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Docshare - Tips Introduction To Criminology 2016
Docshare - Tips Introduction To Criminology 2016
Prepared by:
Winston N. Flores, Ph. D in Crim
• Criminology
study of crimes, criminals and criminal behavior (Webster)
the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon (Edwin H. Sutherland)
a scientific and humanistic study of the social process of identifying crimes, criminals
and the compatible solutions (Mannle and Herschel)
• Philippines
Plaridel Educational Institution (now PCCr) was established by Manila Major Police
Eliseo Vibar, Dr. Pedro R. Solis (NBI), Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Bautista
Angelo in 1950.
Early 1960 – UM, Abad Santos College, University of the Visayas, University of
Mindanao, University of Baguio offered a Criminology Course.
• Officers of PEACE:
Vice Pres for Metro Manila: Dean Isaias Alma Jose of PCCR
Vice Pres for Luzon: Dean Jose Maniwang, University of Angeles Foundation
• Objective of PEACE;
• R.A. 6506 “An Act Creating the Board of Criminology in the Philippines” – the law that
creates the Board of Criminology in the Philippines in 1972.
• First Board of Criminology Constituted in 1987
Dr. Sixto O. de Leon – chairman
Atty. Virgilio B. Andres – Member
Jaime S. Navarro – Member
1987 – Syllabi of subjects for the licensure examination for criminologist was
promulgated.
The church thought of an individual as a God. When one surrendered to the evil, the
result is often crime. Early theologians located the cause of crime in the relationship
between the humankind and the evil.
St. Thomas Aquinas – He stated that people by nature tried to perform good acts. Sin or
crime took place when their power to reason failed.
• Subjective Approaches
1. Anthropological – deals with the study of physical characteristics of an individual
offender with non – offenders in an attempt to discover differences covering criminal
behavior.
2. Medical Approach – Application of medical examination for the explanation of mental
and physical condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime.
3. Biological Approach – according to Taft, heredity is one major factor why a person
commits crime
4. Physiological Needs – Maslow explained that the deprivation of the primary needs is a
strong factor in the commission of crime
5. Psychological - Concerned in the deprivation of psychological needs of man which
constitute the development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to repulsive
sentiment and action
6. Psychiatric – this approach explains that mental disease is the reason why a person
violates norms and laws of the land
7. Psychoanalytical – According to Freud, the imbalance condition of Id, Ego and Superego
causes deviation of the individual to the norms of society
• Objective Approaches
1. Geographical Approach – Considers topography, natural resources, Geographical
location, and climate lead an individual to commit crime. Founder Quetelet, “Thermic
Law of Delinquency”, crimes against person prevail in the South Pole and during warm
season while crimes against property predominate in the north pole and cold countries.
2. Ecological Approach – according to Park, this is concerned with the biotic grouping of
men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social
conflict as factors to crime.
3. Economic Approach – Merton believed that poverty or economic difficulty pushes a
person to commit crime in order to support his needs.
4. Socio-Cultural – Cohen affirms that institutions, education, politics and religion are major
factors in the commission of crimes.
• Early Beginnings
Demonological Theory – It asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact
that he was possessed by demons.
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• Pre 20 Century (1738-1798)
World of criminology has been divided into three broad schools:
Classical
Neo-Classical
Positivist
• Rafael Garofalo
He treated the roots of the criminals’ behavior not to physical features but to their
psychology equivalent, which he referred to as moral anomalies.
He rejected the doctrine of freewill.
Classify criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and
Lascivious Criminals.
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• Early 20 Century
• Anomie Theory (1858-1917)
David Emile Durkheim (Father of Sociology) proponent of this theory
Concerned on the sociological point of view of positivist school which explains that the
nonexistence of norms in a society encourages a person to commit crimes.
Durkheim describe the feelings of alienation and confusion associated with the
breakdown of social bonds. He said that human conduct lies not in the individual but in
the group and social organization Individuals in the modern era tend to feel less
connected to a community than did their ancestors, and thus their conduct is less
influenced by group norms.
th
• Middle of 20 Century
• Somatotyping Theory (1888-1964)
Ernest Kretschmer, a German Psychiatrist originated the idea of somatotyping
Kretschmer distinguished 3 Major Types of Physique:
Asthenic – skinny and slender with lean, slighty built and narrow
shoulders. Prone to commit fraud and theft.
Athletic – tall, strong and muscular who are usually evolved in crimes
against person because they are generally violent
Pyknic – broad face, massive neck, medium height, and with rounded
bodies. Generally commit crimes related to trickery, swindling and
violence.
According Walter Reckless, external forces are composed of outer structures like blocked
opportunities, poverty and unemployment while the internal structures are the individuals self
control ensured by strong ego, good self image, well developed conscience, high frustration
tolerance and high sense of responsibility
Argue that upper class in a capitalist society is responsible for the conception of penal law and
the ideological biases in the interpretation and enforcement of laws. Thus, criminality is very
much reflected on the exploited and abused members of the underprivileged population which
are usually unemployed or underemployed.
th
• Late 20 Century
• Strain Theory (1910)
th
Robert King Merton is the leading sociologist of the late 20 century who also
related criminality to lack or absence of norms.
Merton asserted that a man who failed to achieve higher status/goals in life
caused him to commit crimes in order for that status/goals to be attained.
• Neutralization Theory
Gresham Sykes believed that a person will follow or break law depending upon
whether he will be benefited or not. Such that if the societal rules are favorable to
him, the latter are very much willing to obey it, otherwise, he will transgress.
• Instrumentalist Theory
Earl Richard Quinney claimed that the upper classes are using the existence of
the state to exploit the lower classes by making laws for their own benefit,
protection and interest.
• Other Theory
• Theory of Evolution
According to Charles Darwin, humans like other animals are parasite. Man has
animalistic behavior, man kills and steals to live.
• Other School
• Chicago School
The founders are Robert Ezra (1864 – 1944),Ernest W. Burgess (1886 – 1966),
and Louis Wirth (1897 – 1952) - Professors of Sociology Dept at University of
Chicago.
Pioneered research on social ecology of the city
Some neighborhoods become “Natural Areas” for crime
They found that children who grow in old home wracked by conflict, attend
inadequately in schools or associated with deviant peers and become exposed to
pro-crime forces
Aichorn in his manuscript entitled “Wayward Youth, 1925” he argued that the cause of
crime and delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few years of
his life. As child, the human beings typically follow only his pleasures impulses
instinctively, soon as he grew up and he must control it. Otherwise, he suffers from faulty
ego development and grow up to be delinquent.
Abrahamsen in his book “Crime and the Human Mind” 1945, he explained the origin of
crime by this formula. “Criminal behavior is a result of criminalistic tendencies plus
inducing situation divided by person’s mental or emotional resistance to
temptation(CB=CT+IS/PMRT).”
Cyrill Burt in his book “Young Delinquent, 1925” he gave the hypothesis of general
emotionality. According to him many offenses may be traced to either excess or
deficiency of a particular instinctive drive. An overload of the submissive instinct account
for the tendency of many criminals to be weak, willed or easily led. Fear and absconding
may be owed to the impulse of fear. Cruel and unsympathetic type of offenders may be
the result of the shortage in the primitive emotion of love and a surplus of the instinct of
hate.
Bromberg in his writing, “Crime and the Mind, 1946” he asserted that criminality is the
consequence of emotional immaturity. A person is deemed emotionally matured when he
has learned to control his emotion affectively and who lives at peace with himself and in
harmony with the standards of conduct which are acceptable to the society. An
emotionally immature person defies against rules and regulations and tends to engage
in unusual activities and experience a feeling of guilt due to inferiority complex.
Sigmund Freud in his book “The Ego and the Id, 1927” described his psychoanalytical
theory of human personality. According to him, there are three components of
personality which explains the causes of crime:
– “Id” are inclinations or instinct of social drives. It contains all that is inherited, and
is present at birth. (pleasure seeking component)
– “Ego” – reality component, this form part of man’s physical organization
between its sensory stimuli on one hand and his motor activity on the other. The
ego operates on the basis of expediency. It tries to mediate the demands of the
Id.
– “Super-ego” means the conscience of man which is the unconscious part of our
body
To be normal, there must be a proper balance of the three components. Disproportion or
disharmony may make the individual neurotic. If the super-ego is deficient or
improperly developed, then the ego will dominate, for this reason the person may
become impulsive or forceful making them prone to commit violent acts.
th
The 19 century forces of positivism and evolution moved the field of criminology from a
philosophical to a scientific perspective.
According to Comte societies pass through stages
People from primitive societies believe that inanimate objects have life
Ex. Sun is god
In later social Stages, People embrace rational and scientific view of the
word and this is what we called positive stage.
FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758 – 1828 ) AND JOHANN K. SPURHEIM (1776 – 1832)
both Phrenologist
– Phrenology – The study of the shape of the skull and bumps of the head to
determine whether these physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior.
PHILIPE PINEL – One of the founders of French psychiatry, claimed that some people
behave abnormally even without being mentally ill, referred as “Psychopathic
Personality”
HENRY MAUDSLEY – (1835 – 1918) English statistician believed that insanity and
criminal behavior were strongly linked.
MICHAEL GUERRY – sometime after 1825, published the first book in “Scientific
Criminology. He was more cartographic in his approach, relying exclusively upon shaded
areas of maps in order to describe and analyze variations in French official crime
statistic. Since he employed these sections of maps and used these as principal unit of
analysis, he is often viewed as the “Founder of the Ecological or Cartographic School of
Criminology”
• GABRIEL TARDE (1843- 1901), - fifteen years as a provincial judge. He formulated his
theory in terms of laws of imitation – a principle that govern the process by which the
people became criminals.
Found out that Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves
and burglar, Short heavy person commit assault, rape and other sex crimes and Average
struggle other crimes.
ELEANOR GLUECK stressed, however that the build is not a direct cause of
delinquency rather a person’s physical appearance may simply just affect his behavior.
For example, the muscular boys who look up to by friends may commit aggressive act
too maintain their respect and admiration.
Martin Kallikak was a soldier of the American revolutionary war and while stationed in a
small village he met and had illicit relations with a feeble – minded girl. About
489descendants from this lineage where traced which included 143 feeble-minded and
only 46 were normal. Thirty-six were illegitimate, 3 were epileptic, 3 criminals, 8 kept
brothels and 82 died in infancy.
At the closed of the war, Martin Kallikak, Sr. returned to his home and married a quaker
of good family. Out of this marriage, 4, 967 of the descendants has been traced and all but
I was convicted of religious offense, 15 died in infancy and no one become criminal or
epileptic.
The Juke family consisted of 6 girls some of whom were illegitimate. One of the six
sisters, Ada Juke was known as “Margaret”, the mother of criminals. Dugdale traced the 1,
200 descendants for 75 years from its origin and found 280 as paupers, 140-criminals, 60
habitual thieves, 300 infants prematurely born, 7 murders, 50 prostitutes, 440
contaminated with sexual diseases, and 30 were prosecuted for bastardly.
• Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree
Sir Jonathan Edwards was a famous preacher during the colonial period. When his
family tree was traced, none of the descendants was found to be criminal. On the other
hand, many become presidents of the United States, governor, members of Supreme
Court, famous writers, preachers and teachers.
• Criminal Psychology
Psychology – is a branch of knowledge regarding human behavior.
Criminal Psychology – study of criminal activities, behavior
and conduct in an attempt to discover intermittent patterns and
to create set of laws about his behavior.
• Kinds of Behavior
Simple or Complex – classified based on number of neurons
involved. If there is less neurons in certain act, it is simple. If there is
more then it is complex behavior.
Overt or Covert – overt behavior is observable while covert is not
visible to the naked eye or hidden
Conscious of Unconscious – considered conscious when a
person is aware of his actions and if not then it is considered
unconscious.
Rational or Irrational – rational when it is don with sanity while
irrational is done without knowing the nature and consequences of
the actions
Voluntary of Involuntary – voluntary is an act done willingly
while the involuntary is the body activities and processes which
we cannot stop.
• Aspects of Behavior
Attitude/Value – pertains to our likes and dislikes or our interest toward
something
Emotional – concerns with our feelings, moods, temper
Intellectual – mental processes such as decision making, reasoning and solving
problems
Moral – pertains to conscience whether the action done is good or bad.
Psychosexual – concerns to our state of being whether man or woman
Political – involves our ideology towards government
Social – refers to our interaction and relationship with other people.
• Criminal Formula
According to Abrahamsen in his book entitled, “Crime and Human Mind” in 1945, he
explained the causes of crime by this formula:
C=T+S
R
Where:
T – Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Situation (Opportunity)
• Mode of Expression
• Number of Participants
Triolism – three participants in one sexual activity
Pluralism – also called “sexual festival” where there are several
participants
• Part of the Body
Frottage – rubbing or sex organ to the body parts of the partner to
achieve gratification
Partialism – sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner
Uranism – sexual happiness is attained thru the licking of
partner’sbody(holding the breast/fingering of genital)
Sodomy – insertion or penetration of the penis or object to the anus
of the partner
• Sexual Reversal
Fetishism – sexual enjoyment is achieved by looking at some body
parts, underwear or any objects associated with the partner
Homosexuality – sexual behavior is towards the same sex
Transvetism – sexual satisfaction is achieved by wearing the apparel
or underwear of the opposite sex
• Sexual Urge
Nymphomania – sexual desire of a woman to have sex
Satyriasis – sexual urge of a woman to have sex
• Visual Stimulus
Scoptophilia – sexual behavior characterized by watching undress or nude
people especially during sexual activity
Voyeurism – sexual gratification is obtained thru watching person doing
something which might undress herself in a private area. The maniac is called
Peeping Tom who usually masturbates while doing his sexual behavior.
• Other Sexual Abnormalities
Coprolalia – sexual happiness is attained by using obscene language
while having sexual intercourse.
Don Juanism – act of seducing women without permanency of sexual
partner
Exhibitionism – indecent exposure of sex organ ot other people
Criminal Law – branch of public law which defines crime, treats of their nature,
and provides punishment for their violation. Also known as Penal Law.
Revised Penal Code or Act No. 3815 – book that contains the Philippine Criminal
Law and different special laws and decrees which are penal in nature
1. Code of Hammurabi – considered one of the first known attempt to establish written code of
conduct. It was instituted by King Hammurabi who ruled the Babylon at approximately
2,000 B.C. He was the sixth king of the first dynasty of Babylon and ruled nearly 55 years.
3. The Code of Twelve Tables – these tables were collection of basic rules relation to the
conduct of family and religious economic life.
• 529 A.D. – Emperor Justinian I codified the Roman Laws into set of writings – The
Justinian Code which distinguishes two major types of laws, public and Private Laws
• Public Laws – dealt with the organization and administration of the Republic
• Private Laws – addressed the issues such as contracts, possessions and other property
rights. The legal status of each person such as slaves, husbands, wives and injuries to
citizens.
It is called as RPC because the old penal code which took effect in the country on July
14, 1887 and was in force until Dec. 31, 1931 was revised by the Committee created by
Administrative Order No. 94 of the Department of Justice, dated Oct. 18, 1927, composed
of Anacleto Diaz as Chairman, Alex Reyes and Mariano de Joya as members.
The RPC was approved on Dec. 8, 1930 and took effect on January 1, 1932.
It is composed of two books, book one which is composed of article 1-113 and book two
covering article 114-367.
• Elements of Crime
1. Desire – what induces or pushes a person to commit crime
2. Opportunity – the physical possibility that the crime could have been committed
3. Capability – ability of the person to execute the act or omission
1. Seasonal – those that are committed only at certain period of the year.
2. Situational – those committed only when given the situation conducive to their
commission.
D. Place or Location
1. Rational – those committed with full possession of his mental faculties or sanity.
2. Irrational – those committed by a person who does not know the nature and
quality of his act on account of the disease of the mind.
F. Type of Offenders
G. Imitation-Passion
1. Crimes of Imitation – those committed, the pattern of which is merely a
duplication of what was done by others
2. Crimes by Passion – those committed because of the fit of passion, anger,
jealousy, hatred
1. Street Crimes – Crime commonly committed against persons or properties are generally is
called “street crime”. This does not mean that they are always committed in some steer.
Many occur in commercial or private buildings. The term simply refers to the fact these
crimes are routine, everyday occurrences and often. Although not always, involving
unsophisticated offenders from the “street” rather than from the corporate boardrooms and
crime syndicates
2. Victimless Crime – Transactions between the two or more willing parties concerning the
scale or purchase of desired but illegally goods or services are referred to as victimless
crimes or consensual crimes.
3. Organized Crime – consist of illegal acts, executed by five or more procedures with varying
degrees of participation to directly acquire a system of recurring financial rewards through
the provision of goods and services for consumer groups differing in size and knowledge
of environment.
4. Occupational and Career Oriented Crime – Occupational and career crime refers to the
illegal acts committed in the course of one’s legitimate occupation or sustained
involvemepnt in specialized form of conventional crimes.
5. Political Crime – One of the most difficult concepts in criminology is political crime. Basically,
all crimes are relatively political in nature that they represent a challenge to dominant
values express politically in the law. However, when the criminal’s attack (be in the form of
murder, hijacking, terrorism) is directed towards the society’s values system or basic
institution. E.g. capitalism, then it may term absolute political crime.
• Who is a Criminal?
– A person who has committed a wrongful act punishable by law of the land and
has been finally convicted of the case charged against him in the competent
court of justice
A. Etiology
1. Acute Criminals- person who violates a law because of the impulse of the moment fit of
passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
2. Chronic Criminals- person who acted in consonance with deliberated thinking, such as:
a. Neurotic Criminal- person whose actions arise from intra-psychic conflict
between the social and anti-social components of his personality.
b. Normal criminal- person whose psychic organization resembles that of normal
individuals except that he identified himself with criminal proto type.
c. Criminaloids- caused by an organic pathological process.
B. Behavioral System:
1. Ordinary criminals- the lowest form of criminal career. They engaged only on
conventional crimes that require limited skill. They lack organization to avoid arrest and
convictions.
2. Organized Criminals- these criminals has a high degree of organization to enable them
to commit crimes without being detected and committed to specialized activities, which
can be operated in large-scale business. Force, violence, intimidation and bribery are
muse to gain and maintain control over economic activities. Organized crime of these
special types includes various forms of racketeering, control of gambling, prostitution
and distribution of prohibited drugs.
3. Professional Criminals- they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount
of money without being detected because of organization and contract with other
criminals. These offenders are always able to escape conviction. They specialize in
crime, which require skill games, pick pocketing, shoplifting, sneak thievery
counterfeiting and others.
C. Activities
1. Professional Criminals- Those who earn their living through criminal activities.
2. Accidental criminals- those who commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.
3. Habitual criminals- those continue to commit criminal acts for such diverse reason due
to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self- control.
4. Situational criminals- those who are not actually criminals but constantly in trouble with
legal authorities
D. Mental Attitude
1. Active aggressive criminals- those who commit crime in an impulsive manner usually
due to the aggressive behavior of the offender, such attitude is clearly shown in crime of
passion, revenge or resentment.
2. Passive in adequate criminals- those who commit crimes because they are push to it
by inducement, reward or promise without considering its consequence. They are called
“ulukan”
3. Socialize delinquents- those who are normal in their behavior but merely defective in
their socialization processes. To this group belong the educated respectable members of
society who may turn criminal on account of situation they are involved.
• Criminalistics
– A sub-field of criminology which deals with the study of criminal things or those
article left by the perpetrator in the crime scene which have significance in the
resolution of the case.
• Criminalist
– A person trained in the application of instruments, methods and techniques for
the detection of crime.
• Subdivisions of Criminalistics
1. Personal Identification
2. Police Photography
3. Forensic Ballistics
4. Questioned Document Examination
5. Polyygraphy
6. Legal Medicine
• Penology – derived from the Latin word, Poena which means pain or suffering.
– A branch of criminology concerning the study of punishment for the prevention
and control of crime. Otherwise known as Penal Science which deals with prison
management and treatment of offenders
– Punishment – a pain or suffering inflicted upon an individual who violates the
rules of society
Thank You…