o Inhabitants of environments like the Earth

MICROBIOLOGY 3.86 billion years ago (hot, salty, low in

Gk: micro = small; bio = life; logia = study of organic material, etc.) Speaking of billions,
m Study of life forms that individually are too small to please ‘wag natin kalimutan ang ninakaw na
be seen clearly by the naked eye (without 15 billion ng Philhealth (hot, salty, low
magnification) inorganic incompetent)
m Microorganisms/microbes o Extremophiles
o Groups includes: bacteria, fungi (yeasts and
molds), protozos, algae, and helminthes.
o Viruses, viroids, and prions (non-cellular Three Main Groups (Archaebacteria)
entities) 1. METHANOGENS
m Majority of MO, contributes in maintaining balance  Produce methane as a waste product from
of living organisms and chemicals in the respiration
environment; few percent cause disease 2. EXTREME HALOPHILES
m Commercial applications  Salt loving
o Synthesis of chemical products (vitamins,  Extremely salty environment
organic acids, enzymes, alcohols and many 3. EXTREME THERMOPHILES
drugs  Heat
m Largest and most complex – deals with diverse  Hot sulfurous water
biological disciplines They share cellular configuration of bacteria with the
outbreak of molecular techniques, they are otherwise not
related to each other, so are named Archaea.

MYCOLOGy
Study of fungi in microscopic forms
m Fungi – nonmotile and non-photosynthetic
organisms
o Cell wall is made up of chitin
o Absorb ready-made nutrients from
environment
BACTERIOLOGY  Organic molecules (source of
Structures, functions and activities of bacteria carbon energy)
 Smallest microorganism o Microscopic yeasts and molds
 Unicellular – exhibits considerable degree variations o Macroscopic mushrooms
as to size and shape MICROSCOPIC FORMS OF FUNGI
 Enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of Unicellular
carbohydrate and protein complex (peptidoglycan) o Yeast reproduce asexually (budding)
 Reproduction – binary fission (dividing into two o Daughter cell protrudes on the surface of the
equal cells)
parent cells and becomes free or detached
Two major groups
Multicellular
Eubacteria – “true bacteria”
o Molds – consist of hypha
o disease causing bacteria
o Grows as long, threadlike
Cyanobacteria – “blue-green algae”
o Distributed worldwide (marine and fresh filaments that may bear
spores
water)
o Ability to make their own food by
o Hyphae – microscopic in
size
photosynthesis
o Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll are not
o Large numbers
contained in chloroplast, instead in accumulate, brach and
specialized lamellae -> “thylakoids” interlace with each other
Science of Bacteriology  Forms a fuzzy
Archaebacteria mass ->
o Earliest/ancient type of bacteria mycelium (pl.

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 mycelia); can be visible to the naked o Can pass through bacteriologic filter
eye (pore diameter: 0.22 or 0.45 μm) that
PARASITOLOGY retain bacteria
Study of parasites living at expense of other organism m Lacks cell structure
m Protozoa m No cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus
o unicellular organisms of microscopic size m Composed of:
m Helminths and arthropods o Nucleic acid
o Multicellular and macroscopic  Single type, either DNA or
m Diverse science of MB includes the study of RNA; rarely both
Protozoa  Viral nucleic acid: may be
single-stranded or double
stranded
 4 possible configurations:
 ssDNA
 dsDNA

PROTOZOOLOGY Nucleic acid core and capsid = nucleocaspiD

Science of protozoa May be enveloped or non-enveloped (naked)
m Animal-like, unicellular, non-photosynthetic ENVELOPE
microorganisms that lacks cell wall Outer membrane layer made up of
m Most are motile and possess varied types of glycoproteins from virus and lipids derived
locomotory organelle; while others are non-motile from host cell membrane
Types of locomotory organelle  ssRNA
Pseudopodia  dsRNA
m Gk: false feet o Capsid
m Temporary cytoplasmic extensions which confer  Protective protein coat
movement to amoeba (pl. amoebae/amoebas surrounds NA
m Protozoans under subphylum Sarcomastigaphora  Capsomeres (repeating units of
m E.g. Entamoeba histolytica - parasitic, protein)
pathogenic amoeba Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Requires a host cell
Flagellum to survive and replicate. Utilizes host’s machinery to
m Plural: flagella; L: whiplike synthesize proteins or produce energy. Every organisms is
m Long, whiplike appendage seen among susceptible to viral infection. Specifically, viruses that infect
protozoans under subphylum Mastigophora bacteria are called BACTERIOPHAGES.
m Flagellates (e.g. Giardia lamblia) PHYCOLOGY
cilia GR. Phykes=seaweeds; Various types of algae
m Sing: cilium; L: eyelash m AKA =
m Short, hairlike processes surrounding protozoa alcology
m Balantidium coli (Phylum Ciliophora) m Unicellular
and
SPOROZOA – 4th major group
- phylum apicomplexa
- immobile
- most reproduce sexually and asexually in
alternate generations
VIROLOGY
Viruses and effects on living cells of all types
m Group of minute particles parasitize living multicellular organisms describes as “plant-like”
things due to photosynthetic ability
m Ultramicroscopic m Unicellular Algae
o Can only be observed with an electron o Diatoms and dinoflagellates which are
microscope microscopic
m Filterable agents m Multicellular Algae

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 o Macroscopic seaweed; distinguished
from plants by their lack of roots, leaves
or stem
Human illnesses caused by algae
Protothecosis
m Prototheca
o Variant of green alga Chlorella
o Most common manifestation of
protothecosis
 Formation of skin ulcers
m Paralytic
o Shellfish poisoning
 Dinoflagellates, subdivision
Pyrophyta
 Dinoflagellates produce
neurotoxin that cause paralysis,
occasionally fatal.In man,
consumption of contaminated
shellfish. Danger arises during
algal multiplication (algal
blooms).
 Red tide = great
abundance of
neurotoxin of shellfish.
Thus, poisoning isn’t
always associated with
red tide, algae
populations too small to
change the water color.

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MODULE 1 – CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY