Chapter 2 Elementary Programming 基本程序设计

Chapter 2 Elementary Programming
基本程序设计
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
1
Motivations
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to create,
compile, and run a Java program. Starting from this
chapter, you will learn how to solve practical problems
programmatically.
Through these problems, you will learn Java primitive data

types and related subjects, such as variables, constants,
data types, operators, expressions, and input and output.
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2
Question?
Given the loan amount, loan term, and
annual interest rate, can you write a
program to compute the monthly payment
and total payment?
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3
Objectives
To write Java programs to perform simple computations (§2.2).
To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class (§2.3).
To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes (§2.4).
To use variables to store data (§§2.5–2.6).
To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions (§2.6).
To use constants to store permanent data (§2.7).
To name classes, methods, variables, and constants by following their naming conventions (§2.8).
To explore Java numeric primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, and double (§2.9.1).
To read a byte, short, int, long, float, or double value from the keyboard (§2.9.2).
To perform operations using operators +, -, *, /, and % (§2.9.3).
To perform exponent operations using Math.pow(a, b) (§2.9.4).
To write integer literals, floating-point literals, and literals in scientific notation (§2.10).
To write and evaluate numeric expressions (§2.11).
To obtain the current system time using System.currentTimeMillis() (§2.12).
To use augmented assignment operators (§2.13).
To distinguish between postincrement and preincrement and between postdecrement and predecrement
(§2.14).
To cast the value of one type to another type (§2.15).
To describe the software development process and apply it to develop the loan payment program (§2.16).
To write a program that converts a large amount of money into smaller units (§2.17).
To avoid common errors and pitfalls in elementary programming (§2.18).
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Introducing Programming with an
Example
Example: Computing the Area of a Circle?

Algorithm can be described in natural language or pseudocode, the
above algorithm can be described:
1. Read in the circle’s radius.
2. Compute the area using the following formula:
3. Display the results
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5
animation
Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea { allocate memory
/** Main method */ for radius
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
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animation

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
// Compute area for area
// Display results
}
}
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animation

public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
double radius; radius 20
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
// Display results
}
}
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animation

double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
compute area and assign it
// Compute area
to variable area
// Display results
}
}
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animation

double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
+ string concatenating operator
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
}
}
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+ String concatenating
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Reading Input from the Console
Reading input from the console enables the program to
accept input from the user.
To modify radius conveniently, you can use the Scanner

class for console input.
System.out: standard output device, display monitor

System.in: standard input device, keyboard
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Reading Input from the Console
1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
2. Use the method nextDouble() to obtain to a double

value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
double d = input.nextDouble();
Exercise:
ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput
ComputeAverage
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Scanner class
The Scanner class is in the java.uitl package.
There are two types of import statements:

– Specify import明确导入: specifies a single class in
the import statement.
import java.uitl.Scanner;
– Wildcard import通配符导入：imports all the
classes in a package by using the asterisk* as the
wildcard.
import java.uitl.*
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Identifiers标识符
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
An identifier cannot be true, false, or null.
An identifier can be of any length.
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Note
Java is case sensitive.区分大小写 Area, area, and
AREA are all different identifiers.
Identifiers are for naming variables, methods, classes

and other items in a program. Descriptive identifiers
make programs easy to read. Avoid using abbreviations
for identifiers.
Do not name identifiers with the $ character. By

convention, the $ character should be used only in
mechanically generated source code.
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Variables
Variables are used to represent values that may be changed
in the program.
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Declaring Variables
Variables are for representing data of a certain type.
Variable declaration tells the compile to allocate appropriate
memory space for the variable based its data type.
Note: A variable must be declared and initialized before it
can be used.
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Declaring variables
Variables often have initial values. You can
declare a variable and initialize it in one step.
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Assignment statements and
assignment expressions
An assignment statement designates a value for a variable. An
assignment statement can be used as an expression in Java.
variable = expression
An expression represents a computation involving values,
variables, and operations that, taking them together, evaluates
to a value.
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Named Constants
A named constant is an identifier that represents a
permanent value.
Exercise: ComputeAreaWithConstant
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;
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Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Variables and method names变量和方法名称:

– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase for the
first word, and capitalize the first letter of each
subsequent word in the name.
For example, the variables radius and area, and the
method computeArea.
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Naming Conventions, cont.
Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in a class name.
For example, the class name ComputeArea.
Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use underscores to
connect words. For example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE
Caution: Do not use class names that are already

used in the Java library. i.e. System
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Numeric Data Types and
Operations
Java has six numeric types for integers and
floating-point numbers with operator +,-,*,/,
and %.
Every data type has a range of values. The

compiler allocate memory space for each
variable or constant according to its data type.
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Numerical Data Types
Four types of integers: byte, short, int and long

Two types of floating-point number: single precision- float,
and double precision – double.
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Reading Numbers from the Keyboard
int value = input.nextInt();
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Example
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Numeric Operators
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Integer Division
Standard arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, and %
When both operands of a division are integers, the result
of the division is the quotient 商 and the fractional part
is truncated.
5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
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Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd.
Suppose today is Saturday and you and your friends are going
to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10 days? You can find that
day is Tuesday using the following expression:
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Problem: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains minutes and remaining

seconds from seconds. For example, 500 seconds
contains 8 minutes and 20 seconds.
DisplayTime
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NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are approximated
because these numbers are not stored with complete accuracy.
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1.
Integers are stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers

yield a precise integer result.
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Exponent Operations
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Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program.
For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are literals

in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;
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Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as long as it
can fit into the variable. A compilation error would occur if the
literal were too large for the variable to hold.
For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would cause a compilation error,
because 1000 cannot be stored in a variable of the byte type （-128~127）.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose value is

between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647). To denote an
integer literal of the long type, append it with the letter L or l. L is
preferred because l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the
digit one).
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Integer Literal
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Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal point. By default, a
floating-point literal is treated as a double type value.
For example, 5.0 is considered a double value, not a float value.
You can make a number a float by appending the letter f or F, and

make a number a double by appending the letter d or D. For
example, you can use 100.2f or 100.2F for a float number, and
100.2d or 100.2D for a double number.
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double vs. float
The double type values are more accurate than the float
type values.
A float value has 7 to 8 number of significant digits and a
double value has 15 to 17 number of significant digits.
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Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, E (or e) represents an exponent
and it can be either in lowercase or uppercase.
For example, 1.23456e+2, same as 1.23456e2, is
equivalent to 123.456, and 1.23456e-2 is equivalent to
0.0123456.
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Evaluating Expressions and
Operator Precedence
Java expressions are evaluated in the same
way as arithmetic expression.
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How to Evaluate an Expression
Though Java has its own way to evaluate an expression behind the
scene, the result of a Java expression and its corresponding
arithmetic expression are the same. Therefore, you can safely
apply the arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java expression.
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
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Problem: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius = ( 95 )( fahrenheit − 32 )
Note: you have to write

celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit – 32)
FahrenheitToCelsius
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Case study: Displaying Current Time
Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the format
hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
The currentTimeMillis method in the System class returns the current
time in milliseconds since the midnight, January 1, 1970 GMT. (1970
was the year when the Unix operating system was formally
introduced.) You can use this method to obtain the current time, and
then compute the current second, minute, and hour as follows.
ShowCurrentTime
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Augmented Assignment
Operators
The operators +, -, *, /, and % can be combined with the
assignment operator to form augmented operators.
Caution: There are no spaces in the augmented assignment
operators. For example, + = should be +=
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Increment and Decrement
Operators
The increment operator (++) and decrement operator (––)
are for incrementing and decrementing a variable by 1
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Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
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Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Tips: Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and difficult
to read.
Avoid using these operators in expressions that modify

multiple variables, or the same variable for multiple times such
as this: int k = ++i + i.
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Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;
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Numeric Type Conversions
Floating-point numbers can be converted into integers
using explicit casting显式变换.
类型转换Type casting: an operation that converts a value

of one data type into a value of another data type.
– 拓宽类型Widening a type: casting a type with a small range to
type with a larger range.
– 缩窄类型Narrowing a type: casting a type with a large range of
type with a smaller range.
Java will automatically widen a type, but you must narrow

a type explicitly（Java自动拓宽一个类型，但缩窄类型
必须显式完成）.
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Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:
1. If one of the operands is double, the other is

converted into double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.
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Type Casting
Implicit casting 隐式转换
double d = 3; (type widening) 扩展类型
Explicit casting 显式转换

int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing) 缩小类型
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)
What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
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Type casting
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Casting in an Augmented Expression
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Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two
digits after the decimal point.
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Software Development Process
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Requirement Specification
A formal process that seeks to understand
Requirement
Specification
the problem and document in detail what
the software system needs to do. This
System phase involves close interaction between
Analysis
users and designers.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Most of the examples in this book are simple,

and their requirements are clearly stated. In Deployment
the real world, however, problems are not

well defined. You need to study a problem Maintenance
carefully to identify its requirements.
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System Analysis
Requirement
Specification Seeks to analyze the business
process in terms of data flow, and
System
Analysis to identify the system’s input and
output.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Part of the analysis entails modeling
the system’s behavior. The model is
Deployment
intended to capture the essential
elements of the system and to define
Maintenance
services to the system.
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System Design
Requirement
Specification
The process of designing the
system’s components. It is to
System
Analysis
design a process for obtaining the
output from the input.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
This phase involves the use of many levels

Deployment
of abstraction to decompose the problem into
manageable components, identify classes and
interfaces, and establish relationships among Maintenance
the classes and interfaces.
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IPO
Requirement
Specification
System
Analysis Input, Process, Output
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
The essence of system analysis and design is

Deployment
input, process, and output. This is called IPO.
Maintenance
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Implementation
Requirement The process of translating the
Specification
system design into programs.
System Separate programs are written for
Analysis
each component and put to work
System together.
Design
Implementation
Testing
This phase requires the use of a
programming language like Java. Deployment
The implementation involves
coding, testing, and debugging. Maintenance
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Testing
Requirement
Specification Ensures that the code meets the
requirements specification and
System
Analysis weeds out bugs.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
An independent team of software
engineers not involved in the design Deployment
and implementation of the project
usually conducts such testing. Maintenance
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Deployment
Requirement
Specification Deployment makes the project
available for use.
System
Analysis
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
For a Java program, this means Deployment

installing it on a desktop or on the
Web. Maintenance
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Maintenance
Requirement
Specification
Maintenance is concerned with
System
Analysis changing and improving the product.
System
Design
Implementation
Testing
A software product must continue to perform Deployment

and improve in a changing environment. This
requires periodic upgrades of the product to fix Maintenance
newly discovered bugs and incorporate changes.
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Case study:
Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest rate,
number of years, and loan amount, and computes
monthly payment and total payment.
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Case study: Counting Monetary
Units
This program lets the user enter the amount in decimal
representing dollars and cents and output a report listing
the monetary equivalent in single dollars, quarters,
dimes, nickels, and pennies. Your program should report
maximum number of dollars, then the maximum number
of quarters, and so on, in this order.
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Counting Monetary Units
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Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common elementary programming errors and pitfalls involve
– Common Error 1: Undeclared/Uninitialized Variables and Unused
Variables
– Common Error 2: Integer Overflow
– Common Error 3: Round-off Errors
– Common Error 4: Unintended Integer Division
– Common Pitfall 1: Redundant Input Objects
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Summary
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Summary
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Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

Through these problems, you will learn Java primitive data

Example: Computing the Area of a Circle?

3. Display the results

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

To modify radius conveniently, you can use the Scanner

System.out: standard output device, display monitor

2. Use the method nextDouble() to obtain to a double

There are two types of import statements:

Identifiers are for naming variables, methods, classes

Do not name identifiers with the $ character. By

final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

Variables and method names变量和方法名称:

Caution: Do not use class names that are already

Every data type has a range of values. The

Four types of integers: byte, short, int and long

Write a program that obtains minutes and remaining

Integers are stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers

For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are literals

An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose value is

You can make a number a float by appending the letter f or F, and

Note: you have to write

Avoid using these operators in expressions that modify

类型转换Type casting: an operation that converts a value

Java will automatically widen a type, but you must narrow

1. If one of the operands is double, the other is

Explicit casting 显式转换

What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

byte, short, int, long, float, double

Most of the examples in this book are simple,

the real world, however, problems are not

This phase involves the use of many levels

The essence of system analysis and design is

For a Java program, this means Deployment

A software product must continue to perform Deployment

– Common Pitfall 1: Redundant Input Objects

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