Coherence

 Bandwidth  and  
Coherence  Time  
COHERENCE  BANDWIDTH  
 Correla;on  In  Frequency  
Correlation in Frequency
We can view the frequency response of a channel as
a Random Process as a function of f
We can ask, “What is the correlation between
responses at different frequencies?”
H (t , f )

f f f
Review:  
Review:CCorrelation
orrela;on  CCoefficient
oefficient  
Suppose X and Y are two complex RVs
Their correlation coefficient is defined

E X mX Y mY *
XY
X Y

This is a normalized covariance; it

varies between +1 and -1
Correlation Coefficient for
Correla;on  Coefficient  for  Random  
Random ProcessesProcesses  
Now suppose H(f) is a RP wrt f
That means that for any fixed f, H(f) is a RV
Consider two frequencies f1 and f2. The
correlation coefficient becomes

E H ( f1 ) mH ( f1 ) H ( f 2 ) mH ( f 2 ) *
H ( f1 ) H ( f 2 )
H ( f1 ) H ( f2 )
Wide-­‐Sense  
Wide SenseSta;onary   Uncorrelated  
Stationary
ScaIering  
Uncorrelated (WSSUS)  (WSSUS)
Scattering
Assumes that path gains at different
delays are uncorrelated
Assumes correlations between
frequency responses depends only on
the frequency difference f
E H ( f ) mH H ( f f ) mH *
f 2
H
 Mean  is  Zero  
Mean is Zero
Because the phase is uniformly
distributed over [0,2 ], mH=0, so the
correlation coefficient becomes

E H ( f )H ( f f)*
f 2
E H( f )
 Coherence   B
Coherence Bandwidthandwidth  

The X% coherence bandwidth is that

value of f such that
X
f
100
If the 90% coherence bandwidth is
30KHz, then responses for frequencies
separated by 30KHz or less will be
nearly equal
Illustration Example  

Do you think the 90% coherence

bandwidth is > or < 100MHz?
H (t , f )

z z f
Rela;on  
Relationto  
toRRMS
MS  Delay  
Delay Spread  
Spread
[Rappaport, 2002]

The 90% coherence bandwidth is

approximately
1
BC ,90
50
The 50% coherence bandwidth is
approximately
1
BC ,50
5
 Need  for  Equaliza;on  
Need for Equalization
If a transmitted signal’s bandwidth is
greater than the 50% coherence
bandwidth, then the channel is
frequency selective
An equalizer (adaptive tapped delay
filter) will be needed in the receiver
Flat-fading channels do not require
equalization
TimeDDispersion
Time   Relationships
ispersion  Rela;onship  

Flat Fading Frequency Selective

Fading

BC ,50 BS BC ,50 BS
0.2TS 0.2TS
 Summary  
Summary
Delay spread and coherence bandwidth
are inversely related and quantify the
effects of multipath delays
They can be used to estimate the
maximum data rate that can be
supported without the use of an
equalizer
COHERENCE  TIME  
 Recall  Flat  Fading  Channels  
Recall Flat-fading Channels
The response to a CW (or long pulse)
probe signal will fluctuate in time as the
vehicle moves
|r(t)| in dBm [not real data]

t
 Correla;on  in  Time  
Correlation in Time
We can view the time fluctuation of a channel as a
Random Process as a function of t
We can ask, “What is the correlation between
responses at different times?”
hb (t )

t t t
Wide Correla;on   Coefficient  
Sense Stationary
Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS)
Assumes correlations between flat fades
at different times depends only on the
time difference t

E hb (t )hb (t t )*
t 2
E hb (t )
 Coherence  Time  
Coherence Time
The X% coherence time is that value of
such that
X
t
100

If the 90% coherence time is 3ms, then

the response to a pulse of length 100 s
will have a nearly constant envelope
 Example  
Illustration
Do you think the 90% coherence time is
> or < 100ms?
hb (t )

ms ms t
 Doppler  
Doppler Effect Effect  

Suppose a mobile transmitting at carrier

frequency fo approaches a stationary receiver
directly at a speed of v

The carrier frequency of the received

signal will be
v Maximum
f rec fo fd , where fd fo Doppler
c Shift
 Non-­‐Direct  
Non-direct Approach Approach  
If the velocity of the vehicle is at an
angle to the receiver, then the
Doppler shift is
v
fd f o cos( )
c

v
 Fast  Fading  
Fast-fading
A channel is fast-fading if the symbol period is
longer than the coherence time
TS TC

Alternatively, the condition can be expressed in terms

of the signal bandwidth and the Doppler spread,
which is inversely related to the coherence time

k
BS BD
TC
 Slow  Fading  
Slow-fading
Slow-fading is the (conservative)
opposite of fast-fading
Safe to assume hb(t) is constant during
at least one symbol period
Doppler  Related  Rela;onships  
Doppler-related Relationships

Fast Fading Slow Fading

BS BD BS BD

TS TC TS TC
 Combina;on   of   C hannels  
Combinations of Descriptions
Channels can be
Slow and Flat
Fast and Flat
Slow and Frequency Selective
Fast and Frequency Selective