Linear Algebra (CABACANG)

MODULE OF INSTRUCTION
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

(BSED) 3rd Year
Course Title : LINEAR ALGEBRA
Course Description : The course provides the basic understanding of linear algebra,
including the study of matrices, its properties and matrix operations.
It also covers the application of matrix in system of linear equations.
Credit Unit : Three (3) Units
Duration : Sixty (60) hours/semester
SUMMARY OF MODULES AND LESSONS
Module I Fundamentals of Linear Algebra
Lesson 1 Illustrating and Defining Real Numbers

Meaning of Real Numbers
Set of Real Numbers
Importance of Linear Algebra
Lesson 2 Identifying the Properties/ Axiom of Numbers
Lesson 3 Reviewing Basic Parts of Algebraic Equation

Algebraic Equation
Constant and Term
Classification of Polynomials
Lesson 4 Identifying the Law/ Rules of Exponents

Types of Exponent
Laws of Exponent
Pascal’s Triangle
Module II Linear System using Matrix
Lesson 1 Defining Matrix and Its Properties

Meaning of matrix
Properties of Matrix
Notation for Matrices
Equality of Matrix
Lesson 2 Illustrating the Operations of Matrix
Operations of Matrix
Properties of Operation of Matrix
Lesson 3 Finding the Determinants of a Matrix

Meaning of Determinants
Determinants of a Matrix
Module III Fermat’s Last Theorem using Mathematical Induction
Lesson 1 Proving Fermat’s last theorem

Fermat’s Last Theorem
Mathematical Induction
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1.1
MODULE I UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LINEAR
ALGEBRA
Lesson 1 : Illustrating and Defining Real Numbers
Learning Objectives:
After reading Information Sheet 1.1.1 the student will be able to:
1. Define real numbers
2. Classify real numbers
3. Identify the importance of linear algebra
Home Study Time: 3 hours
Vocabulary
This vocabulary section is intended to enhance your understanding pf the terminologies

used in this module of instructions. It is designed to boost your speed and memory in
your learning. Remember, we think and create ideas using words. In this lesson, we will
learn the words used in defining real numbers.
1. Real Numbers : a value of a continuous quantity that can

represent a distance along a line.
2. Rational Numbers : represented in p/q form where q is not
equal to zero. Any fraction with non-zero
denominators.
3. Irrational Numbers : real numbers that cannot be
represented as a simple fraction. It
cannot be expressed in the form of a
ratio, such as p/q, where p and q are
integers, q≠0.
4. Non-integers : any number that is a decimal, fraction,
or mixed unit. Numbers that is not an
integer.
5. Integers : sets of whole numbers inclusive of
positive, negative and zero numbers.
6. Whole Numbers : part of the number system in which it
includes all the positive integers from 0 to
infinity.
7. Natural Numbers : a part of the number system which
includes all the positive integers from 1 till
infinity and are also used for counting
purpose.
1.1 Introduction
What is Real Numbers?
It is often said that mathematics is the language of science. If this is true, then
the language of mathematics is numbers. The evolution of the number system, we can
now perform complex calculations using these and other categories of real numbers.
Real numbers are simply the combination of rational and irrational numbers, in
the number system. In general, all the arithmetic operations can be performed on these
numbers and they can be represented in the number line, also. At the same time,
the imaginary numbers are the un-real numbers, which cannot be expressed in the
number line and is commonly used to represent a complex number. The concepts
related to real numerals are explained here in detail, along with examples and practice
questions. The key concept in the number system is included in this article.
Real Numbers
Real numbers can be defined as the union of both the rational and irrational
numbers. They can be both positive or negative and are denoted by the symbol “R”. All
the natural numbers, decimals and fractions come under this category. See the figure,
given below, which shows the classification of real numerals.
Set of Real Numbers
The set of real numbers consist of different categories, such as natural and
whole numbers, integers, rational and irrational numbers. In the table given below, all
these numbers are defined with examples.
Category Definition Example

Contain all counting numbers which
All numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,
Natural Numbers start from 1. …..…
N = {1,2,3,4,……}
Collection of zero and natural
All numbers including 0 such as 0,
Whole Numbers number. 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,…..…
W = {0,1,2,3,…..}
The collective result of whole Includes: -infinity (-∞),……..-4, -3,
Integers numbers and negative of all natural -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ……+infinity
numbers. (+∞)
Rational Numbers that can be written in the Examples of rational numbers are
Numbers form of p/q, where q≠0. ½, 5/4 and 12/6 etc.
Irrational All the numbers which are not Irrational numbers are non-
Numbers rational and cannot be written in the terminating and non-repeating in
form of p/q. nature like √2
Five (5) Subsets of Real Numbers
1) The Set of Natural or Counting Numbers
The set of the natural numbers (also known as counting numbers) contains the
elements,
The ellipsis “…” signifies that the numbers go on forever in that pattern.
2) The Set of Whole Numbers
The set of whole numbers includes all the elements of the natural numbers plus the
number zero (0).
The slight addition of the element zero to the set of natural numbers generates the new
set of whole numbers.
3) The Set of Integers
The set of integers includes all the elements of the set of whole numbers and the
opposites or “negatives” of all the elements of the set of counting numbers.
4) The Set of Rational Numbers
The set of rational numbers includes all numbers that can be written as a fraction or as
a ratio of integers. However, the denominator cannot be equal to zero.
A rational number may also appear in the form of a decimal. If a decimal number is
repeating or terminating, it can be written as a fraction, therefore, it must be a rational
number.
Examples of terminating decimals:

Examples of repeating decimals:
5) The Set of Irrational Numbers
The set of irrational numbers can be described in many ways. These are the common
ones.
a) Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as a ratio of two integers. This
description is exactly the opposite that of the rational numbers.
b) Irrational numbers are the leftover numbers after all rational numbers are removed
from the set of the real numbers. You may think of it as,
irrational numbers = real numbers “minus” rational numbers
c) Irrational numbers if written in decimal forms don’t terminate and don’t repeat.
There’s really no standard symbol to represent the set of irrational numbers. But you
may encounter the one below.
Examples:
a) Pi
b) Euler’s number
c) The square root of 2
Importance of Real Numbers
Why are real numbers important?

I will assume you mean “Why are real irrational (perhaps even transcendental)
numbers important?”. Numbers were initially used to count, then to measure distances.
And for these purposes, irrationals seem to be unnecessary - which is why they were
not even recognized to exist until after 600 B.C. So what brought the need about?
Measuring distance is a way to distinguish positions in space. For this, rational numbers
were sufficient for a long time. But with the study of geometry and other concepts, the
need arose to distinguish other kinds of objects. And irrationals arose naturally as
properties of some objects and assisted in the job of distinguishing mathematical
constructions. A simple example is a right triangle with legs of length 1 each; the
hypotenuse is then the square root of 2, an irrational number. The need for a description
of a property or operation can lead to a new concept of number. The imaginary number i
was conceived to be a number which satisfied the equation x2+1=0. This proved to be
quite useful for other algebraic equations and eventually was recognized as a consistent
extension to the real number system.
The real numbers were "ideally conceived" by many of the most prolific
mathematicians of their time (Euler, Gauss, Dedekind, Weiertrass, &c) before they were
constructed formally and rigorously. Even Archimedes and Euclid already had a settled
idea of what a "line" was, about what a continuum was, but they weren't able to
conceive it mathematically. The real numbers are the fundamental structure of modern
analysis, perhaps: they are a totally ordered Dedekind complete field, and, not much by
our surprise nowadays, this characterizes them uniquely!
The key property of the real numbers is completeness, which basically means
that any sequence of real numbers where the difference between successive terms
approaches zero (a Cauchy sequence) has a limit that's also a real number. This
property is needed for calculus and analysis. Otherwise, smaller fields such as
the constructible numbers or computable numbers would be sufficient for many (most?)
non-analysis uses.
Another valuable property is uncountability. While naively it may seem desirable
to work with countable sets (note that all of the number systems I mentioned above are
countable), there are various theorems you can prove that essentially say "All countable
sets are boring" for concepts of "boring" depending on your field. For example, in
measure theory, the only translation-invariant measure on a countable set is the trivial
measure (assigning measure zero to all subsets).
Conclusion:
In conclusion Real numbers are a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a
distance along a line. A notable real number is π (pi). The reason that π is a real number
rather than a rational number is because it cannot be expressed as a fraction (and its
decimal representation, 3.14159... never ends).
Aside from learning about new types of numbers, you have also gotten exposure
to finding where certain types of numbers appear in real life. Next time you encounter
numbers out in the world, pay close attention to their category! Which type of numbers
do you happen to see more often in real life? Which types of numbers are rare, and why
do you think they are not more common?
By keeping your eyes and mind open, you will soon come closer to becoming a
master mathematician!
Therefore, if you have diligently studied the lesson, you can now perform the
competency of illustrating and identifying real numbers.
References:
 https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/the-real-number-system/
 https://www.quora.com/Why-are-real-numbers-important
 https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/948171/why-are-real-numbers-useful
 https://byjus.com/maths/real-numbers/
SELF-CHECK 1.1.1
Module I Understanding the Fundamentals of Statistics
Read the statement carefully and choose the letter of your best choice.
1. Set of all numbers that can be written as a fraction or as a ratio of integers.
a. Rational b. Irrational c. Integers d. Whole numbers
2. Set of numbers that includes all the elements of the natural numbers plus the number
zero (0).
3. Numbers that cannot be written as a ratio of two integers.
4. Set of numbers that includes all the elements of the set of whole numbers and the
opposites or “negatives” of all the elements of the set of counting numbers.
5. it is the combination of rational and irrational numbers, in the number system.
a. Imaginary Numbers c. Natural Numbers
b. Real Numbers d. Non-integer
6. It is called as un-real numbers, which cannot be expressed in the number line and is
commonly used to represent a complex number.
a. Imaginary Numbers c. Natural Numbers
b. Real Numbers d. Non-integer
7. Zero (0) is what part of real numbers?
a. Rational and irrational numbers c. Irrational and Integers
b. Whole numbers and integers d. Rational and whole numbers
8. Which group of numbers is a natural number?
a. 2, 4, 6, 8 … c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
b. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … d. ½, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, …
9. Is natural numbers are also called counting numbers?
a. Yes c. Maybe
b. No d. Undecided
10. A real number π (pi) is an example of?
a. Integers c. Rational Number
b. Irrational Number d. Natural Number
ANSWER KEY 1.1.1

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
MODULE I UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS
Lesson 2 : Identifying the Properties/ Axiom of Numbers

Lesson Objectives:
After reading Information Sheet 1.1.2 the student should be able to:
1. Identify the properties of numbers

Vocabulary
learn the words used in identifying the properties of numbers.
1. Closure : a set is closed under an operation if

performing that operation on members of
the set always produces a member of
that set.
2. Commutative : states that the numbers on which we
operate can be moved or swapped from
their position without making any
difference to the answer.
3. Associative : a property of some binary operations,
which means that rearranging the
parentheses in an expression will not
change the result.
4. Distributive : multiplying the sum of two or more
addends by a number will give the same
result as multiplying each addend
individually by the number and then
adding the products together.
5. Identity : states that any number plus zero is the
original number, and any number times
one is the original number.
6. Inverse : says that any number added to its
opposite will equal zero, and any number
multiplied by its reciprocal is equal to
one.
7. Additive Identity : a set that is equipped with the operation
of addition is an element which, when
added to any element x in the set, yields
x.
8. Multiplicative Identity : an identity element (such as 1 in the
group of rational numbers without 0) that
in a given mathematical system leaves
unchanged any element by which it is
multiplied
9. Additive Inverse : a is the number that, when added to a,
yields zero.
10. Multiplicative Inverse : a reciprocal for a number x, denoted by
1/x or x⁻¹, is a number which when
multiplied by x yields the multiplicative
identity, 1.
1.2 Introduction
In this lesson, we are going to go over the different properties of real numbers
(ℜ). Understanding the properties of real numbers will help us simplify numerical and
algebraic expressions, solve equations, and more as you progress in studying algebra.
For clarity, “properties” in this context refer to the characteristics or behaviors of
real numbers under the operations of addition and/or multiplication that are accepted
even without proof.
In fact, the terms axioms and properties can be used interchangeably here
because axioms are properties that are self-evidently true. Therefore, the statements or
propositions that will be presented here don’t require any proof. In other words, the
properties or axioms of real numbers are just one of many basic foundations of
mathematics.
The ideas behind the basic properties of real numbers are rather simple. You
may even think of it as “common sense” math because no complex analysis is really
required. There are four (4) basic properties of real numbers:
namely; commutative, associative, distributive, identity and inverse. These
properties only apply to the operations of addition and multiplication. That means
subtraction and division do not have these properties built in.
Properties/ Axioms of Numbers

(Addition and Multiplication)
There are four main properties which include commutative property, associative
property, distributive property and identity property.
1. Closure
Let a, b an element of R then, a + b an element of R and a ∙ b an element of R
a+b=c
The closure property of addition for real numbers states that if a and b are real
numbers, then a + b is a unique real number.
• The closure property of multiplication for real numbers states that if a and b are real
numbers, then a × b is a unique real number.
For example:
3 and 11 are real numbers.
3 + 11 = 14 and 3 ⋅ 11 = 33 Notice that both 14 and 33 are real numbers.

Any time you add, subtract, or multiply two real numbers, the result will be a real
number.
Although this property seems obvious, some collections are not closed under
certain operations.
Here are some examples.
Example 1
Real numbers are not closed under division since, although 5 and 0 are real
numbers, and are not real numbers. (You can say that is undefined, which
means has no meaning. Likewise, is 2 because you can multiply 3 by 2 to get 6.
There is no number you can multiply 0 by to get 5.)
Example 2
Natural numbers are not closed under subtraction. Although 8 is a natural number, 8 − 8
is not. (8 − 8 = 0, and 0 is not a natural number.)
2. Commutative/ Order
Let a, b an element of R then, a + b = b + a and a ∙ b = b ∙ a
If m and n are the numbers, then the general form will be m + n = n + m for
addition and m.n = n.m for multiplication.
 Addition: m + n = n + m. For example, 5 + 3 = 3 + 5, 2 + 4 = 4 + 2
 Multiplication: m × n = n × m. For example, 5 × 3 = 3 × 5, 2 × 4 = 4 × 2
 Commutative
Property of Commutative Property of
Addition Multiplication
a+b=b+a a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a

Commutative Properties: Examples
3+4=4+3 Both equal 7
5+7=7+5 Both represent the same sum
4⋅8=8⋅4 Both equal 32
y7 = 7y Both represent the same product
5 (3+1) = (3+1) 5 Both represent the same product
(9 + 4) (5 + 2) = (5 + 2) (9 + 4) Both represent the same product
3. Associative/ Grouping
Let a, b, c an element of R then, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c and a (b ∙ c) = (a ∙ b) c
If m, n and r are the numbers. The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r
for addition(mn) r = m (nr) for multiplication.
 Addition: The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r. An example of

additive associative property is 10 + (3 + 2) = (10 + 3) + 2.
 Multiplication: (mn) r = m (nr). An example of a multiplicative associative
property is (2 × 3) 4 = 2 (3 × 4).
4. Distributive
For all x, y, z an element of R, x (y + z) = xy + xz
For three numbers m, n, and r, which are real in nature, the distributive property
is represented as:
m (n + r) = mn + mr and (m + n) r = mr + nr.
 Example of distributive property is: 5(2 + 3) = 5 × 2 + 5 × 3. Here, both sides will

yield 25.
5. Identity
For all a is an element of R, There exist 0, 1 an element of R, such that a + 0 = 0
+ a = a and a ∙ 1 = 1 ∙ a = a
0 – additive identity
1 – multiplicative identity
For Addition
Any real number added to zero (0) is equal to the number itself. Zero is the
additive identity since a + 0 = aa+0=a or 0 + a = a0+a=a. You must show that it works
both ways!
Examples:
For Multiplication
Any real number multiplied to one (1) is equal to the number itself. The number
one is the multiplicative identity since a \times 1 = aa×1=a or 1 \times a = 11×a=1. You
must show that it works both ways!
Examples:
6. Inverse
1
For all x is an element of R except {0}, There exist - x, an element of R such
x
1 1
that. x + (-x) = (-x) + x = 0 and x ( ) = ( ) x = 1
x x
-x is the additive inverse of x.
1
is the multiplicative inverse of x.
x
Inverse Property of Addition says that any number added to its opposite will equal
zero. What is the opposite you might ask? All you have to do is change the sign from
positive to negative or negative to positive.
Let's see what that looks like.
Example 1: 5 + (-5) = 0 -5 is the opposite of 5
Example 2: -4 + (4) = 0 -4 is the opposite of 4
Sometimes this can be written in a vertical format.

Example 3: 10
-10 -10 is the opposite of 10
0
Example 4: -12
+12 12 is the opposite of - 12
0
Inverse Property of Multiplication says that any number multiplied by
its reciprocal is equal to one.
Let's start by defining a reciprocal. To find the reciprocal of any number write it as a
fraction and then flip it.
Example 1: find the reciprocal of . Flip it → .
The reciprocal of . is .
Example 2: find the reciprocal of 5. → Write it as a fraction →flip it
The reciprocal of 5 is
Example 3: find the reciprocal of . → flip it
The reciprocal of is 2
Example 4: find the reciprocal of - . → flip it -
The reciprocal of - is -
Special Reminder: To multiply fractions you multiply the numerator times the
numerator and then the denominator times the denominator and then simplify your
answer:
Now let's look at how we can use this with the inverse of multiplication.
(number) (reciprocal) = 1
Example 1: = 1 → = 1

Example 2: 7 = 1 → = 1
Now let's summarize what we have learned.
The Inverse Property of Addition says that any number added to its opposite is equal to
zero.
a + (-a) = 0
The Inverse Property of Multiplication says that any number multiplied by its reciprocal
is equal to 1.
= 1
Conclusion:
Properties of whole numbers help us to understand the numbers better.
Moreover, they make calculations under certain operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division very simple.
In conclusion, if you have diligently studied the Lesson, you can now perform the
competency of identifying the properties or axiom of real numbers.
References
 https://byjus.com/maths/real-numbers/
 https://www.softschools.com/math/topics/inverse_properties_of_addition_and_m
ultiplication/
 https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/basic-number-properties/
 https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/closure-property.html
 https://www.riosalado.edu/web/oer/WRKDEV100-
20011_INTER_0000_v1/lessons/Mod01_PropertiesofRealNumbers.shtml
SELF-CHECK 1.1.2
Lesson 2: Identifying The Properties/ Axiom of Numbers
1. It states that the numbers on which we operate can be moved or swapped from
their position without making any difference to the answer.
a. Closure Property c. Associative Property

b. Commutative Property d. Distributive Property
2. It is multiplying the sum of two or more addends by a number will give the same
result as multiplying each addend individually by the number and then adding the
products together.

3. A property of some binary operations, which means that rearranging the

parentheses in an expression will not change the result.

4. a set is closed under an operation if performing that operation on members of the

set always produces a member of that set.

5. It says that any number added to its opposite will equal zero, and any number
multiplied by its reciprocal is equal to one.
a. Identity Property c. Inverse Property

b. Associative Property d. Closure Property
6. It states that any number plus zero is the original number, and any number times
one is the original number.
a. Identity Property c. Inverse Property

b. Associative Property d. Closure Property
7. A set that is equipped with the operation of addition is an element which, when
added to any element x in the set, yields x.
a. Additive Inverse c. Multiplicative Identity
b. Additive Identity d. Multiplicative Inverse
8. It is an identity element (such as 1 in the group of rational numbers without 0)

that in a given mathematical system leaves unchanged any element by which it
is multiplied.

9. a is the number that, when added to a, yields zero.

10. a reciprocal for a number x, denoted by 1/x or x⁻¹, is a number which when
multiplied by x yields the multiplicative identity, 1.

ANSWER KEY 1.1.2

Lesson 2 Identifying the Properties/ Axiom of Numbers
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. D

ALGEBRA
Lesson 3 : Reviewing Basic Parts of Algebraic Equation
Learning Objectives:
After reading Information Sheet 1.1.3 the students will be able to:
1. Define algebraic equation
2. Determine constants and terms
3. Classify polynomials
Vocabulary
learn the words used in reviewing basic parts of algebraic equation.
1. Algebraic Equation : an equation obtained by equating to

zero a sum of a finite number of terms
each one of which is a product of positive
integral powers (including the zero power)
of the variables.
2. Constant : the terms in the algebraic expression
that contain only numbers, and their
value never changes, since there are no
variables in the term that can change its
value.
3. Term : a signed number, a variable, or a
constant multiplied by a variable or
variables.
4. Monomial : an expression in algebra that contains
one term.
5. Binomial : a polynomial having only two terms in it.
6. Trinomial : an algebraic expression that has three
non-zero terms.
7. Multinomial : An algebraic expression containing
more than one term.
1.3 Introduction
Many people think that equations and algebra are beyond them - the thought of
having to work with equations fills them with fear. However, there is no need to be afraid
of equations.
The good news is that equations are actually relatively simple concepts, and with
a bit of practice and the application of some simple rules, you can learn to manipulate
and solve them.
An equation is a mathematical statement that asserts the equivalence of two
expressions. In many cases, an equation contains one or more variables. These are still
written by placing each expression on either side of an equals sign (=). When an
equation contains a variable such as x, this variable is considered an unknown value. In
many cases, we can find the possible values for x that would make the equation
true. The values of the variables that make an equation true are called the solutions of
the equation. In turn, solving an equation means determining what values for the
variables make the equation a true statement.
Equations often express relationships between given quantities (“knowns”) and
quantities yet to be determined (“unknowns”). By mathematical convention, unknowns
are denoted by letters toward the end of the alphabet (x,y,z…), while knowns are
denoted by letters at the beginning of the alphabet (a,b,c…).
What is an Equation?
An equation is two expressions on either side of a symbol that indicates their

relationship.
That relationship may be equals (=), less than (<) or greater than (>), or some
combination. For example, less than or equal to (≤) or even not equal to (≠) or
approximately equal to (≈) These are known as equality symbols.
Simple equations therefore include 2 + 2 = 4 and 5 + 3 > 3 + 4.
However, when most people talk about equations, they mean algebraic
equations.
These are equations that involve letters as well as numbers. Letters are used to
replace some of the numbers where a numerical expression would be too complicated,
or where you want to generalize rather than use specific numbers. They can also be
used when you know the values in part of the equation, but others are unknown and you
need to work them out.
Algebraic equations are solved by working out what numbers the letters represent.
We can turn the two simple equations above into algebraic equations by
substituting x for one of the numbers:
2 + 2 = x
We know that 2 + 2 = 4, which means that x must equal 4. The solution to the equation
is therefore x = 4.
5 + 3 > 3 + x
We know that 5 + 3 = 8. The equation tells us that 8 is greater than (>) 3 + x.
We need to rearrange the equation so that x is on one side and all the numbers are on
the other, otherwise we can’t find the value of x. The rule of rearranging equations
is what you do to one side, you must also do to the other. There is more on this
below.
Take 3 away from both sides (8 − 3 = 5), then the equation becomes 5 > x
We can see that x must be less than 5 (x < 5).
We cannot say more precisely what x is with the information that we are given.
However, in the initial equation that we used as our example, we substituted 4 for x,
which is indeed less than 5.
There is no magic about using a curly 'x' (x). You can use any letter you like,
although x and y are commonly used to represent the unknown elements of
equations.
What is an Algebraic Expression?
Many people interchangeably use algebraic expression and algebraic equations
unaware that these terms are totally different.
An algebraic is a mathematical phrase where two side of the phrase are
connected by an equal sign (=). For example, 3x + 5 = 20 is an algebraic equation
where 20 represents the right-hand side (RHS) and 3x +5 represents the left-hand side
(LHS) of the equation.
On the other hand, an algebraic expression is a mathematical phrase where
variables and constants are combined using the operational (+, -, × & ÷) symbols. An
algebraic symbol lacks the equal (=) sign. For example, 10x + 63 and 5x – 3 are
examples of algebraic expressions.
Let’s take a review of the terminologies used in an algebraic expression:
 A variable is a letter whose value is unknown to us. For example, x is our

variable in the expression: 10x + 63.
 The coefficient is a numerical value used together with a variable. For example,
10 is the variable in the expression 10x + 63.
 A constant is a term which has a definite value. In this case, 63 is the constant in
an algebraic expression, 10x + 63.
There are several types of algebraic expressions but the main type includes:
 Monomial
This is a type of expression having only one term for example, 2x, 5x 2 ,3xy, etc
A monomial is a number, a variable or a product of a number and a variable where all
exponents are whole numbers. That means that
42, 5x, 14x12, 2pq
all are examples of monomials whereas
5
4+y, y , 14x, 2pq−2
are not since these numbers don't fulfill all criteria.

The degree of the monomial is the sum of the exponents of all included variables.
Constants have the monomial degree of 0.
If we look at our examples above, we can see that
Monomial Degree
42 0
5x 0+1=1
14x12 0 + 12 = 12
2pq 0+1+1=2
Monomial: An algebraic expression which consists of one non-zero term only is called
a monomial.
Examples of monomials:
a is a monomial in one variable a.
10ab2 is a monomial in two variables a and b.
5m2n is a monomial in two variables m and n.
-7pq is a monomial in two variables p and q.
5b3c is a monomial in two variables b and c.
2b is a monomial in one variable b.
2ax/3y is a monomial in three variables a, x and y.
k2 is a monomial in one variable k.
 Binomial
A polynomial equation with two terms usually joined by a plus or minus sign is called
a binomial. Binomials are used in algebra. Polynomials with one term will be called a
monomial and could look like 7x. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial; it
could look like 3x + 9. It is easy to remember binomials as bi means 2 and a binomial
will have 2 terms.
A classic example is the following: 3x + 4 is a binomial and is also a
polynomial, 2a(a+b) 2 is also a binomial (a and b are the binomial factors).
Binomial: An algebraic expression which consists of two non-zero terms is called a
binomial.
Examples of binomials:
m + n is a binomial in two variables m and n.
a2 + 2b is a binomial in two variables a and b.
5x3 – 9y2 is a binomial in two variables x and y.
-11p – q2 is a binomial in two variables p and q.
b3/2 + c/3 is a binomial in two variables b and c.
5m2n2 + 1/7 is a binomial in two variables m and n.
 Trinomial
Trinomial: An algebraic expression of three non-zero terms only is called a trinomial.
Examples of trinomial:
x + y + z is a trinomial in three variables x, y and z.
2a2 + 5a + 7 is a trinomial in one variables a.
xy + x + 2y2 is a trinomial in two variables x and y.
-7m5 + n3 – 3m2n2 is a trinomial in two variables m and n.
5abc – 7ab + 9ac is a trinomial in three variables a, b and c.
x2/3 + ay – 6bz is a trinomial in five variables a, b, x, y and z.
 Multinomial
Multinomial: An algebraic expression of two terms or more than three terms is called a
multinomial.
Note: binomial and trinomial are the trinomials.
Examples of multinomial:
p + q is a multinomial of two terms in two variables p and q.
a + b + c is a multinomial of three terms in three variables a, b and c.
a + b + c + d is a multinomial of four terms in four variables a, b, c and d.
x4 + 2x3 + 1/x + 1 is a multinomial of four terms in one variable x
a + ab + b2 + bc + cd is a multinomial of five terms in four variables a, b, c and d.
5x8 + 3x7 + 2x6 + 5x5 - 2x4 - x3 + 7x2 - x is a multinomial of eight terms in one variable x.
Variables and constant
A letter used to substitute for a number in algebra is called a variable, because it

stands for different numbers each time you use it.
This is different from a particular letter which is always used to substitute for the
same number, such as π (pi) which is always 3.142. Such a letter is called a constant.
In an algebraic equation, any given numbers are also constants, because they
always stay the same.
If you are required to solve an equation involving a constant, you will always be
told its value.
Terms of an Equation
A term is a part of the equation that is separated from other parts, usually by an
addition (+) or subtraction (−) symbol.
A group of terms is called an expression, rather like a mathematical sentence or
description. Some mathematical expressions can look quite scary, full of numbers and
letters, some of which might even be Greek. However, the key is to look at each term
separately, and break it down into things that you know or that you can work out. If you
do this, you will begin to understand that it isn’t always as hard as you first thought.
Terms may be just numbers, or they may be just letters, or they may be a combination
of letters and numbers, such as 2x, 3xy or 4x2.
In a term involving letters and numbers, the number is known as the coefficient, and
the letter is the variable. The coefficient is simply a ‘multiplier’ – it tells you how many of
something (the variable) you have in that term.
Terms that have exactly the same variable are said to be like terms, and you can add,
subtract, multiply or divide them as if they were simple numbers. For example:
The equation 2x + 3x is equal to 5x, simply 2 lots of x plus 3 lots of x to make 5 lots
of x (5x).
Conclusion:
Algebra is an interesting and enjoyable branch of mathematics in which numbers,

shapes and letters are used to express problems. Whether you are learning algebra in
school or you are examining a certain test, you will notice that almost all mathematical
problems are represented in words.
Therefore, the need of translating written word problems into algebraic
expressions arises when we need to solve them.
Most of the algebraic word problems consist of real-life short stories or cases.
Others are simple phrases such as the description of a math problem. Well, in this
article we will learn how to write algebraic expressions from simple word problems,
then advance to lightly complex word problems.
In short, if you have studied the Lesson, you can now perform the competency of
reviewing the basic parts of algebraic expression.
References:
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra
 https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/algebra-introduction.html
 https://www.storyofmathematics.com/algebraic-expressions
 https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-1/factoring-and-
polynomials/monomials-and-polynomials
 https://www.math-only-math.com/types-of-algebraic-expressions.html
SELF-CHECK 1.1.3:
Module I Understanding the Fundamentals of Linear Algebra
1. In a term it involves letters and numbers, numbers are called _______?
a. Variables c. Coefficient
b. Constant d. Factor
2. A letter used to substitute for a number in algebra.
3. A number in a polynomial without variable is called ____?
4. 2x + 4 has two terms. What type of polynomial is 2x = 4?
a. Monomial c. Trinomial
b. Binomial d. Multinomial
5. Based on the polynomial above, what is called to 4?
6. An algebraic expression of two terms or more than three terms.
7. An algebraic expression which consists of one non-zero term only
8. An algebraic expression of three non-zero terms only
9. 3x2 – 5y + 9 is an example of what type of polynomial?
10. Which of the following is an example of binomial?
a. 5 c. 6x3
b. 5x4 + 7x + 1 d. 10y + 4
ANSWER KEY1.1.3
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. D

ALGEBRA
Lesson 4 : Identifying the Law/ Rules of Exponents
Lesson Objectives:
After reading Information Sheet 1.1.4 the student will be able to:
1. Determine the types of exponent
2. Identify the laws of exponent
3. Illustrate Pascal’s Triangle
Vocabulary
learn the words used in identifying the laws of exponents.
1. Laws of Exponent : one of a set of rules in algebra:

exponents of numbers are added when
the numbers are multiplied, subtracted
when the numbers are divided, and
multiplied when raised by still
another exponent
2. Pascal’s Triangle : a triangle of numbers where each
number is the two numbers directly above
it added together.
3. Exponent : says how many times to use the number
in a multiplication.
4. Product : The answer when two or more values
are multiplied together.
5. Power : a small number to the right and above
the base number.
6. Quotient : a quantity produced by the division of
two numbers.
7. Cube : the number being cubed appears three
times in the calculation.
: number times itself times itself.
8. Square : raising a base to a power of 2.
1.4 Introduction
When we have to repeatedly multiply a number by itself, we raise it to a power. This
is known as Exponent. The power in the exponent represents the number of times that we
want to carry out the multiplication operation. Exponents have their own set of rules when it
comes to carrying out Arithmetic Operations. In this chapter, we will learn about powers,
exponents and their peripheral rules.
The mass of the moon is 7,350,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. Can you read
this number? It’s not so easy to read or even recognize all these long digits accurately.
Therefore, in order to give a precise evaluation of the mass of the moon, we can use
Exponents.
Before going into the concept of exponents let us recall about Natural Numbers.
In mathematics, natural numbers are defined as the number which is a set of all
counting numbers starting from 1. The natural number includes all the positive Integers
(from 0 to ∞). Fractions are not a part of natural numbers.
How are powers and exponents different?
We often call exponents as powers or indices. In other words, power refers to an

expression which represents repeated multiplication of the same number while exponent is
a quantity which represents the power to which we raise the number. Basically, we often
use both these terms interchangeably in mathematical operations.
What are exponents?
Exponents are basically a short form that denotes the total times we are multiplying
a number by itself. For instance, 2³ is equal to 2*2*2. Thus, instead of writing it like this we
must shorten it and write it as 2³. This makes it easier to understand. So, 2³ is read as ‘2
raised to the power three’ or two cubed’.
An expression that consists of a repeated power of multiplication of the same
factor is called as Power/Exponent/Indices.
Consider an example like 52, the number 5 is called the base, whereas 2 is the
power/indices/exponent of the expression.
The value of the expression is derived by multiplying the base as many time as
the number of power. In the example above, the power is 2, thus the value
becomes 5×5=25.
What is the zero exponent rule?
When we have a number or variable that is raised to a power, the number or

variable is referred to as the base, whereas the superscript number is referred to as the
exponent or power. The zero exponent rule essentially states that any base with an
exponent of zero equals to one. For instance: x0 = 1.
Types of Exponents
Exponents can be divided into four types based on the number in the power. They are:
1. Positive exponent
2. Negative exponent
3. Zero exponent
4. Rational exponent
 Positive exponents can be simplified just by multiplying the base to itself the
number of times indicated by the exponent/power.
 A negative exponent can be simplified by placing 1 in the numerator and the
base along with the exponent in the denominator of a fraction.
 Zero exponents Any expression with the exponent as 0 is equal to 1 and no
need to consider the base value during simplification.
 Rational or fractional exponents will become radical or roots. For example,
31/3 can be written as 3root of 3, 65/2 can be written as 2 root (or square root) of 6
raises to the power 5.
Laws/ Rules of Exponents
Rules of 1
There are two simple "rules of 1" to remember.
First, any number raised to the power of "one" equals itself. This makes sense,
because the power shows how many times the base is multiplied by itself. If it's only
multiplied one time, then it's logical that it equals itself.
Secondly, one raised to any power is one. This, too, is logical, because one times one
times one, as many times as you multiply it, is always equal to one.
Product Rules
Let a, b an element of R. Then xa ∙ xb = xa + b
Ex. (4x + 3)2 ∙ (4x + 3)5 = (4x + 3)7
The exponent "product rule" tells us that, when multiplying two powers that have
the same base, you can add the exponents. In this example, you can see how it works.
Adding the exponents is just a short cut!
Pascal’s Triangle by Blaise Pascal

1 _______________________________n = 0
1 1 __________________________n = 1
1 2 1 _____________________n = 2
1 3 3 1 ________________n = 3
1 4 6 4 1 ___________n = 4
1 5 10 10 5 1 ____ __n = 5
(a + b)n , n = {0, 1, 2, …}
Example: ( 2a + 4b)3
Steps
= (2a)3 + 3 (2a)2 (4b) + 3 (2a) (4b)2 + (4b)3 - Cube of first term
= 8a3 + 48a2b + 96ab2 + 64b3 - 3 ∙ square 1st term ∙ 2nd term
- 3 ∙ 1st term ∙ square of 2nd term
- Cube of second term
Power Rules
The "power rule" tells us that to raise a power to a power, just multiply the
exponents. Here you see that 52 raised to the 3rd power is equal to 56.
(ab)m = am bm
Ex. (2a)5 = 32a5
(am)n = am*n
Ex. (2n)2 = 22n
a am
( b ¿m =
bm
Quotient Rules
The quotient rule tells us that we can divide two powers with the same base by
subtracting the exponents. You can see why this works if you study the example shown.
am
= am – n if m¿n
an
1 if m = n
1
n−m if n ¿ m
a
26
Ex. 4
=¿ 22 = 4
2
26 0
6= 2 = 1
2
24 1 1
6 = =
2 22 4
Zero Rule
According to the "zero rule," any nonzero number raised to the power of zero equals 1.
Negative Exponents
The last rule in this lesson tells us that any nonzero number raised to a negative power
equals its reciprocal raised to the opposite positive power.
Conclusion:
Exponents are important in math because they allow us to abbreviate something that
would otherwise be really tedious to write.
In conclusion, if you read and studied this Lesson, you can now perform the competency
of identifying the laws of exponent.
References:
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/exponents-and-powers/
 https://byjus.com/maths/an-introduction-to-exponents/
 http://www.math.com/school/subject2/lessons/
SELF-CHECK 1.1.4
Lesson 3 Identifying the laws/rules of exponent
1. This rule states that when multiplying two powers that have the same base, you can
add the exponents.
a. Quotient Rule c. Product Rule
b. Zero Exponent d. Power Rule
2. This rule says any nonzero number raised to a negative power equals its reciprocal
raised to the opposite positive power.
a. Negative Exponent c. Product Rule

3. To raise a power to a power, just multiply the exponents. This is stated by what rule?
4. According to this rule, any nonzero number raised to the power of zero equals 1.
5. This rule tells that we can divide two powers with the same base by subtracting the
exponents.
a. Quotient Rule c. Product Rule
6. (2x + 8)0 is equivalent to?

a. 0 c. 2
b. 1 d. 3
7. 42 multiplied by 46 the answer is?

a. 4-4 c. 48
b. 168 d. 8-4
8. It refers to an expression which represents repeated multiplication of the same number.
a. Exponent c. Zero
b. Power d. Product
9. A quantity which represents the power to which we raise the number.
a. Exponent c. Zero
b. Power d. Product
10. Who proposed the Pascal’s triangle?
a. Albert Einstein c. Pythagoras
b. Leonhard Euler d. Blaise Pascal
ANSWER KEY 1.1.4

Lesson 3 Identifying the laws/rules of exponent
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. D

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MODULE OF INSTRUCTION

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Duration : Sixty (60) hours/semester

SUMMARY OF MODULES AND LESSONS

Module I Fundamentals of Linear Algebra

Lesson 1 Illustrating and Defining Real Numbers

Lesson 2 Identifying the Properties/ Axiom of Numbers

Lesson 3 Reviewing Basic Parts of Algebraic Equation

Lesson 4 Identifying the Law/ Rules of Exponents

Module II Linear System using Matrix

Lesson 1 Defining Matrix and Its Properties

Lesson 3 Finding the Determinants of a Matrix

Module III Fermat’s Last Theorem using Mathematical Induction

Lesson 1 Proving Fermat’s last theorem

Lesson 1 : Illustrating and Defining Real Numbers

Home Study Time: 3 hours

This vocabulary section is intended to enhance your understanding pf the terminologies

1. Real Numbers : a value of a continuous quantity that can

What is Real Numbers?

Category Definition Example

Five (5) Subsets of Real Numbers

1) The Set of Natural or Counting Numbers

3) The Set of Integers

Examples of terminating decimals:

5) The Set of Irrational Numbers

c) The square root of 2

Importance of Real Numbers

Why are real numbers important?

ANSWER KEY 1.1.1

Lesson 2 : Identifying the Properties/ Axiom of Numbers

Home Study Time: 3 hours

1. Closure : a set is closed under an operation if

Properties/ Axioms of Numbers

3 + 11 = 14 and 3 ⋅ 11 = 33 Notice that both 14 and 33 are real numbers.

 Addition: m + n = n + m. For example, 5 + 3 = 3 + 5, 2 + 4 = 4 + 2

 Multiplication: m × n = n × m. For example, 5 × 3 = 3 × 5, 2 × 4 = 4 × 2

a+b=b+a a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a

Commutative Properties: Examples

3+4=4+3 Both equal 7

5+7=7+5 Both represent the same sum

4⋅8=8⋅4 Both equal 32

y7 = 7y Both represent the same product

5 (3+1) = (3+1) 5 Both represent the same product

(9 + 4) (5 + 2) = (5 + 2) (9 + 4) Both represent the same product

 Addition: The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r. An example of

 Example of distributive property is: 5(2 + 3) = 5 × 2 + 5 × 3. Here, both sides will

Sometimes this can be written in a vertical format.

Example 1: find the reciprocal of . Flip it → .

The reciprocal of . is .

Example 2: find the reciprocal of 5. → Write it as a fraction →flip it

The reciprocal of 5 is

Example 3: find the reciprocal of . → flip it

The reciprocal of is 2

Example 4: find the reciprocal of - . → flip it -

The reciprocal of - is -

Example 1: = 1 → = 1

Now let's summarize what we have learned.

a. Closure Property c. Associative Property

a. Closure Property c. Associative Property

3. A property of some binary operations, which means that rearranging the

a. Closure Property c. Associative Property

4. a set is closed under an operation if performing that operation on members of the

a. Closure Property c. Associative Property