The Homework Answer for Advanced Route

The answer for the 1st homework:

1. What are static routing and dynamic routing?
Static routing— An administrator can manually configure the information.
Dynamic routing— A router can learn from other routers.
2. Router R1 forwarding table is shown below. R1 can forward packets directly by the interfaces 0 and 1,
also can pass packets to the adjacent routers R2, R3 and R4. Here are three packets, the destination IP
address is respectively: ① 128.96.39.130, ② 128.96.40.12, ③ 128.96.40.159. Give the next-hop for
each packet.
Destination Subnet mask Next-hop
128.96.39.0 255.255.255.128 Interface 0
128.96.39.128 255.255.255.128 Interface 1
128.96.40.0 255.255.255.128 R2
192.4.153.0 255.255.255.192 R3
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 R4
① interface 1, ② R2, ③ R4
3. The connection and IP address assignment of the three routers are shown in the following figure. How
to configure a static route to the subnet of 192.168.1.0/24 on router R2?

ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1

4. How to configure a static route on router A? Network address is 24 bits.

 
RouterA(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

The answer for the 2nd homework:

1. To describe the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Static route is entered into the router manually by the administrator. Static routing is suitable for a
small network and a relative stable topology network.
Advantages of static routing:
 Static routing does not consume the CPU, RAM of router and line bandwidth.
 Static routing can guarantee a certain degree of network security.
 Static routing is simple and fast to configure, it can reduce the failures.
Disadvantages of static routing:
The biggest disadvantage of static routing is that it cannot dynamically reflect the change of network
topology. When the network topology changes and the routes should be modified, the administrator
must manually configure the routing information.
2. To describe the default route.
The default route is a static route. It is adopted when there isn't a matching route entry.
A default routing is very useful in a network. In a typical network with hundreds of routers, running
dynamic routing protocol may consume a large amount of bandwidth resources. The default routing
can save the routing time and the bandwidth resources for packet forwarding, so a large number of
users can simultaneously communicate.
3. To configure static routing to ensure that the two hosts can communicate with each other.

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Configure static route on router R1：
R1(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 12.12.12.2
Configure static route on router R2：
R2(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 23.23.23.3
R2(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 12.12.12.1
Configure static route on router R3：
R3(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 23.23.23.2
4. The network topology is shown as following: the serial port s0 of router A connects to the s0 port of
router B (the s0 port of B provides the clock).The two routers are connected to four Ethernets, each of
which is connected to a host. The four Ethernets are 192.168.10.0/24, 192.168.20.0/24, 192.168.30.0/24,
and 192.168.40.0/24. The network between A and B is 192.168.50.0/24.

 
(1)Assign IP addresses, subnet masks, and gateways for the four hosts.
(2)Assign IP addresses for the interfaces of the two routers.
(3)Configure static routes on router A.
(4)Configure a default route on router B.
(5)View the interface configuration on router A
(6)View the routing table on router A.
(1)IP addresses, subnet masks, and gateways for the four hosts:
Host1: 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
Host2: 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1
Host3: 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.30.1
Host4: 192.168.40.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.40.1
(2)IP addresses for the interfaces of the two routers:
RA: 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0, 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0, 192.168.50.1 255.255.255.0
RB: 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0, 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0, 192.168.50.2 255.255.255.0
(3)Static routes on router A:
RA(config)# ip route 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.2
RA(config)# ip route 192.168.40.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.2
(4)Default route on router B:
RB(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.50.1
(5)View the interface configuration on router A:
RA# show ip interface
(6)View the routing table on router A:
RA# show ip route

The answer for the 3rd homework:

1. What is the difference between an IGP and an EGP?
An interior gateway protocol (IGP) is a routing protocol used to exchange routing information within
an autonomous system. An exterior gateway protocol (EGP) is a routing protocol used to exchange
routing information between autonomous systems.
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2. What is an autonomous system?
An autonomous system is “a set of routers under a single technical administration, using an Interior
Gateway Protocol (IGP) and common metrics to determine how to route packets within the
autonomous system, and using an inter-autonomous system routing protocol to determine how to route
packets to other autonomous systems.”
3. What is the major problem of distance vector routing protocol? How to solve?
In distance vector routing protocol, the main problem is routing loop. The solutions mainly include:
 Specifies a maximum hop count: Distance vector routing protocol defines a maximum hop count.
When the hop count exceeds the maximum value to the destination network, the destination network
is considered unreachable.
 Horizontal segmentation: The router does not return the route in the direction of the route.
 Toxicity reversal: A router sends the route learned from some interface in reverse, but the route is
toxic, that is, the hop count is 16.
 Trigger update: A router typically send the routing table to the adjacent routers at a regular interval.
As for trigger update, a router sends routing update to its neighbors as soon as network change is
perceived.
 Suppression timer: when a routing is invalid, it is suppressed for a period of time, i.e., it will not
receive any route updates for the same destination address for a certain period of time.
4. The router R6 computes its routing table with distance vector algorithm. Its routing table is shown in
Table 1, and it receives route updating information from R4 which is shown in Table 2. Please update
the routing table of R6.
Table 1：The routing table for R6 Table 2：Route updating information from R4
Destination Network Distance Next hop router Destination Network Distance Next hop router
Net2 3 R4 Net1 3 R1
Net3 4 R5 Net2 4 R2
… … … Net3 1 Direct delivery
Table：The updating routing table for R6
Destination Network Distance Next hop router
Net1 4 R4
Net2 5 R4
Net3 2 R4
… … …

The answer for the 4th homework:

1. What does an ABR do?
An ABR connects area 0 to a non-backbone area.
2. What are some issues that may arise if an OSPF area becomes too large?
If an area becomes too large, some issues that may need to be addressed include:
 Frequent SPF algorithm calculations— In a large network, changes are inevitable, so the routers
spend many CPU cycles recalculating the SPF algorithm and updating the routing table.
 Large routing table— OSPF does not perform route summarization by default. If the routes are not
summarized, the routing table can become very large, depending on the size of the network.
 Large LSDB— Because the LSDB covers the topology of the entire network, each router must
maintain an entry for every network in the area, even if not every route is selected for the routing
table.
3. How many OSPF message types are defined?
Hello、DD、LSR、LSU、LSAack
4. A network is shown as figure below, in which a dot is a router and a edge is a link.
 Describe the process for router 0 to compute the shortest paths with Dijsktra algorithm.
 Determine the shortest path and the shortest path length from router 0 to router 4.

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 1 7 4
4 1 6 6
6 1
0 2 6
4
6 2 8
3 5
5

S U dist[] path[]
{0} {1,2,3,4,5,6} {0,4,6,6,∞,∞,∞} {0,0,0,0,-1,-1,-1}
{0,1} {2,3,4,5,6} {0,4,5,6,11,∞,∞} {0,0,1,0, 1,-1,-1}
{0,1,2} {3,4,5,6} {0,4,5,6,11, 9, ∞} {0,0,1,0, 1, 2,-1}
{0,1,2,3} {4,5,6} {0,4,5,6,11, 9, ∞} {0,0,1,0, 1, 2,-1}
{0,1,2,3,5} {4,6} {0,4,5,6,10, 9, 17} {0,0,1,0, 5, 2, 5}
{0,1,2,3,5,4} {6} {0,4,5,6,10, 9, 16} {0,0,1,0, 5, 2, 4}
{0,1,2,3,5,4,6} {} {0,4,5,6,10, 9, 16} {0,0,1,0, 5, 2, 4}
 the shortest path from router 0 to router 4: 0,1,2,5,4；the shortest path length: 10

The answer for the 5th homework:

1. To describe the principle of link-state protocol.
Link-state protocol is called as shortest path first protocol. It maintenances a complex network
topology information database.
 Starts with the direct networks, Routers exchange link state advertisements (LSAs) with each other.
 Then routers construct topology databases simultaneously. The databases consist of all the LSAs.
 According to the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm, SPF tree is constructed. The root of the tree is
the router itself.
 SPF algorithm calculates the shortest paths from the root to the destination networks. At last, the
paths are put into the routing table.
2. Two routers are connected by a point-to-point network. How does each router dynamically detect its
neighboring router?
Each router dynamically detect its neighboring router by multicasting its hello packets to all OSPF
routers using the address 224.0.0.5.
3. Match the type of router with its description:
Type of Router Description
1—Internal router A—A router that sits in the perimeter of the backbone area and
that has at least one interface connected to area 0. It maintains
OSPF routing information using the same procedures and
algorithms as an internal router.
2—Backbone router B—A router that has interfaces attached to multiple areas,
maintains separate LSDBs for each area to which it connects, and
routes traffic destined for or arriving from other areas. This
router is an exit point for the area, which means that routing
3—ABR information destined for another area can get there only via the
local area’s router of this type. This kind of router can be
configured to summarize the routing information from the
LSDBs of its attached areas. This router distributes the routing
4—ASBR information into the backbone.
C—A router that has all its interfaces in the same area.
D—A router that has at least one interface attached to a different
routing domain, such as a non-OSPF network. This router can
redistribute external routes into the OSPF domain and vice versa.
1—C 2—A 3—B 4—D
4. Which are backbone areas and which are non-backbone areas in AS1? Which are backbone routers
and which are ASBRs?

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Backbone area: Area 0
Non-backbone area: Area 1 and area 2
Backbone router: R7 and R10
ASBR: R15

The answer for the 6th homework:

1. What protocol does BGP use as its transport protocol?
BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol.
2. Any two routers that have formed a BGP connection can be referred to by what two terms?
Any two routers that have formed a BGP connection are called BGP peer routers or BGP neighbors.
3. What are the BGP states a router can be in with its neighbors?
BGP is a state machine that takes a router through the following states with its neighbors:
 Idle
 Connect
 Active
 OpenSent
 OpenConfirm
 Established
Only when the connection is in the established state, update, keepalive, and notification messages are
exchanged.
4. How many BGP message types are defined?
Open、Keepalive、Update、Notification
5. When is it appropriate to use static routes rather than BGP to interconnect autonomous systems?
It is appropriate to use static routes rather than BGP if at least one of the following conditions exists:
 A single connection to the Internet or another autonomous system.
 Lack of memory or processor power on edge routers to handle constant BGP updates.
 You have limited understanding of route filtering and the BGP path-selection process.

The answer for the 7th homework:

1. Choose one correct answer from the following statements.
1) The correct address for configuring the default gateway on the router is: （C）
A. 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 B. 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0
C. 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 D. 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
2) In RIP, the metric parameter is: （D）
A. MTU B. delay C. bandwidth D. hop count
3) Which one is wrong about OSPF? （A）
A. OSPF is a distance vector routing protocol.
B. OSPF diffuses routing information with LSA.
C. The "area 0" region must exist in the OSPF network.
D. Multiple routing processes can be configured on an OSPF router.
4) Which of the following is not a characteristic of an OSPF area?（B）
A. It may minimize routing table entries.
B. It requires a flat network design.
C. It may localize the impact of a topology change within an area.
D. It may stop detailed LSA flooding at the area boundary.

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5) The role of BGP protocol is: （A）
A. for the routing information exchange between routers between autonomous systems
B. for the routing information exchange between routers within an autonomous system
C. for routing information exchange between routers in the backbone network
D. for routing information exchange between routers in a campus network
2. Fill in the following blanks in each statement.
1) The ultimate purpose of routing protocol is to generate a routing table .
2) There are three ways to build a routing table: direct connection network , static routing and
dynamic routing .
3) Metric is a measurement that a routing protocol calculate the best routing to the destination
network.
4) Administrative distance rates a routing protocol's believability or trustworthiness.
5) Routing protocols include: IGP and EGP .
6) The metric is hop count in a distance vector routing protocol.
7) Autonomous system (AS) is a group of network equipment under a public administrative
department.
8) In OSPF, each router exchange link state acknowledgement (LSA) with each other, starting with
its direct network.

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