TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Ayala Blvd., Ermita Manila, 1000, Philippines

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

CRISTOBAL, ROWELA D. DR. EMELITA NUYDA

BTVTED-COMPROG 3B SEMINAR IN TLE

RESEARCH WORK 8

AUTOMOTIVE

Name Description
Box-end wrenches are the opposite of open-end wrench in that their
ends come with a closed opening that wraps around bolts or nuts.
Typically, the interior sides of the ring of these wrenches come with
ridges that are meant for use on hexagonal bolt heads.
Box-End Wrench

Open-End Wrench
As the name implies, these are the opposite of box-end wrenches
because the part that grips the nut or bolt is open. Like the box-end
wrench, the open-end wrench is also double-ended and features a
bigger or smaller sized opening at the other end.

A combination wrench like the first two wrenches is double-ended

but with one end being a closed, box wrench, and the other is an
open-end wrench. Usually, both ends of a combination wrench are
the same size.
COMBINATION WRENCH

While not common in the Philippines, flare nut wrenches are like a
FLARE WRENCH box-end nut but the part that holds bolts and nuts is not entirely
closed. Its opening though is narrower than an open-end wrench and
 it has a “jaw” which increases contact with the nut or bolt.

Ratcheting Box Wrench Is a box wrench that has a ratchet which means it has a reversing
lever. By activating that lever, the wrench can be flipped over to the
reverse direction for more leverage.

Striking face box wrench For hard to turn bolts, there’s the striking face box wrench, otherwise
known as the slugger wrench.

Like the ratcheting box wrench, the Saltus wrench, otherwise known
as a flex head socket wrench has a permanently affixed socket to the
handle.
The socket is linked to the handle with a rotating joint which of
Flex head socket course allows for access to tight, hard to reach nuts and bolts. But
wrench/Saltus Wrench there are others means to reach that stubborn bolt.

Breaker Bar Just like the striking face box wrench, this wrench is useful for
loosening stuck bolts and nuts. Instead of force, however, the breaker
bar uses large amounts of torque from its very long handle.
By classification, the breaker bar is a socket wrench so typically it is
business end has numerous sizes.
Socket Wrench Socket wrenches’ feature a hollow cylinder which grabs a bolt head
or the end of a nut. Usually, socket wrenches also come as ratchet
wrenches and it generally has a built-in universal joint that can
couple into a number of other socket wrench sizes.
Ratchet Wrench The ratchet wrench uses a socket but what makes it particularly
useful is its one-way mechanism which allows for a continuous
motion without removing the socket to turn the wrench again.
So instead, the motion required for turning a bolt or nut is a simpler
backward and forwards motion which is of course easier.
Speed Wrench Features a crank shaped handle driving a socket. Due to the handle,
working on a nut or bolt is faster due to the speed it can be turned.
The speed wrench, however, offers less leverage than a ratchet
wrench.
Torque Wrench While its end usually has a socket wrench, the handle of torque
wrenches usually has a device that measures torque. This is used in
assembling parts of the car that requires precision or a pre-indicated,
set amount of torque.
These include working on the cylinder heads, head-studs, camshafts,
 brakes, and especially crankshafts.

Screwdriver While there are many common screw types out there, the most
common we have in-car models available here in the Philippines are
Philip screw heads which feature a “cross” pattern, and the similar
Frearson, and the slot drive or “flat-head.”
Allen Key/Allen Wrench This key is used to turn bolt heads with a recessed hexagonal pattern. 
Usually, the Allen key comes in an L-shaped handle or a T-handle
which features a plastic or metal grip.

4-way lug wrench or tire A socket type wrench used to turn the lug nuts on a car’s wheel.
spanner

Strap or chain wrench Primarily used to remove a cylindrical oil filter which we all know are
smooth surfaced and will provide minimal grip. May come with a
strap or a socket.
Impact Wrench This tool is a powerful tool that uses quick successions of torque to
loosen up a bolt or nut. While electric powered ones are common,
there are examples that use compressed air.
Impact wrenches are particularly useful for removing that stubborn
nut or bolt. Take note though that these can also over-torque a nut or
bolt and will damage its threads.

Pliers Pliers are an essential tool for many mechanics. They’re used to hold
objects firmly while others have a cutting edge along the length of
their “jaws” which is, of course, useful for cutting wire, hoses, etc.
Other special pliers are insulated from electricity due to their rubber
clad handles. Others come with a “slip-joint”, in other words, their
part that provides the fulcrum may be adjusted to accommodate for
larger objects
Jack You might be familiar with jacks as many brand-new and even used
vehicles usually come with a set of tire changing tools. If you didn’t
know, Jacks are used to elevating a motor-vehicle for better access to
its under-chassis or to raise its wheels when you need to change them.
Usually, the jacks bundled with those utilize a hydraulic system which
one needs to pump up. Other jack types called scissor jacks to use a
screw.
Jack-Stands While Jacks are used to “jack-up” your car. Jack-stands are used to
keep your car up. As such, using jack-stands is the safer alternative
than just using jacks, or worse, several pieces of wood to raise your
vehicle.
You can also place jack-stands in case your jack suddenly
fails. Usually, jack-stands have an indicated weight capacity so do
check your vehicle’s gross weight before buying a jack-stand.
Multi-Tool Others who own smaller cars know that space can sometimes become
a premium. As such, they will find ways to circumvent this especially

Grease Gun
Automotive Diagnostic Tools
when tools are concerned. And one way they do this is carrying
around multi-tools.
Used to shoot grease into a “nipple” or a grease fitting which are
usually found in different parts of a car’s under-chassis. Typically,
amateur home mechanics will make use of a hand-powered grease
gun.
Another useful tool for detecting your car’s problems is an OBD
scanner. This tool talks to the computer found inside your car. If there
are issues with your car, the OBD reader/scanner will provide you
with a summary of the problem.

HOW AND WHO DEVELOP THE FIRST GENERATION OF AUTOMOBILES

WHO?
 The first stationary gasoline engine developed by Carl Benz was a one-cylinder two-stroke unit
which ran for the first time on New Year’s Eve 1879. Benz had so much commercial success
with this engine that he was able to devote more time to his dream of creating a lightweight car
powered by a gasoline engine, in which the chassis and engine formed a single unit.
HOW?
 On January 29, 1886, Carl Benz applied for a patent for his “vehicle powered by a gas engine.”
The patent – number 37435 – may be regarded as the birth certificate of the automobile. In July
1886 the newspapers reported on the first public outing of the three-wheeled Benz Patent Motor
Car, model no.

TWO-STROKE AND A FOUR-STROKE CYCLE OF AN ENGINECLE

TWO STROKE CYCLE

 In a 2-stroke engine, the entire combustion cycle is completed with just one piston stroke: a
compression stroke followed by the explosion of the compressed fuel. During the return stroke,
the exhaust is let out and a fresh fuel mixture enters the cylinder. The spark plugs fire once
every single revolution, and power is produced once every 2-strokes of the piston. Two stroke
engines also require the oil to be pre-mixed in with the fuel.

FOUR STROKE CYCLE

 In a 4-stroke engine, the piston completes 2-strokes during each revolution: one compression
stroke and one exhaust stroke, each being followed by a return stroke. The spark plugs fire
only once every other revolution, and power is produced every 4-strokes of the piston. These
engines also do not require pre-mixing of fuel and oil, as they have a separate compartment for
 the oil.

AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEM

AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 The vehicle's electrical system comprises many components. They include generators to the
electric wiring harness to connectors, and many more. Over the period, the electrical system got
updates, upgrades, and additions. This is mainly because the number of components operating on
electric power increased, and therefore, the power consumption increased substantially. The
electrical system's main function is to generate, store and supply the electric current to various
systems of a vehicle. It operates the electrical components/parts in vehicles.

COOLING SYSTEM
 Almost all automobiles employ liquid cooling systems for their engines. A typical automotive
cooling system comprises (1) a series of channels cast into the engine block and cylinder head,
surrounding the combustion chambers with circulating water or other coolant to carry away
excessive heat, (2) a radiator, consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins
to radiate heat rapidly, which receives and cools hot liquid from the engine, (3) a centrifugal-type
water pump with which to circulate coolant, (4) a thermostat, which maintains constant
temperature by automatically varying the amount of coolant passing into the radiator, and (5) a
fan, which draws fresh air through the radiator.
ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

 The job of the lubrication system is to distribute oil to the moving parts to reduce friction
between surfaces which rub against each other. The lubrication system used by the Wright
brothers is quite simple. An oil pump is located on the bottom of the engine, at the left of the
figure. The pump is driven by a worm gear off the main exhaust valve cam shaft. The oil is
pumped to the top of the engine, at the right, inside a feed line. Small holes in the feed line allow
the oil to drip inside the crankcase. In the figure, we have removed the fuel system and peeled
back the covering of the crankcase to see inside.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAR ENGINES

STRAIGHT

 In a straight engine, the cylinders are arranged in a line parallel to the car from front to back.
This arrangement allows for more cylinders, and straight engines are commonly found in
powerful saloon cars, such as BMW and Mercedes.
INLINE
 An inline layout is when the cylinders are arranged side-by-side in an upright position across the
engine bay, perpendicular to the car. This allows for a small, compact engine, with other
 components (radiator, battery, cooling system) fitted around the outside. Inline engines are the
most common form of engine and are found on most hatchbacks and small family cars.
V
 ‘V’ engine refers to the shape at which the cylinders are arranged when viewed from the front.
The cylinders in a V engine are mounted on their side at a 60° angle, with two rows facing
outwards, connected by a crankshaft at the base of the V shape. Because it’s possible to squeeze
a lot of cylinders onto a V-style engine, they’re commonly found on supercars and other
premium vehicles.

FLAT
 A flat engine layout is when the cylinders are mounted horizontally, with two rows facing
outwards. Though not very common, flat engines are highly regarded for offering a low center of
gravity within the engine bay, which aids handling. One of the largest manufacturers of flat
cylinder engines is Porsche, who use a flat-six engine in their legendary 911 sports car.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAR ENGINES

 Internal combustion (IC) and External Combustion (EC)

 Type of fuel: Petrol, Diesel, Gas, Bio / Alternative Fuels
 Number of strokes – Two stroke Petrol, Two-Stroke Diesel, Four Stroke
 Petrol / Four Stroke Diesel

 Type of ignition such as Spark Ignition, Compression Ignition

 Number of Cylinders – From 1 to up to 18 cylinders (in a car)
 Arrangement of cylinders which are Inline, V, W, Horizontal, Radial
 The motion of Pistons - Reciprocatory, Rotary 8. Size / Capacity
 Bore-to-Stroke Ratio
 Engine cooling methods such as Air-cooled, Liquid-cooled (Waterbased), Oil-cooled (Oil is
cooled separately)
 Breathing such as Naturally Aspirated, Turbocharged / Supercharged
 Applications such as Bikes, Passenger Cars, Racing cars, Commercial Vehicles, Marine,
Agricultural equipment, and Earth-moving equipment, etc.
TRAFFIC SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
FUNCTION OF LTFRB
Powers and Functions of the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. The Board shall
have the following powers and functions:

 To prescribe and regulate routes of service, economically viable capacities and zones or areas of
operation of public land transportation services provided by motorized vehicles in accordance
with the public land transportation development plans and programs approved by the Department
of Transportation and Communications.
 To issue, amend, revise, suspend or cancel Certificates of Public Convenience or permits
authorizing the operation of public land transportation services provided by motorized vehicles,
and to prescribe the appropriate terms and conditions therefore;
 To determine, prescribe and approve and periodically review and adjust, reasonable fares, rates
and other related charges, relative to the operation of public land transportation services provided
by motorized vehicles;
 To issue preliminary or permanent injunction, whether prohibitory or mandatory, in all cases in
which it has jurisdiction, and in which cases the pertinent provisions of the Rules of Court shall
apply;
 To punish for contempt of the Board, both direct and indirect, in accordance with the pertinent
provisions of, and the penalties prescribed by, the Rules of Court;
 To issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum and summon witnesses to appear in any
proceedings of the Board, to administer oaths and affirmations;
 To conduct investigations and hearings of complaints for violation of the public service laws on
land transportation and of the Board’s rules and regulations, orders, decisions and/or rulings and
to impose fines and/or penalties for such violations;
 To review motu proprio the decisions/actions of the Regional Franchising and Regulatory Office
herein created;
 To promulgate rules and regulations governing proceedings before the Board and the Regional
Franchising and Regulatory Office: Provided,

That except with respect to paragraphs d, e, f and g hereof, the rules of procedure and evidence
prevailing in the courts of laws should not be controlling and it is the spirit and intention of said rules that
the Board and the Regional Franchising and Regulatory Offices shall use every and all reasonable means
to ascertain facts in its case speedily and objectively and without regard to technicalities of law and
procedures, all in the interest of due process

 To fix, impose and collect, and periodically review and adjust, reasonable fees and other related
charges for services rendered
 To formulate, promulgate, administer, implement and enforce rules and regulations on land
transportation public utilities, standards of measurements and/or design, and rules and
regulations requiring operators of any public land transportation service to equip, install and
provide in their utilities and in their stations such devices, equipment facilities and operating
procedures and techniques as may promote safety, protection, comfort and convenience to
persons and property in their charges as well as the safety of persons and property within their
areas of operations;
 To coordinate and cooperate with other government agencies and entities concerned with any
aspect involving public land transportation services with the end in view of effecting continuing
improvement of such services; and
 To perform such other functions and duties as may be provided by law, or as may be necessary,
or proper or incidental to the purposes and objectives of this Executive Order.