AP Bio Bonus

Naomi Pedigo
Definitions:
Organic- an organic compound; or any substance containing carbon-based compounds,
especially produced by or derived from living organisms
Monomer- a molecule of any of a class of compounds, mostly organic, that can react with other
molecules to form very large molecules, or polymers
Nonpolar- not polar especially, consisting of molecules not having a dipole a nonpolar solvent
Hydrolysis- a chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the
addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water
Polysaccharide- a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more
molecules of monosaccharides
Steroid- any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular
structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings
Triglyceride Fat- consists of a glycerol backbone esterified with three fatty acids
Ester Linkage- formed by linking two hydrocarbon groups together with an oxygen atom, or by
linking a phosphate or nitrogen to a hydrocarbon group with an oxygen atom
Cellulose- a molecule, consisting of hundreds – and sometimes even thousands – of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Functional Group- collections of atoms that attach the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule
and confer specific properties
Polymer- any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules,
called macromolecules
Macromolecule- a large, organic molecule such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids
Condensation- the process resulting in the formation of fog, dew, clouds, and other forms of
atmospheric vapor
Monosaccharide- a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis
Fatty Acid- the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat
Saturated Fat- a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have a hydrogen atom on every
carbon and thus are fully hydrogenated
Glycogen- stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules
Enzyme- proteins that act as biological catalysts
Wax- a plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants
Carbohydrate- biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a
hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1
Disaccharide- any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars
(monosaccharides) linked to each other
Glycerol- an essential sugar alcohol for many living things
Unsaturated Fat- a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have two carbons that share
double or triple bond
Cholesterol- a waxy substance that is present in blood plasma and in all animal tissues
Starch- a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers joined in 1,4 linkages
Hydrocarbon- any of a class of organic chemicals made up of only the elements carbon and
hydrogen
Hydrophobic Interaction- the relations between water and hydrophobes (low water-soluble
molecules)
Lipid Bilayer- thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules
Amphipathic- a chemical compound containing both polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar (not
water-soluble) portions in its structure
Lipid- micro biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
Phospholipid- any of various phosphorus-containing complex lipids (such as lecithins and
phosphatidylethanolamines) that are derived from glycerol and are major constituents of the
membranes of cells and intracellular organelles and vesicles
Glycosidic Linkage- a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to
another group
Metabolism- a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group
Fat- comprised of fatty acids

Questions:
1. Covalent bonds link carbon atoms together in long chains that form the skeletal
framework for organic molecules. These carbon skeletons may vary in: Length, Shape,
Number and Location of double bonds. Other elements covalently bonded to available
sites This variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the complexity and diversity of
organic molecules.
2. Molecular shape is important in determining how the molecule interacts and reacts with
other molecules. Molecular shape also influences the boiling point and melting point of
molecules.
3. A. Photosynthesis
B. Inside a chloroplast

4. The main difference between starch, cellulose and glycogen is that starch is the main
storage carbohydrate source in plants whereas cellulose is the main structural component
of the cell wall of plants and glycogen is the main storage carbohydrate energy source of
fungi and animals.
5. The hydrocarbon tail is a hydrogen attached to a carbon to a carbon to a carbon.
Hydrocarbons are excellent sources of energy because the bond between hydrogen and
carbon is strong; it is a hydrogen bond. So, there is energy within that bond that can be
released.
6. Phospholipids are amphipathic because they have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic
tails. Cholesterol at moderate temperature reduces membrane fluidity by reducing
phospholipid movement, but at low temperatures, it hinders solidification by disrupting
the regular packing of phospholipids.
7. Their strongly hydrophobic nature allows them to function as water repellents on the
leaves of some plants, on feathers, and on the cuticles of certain insects. Waxes also serve
as energy-storage substances in plankton and in higher members of the aquatic food
chain.
8. Human sex hormones are considered lipids because they are derived from the lipid
cholesterol.