ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN -V

VECTOR ACTIVE STRUCTURES-

CONTENT:
Triangulation
Characteristics of vector Active Structures
Plane trusses Vierendeel trusses
Uses of trusses
Analysis OF TRUSSES
Method of truss
Roof trusses
Secondary stresses
Open web joist
Space Trusses
Plane truss a Verse space truss
Our Reference is based on the Book : Structures in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh

• Publisher : Abhishek Publications; 3rd edition (1 January 2014)

• Language : English
• Paperback : 217 pages
• ISBN-10 : 8182476607
• ISBN-13 : 978-8182476608
• Dimensions : 22 x 14 x 2
TRIANGULATION: -

• Beam transfer the load horizontally. i.e., beam under go deflection and the strength.
• The triangulation configuration that we get to transmit the load successfully, by providing an obstruction
free space is called triangulation . Example – Truss
• In case of truss the member are inclined and connect through nodes. They commonly transfer the axial load
( Compression and tension ).
• No bending should be there.
• Trusses are the best example.
• Triangle is most stable rigid form to resist load in any direction at the joint.
• The load should be applied to nodes only, because of it will be applied to at any member then they may
experience deflection and bending.
• Plan truss – 2D
• Space truss – 3D

Characteristics of Vector Active Structure:-

1. Transfer only axial compression tension.
2. Only very small cross-section member are came into play, just in order to avoid bulk active structure.
3. Less self weight member are ideally suited for large spam.
4. Load are applied at joint (Nodes). Because in order to avoid any deflection at the member.
 5. Being strong both in compression and tension both timber and steel are suitable material and for vector
acute structure.
6. Member are generally of steel and some are concrete.

History
• Roman used wooden trusses for bridge construction manly in form of king post and queen post truss.
• American – used /appreciated – steel for bridge.
• Theodere Burr – Arch truss
• The first iron truss – us. (The trankfort Bridge).

Uses:-
• Bridges
• Roofs
• Wind resisting form
• High risk building.

Vierendeel truss:-
• Not a triangulated form /stress.
• Having or make rectangular opening.
• Frame fixed joint – that transfer and resisting bending moment.
• Example :- Twin Tower
 • In past they are joined through method by Nut and bolt.
• Today they are joined by welding.

Uses of Truss:-
• Building and bridge
• Rail bridges
• Long compression member susceptible to bulk should be avoid and further as a bridge is subjected to
moving load so the the generally.
 Plane Trusses
A plane truss is defined as a two-
dimensional framework of straight
prismatic members connected at their ends
by frictionless hinged joints, and subjected
to loads and reactions that actonly at the
joints and lie in the plane of the structure.
The members of a plane truss are subjected
to axial compressiveor tensile forces.

Objective is to develop the analysisof

plane trusses using matrix methods. The
analysis must be general in the sense that it
can be applied to staticallydeterminate, as
well as indeterminate plane trusses.
Applied loads may consist of point loads applied at the joints as well as loads that act on
individual truss members. Loads that are applied directly to individual truss members can
be replaced by statically equivalent loads acting at the joints.
In addition to the axial loads typically computed for individual truss members bending
moments and shear forces will be present in truss members where point loads are applied
directly to the member.
Whereas numerous methods are available to compute elastic deformations for structures in
general, i.e.,
1. Virtual work method (dummy load)
2. Castigliano’s theorem
3. Conjugate beam method
4. Moment area theorems
5. Double integration method
only the first two are applicable to trusses. So we begin with a review of computing joint
displacements in a truss using virtual work.
Method of trusses
INTRODUCTION :
This method is based on the principle that if a structural system constitutes a
body in equilibrium, then any joint in that system is also in equilibrium and,
thus, can be isolated from the entire system and analyzed using the conditions of
equilibrium.
• The method of joint involves successively isolating each joint in a truss system
and determining the axial forces in the members meeting at the joint by
applying the equations of equilibrium.
ABSTRACT : •Verify the stability and determinacy of the structure. If the
truss is stable and determinate, then proceed to the next step.
•Determine the support reactions in the truss.
•Identify the zero-force members in the system. This will immeasurably reduce
the computational efforts involved in the analysis.
•Select a joint to analyze. At no instance should there be more than two
unknown member forces in the analyzed joint. .
ANALYSIS There are several methods of truss analysis, but the two most
common are the method of joint and the method of section (or moment). ❖
Analysis of Trusses by Method of Joint This method is based on the principle
that if a structural system constitutes a body in equilibrium, then any joint in
that system is also in equilibrium and, thus, can be isolated from the entire
system and analyzed using the conditions of equilibrium. Procedure for
Analysis
•Verify the stability and determinacy of the structure. If the truss is stable and
determinate, then proceed to the next step.
•Determine the support reactions in the truss.
•Identify the zero-force members in the system. This will immeasurably reduce
the computational efforts involved in the analysis.
•Select a joint to analyze. At no instance should there be more than two
unknown member forces in the analyzed joint.
 •Draw the isolated free-body diagram of the selected joint, and indicate the
axial forces in all members meeting at the joint as tensile (i.e. as pulling away
from the joint). If this initial assumption is wrong, the determined member axial
force will be negative in the analysis, meaning that the member is in
compression and not in tension.
•Apply the two equations ΣFX=0ΣFX=0 and ΣFY=0ΣFY=0 to determine the
member axial forces.
•Continue the analysis by proceeding to the next joint with two or fewer
unknown member forces. Zero Force Members Complex truss analysis can be
greatly simplified by first identifying the “zero force members.” A zero force
member is one that is not subjected to any axial load
BOOK- MARLON W. BROEKEMEIER, P.E. and JAMES M. FISHER,
Ph.D., P.E.
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Analysis of trusses means evaluation of force and its nature (compression or
Tension) in each member under the effect of applied loads. Analysis is based on
following Assumptions:
(a) Self weights of members are neglected (b) Loads are applied at nodes
(Joints) only.
(c) Truss is a perfect Truss
Perfect Truss - Truss satisfying equation m = 2j-3 is a Perfect Truss Fig 4.10 (a)
and can be solved by equation of statics EH = 0, EV = 0 and EM = 0.
Imperfect / Deficient Truss - The truss having fewer members than required for
a perfect Truss is known as Imperfect /Deficient Truss Fig 4.10 (b) and will
collapse on application of . loads.
USE OF TRUSSES
Trusses are mainly used in buildings and bridges, e.g. It is a wrong conception
that truss roof will always be a Pent Roof, because by using Parallel Chord
Truss (Pratt Truss), one can have a flat roof with usable terrace.

Various parts of a "Lean- To" roof are depicted in incase pent roofs, "Purlins"
provide lateral rigidity to trusses. In case of Bridges, the bridge deck may be
carried at the level of Top Chord or Bottom chord. In practice for road bridges,
Deck is carried at the level of bottom card so that truss also acts as a parapet of
bridge.

For rail bridges depending on the HFL (High Flood Level)

and the levels of approaching tracks, bridge deck may be carried

either at the level of Top or Bottom chord. Diagonal members of will develop
tension and diagonals will be in compression.

Long compression members susceptible to buckling should be avoided and

further as a bridge is subjected to moving loads so the general practice is to
provide diagonal as shown in for rail bridges.

Roof trusses

Introduction-
In the context of trusses, Roof trusses are extensively used for roofs of
warehouses, workshops and auditoriums or other such buildings requiring large
column free spaces.

Aim-
To provide large column free spaces.

Materials-
Roofing material generally of AC (Asbestos Cement) sheets or CGI (Corrugated
Galvanized Sheets) is supported on purlins, which in turn are supported on
Principal Rafters of Trusses.

Types of Roof trusses-

• Spacing of Trusses - Closely spaced trusses will ensure lighter sections for
purlins there by reducing their cost but would increase the cost of trusses'
due to increase in number of trusses. On the other hand widely spaced
trusses will reduce number of trusses but would increase the cost of purlins
and truss support structures like columns etc.
Spacing should be decided in such a manner that the total cost is kept as low
as possible, for spans up to 35m spacing is kept between one third to one
fifth of truss span, and for spans greater than 35 m spacing is kept as one
third of truss span.

• Pitch of Truss- The ratio of height of truss to its span is called pitch of truss.
Following slopes are generally provided:
(a) Trusses carrying snow load = 1/4
(b) (b) Trusses carrying CGI sheets = 1/6
(c) (c) Trusses with AC sheets 1/12
BOOK: MARLON W. BROEKEMEIER, P.E. and JAMES M. FISHER,
Ph.D., P.E.

OPEN WEB JOIST:

INTRODUCTION : In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ)

is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords
and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points.
2. occasionally must be evaluated for the addition of loads or other changes not
known or considered in the original design of the joists
ABSTRACT : Open-web steel joists are used extensively in floors and roofs in
many types of structures throughout the United States and other countries.
2.Joists serve as an economical structural support, with millions of open-web
steel joists and joist girders in service. Because of their wide use in steel framed
buildings,
PURPOSES:
The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct support for roof or floor
deck and to transfer the load imposed on the deck to the structural frame i.e.
beam and column.
DESIGN of Open-Web Steel Joists : When load distribution or adding new
joists or beams is not an option, strengthening the joists can be explored. If the
preliminary analysis shows that both the chords and webs are overstressed, it is
often difficult to strengthen or reinforce the joists. Access to the joists and also
field conditions must be taking into account when deciding if it is possible to
modify the joist in the field. Once it is determined to explore modification, two
design approaches are generally used:
Approach I: Ignore the existing strength of the member. This approach is
conservative and normally used for web reinforcement. Simply design the
reinforcing members to carry the total load.
Approach II: Make use of the strength of the existing member. This approach
is normally used for the reinforcement of the chords since they are typically
much larger than the web members. The applied forces are distributed between
the existing member and the reinforcing member in direct proportion to their
areas. For either approach it is best to shore the joist since welding can cause a
temporary loss of strength while under load.
ANALYSIS : Fabricated open web joists are manufactured in this country by a
number of different companies. Open web joists are designed and fabricated per
the Steel Joist Institute (SJI) specifications. However, at one time there was
enough variation in the design and fabrication of these types of
NOTE: Joist End Diagonal Webs Inadvertently Cut During Construction
SPACE TRUSS
INTRODUCTION : A space truss consists of members joined together at their
ends to form a stable threedimensional structures • A stable simple space truss
can be built from the basic tetrahedral, formed by connecting six members with
four joints

OBJECTIVE:
● To determine the stability and determinacy of space trusses
● To determine member forces of space trusses using tension coefficient
analysis
TYPE OF SPACE TRUSSES
1. Simple Space Truss
2. Compound Space Truss
3. Complex Space Truss
DETERMINACY & STABILITY Due to three dimensions, there will be
three equations of equilibrium for each joint. (Fx = 0; Fy = 0; Fz = 0) • The
external stability of the space truss requires that the support reactions keep the
truss in force and moment equilibrium. • Generally, the least number of required
reactions for stable and externally determinate is SIX If r < 6 Unstable If r > 6
Externally Indeterminate
Plane Trusses
Plane Trusses are the type of truss in which all the members of the Truss lie on
the same plane. Planar trusses are typically used in parallel to form roofs and
bridges.

• It resists force only in one plane

• Its basic shape is triangular
• Its joints are pin connections
• It is created using iron
• The total no. of members can be calculated using m=2n-3, where m is
the total no. of members and n is the no. of joints

Space Truss
Space Truss are the type of trusses whose members are oriented in all 3
dimensions. It is a rigid, lightweight structure constructed from interlocking
struts in a geometric pattern. Space trusses can be used to span large areas with
few interior supports.
• It resists force on all planes
• Its basic form is a tetrahedron structure
• All joints are in the form of pinned connections
• Even concrete can be used for its creation
• The total no. of members can be calculated using m=3n-6, where m is the
total no. of members and n is the total no. of joints