SCIENCE CLASS NOTES BY ANURAG SIR

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Acids: Acids are ionic compounds, when dissolve in water produce positive
hydrogen ions.
Example: HCL, H2SO4 , HNO3
Physical properties of acids:
• Acids have sour taste.
• Acids turn Blue litmus to Red.
• Aqueous solution of acids conduct electricity.
• Acids present in plant are called organic acids.
Example: Oxalic acid, Acetic acid
• Acids that are obtained from minerals are called inorganic acids.
Example: HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3

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Acids that give high concentration of H+ ions on ionization in aqueous solution
are said to be strong acids.
Example: Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid
Acids which give less H+ ions in ionization in aqueous solution are said to be
weak acids. Example: Acetic acid, Carbonic acid

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Base: Bases is a substance which dissolve in water to produce hydroxide ions
in the solution.
Example: NaOH, KOH, CsOH
Properties of Bases:
• Base are bitter in taste.
• They turn Red litmus to Blue.
• Aqueous solution of base conduct electricity.
Strong Base: A base which completely ionizes in water and produce large
amount of hydroxide ions.
Example: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
Weak Base: A base which does not ionizes completely in water and produce
less amount of hydroxide ions.
Example: Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH), Iron Hydroxide (Fe(OH)3)
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Alkalis: All bases do not dissolve in water. An alkali is a base that dissolves in
water. Example: Caustic soda(NaOH), caustic potash(KOH) are strong alkalis.
Physical properties of alkalis:
• They are soapy to touch.
• Bitter and Corrosive.
• Don't taste and touch them as they may cause harm.
Bases not soluble in water are not alkalies. Example: Copper oxide(CuO), Lead
oxide(PbO), Zinc oxide(ZnO)

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Acid - Base Indicators:
1. Natural Indicators:
 Litmus is a natural indicator.
• Acid turn blue litmus solution to red.
• Base turns red litmus solution to blue.
 Turmeric is also a natural indicator.
• On adding turmeric to a basic solution, its colour changes from yellow to
reddish brown.
• Its colour remain unchanged if added to an acidic solution
 Red Cabbage as natural indicator.
• Red cabbage juice is puple in colour. In acidic medium, its colour changes
to red.
• In a basic medium, its colour changes to green.

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2. Synthetic Indicators:
 Phenolphthalein is a dye which is a weak organic acid.
• In neutral or acidic solution, it is colourless.
• In the basic solution, it changes to pink colour.
 Methyl orange is a dye which is a weak organic base.
• It is orange in colour in neutral medium.
• In acidic medium it changes to red colour.
• In basic medium it changes to yellow colour.

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Chemical Properties of Acids and Base:
• Acids, when dissolved in water gives hydronium ions(H3O) as only positive ions
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H+ + H2O → H3O

• Base, when dissolved in water gives hydroxide ions (OH- )

• Reaction of acids with metals: Metals react with dil. acid to evolve hydrogen
gas from acid and remaining part of acid react with metal to form salt.
Dil. Acid + Metal → Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas
• Reaction of acids with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates
(bicarbonates): Dil. Acids react with metal carbonates and bicarbonates to
liberate carbon dioxide gas and form salt and water.
Metal Carbonate/Bicarbonate + Acid → Salt + H2O + CO2

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• Reaction of acids with bases: when an acid reacts with a base, it forms salt
and water. This is called neutralization.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
• Reaction of acids with metallic oxides: Acid reacts with metal oxides to form
salt and water.
Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
• Rain water conduct electricity, but distilled water do not.

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Importance of pH in everyday life:
• When pH of rainwater is less than 5.6 it is called acid rain.
• Tooth decay starts when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5
• Our body works with in a pH range of 7.0 to 7.8
pH in our Digestive System:
• Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid.
• It helps digestion of food without harming the stomach.
• During in digestion in stomach produces too much acid which causes pain
and irritation.
• To get rid of excess acid in stomach, ANTACIDS like milk of magnesia is
generally used to adjust the pH.

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Salts: When an acid reacts with a base in aqueous solution, salt and water is
formed. Salt form generally neutral in nature, the reaction is called
neutralization reaction.
• Salts are electrovalent compound.
• When salt dissolved in water, salt dissociate into ions in solution.
• They conduct electricity in their molten state as well as in their aqueous
solutions.
• Salts of strong acid and strong base are neutral with pH value of 7.
Hydrolysis of Salts: Hydrolysis is a reaction in which a salt reacts with water
to form a solution which is either acidic or alkaline.

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Uses of some Salts:
Salt Formula Uses
Sodium Chloride NaCl • As an important ingredient of various food items
• As a preservative
• For the manufactures of HCl, washing soda, caustic soda etc
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 • For Preparing washing powder
Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 • For preparing baking powder
• In medicines to neutralize the acidity in stomach
• In fire extinguishers
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH • Used for making soaps and detergents
• Used in thr manufacture of paper
Bleaching Powder CaOCl2 • Used for bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry
• Used for disinfecting drinking water
Plaster of Paris 1
CaSO4. H2O • Used for setting of fractured bones
2
• Used for making ornamental designs on casting of houses.

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