Problems and Answers for Advanced Routing

1. Choose one correct answer from the following statements.

1) Which of the following devices is the network to network connection bridge, is the most important
device in the Internet? （C）
A. repeater B. hub C. router D. server
2) Network devices that provide protocol transformation at the network layer, store and forward packets
between different networks are: （D）
A. bridge B. gateway C. hub D. router
3) In campus networks, what should be used as a connector between the campus and the outside? （D）
A. repeater B. bridge C. gateway D. router
4) The most important function of a router is routing and: （C）
A. encapsulating and de-encapsulating data packets
B. discarding data packets
C. forwarding data packets
D. filtering data packets
5) Within a campus network, the main role of a router is: （C）
A. routing B. error handling C. dividing subnets D. network connection
6) The core content of the router technology is: （A）
A. routing algorithm and protocol B. methods improving a router performance
C. network address utilization method D. network security technology
7) For different scales networks, routers play different roles. On the backbone, the primary function of
the router is: （A）
A. routing B. error handling C. dividing subnets D. network connection
8) Which is the way generating routing tables? （D）
A. add routes by manual configuration
B. automatic learning by running dynamic routing protocols
C. automatically generate by a router's direct network
D. above of all
9) Which of the following routing table entries should be manually configured by the network
administrator? （A）
A. static route B. direct route C. dynamic route D. None above of all
10) Which one isn't there in the routing table? （D）
A. next hop B. network address C. metric D. MAC address
11) Which is not included in the routing information? （A）
A. source address B. next hop C. destination network D. route weight
12) A routing table is maintained at all times on a router. The routing table can be either statically
configured, or generated by: （C）
A. spanning tree protocol B. link control protocol
C. dynamic routing protocol D. hosted network layer protocol
13) If there is only one outlet for an internal network, it is better to configure: （A）
A. default route B. host route C. dynamic route D. above of all
14) To configure the gateway on a computer running windows, what is it similar to configuring on a router?
（B）
A. direct route B. default route C. dynamic route D. indirect route
15) The correct address for configuring the default gateway on the router is: （C）
A. 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 B. 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0
C. 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 D. 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
16) Which one is not dynamic routing protocol? （B）
A. RIP B. ICMP C. IS-IS D. OSPF
17) RIP, OSPF, BGP and static routing respectively get one route to the destination network. By default,
which one is selected as the optimal route? （D）
A. RIP B. OSPF C. BGP D. static routing
18) For the following routes (protocols), which has the smallest administrative distance? （C）
A. OSPF B. RIP C. static routing D. IGRP
19) The router runs RIP and OSPF, which protocol will be use for the network 192.168.1.0/24? （B）

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 A. RIP B. OSPF
C. neither RIP nor OSPF D. both RIP and OSPF at the same time
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20) Which one correctly describes the routing protocol? （C）
A. a protocol that allows packets to be transmitted between hosts
B. a way to define the format and usage of a domain in a packet
C. a protocol that achieves routing by performing an algorithm
D. a protocol that specifies how and when MAC addresses and IP addresses are bound
21) Which of the following statements about distance vector algorithm is wrong? （A）
A. The distance vector algorithm does not cause routing loop problems.
B. The distance vector algorithm is realized by passing routing information.
C. The distance vector representation of routing information is: (destination network, metric).
D. The distance vector protocol only gets information from its own neighbors.
22) RIP is based on: （A）
A. UDP B. TCP C. ICMP D. IP
23) In RIP, the metric parameter is: （D）
A. MTU B. delay C. bandwidth D. hop count
24) For RIP, the maximum hop count that can reach the destination network is: （B）
A. 12 B. 15 C. 16 D. no restrictions
25) In RIP, it indicates unreachable how much the metric is. （D）
A. 8 B. 10 C. 15 D. 16
26) When RIP sends an update to an adjacent router, the default update cycle is: （A）
A. 30s B. 20s C. 15s D. 25s
27) How long will the RIP routing entry become unreachable if it is not updated? （C）
A. 90s B. 120s C. 180s D. 240s
28) Regarding RIP, which one is wrong? （B）
A. RIP calculates the optimal route with distance vector algorithm.
B. In RIP, the maximum number of routers in one route is 16.
C. In RIP, the default routing update cycle is 30 seconds.
D. RIP is an internal gateway protocol.
29) The difference between RIPv1 and RIPv2 is: （B）
A. RIPv1 is a distance vector protocol, while RIPv2 is a link-state protocol.
B. RIPv1 does not support VLSM, while RIPv2 supports VLSM.
C. RIPv1 broadcasts the routing information every 30 seconds, while RIPv2 broadcasts the routing
information every 90 seconds
D. The maximum hop count is 30 in RIPv1.
30) Which one of the routing protocols is there routing loop problem in? （A）
A. RIP B. BGP C. OSPF D. IS-IS
31) In RIP, the horizontal segmentation method can be used to solve the routing loop problem. Which is
true? （B）
A. Divide the network into regions to reduce the routing loop.
B. Do not send a route learned from a neighbor back to the neighbor.
C. The routing metric between neighbors is set to infinite.
D. The router must send the entire routing table to its neighbors.
32) In RIP route, the administrative distance is a level that measures the reliability of a route. What are
distinguished by defining the administrative distance? Routers always select the route with the smallest
administrative distance. （B）
A. topology information B. routing information
C. network topology information D. data exchange information
33) As shown in the following figure, all routers use RIP protocol. If R1 sends packets to the network
192.168.7.0, the next hop is: （B）
A. 192.168.3.2 B. 192.168.2.2 C. 192.168.5.1 D. 192.168.6.2

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34) Which of the following is not a characteristic of link-state routing protocols?（B）
A. They respond quickly to network changes.
B. They broadcast every 30 minutes.
C. They send triggered updates when a network change occurs.
D. They may send periodic updates, known as link-state refresh, at long time intervals, such as every 30
minutes.
35) For all the routers in the network to make consistent routing decisions, each link-state router must keep
a record of all the following items except which one?（D）
A. its immediate neighbor routers
B. all the other routers in the network, or in its area of the network, and their attached networks
C. the best paths to each destination
D. the version of the routing protocol used
36) The most accurate one of the following statements about OSPF is: （A）
A. OSPF calculates the optimal route according to the link state method.
B. OSPF is an external gateway protocol between autonomous systems.
C. OSPF cannot dynamically change route based on network traffic.
D. OSPF is only suited for small networks.
37) To ensure an accurate database, how often does OSPF flood (refresh) each LSA record? （B）
A. every 60 minutes. B. every 30 minutes. C. every 60 seconds. D. every 30 seconds.
38) Which one is wrong about OSPF? （A）
A. OSPF is a distance vector routing protocol.
B. OSPF diffuses routing information with LSA.
C. The "area 0" region must exist in the OSPF network.
D. Multiple routing processes can be configured on an OSPF router.
39) Where does a type 1 LSA flood to? （B）
A. immediate peers B. all other routers in the area where it originated
C. routers located in other areas D. all areas
40) Which IP address is used to send an updated LSA entry to OSPF DRs and BDRs? （D）
A. unicast 224.0.0.5 B. unicast 224.0.0.6 C. multicast 224.0.0.5 D. multicast 224.0.0.6
41) Which of the following is not necessary information to implement OSPF routing?（C）
A. IP addresses to be configured on router interfaces
B. the process number to be used for OSPF
C. the area in which the router is to be configured
Note: the necessary information related to area is the area in which each interface of the router is to be
configured.
42) Which of the following is not a characteristic of an OSPF area?（B）
A. It may minimize routing table entries.
B. It requires a flat network design.
C. It may localize the impact of a topology change within an area.
D. It may stop detailed LSA flooding at the area boundary.
43) Which of the following is not a way in which the OSPF router ID (a unique IP address) can be assigned?
（B）
A. the highest IP address of any physical interface B. the lowest IP address of any physical interface
C. the IP address of a loopback interface D. the router-id command
44) What is an OSPF type 2 packet?（A）
A. database description (DD), which checks for database synchronization between routers
B. link-state request (LSR), which requests specific link-state records from router to router
C. link-state update (LSU), which sends specifically requested link-state records

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 D. link-state acknowledgment (LSAack), which acknowledges the other packet types
45) Which of the following is true of hellos and dead intervals?（D）
A. They do not need to be the same on neighboring routers, because the lowest common denominator is
adopted.
B. They do not need to be the same on neighboring routers, because the highest common denominator
is adopted.
C. They do not need to be the same on neighboring routers, because it is a negotiated interval between
neighboring routers.
D. They need to be the same on neighboring routers.
46) Which of the following best describes where an adjacency relationship exists?（A）
A. between routers located on the same physical network
B. between routers in different OSPF areas
C. between a router and its DR and BDR on different networks
D. between a backbone DR and a transit BDR
47) Which of the following is not true regarding the OSPF DR/BDR election?（C）
A. The router with the highest priority value is the DR.
B. The router with the second-highest priority value is the BDR.
C. If all routers have the default priority, the router with the lowest router ID becomes the DR.
D. The router with a priority set to 0 cannot become the DR or BDR.
48) When a router receives an LSA (within an LSU), it does not do which of the following?（B）
A. If the LSA entry does not already exist, the router adds the entry to its LSDB, sends back an
LSAack, floods the information to other routers, runs SPF, and updates its routing table.
B. If the entry already exists and the received LSA has the same sequence number, the router
overwrites the information in the LSDB with the new LSA entry.
C. If the entry already exists but the LSA includes newer information (it has a higher sequence
number), the router adds the entry to its LSDB, sends back an LSAack, floods the information to
other routers, runs SPF, and updates its routing table.
D. If the entry already exists but the LSA includes older information, it sends a LSU to the sender with
its newer information.
49) There are two routing table entries:
Destination/Mast protocol preference Metric Next hop/Interface
9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 1.1.1.1/Serial10
9.1.0.0/16 RIP 100 5 2.2.2.2/Ethernet0
If the router is forwarding a packet with a destination address of 9.1.4.5, which one is true? （D）
A. Select the first entry because OSPF has a higher priority.
B. Select the second entry because RIP metric is smaller.
C. Select the second entry because the interface is Ethernet0 that is faster than Serial0.
D. Select the second entry because the routing entry is more accurate for the destination address
9.1.4.5.
50) The operating scope of IGP is: （C）
A. within an area B. within a LAN C. within an AS D. within a natural subnet
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2. Choose multiple correct answers from the following statements.

1) The advantages of static routing include: （ACD）
A. simple management B. automatically update routing
C. improve network security D. save bandwidth
2) Which ones are true about static routing? （ACD）
A. Static routing cannot dynamically show the network topology.
B. Static routing not only consumes the CPU and RAM of the router, but also consumes the bandwidth
of the line.
C. To hide some parts of a network for security, static routing should be configure.
D. In a small and simple network, static routing is often configured because it is easier.
3) The three ways building a route table are: （BCD）
A. automatically generation B. static routing
C. directional network D. dynamic routing
4) Which ones of the following protocols are routing protocols? （ABCD）
A. RIP B. IGRP C. OSPF D. EIGRP
5) Which ones are dynamic routing protocol?（ACD）
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 A. RIPv1 B. CDP（Cisco发现协议） C. OSPF D. BGP
6) Which ones are distance vector routing protocols? （BCD）
A. OSPF B. IGRP C. RIP D. EIGRP
7) Which ones are link-state protocols? （BC）
A. RIP B. IS-IS C. OSPF D. EIGRP
8) Which ones are true about RIPv1 and RIPv2? （BC）
A. RIPv1 supports VLSM.
B. RIPv2 supports VLSM.
C. RIPv2 possesses route aggregation function by default.
D. RIPv1 only supports simple password authentication, while RIPv2 supports MD5 authentication.
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9) For RIP, which ones are true? （AC）
A. RIP is an IGP. B. RIP is an EGP.
C. RIP is a distance vector routing protocol. D. RIP is a link-state protocol.
10) Routing loop can cause: （ABD）
A. slowly convergence B. broadcast storm C. router restart D. inconsistent routing
11) The solutions to routing loop are: （ABCD）
A. horizontal segmentation B. suppression time
C. toxicity reversal D. trigger update
12) In RIP, which ones are true about routing loop? （ABCD）
A. Trigger update considers from reducing the probability of routing loop.
B. Horizontal segmentation can only eliminate the self-loop between two routers.
C. Suppression time may lead to slowly convergence.
D. To reduce the consequences of routing loop, RIP specifies a maximum hop count.
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13) Which ones are true about link-state algorithm? （BC）
A. Link state is a description of routing.
B. Link state is a description of network topology.
C. Link state algorithm itself cannot generate route loop.
D. Both OSPF and RIP use link-state algorithms.
14) Link-state protocols use a two-layer area hierarchy composed of which two areas?（AC）
A. Backbone area B. Transmit area C. Regular area D. Linking area
15) ）Internal gateway protocols can be divided into three types: （ACD）
A. distance vector protocol B. network state routing protocol
C. link-state protocol D. hybrid routing protocol
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3. Fill in the following blanks in each statement.

1) The ultimate purpose of routing protocol is to generate a routing table .
2) There are three ways to build a routing table: direct connection network , static routing and
dynamic routing .
3) Metric is a measurement that a routing protocol calculate the best routing to the destination
network.
4) Administrative distance rates a routing protocol's believability or trustworthiness.
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5) Routing protocols include: IGP and EGP .
6) IGPs include: distance vector protocol , link-state protocol , and hybrid routing protocol .
7) The metric is hop count in a distance vector routing protocol.
8) The work means of distance vector routing protocol: periodically broadcasting the router's own
routing table .
9) Convergence time refers to the time it takes from the change of network topology to all the
relevant routers on the network to know about the change and make changes accordingly.
10) The biggest problem that distance vector routing protocol may generate is: routing loop .
11) Horizontal segmentation means that a router does not return the route in the direction of the
route.
12) Horizontal segmentation is the core method to solve the routing loop.
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13) Autonomous system (AS) is a group of network equipment under a public administrative
department.
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14) In OSPF, each router exchange link state acknowledgement (LSA) with each other, starting with
its direct network.
15) The classification of the same FEC can be based on IP address of source and destination ,
TCP/UDP port number of source and destination , IP header protocol field value and IP header
service type (ToS) field value.

4. Configure the routing.

1) To configure the static route and default route on RouterA, give the function of the configuration
commands:
RouterA (config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 //Configuring the static route
RouterA (config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/1 //Configuring the default route
RouterA# show ip route //Displaying the routing table
2) To configure static routes, default routes.
(1)Test the connectivity between the hosts. What methods and how to test?
(2)Configure IP addresses, subnet masks, gateways on the hosts.
(3)Configure the static routes and default routes on the routers RouterA, RouterB and RouterC.

(1)Use the ping command in ICMP. For example, if Host1 wants to test connectivity with Host3, the
command is used: ping 1.1.5.1. If any data is returned, Host1 is connected to Host3. If it's time out,
it's not connected.
(2)Host1：IP address: 1.1.1.1 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 gateway: 1.1.1.2
Host2：IP address: 1.1.4.2 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 gateway: 1.1.4.1
Host3：IP address: 1.1.5.1 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 gateway: 1.1.5.2
(3)[Route A] ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.2.2
[Route B] ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.3.1
[Route C] ip route-static 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.2.1
[Route C] ip route-static 1.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.3.2
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3) The network topology is shown in the figure:
(1)What is the router ID of each router? Why?
(2)If the routers have no priority, what is the default priority? Which router will become DR? Which
router will become a BDR? Which routers will become DRother?
(3)If router R7 does not participate in DR and BDR elections, how to configure?
(4)If router R7 is down, will it affect DR and BDR? If so, how to affect?

(1)The route ID:

R1: 1.1.1.1 R4: 4.4.4.4 R7: 7.7.7.7 R10: 10.10.10.10
Because RID election process is as follows in OSPF: the loopback port is preferred, followed by the
highest interface address.
(2) Default priority is 1. RID of R10 is the highest, and RID of R7 is the second, so DR is R10, BDR is
R7, R1 and R4 are DRother.
(3) Set the priority of R7 to 0.
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 (4) No. R10 is still DR, R4 is still BDR.
4) Give commands to configure the basic BGP network on router A.

router bgp 64520

neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 65000

5. Explain the following questions.

1) To describe the classification of routing protocols.
Internal gateway protocol (IGP) : IGP refers to the routing protocol running within an autonomous
system (an autonomous system is a group of network devices under a public administration).
External gateway protocol (EGP) : EGP refers to the routing protocol running between autonomous
systems.
2) To describe the classification of internal gateway protocols.
IGP includes: distance vector routing protocol (eg. RIP and IGRP), link-state protocol (eg. OSPF and
IS-IS), hybrid routing protocol (eg. EIGRP)
3) To describe the principle of distance vector routing protocol.
 Distance vector routing protocol sends the entire routing table to the adjacent routers every 30
seconds so that the neighbors update their routing tables. Routers using distance vector routing
protocol can only reconstruct their routing tables with knowledge from their neighbors.
 Distance vector routing protocol is suitable for a small network. In a large network, the protocol will
generate large traffic and occupy too much bandwidth in learning and maintaining routing.
 Distance vector routing protocol uses hop count as metric to calculate the number of routers to a
destination network.
4) Describe the RIP protocol characters.
 RIP protocol sends the entire routing table to the adjacent router every 30 seconds, so that the
routing table of the adjacent router is updated.
 RIP router can only learn from neighbors to regenerate the route table. It is suitable for small
networks. In a large network, RIP will produce a number of traffic and take up too much bandwidth
for learning and keeping routes.
 RIP metric is hop count, which is the number of the router to reach the destination.
5) To describe the disadvantages of RIP routing protocol.
 It is too simple to calculate the optimal route with hop count as metric.
 It's metric is limited to 16 and is not suitable for a large network.
 It accepts routing updates from any adjacent device and it leads to poor security.
 It converges slowly, and the convergence time is often longer than 5 minutes.
 It consumes high bandwidth.
RIP is only suitable for a small network. In a large network, it suffers from infinite computing
problems and tends to converge slowly.
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6) To describe the link-state protocol characteristics.
A router running a link-state protocol must first establish neighbor adjacencies, by exchanging hello
packets with the adjacent routers.
OSPF performs following functions:
 Neighbor discovery, to form adjacencies.
 Flooding link state information, to facilitate LSDBs being built on each router.
 Calculate the shortest path to all known destinations.
 Populating the routing table with the best routes to all known destinations, changes might occur in
the state of the links after the routing table is initially populated.
Or
When a link changes state, the device that detected the change creates a link state advertisement (LSA)
concerning that link. The LSA propagates to all neighboring devices using a special multicast address.
Each routing device stores the LSA, forwards the LSA to all neighboring devices and updates its link
state database (LSDB). This flooding of the LSA ensures that all routing devices can update their
databases and then update their routing tables to reflect the new topology. The LSDB is used to
calculate the best paths through the network. Link state routers find the best paths to a destination by

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 applying Dijkstra's algorithm. Each router selects the best paths and places them in their routing table.

7) To describe the differences between distance vector protocol and link-state protocol.
 Distance vector routing protocol gets the network topology from the routing tables of its adjacent
routers. It only knows its adjacent routers but the entire network topology. Link-state protocol gets
the entire network topology by collecting all LSAs.
 When routing information is transferred from one router to another, distance vector routing
protocol determines the optimal route with the metric received from adjacent routers. For link-state
protocol, each router independently calculates the optimal route.
 Distance vector routing protocol periodically sends the routing table to show the changes of network
topology, which is transmitted from one router to another with slow convergence. However,
link-state protocol shows the changes of network topology by triggering updates, and only transmits
the changes of link states to other routers, which not only reduces the LSAs, but also reduces the
convergence time. However, when the router starts up, there will be many LSAs.
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8) To describe the BGP path vector characteristics.
BGP is a policy-based routing protocol that allows an autonomous system to control traffic flow using
multiple BGP attributes.
Routers running BGP exchange network reachability information, called path vectors or attributes,
including a list of the full path of BGP autonomous system numbers that a router should take to reach
a destination network.
9) When is it appropriate to use BGP to connect to other autonomous systems?
BGP use in an autonomous system is most appropriate when the effects of BGP are well understood
and at least one of the following conditions exists:
 The autonomous system allows packets to transit through it to reach other autonomous systems. (For
example, it is a service provider.)
 The autonomous system has multiple connections to other autonomous systems.
 Routing policy and route selection for traffic entering and leaving the autonomous system must be
manipulated.
10) Write a brief definition for each of the following: IBGP, EBGP, Well-known attribute, Transitive
attribute
 IBGP: When BGP is running between routers within one autonomous system, it is called IBGP.
 EBGP: When BGP is running between routers in different autonomous systems, it is called EBGP.
 Well-known attribute: A well-known attribute is one that all BGP implementations must recognize.
Well-known attributes are propagated to BGP neighbors.
 Transitive attribute: An optional attribute; a transitive attribute that is not implemented in a router
should be passed to other BGP routers untouched and marked as partial.
11) How does BGP guarantee a loop-free autonomous system path?
The BGP AS-path is guaranteed to always be loop free because a router running BGP does not accept a
routing update that already includes its autonomous system number in the path list. Because the update
has already passed through its autonomous system, accepting it again would result in a routing loop.
12) What type of BGP attributes are the following?
AS-path, Next-hop, Origin, Local preference, Atomic aggregate, Aggregator, Multi-exit-discriminator
The following are well-known mandatory attributes: AS-path, Next-hop, Origin
The following are well-known discretionary attributes: Local preference, Atomic aggregate
The following are optional transitive attributes: Aggregator
The following are optional nontransitive attributes: Multi-exit-discriminator (MED)
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13) To describe the working principle of a router.
During a packet transmission from the source host to the destination host, the source IP address and
the destination IP address never change, while the source MAC address and destination MAC address
change along with data exchange.
 IP address : To determine the host network, used for routing.
 MAC address : To realize the data exchange between routers
14) The router software system can be divided into five subsystems:
 Routing protocol subsystem: Running the routing protocols and maintaining the routing tables.
 Forwarding subsystem: Lookup the forwarding tables and forwarding the packets.
 Support subsystem: Providing communication support for the upper protocol subsystem.
 Security subsystem: Secret-key management and IPSec protocol.
 Management subsystem: Support the operation and maintenance of the router.
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