BOOK QUIZZES Chap 1 - 13

12 4FDUJPO* t Introduction to Microbiology
Medical and Clinical Microbiology

3. Microbes that live on dead and decaying organic
Medical microbiology is an excellent career field for in- material are known as:
dividuals having interests in medicine and microbiology.
a. indigenous microbiota
The field of medical microbiology involves the study of
C QBSBTJUFT
pathogens, the diseases they cause, and the body’s de-
D QBUIPHFOT
fenses against disease. This field is concerned with epide-
E TBQSPQIZUFT
miology, transmission of pathogens, disease-prevention
measures, aseptic techniques, treatment of infectious 4. The study of algae is called:
diseases, immunology, and the production of vaccines to
a. algaeology
protect people and animals against infectious diseases.
b. botany
The complete or almost complete eradication of diseases
c. mycology
like smallpox and polio, the safety of modern surgery, and
E QIZDPMPHZ
the successful treatment of victims of infectious diseases
are attributable to many technological advances in this 5. 5IFGJFMEPGQBSBTJUPMPHZ(see ) involves
field. A branch of medical microbiology, called clinical UIFTUVEZPGXIJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHUZQes of
microbiology or diagnostic microbiology, is concerned organisms?
with the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases of hu-
B BSUISPQPET CBDUFSJB GVOHJ QSPUP[PB BOE
mans. This is an excellent career field for individuals with
viruses
interests in laboratory sciences and microbiology. Diag-
C BSUISPQPET IFMNJOUIT BOEDFSUBJOQSPUP[PB
nostic microbiology and the clinical microbiology labora-
D CBDUFSJB GVOHJ BOEQSPUP[PB
tory are discussed in Chapter 13.
d. bacteria, fungi, and viruses
6. 3VEPMG7JSDIPXJTHJWFODSFEJUGPSQSPQPTJOH
which of the following theories?
ON a. abiogenesis
b. biogenesis
t 5FSNT*OUSPEVDFEJO5IJT$IBQUFS c. germ theory of disease
t Review of Key Points E TQPOUBOFPVTHFOFSBUJPO
t 4QPUMJHIUJOH"EEJUJPOBM$BSFFSTJO.JDSPCJPMPHZ
t Increase Your Knowledge 7. Which of the following microbes are considered
t Critical Thinking PCMJHBUFJOUSBDFMMVMBSQBUIPHFOT
t "EEJUJPOBM4FMG"TTFTTNFOU&YFSDJTFT a. chlamydias, rickettsias, Mycobacterium
leprae, and Treponema pallidum
b. M. leprae and T. pallidum
c. M. tuberculosis and viruses
d. rickettsias, chlamydias, and viruses
Self-Assessment 8. Which of the following statements is true?
Exercises B ,PDIEFWFMPQFEBSBCJFTWBDDJOF
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c. Most microbes are harmful to humans
answer the following
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1. Which of the following individuals is considered 9. Which of the following are even smaller than
to be the “Father of Microbiology?” viruses?
a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek a. chlamydias
b. Louis Pasteur C QSJPOTBOEWJSPJET
c. Robert Koch c. rickettsias
d. Rudolf Virchow d. cyanobacteria
2. 5IFNJDSPCFTUIBUVTVBMMZMJWFPOPSJOBQFSTPO 10. Which of the following individuals introduced the

are collectively referred to as: terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes?”
a. germs a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b. indigenous microbiota b. Louis Pasteur
D OPOQBUIPHFOT c. Robert Koch
E PQQPSUVOJTUJDQBUIPHFOT d. Rudolf Virchow
22 4FDUJPO* t Introduction to Microbiology
ON
r Terms Introduced in This Chapter
r 3FWJFXPG,FZ1PJOUT
r Increase Your Knowledge
r $SJUJDBM5IJOLJOH
r "EEJUJPOBM4FMG"TTFTTNFOU&YFSDJTFT
Self-Assessment
Figure 2-13. Scanning electron micrograph of S. aureus. Exercises
$PVSUFTZPG+BOJDF$BSS .BUUIFX+"SEVJOP BOEUIF$%$
BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOH
multiple-choice questions.
in real time. Unlike the SEM, which provides a two-
dimensional image of a sample, the AFM provides a true
1. A millimeter is equivalent to how many
three-dimensional surface profile.
nanometers?
Figure 2-14 is a diagrammatic representation of an
AFM. A silicon or silicon nitride cantilever having a sharp B
tip (probe) at its end is used to scan the specimen surface. C
When the tip is brought in proximity to a sample surface, D
forces between the tip and the sample lead to a deflection E
of the cantilever. Typically, the deflection is measured us-
ing a laser spot reflected from the top surface of the can- 2. "TTVNFUIBUBQJOIFBEJTNNJOEJBNFUFS
tilever into an array of photodiodes, creating an image on )PXNBOZTQIFSJDBMCBDUFSJB DPDDJ
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a monitor screen. Additional information regarding AFM TJEFCZTJEF XPVMEGJUBDSPTTUIFQJOIFBE
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B
C
D
Detector and
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bacterium (bacillus)?
B μm
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C ON
D NN
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E NN
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light microscope equipped with a !PDVMBS
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surface B
C
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E
Figure 2-14. Atomic force microscope. 4FFUFYUGPSEFUBJMT

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8JLJQFEJB
Chapter 2 t Viewing the Microbial World 23
5. )PXNBOZUJNFTCFUUFSJTUIFSFTPMVUJPOPGUIF 8. 5IFMJNJUJOHGBDUPSPGBOZDPNQPVOEMJHIU
transmission electron microscope than the NJDSPTDPQF JF UIFUIJOHUIBUMJNJUTJUTSFTPMVUJPO
SFTPMVUJPOPGUIFVOBJEFEIVNBOFZF UPμN
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transmission electron microscope than the NJDSPTDPQFDPOUBJOTNPSFUIBOPOF
SFTPMVUJPOPGUIFTDBOOJOHFMFDUSPONJDSPTDPQF a. condenser lens
B C NBHOJGZJOHMFOT
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D d. ocular lens
E
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$PVSUFTZPG/"4"BOE8JLJNFEJB
rRNA can be used not only for taxonomic purposes,

but also in the clinical microbiology laboratory to iden- Self-Assessment
tify pathogens. Microorganisms are identified by com-
paring the rRNA gene sequences that are recovered from
Exercises
clinical specimens to sequences contained in high-quality "GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS
reference databanks. BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOH
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t $SJUJDBM5IJOLJOH D NPOPUSJDIPVT
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Chapter 3 t $FMM4USVDUVSFBOE5BYPOPNZ 43
3. 0OFXBZJOXIJDIBOBSDIBFBOXPVMEEJGGFSGSPN 8. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTOFWFSGPVOEJO

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Chapter 4 t .JDSPCJBM%JWFSTJUZ 73
sequences of archaea are quite different from the 16S

rRNA sequences of bacteria. The 16S rRNA sequence 4. 5IFHSPVQPGCBDUFSJBUIBUMBDLSJHJEDFMMXBMMT
data suggest that archaea are more closely related to BOEUBLFPOJSSFHVMBSTIBQFTJT
eukaryotes than they are to bacteria. You will recall B DIMBNZEJBT
from Chapter 3 that differences in rRNA struc- C NZDPCBDUFSJB
ture form the basis of the Three-Domain System of D NZDPQMBTNBT
Classification. E SJDLFUUTJBT
5. At the end of the Gram staining procedure,

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a. blue to purple
ON
b. green
c. orange
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arthropod-borne
C 3JDLFUTJTDBVTFECZBRickettsia species
c. RickettsiaTQFDJFTDBVTFUZQIVTBOEUZQIVT
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Self-Assessment
Exercises 7. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVU
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila spp. is false?
"GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS B 5IFZBSFPCMJHBUFJOUSBDFMMVMBSQBUIPHFOT
BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOH C 5IFZBSFDPOTJEFSFEUPCFiFOFSHZQBSBTJUFTw
multiple-choice questions. D 5IFEJTFBTFTUIFZDBVTFBSFBMM
arthropod-borne
1. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUFQTPDDVSTEVSJOH E 5IFZBSFDPOTJEFSFEUPCF(SBNOFHBUJWF
UIFNVMUJQMJDBUJPOPGBOJNBMWJSVTFT CVUOPU bacteria
during the multiplication of bacteriophages?
B BTTFNCMZ 8. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVU
C CJPTZOUIFTJT DZBOPCBDUFSJBJTGBMTF
c. penetration B "MUIPVHIDZBOPCBDUFSJBBSFQIPUPTZOUIFUJD
d. uncoating UIFZEPOPUQSPEVDFPYZHFOBTBSFTVMUPG
QIPUPTZOUIFTJT
2. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHEJTFBTFTPSHSPVQTPG C "UPOFUJNF DZBOPCBDUFSJBXFSFDBMMFECMVF
EJTFBTFTJTOPUDBVTFECZQSJPOT green algae
a. certain plant diseases D 4PNFDZBOPCBDUFSJBBSFDBQBCMFPGOJUSPHFO
C DISPOJDXBTUJOHEJTFBTFPGEFFSBOEFML GJYBUJPO
D $SFVU[GFMEUo+BDPCEJTFBTFPGIVNBOT E 4PNFDZBOPCBDUFSJBBSFJNQPSUBOUNFEJDBMMZ
E iNBEDPXEJTFBTFw CFDBVTFUIFZQSPEVDFUPYJOT
3. .PTUQSPLBSZPUJDDFMMTSFQSPEVDFCZ
B CJOBSZGJTTJPO
b. budding
c. gamete production
d. spore formation
74 4FDUJPO** t *OUSPEVDUJPOUP.JDSPCFTBOE$FMMVMBS#JPMPHZ
9. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVU 10. "OPSHBOJTNUIBUEPFTOPUSFRVJSFPYZHFO HSPXT

archaea is false? CFUUFSJOUIFBCTFODFPGPYZHFO CVUDBOTVSWJWF
B "SDIBFBBSFNPSFDMPTFMZSFMBUFEUP in atmospheres containing some molecular
FVLBSZPUFTUIBOUIFZBSFUPCBDUFSJB PYZHFOJTLOPXOBTB O

C #PUIBSDIBFBBOECBDUFSJBBSFQSPLBSZPUJD a. aerotolerant anaerobe
organisms b. capnophile
D 4PNFBSDIBFBMJWFJOFYUSFNFMZIPU D GBDVMUBUJWFBOBFSPCF
FOWJSPONFOUT d. microaerophile
E 5IFDFMMXBMMTPGBSDIBFBDPOUBJOBUIJDLFS
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bacteria
Chapter 5 t .JDSPCJBM%JWFSTJUZ 91
5. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHUFSNTJTOPU
ON BTTPDJBUFEXJUIGVOHJ
t 5FSNT*OUSPEVDFEJO5IJT$IBQUFS a. conidia
t 3FWJFXPG,FZ1PJOUT C IZQIBF
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Self-Assessment QBJST
Exercises B BGVOHVTBOEBOBNFCB
"GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS C BZFBTUBOEBOBNFCB
BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOH D BOBMHBBOEBDZBOPCBDUFSJVN
NVMUJQMFDIPJDFRVFTUJPOT E BOBMHBBOEBGVOHVT
1. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVUBMHBF 8. "TUJHNBJTB
BOEGVOHJJT BSF
USVF a. light-sensing organelle
B "MHBFBSFQIPUPTZOUIFUJD XIFSFBTGVOHJBSF C QSJNJUJWFNPVUI
not D UIJDLFOFENFNCSBOF
C "MHBMDFMMXBMMTDPOUBJODFMMVMPTF XIFSFBT E UZQFPGQMBTUJE
GVOHBMDFMMXBMMTEPOPU
D 'VOHBMDFMMXBMMTDPOUBJODIJUJO XIFSFBTBMHBM 9. *GBEJNPSQIJDGVOHVTJTDBVTJOHBSFTQJSBUPSZ
DFMMXBMMTEPOPU JOGFDUJPO XIJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHNJHIUCFTFFOJO
E "MMPGUIFBCPWF BTQVUVNTQFDJNFOGSPNUIBUQBUJFOU
B BNFCBF
2. "MMPGUIFGPMMPXJOHBSFBMHBFFYDFQU C DPOJEJB
B EFTNJET D IZQIBF
C EJBUPNT E ZFBTUT
c. dinoflagellates
E TQPSP[PB 10. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTOPUBGVOHVT
a. Aspergillus
3. "MMPGUIFGPMMPXJOHBSFGVOHJFYDFQU C Candida
B NPVMET c. Penicillium
C Paramecium d. Prototheca
c. Penicillium
E ZFBTUT
4. "QSPUP[PBONBZQPTTFTTBOZPGUIFGPMMPXJOH
FYDFQU
a. cilia
C GMBHFMMB
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Chapter 6 t The Biochemical Basis of Life 111
6. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVU%/"JT
ON BSF
USVF
r Terms Introduced in This Chapter a. DNA contains thymine but not uracil
r 3FWJFXPG,FZ1PJOUT b. DNA molecules contain deoxyribose
r *ODSFBTF:PVS,OPXMFEHF D *OBEPVCMFTUSBOEFE%/"NPMFDVMF
r $SJUJDBM5IJOLJOH BEFOJOFPOPOFTUSBOEXJMMCFDPOOFDUFEUP
r "EEJUJPOBM4FMG"TTFTTNFOU&YFSDJTFT thymine on the complementary strand by
UXPIZESPHFOCPOET
E "MMPGUIFBCPWFTUBUFNFOUTBSFUSVF
7. The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are

DPOOFDUFECZ
Self-Assessment B DPWBMFOUCPOET
Exercises b. glycosidic bonds
c. peptide bonds
d. both a and c
BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOHNVMUJQMF
choice questions.
8. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVU
OVDMFPUJEFTJT BSF
USVF
1. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHBSFUIFCVJMEJOH
CMPDLTPGQSPUFJOT a. A nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base
b. A nucleotide contains a pentose
a. amino acids
c. A nucleotide contains a phosphate group
b. monosaccharides
E "MMPGUIFBCPWFTUBUFNFOUTBSFUSVF
c. nucleotides
d. peptides
9. "IFQUPTFDPOUBJOTIPXNBOZDBSCPOBUPNT
2. (MVDPTF TVDSPTF BOEDFMMVMPTFBSFFYBNQMFTPG a. 4
b. 5
a. carbohydrates
c. 6
b. disaccharides
d. 7
c. monosaccharides
d. polysaccharides
10. 7JSUVBMMZBMMFO[ZNFTBSF
3. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHOJUSPHFOPVTCBTFTJTnot a. carbohydrates
GPVOEJOBO3/"NPMFDVMF b. nucleic acids
c. proteins
a. adenine
d. substrates
b. guanine
c. thymine
d. uracil
4. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHBSFQVSJOFT
a. adenine and guanine
b. adenine and thymine
c. guanine and uracil
d. guanine and cytosine
5. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTnot found at the site

PGQSPUFJOTZOUIFTJT
a. DNA
b. mRNA
c. rRNA
d. tRNA
Chapter 7 t Microbial Physiology and Genetics 131
cell cytoplasm. Plasmid genes can then enter the host cell
nucleus and be expressed. 3. Which of the following processes does not
Since 1990, there have been hundreds of human gene involve bacteriophages?
therapy trials for many diseases. Nearly all have failed a. lysogenic conversion
because of the difficulties of inserting a working gene b. lytic cycle
into cells without causing harmful side effects. Neverthe- c. transduction
less, scientists remain hopeful that genes will someday be d. transformation
regularly prescribed as “drugs” in the treatment of cer-
tain diseases (e.g., autoimmune diseases, sickle cell ane- 4. In transduction, bacteria acquire new genetic
mia, cancer, certain liver and lung diseases, cystic fibrosis, JOGPSNBUJPOJOUIFGPSNPG
heart disease, hemoglobin defects, hemophilia, muscular a. bacterial genes
dystrophy, and various immune deficiencies). In the fu- C OBLFE%/"
ture, synthetic vectors, rather than viruses or bacteria, c. R-factors
may be used to insert genes into cells. d. viral genes
5. 5IFQSPDFTTXIFSFCZOBLFE%/"JTBCTPSCFE
JOUPBCBDUFSJBMDFMMJTLOPXOBT
a. transcription
ON b. transduction
c. transformation
t Terms Introduced in This Chapter d. translation
t Review of Key Points
t 8IZ"OBFSPCFT%JFJOUIF1SFTFODFPG0YZHFO 6. In lysogenic conversion, bacteria acquire new
t A Closer Look at Transduction HFOFUJDJOGPSNBUJPOJOUIFGPSNPG
t A Closer Look at Fertility Factors
a. bacterial genes
t Genetically Engineered Bacteria and Yeasts
C OBLFE%/"
t Increase Your Knowledge
c. R-factors
t Critical Thinking
d. viral genes
t Additional Self-Assessment Exercises
7. Saprophytic fungi are able to digest organic
NPMFDVMFTPVUTJEFPGUIFPSHBOJTNCZNFBOTPG
a. apoenzymes
b. coenzymes
c. endoenzymes
Self-Assessment d. exoenzymes
Exercises
8. The process by which a nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae
After studying this chapter, DFMMJTDIBOHFEJOUPBUPYJHFOJDDFMMJTDBMMFE
answer the following a. conjugation
multiple-choice questions. b. lysogenic conversion
c. transduction
1. Which of the following characteristics do animals, d. transformation
fungi, and protozoa have in common?
a. They obtain their carbon from carbon dioxide 9. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHEPFT EP
OPUPDDVSJO
b. They obtain their carbon from inorganic anaerobes?
compounds a. anabolic reactions
c. They obtain their energy and carbon atoms b. catabolic reactions
from chemicals c. electron transport chain
d. They obtain their energy from light d. fermentation reactions
2. Most ATP molecules are produced during which 10. Proteins that must link up with a cofactor to
phase of aerobic respiration? GVODUJPOBTBOFO[ZNFBSFDBMMFE
a. electron transport chain a. apoenzymes
b. fermentation b. coenzymes
c. glycolysis c. endoenzymes
d. Krebs cycle d. holoenzymes
152 4FDUJPO*7 t $POUSPMMJOHUIF(SPXUIPG.JDSPCFT
might be eliminating the very organisms that are essential

for proper maturation of the immune system. 4. Organisms that live in and around hydrothermal
WFOUTBUUIFCPUUPNPGUIFPDFBOBSF
a. acidophilic, psychrophilic, and halophilic
b. halophilic, alkaliphilic, and psychrophilic
c. halophilic, psychrophilic, and piezophilic
ON d. halophilic, thermophilic, and piezophilic
r Terms Introduced in This Chapter 5. When placed into a hypertonic solution, a

r 3FWJFXPG,FZ1PJOUT CBDUFSJBMDFMMXJMM
r "$MPTFS-PPL B UBLFJONPSFXBUFSUIBOJUSFMFBTFT
r Hydrothermal Vents b. lyse
r Barometric Pressure c. shrink
r Contact Time E TXFMM
r Microbes in Our Food
r *OIJCJUJOHUIF(SPXUIPG1BUIPHFOTJO0VS,JUDIFOT 6. To prevent Clostridium infections in a hospital
r *ODSFBTF:PVS,OPXMFEHF TFUUJOH XIBULJOEPGEJTJOGFDUBOUTIPVMECF
r Critical Thinking VTFE
r "EEJUJPOBM4FMG"TTFTTNFOU&YFSDJTFT
a. fungicidal
b. pseudomonicidal
c. sporicidal
d. tuberculocidal
7. 4UFSJMJ[BUJPODBOCFBDDPNQMJTIFECZVTFPG
a. an autoclave
Self-Assessment b. antiseptics
Exercises D NFEJDBMBTFQUJDUFDIOJRVFT
d. pasteurization
After studying this chapter,
BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOHNVMUJQMF 8. The goal of medical asepsis is to kill __________,
DIPJDFRVFTUJPOT XIFSFBTUIFHPBMPGTVSHJDBMBTFQTJTJTUPLJMM
__________.
1. *UXPVMECFOFDFTTBSZUPVTFBUVCFSDVMPDJEBM
a. all microorganisms . . . pathogens
BHFOUUPLJMMBQBSUJDVMBSTQFDJFTPG
b. bacteria . . . bacteria and viruses
a. Clostridium c. nonpathogens . . . pathogens
b. Mycobacterium d. pathogens . . . all microorganisms
c. Staphylococcus
d. Streptococcus 9. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHUZQFTPGDVMUVSFNFEJBJT
selective andEJGGFSFOUJBM
2. 1BTUFVSJ[BUJPOJTBOFYBNQMFPGXIBULJOEPG
a. blood agar
UFDIOJRVF
b. MacConkey agar
B BOUJTFQUJDUFDIOJRVF c. phenylethyl alcohol agar
b. disinfection d. Thayer–Martin agar
c. sterilization
E TVSHJDBMBTFQUJDUFDIOJRVF 10. "MMUIFGPMMPXJOHUZQFTPGDVMUVSFNFEJBBSF
FOSJDIFEBOETFMFDUJWFFYDFQU
3. The combination of freezing and drying is
a. blood agar
LOPXOøBT
C DPMJTUJOmOBMJEJYJDBDJEBHBS
a. desiccation c. phenylethyl alcohol agar
b. lyophilization d. Thayer–Martin agar
c. pasteurization
d. tyndallization
Chapter 9 t *OIJCJUJOHUIF(SPXUIPG1BUIPHFOT*O7JWPVTJOH"OUJNJDSPCJBM"HFOUT 171
and pseudomembranous colitis. Yeast vaginitis often

follows antibacterial therapy because many bacteria of
the vaginal microbiota were destroyed, leading to a su-
ON
perinfection of the indigenous yeast, Candida albicans.
r 5FSNT*OUSPEVDFEJO5IJT$IBQUFS
r Review of Key Points
r *ODSFBTF:PVS,OPXMFEHF
r Critical Thinking
Concluding Remarks r "EEJUJPOBM4FMG"TTFTTNFOU&YFSDJTFT
In recent years, microorganisms have developed resis-

tance at such a rapid pace that many people, including
many scientists, are beginning to fear that science is los-
ing the war against pathogens. Some strains of patho-
gens have arisen that are resistant to all known drugs;
examples include certain strains of M. tuberculosis (the Self-Assessment
bacterium that causes tuberculosis), Plasmodium spp.
(the protozoa that cause malaria), and S. aureus (the
Exercises
bacterium that causes many different types of infec- "GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS
tions, including pneumonia and postsurgical wound in- answer the following
fections). To win the war against drug resistance, more multiple-choice questions.
prudent use of currently available drugs, the discovery
of new drugs, and the development of new vaccines will 1. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTleast likely to be
all be necessary. Unfortunately, as someone once said, taken into consideration when deciding which
“When science builds a better mousetrap, nature builds BOUJCJPUJDUPQSFTDSJCFGPSBQBUJFOU
a better mouse.” To learn more about antibiotic resis-
B QBUJFOUTBHF
tance, the book by Dr. Stuart Levy (previously cited) is
C QBUJFOUTVOEFSMZJOHNFEJDBMDPOEJUJPOT
highly recommended.
D QBUJFOUTXFJHIU
Fortunately, antimicrobial agents are not the only in
d. other medications that the patient is taking
vivo weapons against pathogens. Operating within our
bodies are various systems that function to kill pathogens
2. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTleast likely to lead to
and protect us from infectious diseases. These systems,
ESVHSFTJTUBODFJOCBDUFSJB
collectively referred to as host defense systems, are dis-
cussed in Chapters 15 and 16. a. a chromosomal mutation that alters cell
membrane permeability
b. a chromosomal mutation that alters the
shape of a particular drug-binding site
D SFDFJWJOHBHFOFUIBUDPEFTGPSBOFO[ZNF
SOMETHING that destroys a particular antibiotic
d. receiving a gene that codes for the
TO THINK production of a capsule
ABOUT
3. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTnot a common
i*OJUJBMMZIBJMFEBTANBHJDCVM- mechanism by which antimicrobial agents kill
MFUT <BOUJCJPUJDT>BSFOPXVTFETP PSJOIJCJUUIFHSPXUIPGCBDUFSJB
often that success threatens their a. damage to cell membranes
MPOHUFSNVUJMJUZ6OGPSUVOBUFMZ UIF b. destruction of capsules
natural mutability of microbes enables c. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
pathogens to develop bullet-proof d. inhibition of protein synthesis
shields that make antibiotic treatments
increasingly ineffective. Our failure to adequately 4. Multidrug therapy is always used when a
address resistance problems may ultimately push QBUJFOUJTEJBHOPTFEBTIBWJOH
the control of infectious diseases back to the pre-
a. an infection caused by MRSA
penicillin era.” (From Drlica K and David S. Perlin.
b. diphtheria
Antibiotic Resistance: Understanding and Respond-
c. strep throat
ing to an Emerging Crisis6QQFS4BEEMF3JWFS /+
d. tuberculosis
1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO *OD
172 4FDUJPO*7 t Controlling the Growth of Microbes
5. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHUFSNTPSOBNFTIBT 8. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTDJFOUJTUTJTDPOTJEFSFEUP
nothing to do with the use of two drugs CFUIFi'BUIFSPG$IFNPUIFSBQZu
TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ B "MFYBOEFS'MFNJOH
a. antagonism C 1BVM&ISMJDI
b. Salvarsan D 4FMNBO8BLTNBO
c. Septra E 4JS)PXBSE8BMUFS'MPSFZ
d. synergism
9. All the following antimicrobial agents work by
6. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTnot a common JOIJCJUJOHDFMMXBMMTZOUIFTJTFYDFQU
NFDIBOJTNCZXIJDIBOUJGVOHBMBHFOUTXPSL a. cephalosporins
a. by binding with cell membrane sterols b. chloramphenicol
b. by blocking nucleic acid synthesis c. penicillin
c. by dissolving hyphae d. vancomycin
d. by interfering with sterol synthesis
10. All the following antimicrobial agents work by
7. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTDJFOUJTUTEJTDPWFSFE JOIJCJUJOHQSPUFJOTZOUIFTJTFYDFQU
QFOJDJMMJO a. chloramphenicol
B "MFYBOEFS'MFNJOH b. erythromycin
C 1BVM&ISMJDI c. imipenem
D 4FMNBO8BLTNBO d. tetracycline
E 4JS)PXBSE8BMUFS'MPSFZ
Chapter 10 t Microbial Ecology and Microbial Biotechnology 187
methane in the environment, were more or less “tricked”

into decomposing the TCEs. In addition, microbes are 4. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTJUFTPGUIFIVNBOCPEZ
used extensively in composting, sewage treatment, and does not have indigenous microbiota?
water purification (see Chapter 11). a. bloodstream
r Other. b. colon
r Microbial enzymes used in industry include amy- c. distal urethra
lases, cellulase, collagenase, lactase, lipase, pectinase, d. vagina
and proteases.
r Two amino acids produced by microbes are used in the 5. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHXPVMECFQSFTFOUJO
artificial sweetener called aspartame (NutraSweet). highest numbers in the indigenous microbiota of
the human mouth?
a. α-hemolytic streptococci
b. β-hemolytic streptococci
c. Candida albicans
d. Staphylococcus aureus
ON
6. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHXPVMECFQSFTFOUJO
r Terms Introduced in This Chapter
highest numbers in the indigenous microbiota of
r 3FWJFXPG,FZ1PJOUT
the skin?
r " $MPTFS -PPL )PX #BDUFSJB $PNNVOJDBUF XJUI
Each Other a. C. albicans
r *ODSFBTF:PVS,OPXMFEHF b. coagulase-negative staphylococci
r Critical Thinking c. Enterococcus spp.
r Additional Self-Assessment Exercises d. E. coli
7. The indigenous microbiota of the external ear

canal is most like the indigenous microbiota
PGUIF
a. colon
b. mouth
Self-Assessment c. skin
Exercises d. distal urethra
"GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS 8. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHBSFleast likely to play a

BOTXFSUIFGPMMPXJOH role in the nitrogen cycle?
NVMUJQMFDIPJDFRVFTUJPOT a. indigenous microbiota
b. nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria
1. "TZNCJPOUDPVMECFB O
c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
a. commensal d. bacteria living in the root nodules of
b. opportunist legumes
c. parasite
d. all of the above 9. .JDSPPSHBOJTNTBSFVTFEJOXIJDIPGUIF
GPMMPXJOHJOEVTUSJFT
2. The greatest number and variety of indigenous a. antibiotic
NJDSPCJPUBPGUIFIVNBOCPEZMJWFJOPSPOUIF b. chemical
a. colon D GPPE CFFS BOEXJOF
b. genitourinary tract d. all of the above
c. mouth
d. skin 10. The term that best describes a symbiotic
SFMBUJPOTIJQJOXIJDIUXPEJGGFSFOU
3. Escherichia coli living in the human colon can be NJDSPPSHBOJTNTPDDVQZUIFTBNFFDPMPHJDOJDIF
DPOTJEFSFEUPCFB O
CVUIBWFBCTPMVUFMZOPFGGFDUPOFBDIPUIFSJT
a. endosymbiont a. commensalism
b. opportunist b. mutualism
c. symbiont in a mutualistic relationship c. neutralism
d. all of the above d. parasitism
212 4FDUJPO7 t &OWJSPONFOUBMBOE"QQMJFE.JDSPCJPMPHZ
contaminated. With respect to In other cities, effluent water is used to irrigate lawns; how-
Water is considered
QPUBCMF TBGFUP the presence of coliforms, water ever, it is expensive to install a separate water system for
ESJOL
JGJUDPOUBJOT is considered potable (safe to this purpose. In some communities, the sludge is heated to
1 coliform or less drink) if it contains 1 coliform kill bacteria, then dried and used as fertilizer.
per 100 mL of water. or less per 100 mL of water.
If one is unsure about the
purity of drinking water, boiling it for 20 minutes destroys
most pathogens that are present. It can then be cooled
and consumed. Boiling will kill Giardia cysts and Cryp-
tosporidium oocysts, but there are some bacterial spores ON
and viruses that can withstand long periods of boiling.
The most common causes of waterborne outbreaks in the t Terms Introduced in This Chapter
United States are G. lamblia, C. parvum, E. coli O157:H7, t Review of Key Points
Shigella, and norovirus. t "$MPTFS-PPL
t 1SFQBSJOHGPSB#JPUFSSPSJTU"UUBDL
Sewage Treatment t *ODSFBTF:PVS,OPXMFEHF
Raw sewage consists mainly of water, fecal material t $SJUJDBM5IJOLJOH
(including intestinal pathogens), and garbage and bacteria t Additional Self-Assessment Exercises
from the drains of houses and other buildings. When sew-
age is adequately treated in a disposal plant, the water it
contains can be returned to lakes and rivers to be recycled.
Primary Sewage Treatment

In the sewage disposal plant, large debris is first filtered
out (called screening), skimmers remove floating grease Self-Assessment
and oil, and floating debris is shredded or ground. Then,
solid material settles out in a primary sedimentation tank.
Exercises
Flocculating substances can be added to cause other sol- "GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS
ids to settle out. The material that accumulates at the bot- answer the following
tom of the tank is called primary sludge. multiple-choice questions.
Secondary Sewage Treatment 1. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHUFSNTCFTUEFTDSJCFT

The liquid (called primary effluent) then undergoes second- chlamydial genital infection in the United
ary treatment, which includes aeration or trickling filtration. States?
The purpose of aeration is to encourage the growth of aero-
B BSUISPQPECPSOFEJTFBTF
bic microbes, which oxidize the dissolved organic matter to
C FQJEFNJDEJTFBTF
CO2 and H2O. Trickling filters accomplish the same thing
c. pandemic disease
(i.e., conversion of dissolved organic matter to CO2 and
d. sporadic disease
H2O by microbes), but in a different manner. After either
aeration or trickling filtration, the activated sludge is trans-
2. Which of the following are considered
ferred to a settling tank, where any remaining solid material
reservoirs of infection?
settles out. The remaining liquid (called secondary effluent)
is filtered and disinfected (usually by chlorination), so that a. carriers
the effluent water can be returned to rivers or oceans. C DPOUBNJOBUFEGPPEBOEESJOLJOHXBUFS
D SBCJEBOJNBMT
Tertiary Sewage Treatment E BMMPGUIFBCPWF
In some desert cities, where water is in short supply, the
effluent water from the sewage disposal plant is further 3. 5IFNPTUDPNNPOOBUJPOBMMZOPUJGJBCMF
treated (referred to as tertiary sewage treatment), so that JOGFDUJPVTEJTFBTFJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTJT
it can be returned directly to the drinking water system; a. chlamydial genital infections
this is a very expensive process. Tertiary sewage treatment C HPOPSSIFB
involves the addition of chemicals, filtration (using fine c. the common cold
sand or charcoal), chlorination, and sometimes distillation. d. TB
Chapter 11 t &QJEFNJPMPHZBOE1VCMJD)FBMUI 213
4. Which of the following arthropods is the vector of 8. 5IFMBSHFTUXBUFSCPSOFFQJEFNJDFWFSUPPDDVS

Lyme disease? in the United States occurred in which of the
a. flea following cities?
C NJUF a. Chicago
c. mosquito C -PT"OHFMFT
E UJDL D .JMXBVLFF
E /FX:PSL$JUZ
5. The most common zoonotic disease in the
6OJUFE4UBUFTJT 9. 5ZQIPJEGFWFSJTDBVTFECZBTQFDJFTPG
a. Lyme disease a. Campylobacter
C QMBHVF C Escherichia
D SBCJFT c. Salmonella
E 3PDLZ.PVOUBJOTQPUUFEGFWFS d. Shigella
6. Which one of the following organisms is not 10. Which of the following associations is
POFPGUIFGPVSNPTUMJLFMZQPUFOUJBM#8PS incorrect?
CJPUFSSPSJTNBHFOUT B FISMJDIJPTJTUJDL
a. B. anthracis C NBMBSJBNPTRVJUP
C &CPMBWJSVT c. plague—flea
c. V. major d. Spotted feverSJDLFUUTJPTJT—mite
d. Y. pestis
7. All of the following are major steps in the

USFBUNFOUPGBDPNNVOJUZTESJOLJOHXBUFS
FYDFQU
B CPJMJOH
C GJMUSBUJPO
c. flocculation
d. sedimentation
Chapter 12 t Healthcare Epidemiology 239
Conclusions
2. An example of a fomite would be:
An HAI can add several weeks to a patient’s hospital stay and a. a drinking glass used by a patient
may lead to serious complications and even death. From an b. bandages from an infected wound
economic viewpoint, insurance companies rarely reimburse c. soiled bed linens
hospitals and other healthcare facilities for the costs associ- d. all of the above
ated with HAIs. Insurance companies take the position that
HAIs are the fault of the healthcare facility and, therefore, 3. Which of the following Gram-positive bacteria is
that the facility should bear any additional patient costs most likely to be the cause of an HAI?
related to such infections. Sadly, cross-infections transmit- a. Clostridium difficile
ted by hospital personnel, including physicians, are all too b. Staphylococcus aureus
common; this is particularly true when hospitals and clin- c. Streptococcus pneumoniae
ics are overcrowded and the staff is overworked. However, d. Streptococcus pyogenes
HAIs can be avoided through proper education and disci-
plined compliance with infection control practices. 4. Which of the following Gram-negative bacteria is
All healthcare workers must fully comprehend the least likely to be the cause of an HAI?
problem of HAIs, must be completely knowledgeable a. a Klebsiella species
about infection control practices, and must person- b. a Salmonella species
ally do everything in their power to prevent HAIs from c. Escherichia coli
occurring. d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5. A Protective Environment would be appropriate

for a patient:
ON
a. infected with MRSA
t Terms Introduced in This Chapter b. with leukopenia
t Review of Key Points c. with pneumonic plague
t Spotlighting the Nursing Profession d. with tuberculosis
t A Closer Look:
t Florence Nightingale 6. Which of the following is not part of Standard
t Healthcare-Associated Zoonoses Precautions?
t Infection Control Professionals a. handwashing between patient contacts
t Donning PPE b. placing a patient in a private room having
t Removing PPE negative air pressure
t Increase Your Knowledge c. properly disposing of needles, scalpels, and
t Critical Thinking other sharps
t Additional Self-Assessment Exercises d. wearing gloves, masks, eye protection, and
gowns when appropriate
7. A patient suspected of having tuberculosis has

been admitted to the hospital. Which one of the
following is not appropriate?
a. Droplet Precautions
Self-Assessment b. an AIIR
c. Standard Precautions
Exercises d. use of a type N95 respirator by healthcare
professionals who are caring for the patient
After studying this chapter,
answer the following
8. Which of the following statements about medical
multiple-choice questions.
asepsis is false?
1. An HAI is one that: a. Disinfection is a medical aseptic technique
b. Handwashing is a medical aseptic technique
a. develops during hospitalization or erupts
c. Medical asepsis is considered a clean
within 14 days of hospital discharge
technique
b. develops while the patient is hospitalized
d. The goal of medical asepsis is to exclude all
c. is acquired in the community
microbes from an area
d. the patient has at the time of hospital
admission
240 4FDUJPO7* t Microbiology within Healthcare Facilities
9. Which of the following statements about an AIIR 10. Contact Precautions are required for patients
is false? with:
a. Air entering the room is passed through HEPA a. Clostridium difficile-associated diseases
filters b. infections caused by multidrug-resistant
b. The room is under negative air pressure bacteria
c. An AIIR is appropriate for patients with c. viral hemorrhagic fevers
meningococcal meningitis, whooping cough, d. all of the above
or influenza
d. Transmission-Based Precautions will be
necessary
Chapter 13 t Diagnosing Infectious Diseases 259
photoreactivity, and morphology) and various biochemi-

cal tests. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary cause of Self-Assessment
human tuberculosis, is a very slow-growing organism.
Fortunately, the acid-fast stain (described in Chapter 4) Exercises
enables rapid presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis. After studying this chapter,
Additional information pertaining to the CML, answer the following
including molecular diagnostic procedures, antimicrobial multiple-choice questions.
susceptibility testing, quality assurance and quality con-
trol in the CML, and safety in the CML, can be found in 1. Assuming that a CCMS urine was processed in
Appendix 4 on : (“Responsibilities of the Clinical the CML, which of the following colony counts
Microbiology Laboratory”). is (are) indicative of a UTI?
a. 10,000 CFU/mL
b. 100,000 CFU/mL
SOMETHING c.
d.
!100,000 CFU/mL
both b and c
TO THINK
ABOUT 2. Which of the following statements about blood
is false?
“In addition to diagnosing infections a. As it circulates throughout the human body,
caused by well-established patho- blood is usually sterile.
gens, clinical microbiologists uncover b. Following centrifugation, the layer of
new pathogens, acting as sentinels for leukocytes and platelets is referred to as
possible epidemics. They also pro- the buffy coat.
vide statistical and clinical information c. Bacteremia and septicemia are synonyms.
regarding pathogens on the scene and d. Plasma constitutes about 55% of whole
spur demands on research to create novel diagnos- blood.
tic tools. In fact, development of such tools is tak-
ing place so swiftly that, in not too many years, the 3. Which of the following statements about CSF
practice of clinical microbiology may well become specimens is false?
unrecognizable. Not only is the use of nucleic acid- a. They are collected only by clinicians.
based techniques expected to expand, but other b. They are treated as STAT (emergency)
sophisticated techniques such as mass spectrom- specimens in the laboratory.
etry will make microbiological diagnoses ever more c. They should always be refrigerated.
rapid and accurate.” d. They should be rushed to the laboratory
Schaechter E. The excitement of clinical after collection.
microbiology. Microbe. 2013;8:11–14.
4. All clinical specimens submitted to the CML
must be:
a. properly and carefully collected
b. properly labeled
c. properly transported to the laboratory
d. all of the above
ON
5. Which of the following is not one of the three
t Terms Introduced in This Chapter
parts of a urine culture?
t Review of Key Points
t A Closer Look: a. isolation and identification of the pathogen
t Specimen Quality and Clinical Relevance b. performing a colony count
t The Polymerase Chain Reaction c. performing a microscopic observation of
t Increase Your Knowledge the urine specimen
t Critical Thinking d. performing antimicrobial susceptibility
t Additional Self-Assessment Exercises testing
260 4FDUJPO7* t Microbiology within Healthcare Facilities
6. Which of the following matches is false? 9. Which of the following sections is least likely to
a. CPE.. Virology Section be found in the CML of a small hospital?
b. KOH preparation.. Mycology Section a. Bacteriology Section
c. Tease mount.. Bacteriology Section b. Mycology Section
d. Type of hemolysis.. Bacteriology Section c. Parasitology Section
d. Virology Section
7. Who is primarily responsible for the quality of
specimens submitted to the CML? 10. In the Mycology Section of the CML, moulds are
a. microbiologist who is in charge of the CML identified by __________.
b. pathologist who is in charge of “the lab” a. biochemical test results
c. person who collects the specimen b. macroscopic observations
d. person who transports the specimen to c. microscopic observations
the CML d. a combination of b and c
8. Which of the following is not one of the four

major day-to-day responsibilities of the CML?
a. identify (speciate) pathogens
b. isolate pathogens from clinical specimens
c. perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing
when appropriate
d. process environmental samples

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12 4FDUJPO* t Introduction to Microbiology

Medical and Clinical Microbiology

2. 5IFNJDSPCFTUIBUVTVBMMZMJWFPOPSJOBQFSTPO 10. Which of the following individuals introduced the

Figure 2-14. Atomic force microscope. 4FFUFYUGPSEFUBJMT

Chapter 2 t Viewing the Microbial World 23

Figure 3-18. The Phylogenetic Tree of Life. 5IFFYBDUSFMBUJPOTIJQTPGUIFUISFFEPNBJOTBSFTUJMMCFJOHEFCBUFE

rRNA can be used not only for taxonomic purposes,

3. 0OFXBZJOXIJDIBOBSDIBFBOXPVMEEJGGFSGSPN 8. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTOFWFSGPVOEJO

sequences of archaea are quite different from the 16S

5. At the end of the Gram staining procedure,

9. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHTUBUFNFOUTBCPVU 10. "OPSHBOJTNUIBUEPFTOPUSFRVJSFPYZHFO HSPXT

7. The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are

5. 8IJDIPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHJTnot found at the site

might be eliminating the very organisms that are essential

r Terms Introduced in This Chapter 5. When placed into a hypertonic solution, a

and pseudomembranous colitis. Yeast vaginitis often

In recent years, microorganisms have developed resis-

172 4FDUJPO*7 t Controlling the Growth of Microbes

methane in the environment, were more or less “tricked”

7. The indigenous microbiota of the external ear

"GUFSTUVEZJOHUIJTDIBQUFS 8. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHBSFleast likely to play a

Primary Sewage Treatment

Secondary Sewage Treatment 1. 8IJDIPGUIFGPMMPXJOHUFSNTCFTUEFTDSJCFT

4. Which of the following arthropods is the vector of 8. 5IFMBSHFTUXBUFSCPSOFFQJEFNJDFWFSUPPDDVS

7. All of the following are major steps in the

5. A Protective Environment would be appropriate

7. A patient suspected of having tuberculosis has

photoreactivity, and morphology) and various biochemi-

8. Which of the following is not one of the four

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Figure 2-14. Atomic force microscope. 4FFUFYUGPSEFUBJMT