NARRATIVE INQUIRY ON THE CHALLENGES OF A CAMPUS JOURNALIST IN

BACOOR CITY: BASIS FOR CRAFTING A TRAINING PROGRAM

Domingo S. Sagnip Jr., Ph.D.

Department of English
Senior High School Dulong Bayan
DepEd Bacoor City

Abstract

The study carried out a narrative enquiry on the struggles of a campus journalist in Philippine
as a basis for crafting a training program. Specifically it looked at the struggles he had as a
campus journalist in relation to his family, peers, school, community and self. Narrative
inquiry of qualitative research was utilized in analyzing the information gathered from the
participant. The primary data were gathered through a semi-structured interview from the
participant who was purposively and conveniently selected based on his attainment of
multiple winnings in National level of Schools Press Conference. Data collected were
subjected to in-depth analysis. The data were examined comprehensively based on cognitive
structural theory, applied learning theory and social cognitive theory. Result of the inquiry
revealed that the struggles the participant faced as a campus journalist within his family was
having less bonding time and missing some family occasions. The struggles he experienced
as campus journalists within his peers were missed celebrations and no quality time with
them because journalism is his priority. In terms of school, the struggles he experienced were
mostly about the inconsiderate teacher, busy schedule and heavy workload. The struggles he
experienced in the community or the people around him were mostly about judgments. The
participant’s responses about the struggles he faced by himself was trust and confidence to
his own capability; in every competition or opportunities such as being a candidate for Most
Outstanding Campus Journalist (MOCJ) he ones degrade himself. Based on the findings the
study concludes that the struggles experienced by a campus journalist relative to his family,
peers, school, community and self were mostly dealing with time and pressure as he lacked
time for his family and friends because of trainings and competitions involving journalism.
Hence, it was recommended that campus journalists should learn to immerse themselves with
trials and challenges that they might encounter in their journey as these things will mold their
persona and will build their pathway towards success.

Keywords: Campus journalist, news, journalism, training programme, Philippines

Introduction

The media constitute the mirror of the society which constantly reflects the agony, the
hopes, the poverty, the right abuses, the moral decadence, the political instability and
hypocrisy of the leaders. Implicitly, where the media is cowed into muting and watching the
aforementioned journalists and journalism suffer incredibility and loss of integrity. In
Philippines, the state of journalism is currently lonesome and risky as the country was dubbed
as deadliest peacetime country for journalists in Southeast Asia because of its high number of
media killings exceeding over 1000 (International Federation of Journalist, 2018). The daring
nature of journalism profession in Philippines has continued to discourage many Filipinos
from joining the noble profession. Besides loss of manpower, the development increases
inefficiency of the few available journalists.
In the penchant to improve the unfortunate trend by raising young journalists, the
schools press competition of the Department of Education (DepEd) has been birthed. The
press conference which is divided into three stages of the divisions, regionals and the
nationals allows campus journalists from different public and private elementary and
secondary showcase their talents and skills in journalistic writing comprising purely news,
editorial, feature, science and health as well as editorial cartooning, copy reading and
headline writing, photojournalism, radio and TV broadcasting, collaborative and online
desktop publishing which are open in both English and Filipino. Through these competitions,
campus journalists garner experiences by traveling across different regions witnessing the
beauty and culture of the provinces and cities, and enduring the joy and thrill of the contests
in every year’s schools press conference. The conference is not only limited to the writing of
articles, publishing of newspapers, or broadcasting activities, it also recognizes aspiring
campus journalists as well as advisers every year in the National Press Conference (Section
8-Campus Journalism Act of 1991). It provides practical opportunities for campus journalists
to enhance their skills to discern journalism from propaganda; telling the difference between
truth and falsehood, between manufactured news and real news and seeking about the truth.
Campus journalism is not only confined in the schools press conference every year
but also with the duties and responsibilities of campus journalists in their respective
campuses as captured in Campus Journalism Act of 1991. The Act provides that in every
school there must have editorial boards which include its own editor-in-chief and editors who
are responsible for school’s newspaper or publication which serves as the training ground for
the campus journalists to enhance their skills and experiences in campus journalism. Being a
campus journalist can also be an avenue to become social media personality both for new and
experienced campus journalists as in the case of Jacque Manabat whose best training ground
(‘Failon Ngayon: Campus Journalism’, 2019).
Hence, the study was premised on the experience of a campus journalist who became
a pride of the Division of Bacoor as well as the Region of CALABARZON in yearly schools
press conference, being one of the multiple times champion in National Schools Press
Conference in Editorial Writing in Filipino. He is also one of the successful Filipino Campus
Journalists who is now a scholar of The Manila Times College taking Bachelor of Arts in
Journalism while working also as a Junior Correspondent. Precisely, the study focused on his
struggles throughout his life as a campus journalist as to show how training programme for
future journalists can be modeled after campus journalism.

Objectives of the study

The study broadly examined how training program for journalists can be crafted from the
findings of the narrative inquiry on the challenges of a campus journalist in Bacoor City.
Specifically, the study examined the challenges of a campus journalist relative to:

i. family influence;
ii. peer influence;
iii. school influence;
iv. community influence, and
v. personal influence
Theoretical Framework

A campus journalist is a student who is working for the school paper, wherein he is
the one who has the involvement in journalism and is the one who gain the learning and
values throughout his journey. He might be the one who may become the representative of
the school for the division, regional, or even the national competitions, competing with other
schools. Being a highly competitive and a capable individual, the campus journalist knows
and is aware of what role he is playing in his own surroundings. According to the cognitive
structural theory, the student who is partaking or playing a role in campus journalism has the
capability to understand his own experiences where he learned the learnings and values that
he had encountered on his life as a journalist. He has the experience of being a campus
journalist where the values and learnings that he had acquired can be used in different
situations. Being involved in the production of the school paper, he can define himself as a
functioning and a productive individual in his environment, which is the school or the
institution.
A campus journalist also changes his behavior based on his surroundings. According
to the Social Cognitive Theory, the campus journalist acquires and maintains behavior while
also considering the social environment in which individuals perform the behavior. The
theory takes into account a person's past experiences, which factor into whether behavioral
action will occur. These past experiences are used by the campus journalist to engage in a
specific behavior where he can adapt and socialize with other groups of people.
The particular individual who is involved in this situation is already qualified to be the
one who can share and impart his expertise and mastery about this specific field or matter to
encourage other students who want to go on the journalism path but is still confused.

Methodology

This study utilized the narrative inquiry of qualitative research in analyzing the
information gathered from the participant. This design was said to be the most appropriate to
apply since the researchers wanted to determine the chain of experiences, specifically the
struggles of the campus journalist from elementary to senior high school. The former campus
journalist who brought numerous awards for Bacoor City was the main source of data for the
study. The primary data were gathered through a semi-structured interview, while
complementary information were sourced from literature.
The participant was purposively and conveniently selected based on his attainment of
multiple winnings in National level of Schools Press Conference. The criterion justified the
credibility of his in-depth experiences in the field. Notably, though the number of participant
is only one, Burmeister & Aitken (2012) however stated that a large sample size does not
guarantee one will neither reach data saturation, nor does a small sample size—rather, it is
what constitutes the sample size.
Data collected were subjected to in-depth analysis. Particularly, the researchers
determined the whole journey and inclined experiences of a campus journalist during
elementary up to secondary education, specifically looking at the struggles he had as a
campus journalist and the factors affecting his performance before, during, and after every
school press conference. The data were examined comprehensively based on cognitive
structural theory, applied learning theory and social cognitive theory to come up with the
valid findings and conclusions related to the research problem about experiences of a campus
journalist. Through these theories, the richness and thickness of data were obtained in
theoretical perspective of saturation. The analysis was focused on the identification of the
struggles experienced by a campus journalist in terms of family, peers, school, community,
and self.

Result and Discussion

Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Family

Based on the participant’s responses about the struggles he faced as a campus

journalist within his family was having less bonding time and missing some family occasions.
Sometimes, he had arguments with his family in what he is going to pursue in college
because he chose the impractical course of Journalism as his family described it. He spent
most of his time practicing for the upcoming regional or national school press conferences
causing a less time to bond with his family. Sometimes he regrets that he gave up his time for
his family and chose trainings over them. He missed his family’s special occasions just for
journalism. He also experienced discouragement from his family; they discouraged him to
pursue journalism in college and encourage him to pursue Education. They argued that the
salary that you will receive when you pursue journalism is very minimal. He felt that he is
ganged-up by his own family. Although when he is in high school, when he competes in
different places for campus journalism, the support of his family was there, but when he
pursue it until college the support that he felt before was now lost. In pursuant to this, the
social cognitive theory contends that human development is influenced, in part, by
environmental agents. And family is an environmental agent that impacts human
development and therefore student achievement. So, it is important that the support of a
family is always visible for a child because it helps to develop and serve as inspiration for
them to achieve their goals.

Table 1: Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Family

“…pero minsan halimbawa ano special occasion tas may training ayon gini give up ko
yung special occasions naming family”

“Sa family…wala naman pero nung sinabi ko na gusto ko ipursue yung journ sa college
di nila ako support as in nagkakaisa sila lahat na education daw yung kunin ko kase
wala daw pera sa journ.”

Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Peers

Based on the participant’s responses, the struggles he experienced as campus

journalists within his peers are missed celebrations and no quality time with them because
journalism is his priority. He missed a lot of opportunities to bond with his friends such as
Christmas party and other school activities because of the responsibilities that a campus
journalist bears. As a teenager, he longed for the joyful experiences and quality time with his
peers and it is because of the trainings and competitions that he had which he considers as his
priority. In connection, a campus journalist really possessed heavy workload and in the views
of others they possessed a huge and important role. According to Arao (2018), like
mainstream media, campus publications also help shape public opinion by providing relevant
information aside from keeping the student body up to date with relevant issues. Campus
press plays a huge role in preserving freedom of speech and expression. And along with these
roles are the consecutive competitions or programs as well as training that they needed to
attend; these programs include Division Schools Press Conference (DSPC), regional Schools
Press Conference (RSPC), and National Schools Press Conference (NSPC) (Bumanghat,
2017). From these roles and competitions, it is seen that in campus journalism there are heavy
workloads and responsibilities, and because of that a busy schedule follows which leads to
have no quality time with friends and classmates.

Table 2: Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Peers

“…lalo na yung sa school ilang years na akong hindi naka attend for example nung Christmas
party kahit simpleng bonding lang ng mga kaibigan yon syempre mas kailangan kong i-
sacrifice yon kase dapat mas i-priority yung mga trainings and competitions ng journ ayon
din yung mahirap”

Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of School

Based from the responses of the participant, the struggles that he experienced in
school are mostly about the inconsiderate teacher, busy schedule and heavy workload. He
really felt the heavy workload of being a campus journalist because he is always outside for
competitions and trainings. He had many stocked school works and because of that he passed
school requirements late; he encountered many inconsiderate teachers which degrade him
from every absences he had and discouraged him that he didn’t deserve to be on top because
of his excuses; he can’t attend class performances; not able to join the immersion and
occasions. Also, the high expectations and the pressure of teachers and classmates towards
him that sometimes include hurtful words, such as “di naman magaling yan sa journ lang
yan…di naman deserving yan sa top 1 eh laging wala nga sa school yan eh”, “ay masyado ng
trying hard kase pangatlong beses na tapos sasali pa ulit”. In connection, according to
(Bumanghat 2017), there are programs lead by the ASEAN which the competencies to be
targeted in the Philippine EFA are very much congruent with the aims of the programs that
are being undertaken by Campus Journalism.These programs include Division Schools Press
Conference (DSPC), regional Schools Press Conference (RSPC), and National Schools Press
Conference (NSPC) these programs can be the cause of absences and late submissions of
requirements because it takes away the time that they supposed to learn in the school but
knowingly being in this competition also teaches campus journalists about social issues as
well as experiences that they may usein their lives. From all of this, discouragement and
pressure from his teacher's and classmates, the absences because of his trainings, the heavy
workload whenever there is a competition are the struggles a campus journalist experienced
in terms of school.

Table 3: Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of School

“…feeling ko mas nakaapekto siya sakin nung junior high school lalo na nung
nagkaroon ng mga issue alam lahat yung ni Maam Padlan yon pinaka na discourage ako
non yun yung reason kung bakit ako laging wala sa school para ibaba ako then mas
masakit pa non kase yung gulo hindi na hindi na nasama yung ano ko extracurricular tas
ano ayon nawala ako sa honor bale hinabol lang namin kaya ulit ako nakasama sa
honors then ayon nakapasok din yung mga late submission pero nasa teachers yun e yun
di naman mawawala yung mga teachers na considerate and hindi considerate yung iba
ibababa ka talaga pero once kase na pumasok ka sa journ dapat tanggap mo na sa sarili
mo na ah syempre hindi ko totally maba-balance equally yung time between journ and
academics so dapat alam mo na yung reasons na ah baka may mase set aside ka talaga
then ayon nakaapekto siya sakin at some point pero overall hindi naman”

“…nanghinayang lang talaga ako sa mga Christmas party e atsaka yung mga
performance yung mga buong klase ayon binibigyan nila ako ng ibang tsaka ayon di ako
nakapag immersion nung grade 12 dahil sa journ pa din ayun yung pinaka
pinanghihinayangan ko kase ang saya ng experiences mag-immersion e sakto ano na
nun preparations sa contest para sa NSPC tapos pagdating ko practice na ng graduation
ayon di ko naranasan”

“Ahh oo sa school lalo na sa school kase once na nakapasok ka hanggang NSPC asahan
mo first grading ka nalang talaga makakapasok ng deretso halimbawa September to
march lagi ka na nung wala tas ayun lagi akong dinidiscourage ng mga teachers sa
bayan ano sinasabi nila lagi na ay mag journ ka nalang tas sabihin nila ay di naman
magaling yan sa journ lang yan kase ayon kase diba ano may minimaintain na rank
tapos lagi nilang sinasabi na ay di naman deserving yan sa top 1 eh laging wala nga sa
school yan eh”

“…going back sa journey ano yung pinakalamalaking pressure sakin non is journ 2016
kase nung 2015 kami ni Ma’am Padlan nung grade 9 ayun yung first time ko mag
champion sa nationals tapos syempre though sobrang sarap sa feelings na yung hinirang
na champion sa Pilipinas pero kung level ng happiness ganon din level ng pressure so
nung next year na grabe na yung kaba ko kase syempre kase ang ineexpect nila na
papasok ulit ako don sa nationals na mananalo ulit tapos ayon di naman ako non binigo
ni Lord kase nung grade 10 nung last year ko kay Ma’am Padlan nakapasok ulit kami
non sa NSPC ayun yung sa Coronadal pero ayun nadala ako ng kaba eh as in nung
mismong laban na literal na nanginig yung buong katawan ko eh hindi ako nakapag
focus ayun tas ayun as ano as expected natalo ako non”
 “…expected natalo ako non then yung pangalawang pinakamalaking pressure yung
yung pagsabak ko non sa MOCJ yun nga nung nanalo ako nung 2015 NSPC. 2010
naging MOCJ ako nun ng Bacoor then yun yung unang attempt ko na maging MOCJ ng
CALABARZON kase after ng division sa regional search for MOCJ tapos ayun talo ako
nun nung unang beses tapos nung grade 11 lumipat na ako non school non at ng division
so from bacoor to imus hindi ko inaakalang makakalaban ako ng MOCJ pero nung
pagdating ko sa Imus ako agad yung kinuha so nung una doubt sila nung una kase
syempre bagong salta sa imus tapos sakin ibinigay tapos talo ulit ako nun tapos nung
pangatlong taon na nung grade 12 last year na sabi ko ayoko na kase nakaka pressure
yung mismong pinagdadaanan yung pag-aayos ng folder tapos yung interview sa mga
serve ng CALABARZON tapos ayon nakaka pressure kase baka matalo ulit kumbaga
hindi na yung pressure kundi yung discouragement nila na “ay masyado ng trying hard
kase pangatlong beses na tapos sasali pa ulit” tas ayon sumali ulit ako non tas ayon
sumali ulit ako non kase in-encourage na ako nung SPA ko nung senior high tas ayon di
naman nabigo kase dun ko nakuha yung title”

“Sobra, sobrang nakaka pressure sa manila times kase part ng curriculum namin yung di
lang kami students kundi junior coparticipants bale every week may one day na
nakalaan samin wala kami sa school kundi ay yun ang duty namin ayon pinapadala kami
sa senate sa house of representatives sa malacanang sa DOH o kung saan mang may
breaking news tas bigla ka na lang ipapadala dun ayon sobrang nakaka pressure kase
syempre student ka pa lang tapos yun naranasan mo na yun,”

Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Community

Based from the responses of the participant, the struggles he experienced in the
community or the people around him are mostly about judgments. High expectation towards
him, showing indirect discouragement and disappointment about his losses and not giving
him a chance to prove himself are one the challenges he faced. Also, the suppression of press
media, negative and bias thinking of people, and the conflict between facts and fake news are
also the struggles he encountered and will continue to encounter as he pursues journalism.
The community around him distrusts the media and because of this in some moments he
discouraged himself and asked God if that is really what he destined for. In connection, CDN
columnist and UP Cebu assistant communications professor Jason Baguia (2018) stated in an
event how the freedom of the press didn’t come in a silver platter. He highlighted the efforts
of the media in Cebu during the Martial Law years and how countless lives were sacrificed to
attain the freedom of the press. Also, according to Edson C. Tandoc Jr. of Nanyang
Technological University (2016) the three most important problems identified by the
respondents in his study which explores what journalists in the Philippines consider to be the
most important problem they face, and what factors affect such perceptions were perpetrated
by external forces or linked to a lack of support from institutions such as the government. The
analysis shows that the journalists are most concerned about low pay, violence against
journalists, difficulties in information access, and professionalism.

Table 4: Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Community

“So ayon hindi naman hindi sila ano direct na nangdi-discourage pero disappointment mo
kase syempre once na mag expect na sayo yung tao pero nag fail ka asahan mo na madi
disappoint sila sayo.”

“Oo yun yung mahirap e inaaral mo palang yung stage ng career mo pero nakikita mo na
yung nangyayari sa kasalukuyan for example ang ano yung sa suppression of press
freedom (?) kumbaga pinipigilan yung mga journalist na ipahayag yung totoo kumbaga
as a student na nagti take ng journ masakit yun para samin na ay ganito pala yung lagay
nila samin hindi maganda lalo na sa pilipinas na sobrang kritikal na sasabihin mo lang
yung totoo yung media puro negative na lang tingin sayo ng taong bayan ayon pa kapag
sinabing media ibig sabihin bias yan ayon sobrang nakaka worried yun kaya nga naming
to pinu-pursue kase para sa taong bayan pero yung tingin ng taong bayan sa media bias”

“…ano fake news yun pa yung mga fake news na ang mga may gawa rin ay yung mga
simpleng mamamayan ayon yung pinaka malaking kalaban ng media e kumbaga ang
hirap maglahad ng katotohanan so kung ano yung pinaniniwalaan ng mas nakararami is
yun ang katotohanan kase di ba sa facebook ang daming fake news na click ka lang ng
click shara ka lang ng share na akala ng tao yun ang totoo syempre as future media…
kumbaga sobrang laking threat nun para samin na ay paano ko kaya gagawin yung future
job ko kung ngayon pa lang ang dami ng naniniwala sa mga hindi totoong balita ayon”

Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Self

Based from the participant’s responses about the struggles he faced by himself, one of
the biggest enemies is the trust and confidence to his own capability; in every competition or
opportunities such as being a candidate for Most Outstanding Campus Journalist (MOCJ) he
ones degrade himself. Also, when nervousness strikes whenever he will compete that causes
him not to be focused and sometimes loss the competition especially in nationals. On the
other hand, his characteristic of being socially inept at first is also one of the regrets and
struggles he faced from being campus journalist for he then realize how important it is after
several experiences in campus journalism. In connection, according to Santiago (2016), the
skill of being confident and good in socialization as campus journalists is hard to acquire as
they are still exploring their capabilities on covering media. Some of the conflicts that arise
for those who are campus journalists are the confidence to face but it is greatly needed
because as a journalist one must present themselves in the form of writing articles,
conducting an interview on random strangers, or appearing on front of the camera; it is
needed because they are expected to be confident and outspoken individuals seeking the
truth. And as society tells, an introvert is never thought as being the ideal investigative
reporter, just as becoming newscast anchor or a breaking news journalist. From all of this,
doubting his capabilities, questioning his beliefs, missing opportunities because of no
confidence and having problem in socializing are the struggles a campus journalists
experienced in terms of themselves.

Table 5: Challenges Experienced by Campus Journalist in Terms of Self

“…then actually isa rin yun sa regret ko e sabi ko sayang pala yung moments na hindi ko
grinab ahm na makasalamuha yung ibang campus journalist kase ayon yung hahanap
hanapin mo eh”

“…expected natalo ako non then yung pangalawang pinakamalaking pressure yung yung
pagsabak ko non sa MOCJ yun nga nung nanalo ako nung 2015 NSPC. 2010 naging
MOCJ ako nun ng Bacoor then yun yung unang attempt ko na maging MOCJ ng
CALABARZON kase after ng division sa regional search for MOCJ tapos ayun talo ako
nun nung unang beses tapos nung grade 11 lumipat na ako non school non at ng division
so from bacoor to imus hindi ko inaakalang makakalaban ako ng MOCJ pero nung
pagdating ko sa Imus ako agad yung kinuha so nung una doubt sila nung una kase
syempre bagong salta sa imus tapos sakin ibinigay tapos talo ulit ako nun tapos nung
pangatlong taon na nung grade 12 last year na sabi ko ayoko na kase nakaka pressure
yung mismong pinagdadaanan yung pag-aayos ng folder tapos yung interview sa mga
serve ng CALABARZON tapos ayon nakaka pressure kase baka matalo ulit.”

“…dun ko mari realize hala di ko kaya to, dito ba talaga ako sa field na to tas yun ayon
dumadating ako sa punto na nire reflect ko sarili ko na Lord dito ba ako destined kase
feeling ko di ko kaya e”

“…yung pagharap sa tao ayon bale magco coverage or kahit saan may mga tao kang
makakasalamuha kase sobrang natatakot talaga ako kahit kaninong tao nung dati pero
yun so good nabawasan naman yung takot ko pero lagi pa ring kabado tapos ayun sa
grammar kase from grade 6 to grade 12 filipino writer ako e then ngayong college na ako
nag English tapos ayon yun na improve lalo yung sa grammar sa English and
vocabulary.”
“Ayon ano yung sa ano sa pakikipag ano sa pakikipag interaction sa ibat ibang tao kase
mahiyain talaga ako tapos hanggang ngayon rin naman”

Conclusion and Recommendations

Based on the findings the study concludes that the struggles experienced by a campus
journalist in terms of comfort from his family, peers, school, community and self are mostly
dealing with time and pressure as he lacked time for his family and friends because of
trainings and competitions involving journalism. Also, since people have expectations from
him, he felt a level of pressure. All the depressants present have doubled and have been
amplified because of this. Hence, the following were recommended:
• Campus journalists should learn to immerse themselves with trials and challenges that
they might encounter in their journey as these things will mold their persona and will
build their pathway towards success.
• Students who are interested in joining campus journalism should not be afraid in
taking the risk of joining the said field for them to hone their skills and capabilities in
a more challenging and competitive environment that will train them how to become
wise thinkers when facing the real world.
• Teachers should encourage their regular students and students who are partaking in
campus journalism so that they can learn to strive harder in order for them to pursue
their goals and achievements in life as very capable young individuals.
• Parents should support their sons and daughters in their positions as students and
especially as campus journalists who are representing the name of the school in order
for the students to be motivated and inspired on everything that they are doing and
will do.
• Peers that they have in school should continue to support them that can serve as a
motivation and strength of the campus journalists who are often in the competitions
representing their school or even their province. They could have been the source of
the journalist’s inspiration or motivation on continuing to pursue the dreams that they
want. Also, peers that were met during the competitions could widen the circle of
their friends and help them to improve more in their field. They could get more
knowledge from their peers whom they have met in the competition about on what
they are doing that could help them strengthen their capability as a campus journalist.

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