SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR VIDYA MANDIR, MULUND

FIRST TERM (2021 – 2022)

Environmental Science
Chapter 2. Vehicle Emission Control

STD.: X Div. ______ Date : 27/03/21

Name: ______________________ Roll no. ________

Q. 1. Mention any two effects of imposing penalties on industries.

Ans. Two effects of imposing penalties on industries:-
1. Air pollution will be less.
2. Effluents will not be directly put into water bodies and water will not be polluted.

Q.2. What is Gasohol? Give a reason for its present popularity in some countries.
Ans. Gasohol - A mixture of petrol (gasoline) and alcohol (i.e. typically ethanol at 10%, or
methanol at 3%), used as an alternative fuel for cars and other vehicles in many countries. The
ethanol is obtained as a biofuel by fermentation of agricultural crops or crop residues, for
example sugar cane waste.
It is popular because it reduces the country's fuel dependence on other countries. It also helps
keep down fuel costs for motorists and businesses. When oil was scarce in Europe, people
used gasoline-alcohol blends intermittently. It saves fuel, less polluting, addresses the problems
of green house effect and climate change.

Q.3. Explain five major pollutants associated with motor vehicles.

Ans. The following are the major pollutants associated with motor vehicles :-
1. Ozone (O3) – Ozone is created when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react with
sunlight. Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides both chemicals are released by automobile fuel
combustion.
2. Particulate matter (PM) – These are particles of soot, metals and pollen which give
smog its murky colour. Among vehicular pollution, fine particles pose the most serious threat to
human health by penetrating deep into lungs.
3. Nitrogen oxides (NO2) – These vehicular pollutants can cause lung irritation and
other
respiratory infections such as pneumonia and influenza. In addition, they assist in the formation
of ozone and particulate matter. In many cities, NO x pollution accounts for one – third of the fine
particulate pollution in the air.
4. Carbon monoxide (CO) - This odourless, colourless gas is formed by the
combustion
of fossil fuels such as gasoline. Cars and trucks are the source of nearly two thirds of this
pollutant. When inhaled, CO blocks the transport of oxygen to the brain, heart and other vital
organs in the human body. New born children and people with chronic illness are especially
susceptible to the effects of CO.

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 5. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) – Motor vehicles create this pollutant by burning Sulphur
containing fuels, especially diesel. It can react in the atmosphere to form fine particles and can
pose a health risk to young children and asthmatics.

Q.4. Why is there a need for alternative fuels?

Ans. An alternative fuel vehicle uses any other fuel than the conventional petroleum fuels.
Today, there is a need for alternative fuels for the following reasons :-
i)Conventional fuels are going to run out.
ii)To reduce pollution – alternative fuels decrease the harmful exhaust emissions such as
CO2, CO particulate matter etc.
iii)To protect against global warming – burning of fossil fuels cause temperature to rise in
the earth’s atmosphere. So, the alternative fuels being, cleaner definitely would enhance the
quality of our environment.
iv)To save money – alternative fuels can be less expensive and give longer service life.
v) Renewable source – alternative fuels can be developed domestically.

Q.5. What are the advantages of alternative fuels?

Ans. Alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol and biodiesel have numerous advantages
regarding environmental impacts.

The advantages of alternative fuels are as follows :-

i)The replacement of fossil fuels with alternative fuels could result in a decrease of carbon
dioxide emission.
ii) Alternative fuels are renewable, it can be produced domestically and it is cleaner burning
than fossil fuels.
iii)Alternative fuels are plentiful in nature.
iv) Easily available at less cost, i.e. , alternative fuels, costs much less than other fuels like
gasoline as compared to gasoline.
v) Help in conserving fossil fuels.

Q.6. Why ethanol has attracted as an automated fuel ?

Ans. Ethanol has attracted more attention because it is considered as a renewable resource,
easily obtained from sugar or starch in crops and other agricultural produce such as grain,
sugarcane, sugar beets or even lactose. Since ethanol occurs in nature whenever yeasts
happens to find a sugar solution such as over ripe fruits ,most organism have evolved some
tolerance to ethanol ,where as methanol is toxic.
Support for ethanol comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses a climate
change and greenhouse gas emissions, though these benefits are highly debated ,including the
heated 2008 food versus fuel debate . Ethanol has a higher octane rating which is beneficial
to high compression ratio.

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Q.7. Explain LN2(Liquid Nitrogen) ?
Ans. It is a method of storing energy. Energy is used to liquefy air, and then LN2 is produced by
evaporation ,and distributed. It is exposed to ambient heat in the car and the resulting Nitrogen
gas can be used to power a piston or a turbine engine. The maximum amount of energy that
can be attracted from 1 kg of LN2 IS 213 W-hr or 173 W-hr per liter, in which a maximum of 70
W-hr.can be utilized with an isothermal expansion process. Such a range of Vehicle can
achieve ranges similar to that of gasoline with a 350 liters (90 gallons ) tank.

Q. 8. What is the importance of effective policy measure?

Ans. Effective economic measure are necessary to safeguard acceptable living conditions .The
government should frame suitable economic policies to reduce the vehicular pollution. The
economic measure that can be introduced are :
 Lower taxes and duties for fuel efficient vehicles.
 Lower taxes and duties on purchase of low polluting vehicles.
 Higher license fee and tax on older and non conforming vehicles.
 Lower tax on clean fuel like CNG and Alcohol.
 Different taxation for lead and lead free petrol.
 Fuel price surcharge based on the lead content of petrol or sulphur content of oil.
 Mandatory use of low or non polluting vehicles I government fleet as in Delhi state
government..
 Taxes on CFC based air conditioning system in automobiles and concession for
installing non CFC based systems.

Q.9. What is a catalytic converter?

Ans. Catalytic converter is a device used to control the release of smoke from the vehicles.
In a catalytic converter, the catalyst (Pd or Pt) is coated on ceramic honeycomb or beads
that are present in the device and is attached to the
exhaust pipe.
When the harmful gases pass through these
coated beads, reaction takes place and due to these
reaction, harmful pollutants are converted into less
harmful substances like hydrocarbons are converted
into carbon dioxide and water. Nitrogen oxides into
nitrogen and oxygen.

Q.10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of catalytic converter?

Ans: The advantages of catalytic converter are as follows :-
 Reduces the quantity of emission from the vehicle.

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  Air quality improves.
The disadvantages of catalytic converter are as follows :-
 Decreased horsepower – the engines uses more energy for the converter and for burning
the elements.
 Increases fuel consumption.
 Engine overheating – from the additional need to burn more.

Q.11. Write a short not on four-stroke engine.

Ans : A four-stroke engine requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle, suction
stroke, compression stroke, expansion stroke and the exhaust stroke.
The advantages of four-stroke engines are as follows:-
i)The four-stroke engines have higher revolutions per minute (RPM), thus used in higher
speed cars.
ii) More durable than two-stroke engines.
iii) Produce less sound, can run very quietly.
iv) Create low emissions than two-stroke engines.
v) Do not require mixing of lubricating oil.
The disadvantages of four-stroke engines are as follows :-
i) The four-stroke engines are heavier than two-stroke engines.
ii) They are more expensive because their production cost is high.

Q. 12. What are Euro norms? How are they followed in India?
Ans. Euro norms define the maximum limit of pollutant that a vehicle can emit. (CO 2, nitrogen
oxide, sulfur and suspended particulate matter). These are the norms for emission from
automobile exhaust and related mainly to design of automobile engines to control the air
pollution at the manufacturing level. If vehicle emits more than this limit, it cannot be sold in
Europe. This is a voluntary agreement between the European union and the car manufactures.

 In India, we follow Euro norms under the label “Bharat stage” norms. we are gradually
implementing them in more and more cities.

Q.13. Write a short note on Green zone.

Ans. Green zone is a flexible automatically enforced low emission zone solution that uses best
technology to interrogate vehicle database and monitor as well as control the passage of highly
polluting vehicles through designated geographical areas. The system uses automatic number
plate recognition (ANPR) cameras at locations across the city to capture details of number
plates, to identify those vehicles which do not meet the emission standards of the low emission
zone. The low emission zone cameras are established at major points on the road network
where high volumes of vehicular traffic have been identified.
The benefits of green zone are :-

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  Helps in air quality improvements.
 No big IT infrastructure required.
 Cost effective
 Very low incidence of offender evasion

Q.14. Suggest steps to decrease vehicular pollution.

Ans. Vehicular pollution can be decreased by following steps :-
 Efficient public transport system.
 Effective traffic management.
 Use of clean and environment-friendly fuel.
 Fitness certification for commercial vehicles and public transport vehicles to ensure that
they are non-polluting.
 ‘Pollution Under Control’ certificates are required every three months.
 Toll tax for commercial vehicles.
 Added tax for petrol ‘guzzlers.’
 Mobile enforcement teams to nab vehicles violating pollution norms.
 Government subsidies for clean vehicles.