 newtons. The x component
of this vector is directed along the -x axis and has a magnitude of 150 newtons.
The y component points along the +y axis. (a) Find the direction of F relative to
the +x axis. (b) Find the component of F along the +y axis.

Solution: Fx = Fcosθ

Y Cosθ = Fx / F
Cosθ = 150 / 280
F = 280 N
Fy = ? θ = 57.61o
ß
θ X
ß = 180o - θ
Fx = 150 N
ß = 122.39o , Above X-Axis

Pythagorean Theorem
F2 = Fx2 + Fy2
(280)2 = (-150)2 + (Fy)2
Fy = 236.43 N
Problem: A sailboat travels due east for a distance of 1.60 km and then heads
35.0o north of east for another 3.40 km. Using a graphical and component
methods, calculate the vector sum (resultant) of these two displacement
vectors.
Solution:
D1 = 1.60 km, Due East R = 4.80 in x 1.0 km / 1 in

D2 = 3.40 km, 35.0o N of E

R = 4.80 km, 25o N of E
Req’d: R = D1 + D2

Scale: 1 in : 1.0 km
N
D2 = 3.4 km

ß 35o
W
E
D1 = 1.60 km
S
 D1 = 1.60 km, Due East
N
D2 = 3.40 km, 35.0o N of E
N
D2y D2 = 3.4 km

ƩDV = 1.95 km
R
35o D2x ß E
W
E
D1 = 1.60 km ƩDH = 4.39 km
S
R2 = (ƩDH)2 + (ƩDV)2

Vector θ Hor. Comp. Ver. Comp. R2 = (4.39)2 + (1.95)2

R = 4.80 km.
D1 = 1.60km 0o D1H = 1.60 km D1V = 0
Tan ß = ƩDV / ƩDH
D2 = 3.40 km 35o D2H = 2.79 km D2V = 1.95 km Tan ß = 1.95 / 4.39

ƩDH = 4.39 ƩDV = 1.95 ß = 23.95o N of E

ƩVectors
Problem: A golfer, putting on a green, requires three strokes to “hole the ball.”
During the first putt, the ball rolls 5.0 m due east. For the second putt, the ball
travels 2.1 m at an angle of 20.0o north of east. The third putt is 0.50 m due
north. What displacement (magnitude and direction relative to due east) would
have been needed to “hole the ball” on the very first putt?

Solution:
A = 5.0 m, Due East

B = 2.1 m, 20.0o N of E
C = 0.50 m, Due North

Req’d: R = A + B + C