PIPING-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE

MODULE - 3
 Content...

•Introduction

•Nozzle Movement Calculation

•Allowable Nozzle loads for pumps (API 610)

•Allowable Nozzle loads for Steam Turbine (NEMA SM 23)

•Allowable Nozzle loads for Compressor (API 617)

•Allowable Nozzle loads for Air-cooled Heat exchanger (API 661)

•Allowable Nozzle loads for Fired Heater (API 560)

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Piping-equipment interface...
Effect??
•What could be the effect of the connected equipment on the behavior of the piping
system?
•What could be the effect on the connected equipment due to loads imposed by the
piping systems at their connecting points?

The concern raised in the (1) above, is taken care of while analyzing the piping
systems including the thermal growth of the equipment at the nozzle junction.
Nozzle movement calculation
The concern raised in (2) has more serious implications if the loads thrown by the
piping system on the equipment are high. This than call for either a change in
equipment design or reduce the load transfer to the equipment. As changing the
equipment design is not feasible, the designer will be forced to change the design to
reduce the nozzle loads to those acceptable by equipment design codes or by
equipment manufacturer.

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Piping-equipment interface...

Following are few standards for commonly used equipment.

•API 610 – For Centrifugal Pumps

•NEMA SM23 – Steam Turbine
•API 617- Centrifugal Compressor
•API 661 – Air cooled heat exchanger
•API 560 – Fired Heater

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 Centrifugal pump...

API Allowable Nozzle loads for centrifugal pumps (API 610)

API –610 standard specifies the allowable nozzle loads, which can be permitted at the
nozzle locations in a centrifugal pump. Pumps with nozzles 16” or smaller in size and
with casing constructed of steel or alloy steel shall be capable of satisfactory operation
when subjected to the forces and moments as shown in the table (Table 2-1 A/B of
API – 610)

In giving the limits for these loads in this standard, two effects of nozzle loading are
considered:

•Distortion of the pump casing

•Misalignment of the pump and driver shaft.

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Centrifugal pump...
Co-ordinate system

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 Centrifugal pump...
Allowable forces and moments for vertical in-line pumps shall be double the values
shown in this table. Piping configuration that produces loads more than the range
specified in the table are acceptable provided the following conditions are satisfied as
specified in Appendix- F of API 610.

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Centrifugal pump...

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 Steam turbine...
Allowable Forces and Moments on Steam Turbines (NEMA SM–23)
The Forces and Moments acting on steam turbine due to the steam inlet, extraction and
the exhaust connections should be limited by the following:

FOR THE INDIVIDUAL NOZZLE

• The total resultant force and total resultant moment imposed on the turbine at any
connection should not exceed the values per Limit 1.

3FR + M R  500De (Limit 1)

Where: -
FR = Resultant force (pounds) at the connection.
This includes pressure forces where unrestraint expansion joints are used except on
vertical down exhaust. Full vacuum load is allowed on vertical down exhaust flanges.
It is not included as part of the piping load from figure.

FR = + FY + FZ
2 2 2
FX

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Steam turbine...

MR = Resultant moment (foot-pounds) at the connection from Figure

MR = M X + MY + M Z
2 2 2

De = Nominal pipe size of the connection in inches up to eight inches in diameter.

For size greater than this, use a value of

(16 + Equivalant Diameter )

De =
3

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 Steam turbine...
FOR THE CENTERLINE OF EXHAUST NOZZLE

•The combined resultant of the forces and moments of the inlet, extraction and exhaust
connections, resolved at the centerline of the exhaust connection should not exceed the
values per limit 2.

These resultant should not exceed;

2 FC + M C  250 DC (Limit 2)

Where:
FC = Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, and exhaust forces, in pounds.
MC = Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, and exhaust moments and moments
resulting from forces, in pound feet.
DC = Diameter (in inches) of a circular opening equal to the total areas of inlet,
extraction, and exhaust openings upto a value of 9 inches in Diameter. For values
beyond this, use a value of DC equal to;
(18 + Equivalant Diameter )
DC =
3

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Steam turbine...
The components (Figure) of these resultants should not exceed:
FX = 50 DC MX = 250 DC
FY = 125 DC MY = 125 DC
FZ = 100 DC MZ = 125 DC

The components are as follow;

FX = Horizontal components of FC parallel to the turbine shaft.
FY = Vertical components of FC .
FZ = Horizontal components of FC at right angles to the turbine shaft.
MX =Components of MC around the horizontal axis parallel to the turbine shaft.
MY = Components of MC around the vertical axis.
MZ = Components of MC around the horizontal axis at right angles to the turbine
shaft.

Allowable forces and moments for turbine with various inlet and exhaust sizes are
shown in table.

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Steam turbine...

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 Steam turbine...
For installation of condensing turbine with a vertical down exhaust and
unrestrained expansion joint at the exhaust, an additional amount of force caused
by pressure loading is allowed. ( this additional force is perpendicular to the face of
the exhaust flange and central.) For this type of application, calculate the vertical
force component on exhaust connection excluding pressure loading. Use this
number for vertical force component on the exhaust connection in making
calculation outlined in Limit 1 and Limit 2.

The force caused by the pressure loading on the exhaust is allowed in addition to
the values established by the foregoing upto maximum value of vertical force in
pound on the exhaust connection (including pressure loading) of 15.5 times the
exhaust area in square inches.

These values of allowable forces and moments pertain to the turbine

structure only. They do not pertain to the forces and moment I the connected piping
, flange ,and flange bolting, which should not exceed the allowable stress as
defined by applicable codes and regulatory bodies.

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 Centrifugal compressor…

Allowable Nozzle Load for Centrifugal Compressor ( API 617 )

Experience has shown that there has not been a uniform interpretation of “1.85 times
NEMA.” Therefore, the equations have been adapted to compressor be identifying all
the constants and clarifying that the equivalent of the exhaust nozzle in the NEMA
calculation is the largest compressor nozzle. This is usually, but not necessarily, the inlet
nozzle.

The design of each compressor body must allow for limited piping loads on the
various casing nozzles. For maximum system reliability, nozzle loads imposed by piping
should be as low as possible regardless of the compressor’s load-carrying capability. As a
standard, the forces and moments acting on the compressor should be limited by
following:

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Centrifugal compressor...
FOR THE INDIVIDUAL NOZZLE
3FR + M R  927 De
Where:
FR = Resultant force in Newtons (pounds) see figure
FR = + FY + FZ
2 2 2
FX

MR = Resultant moment, in Newton-meter (foot-pounds) from Figure

MR = + MY + M Z
2 2 2
MX

For size upto 200 millimeter (8 inches) in diameter

De = Nominal pipe diameter of the connection in millimeter (inches)
For size greater than 200 millimeter (8 inches), use a value of

(400 + Dnom ) (16 + Dnom )

De = (mm) De = (inches )
3 3
(In US customary units)

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Centrifugal compressor...
FOR THE CENTERPOINT OF LARGEST NOZZLE

These resultant shall not exceed;

FC + 1.64M C  40.4DC
In US customary units;
2FC + M C  462DC
Where: -
FC = Combined resultant of inlet, sidestream, and discharge forces, in Newtons
(pounds).

MC = Combined resultant of inlet, sidestream, and discharge moments and moments

resulting from forces, in Newton-meter (pound feet).

DC = Diameter [in millimeter (inches)] of a circular opening equal to the total areas of
sidestream, if the equivalent nozzle diameter is greater than 230 millimeters (9 inches),
use a value of DC equal to;
(460 + Equivalant Diameter ) (18 + Equivalant Diameter )
DC = (mm) DC = (inches )
3 3
(In US customary units)
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Centrifugal compressor...
The individual components (Figure) of these resultants should not
exceed: (In US customary units)
FX = 16.1 DC MX = 24.6 DC , FX = 92 DC MX = 462 DC
FY = 40.5 DC MY = 12.3 DC , FY = 231 DC MY = 231 DC
FZ = 32.4 DC MZ = 12.3 DC , FZ = 185 DC MZ = 231 DC

The components are as follow;

FX = Horizontal components of FC parallel to the compressor shaft, in Newtons
(pounds)
FY = Vertical components of FC, in Newton (pounds)
FZ = Horizontal components of FC at right angles to the compressor shaft, in
Newtons (pounds)
MX =Components of MC around the horizontal axis in Newton-meters (foot-
pounds).
MY = Components of MC around the vertical axis in Newton-meters (foot-
pounds).
MZ = Components of MC around the horizontal axis at right angles to the
compressor shaft, in Newton-meters (foot-pounds).
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Centrifugal compressor...

These values of allowable forces and moments pertain to the compressor structure
only. They do not pertain to the forces and moment in the connected piping, flange,
and flange bolting, which should not exceed the allowable stress as defined by
applicable codes and regulatory bodies.

Loads may be increased by mutual agreement between the purchaser and vendor.
However, it is recommended that expected operating loads be minimized.

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 Air-cooled Heat Exchanger...
Allowable Forces and Moments on Air-cooled Heat Exchanger
(API-661)
Maximum allowable moments and forces for Nozzles and Headers.
Each nozzle in the corroded condition shall be capable of withstanding the simultaneous
application of the moments and forces defined in fig.

The design of each fixed or floating header, of the fixed header to side frame connections,
and of other support members shall be such that no damage will occur due to the
simultaneous application of the sum of all nozzle loading on a single header will not exceed
the following;
Moments (pound-feet) Forces (pounds) (f)
MX MY MZ FX FY FZ
4500 6000 3000 2250 4500 3750

This recognize that the application of the moments and forces per fig 2 will cause movement
and that this movement will tend to reduce the loads to the values given above.
The total of all nozzle loads on one multi-bundle bay shall not exceed three times that
allowed for a single header.

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Air-cooled Heat Exchanger...

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Fired heater...
Allowable Forces and Moments on Fired-Heater (API-560)

Loads and allowable stress:

•Loads shall be determined in accordance with AISC procedures for supporting

continuous beam on multiple supports.

•Friction loads shall be based on a minimum friction coefficient of 0.30.

•Friction loads shall be based on all tubes expanding and contracting in the same
direction. Loads shall be considered to be cancelled or reduced due to tubes moving in
opposite directions.

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Fired heater...

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