Practical Aspects of Tank Design

Author(s): K. A. Hoedeman
Source: Journal (American Water Works Association), Vol. 64, No. 3, A Perspective
Overview of Equipment and Materials (March 1972), pp. 169-173
Published by: Wiley
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41266661
Accessed: 08-02-2020 13:16 UTC

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 An explanation of the methods by form satisfactorily, in which case the limits, by checking conditions of ex-
which the data presented have been most economical valve installation isting field installations.
used to design structures is too should be checked.
Acknowledgment
lengthy to be included in this paper.
Summary
However, the flow and cavitation data Gratitude is expressed' to senior
in the form presented can be utilized The test data differed substantially engr. D. E. Johnson, who was in
along with hydraulic characteristics from that which had been used pre- charge of the district's Yorba Test
of a pipeline to calculate flows, head viously. They undoubtedly helped Facility during the testing program;
loss, and downstream pressures for to prevent construction of some struc- and to W. W. Watson, C. F. Cam-
various installations. The cavitation tures that might have been unsatis- mack, E. L. Shriver, H. Zakarian, and
index under various operating con- factory in operation, particularly from J. D. Beard, who contributed sub-
ditions can be checked to determine the standpoint of noise and vibration. stantially in the preparation and
whether the valves will cavitate. Usu- The test data have been demonstrated organization of the material for this
ally, several types of valves will per-to be reliable, within reasonable article.

Practical Aspects of Tank Design

K. A. Hoedeman

Standpipes have long been built according to established standards, to take advantage of the natural ele-
vation, or in conjunction with a
and their durability and long life prove the wisdom of these standards.
pumping system. This type of tank
But the author believes that new tanks can be built safely outside these
standards, if close cooperation between water suppliers, designers, provides the best storage for large
manufacturers, and users is realized. quantities of water.
The standpipe, with a height greater
than its diameter, is usually built
Consulting engineers and managers ter storage tank in considering thewhere
fac- little natural elevation is avail-
of water systems have the problem oftors important to his installation, in-
able to provide the head necessary
determining the best combination of cluding the standard capacities and
to distribute water. Because they are
capital outlay and operating costs fortank dimensions. A consistently con-
tall and prominent in the skyline,
distribution piping, pump, and stor-servative approach has been taken by
AWWA in these standards to assure standpipes should be designed with a
age requirements of their water sys-
consideration for aesthetics. They
tem. Adequate storage capacity isthe integrity of steel water storage
tanks. also require more careful consider-
the key element - steel storage tanks
ation of wind, earthquake, and founda-
in the form of reservoirs, standpipes, When additional storage capacity tion loads.
or elevated tanks. is needed in the water system, engi-
The flat bottom is not designed to
An important factor in the impres- neers must select the type of storage
carry stress. It acts as an impervi-
sive history of steel water storage that best suits the overall design. ous, flexible, membrane that assures
tanks has been the use of proven de- The quantity of storage required, the
reliable, "bottle tight" construction.
sign rules and procedures developed local topography, and system pres-
It is usually ^-in. thick steel plate,
jointly by the users and builders of sure must all be analyzed in making lap-welded on the top side only.
these units. Today's steel water this selection. To assist in determin-
These lap seams are tested for tight-
tanks are designed, fabricated, in- ing the ideal type of storage, herewith
ness using a vacuum box and a soap
spected, and tested in accordance with follows a quick review of the different
solution. The bottom is frequently
standards of AWWA (D100). or tank profiles commonly used.
crowned upward toward the center
NFPA (Bulletin No. 22). These to accommodate a modest amount of
Reservoirs and Standpipes
standards reflect past experience and
subsoil consolidation without pro-
practice. Only steel water storage Reservoirs and standpipes are very
ducing excessive tensile stresses.
tanks have the benefit of this typesimilar
of in details, except for relative
Using several guidelines, fabri-
reliability assurance. dimensions. Each has its advantages,
cators are always available to assist
The AWWA standards provide definite and unique.
in selecting the most practical size of
the designer with minimum require- The reservoir, with a diameter al-tank. An initial foundation investi-
ments for the materials used in the ways greater than its height, is the
structure, the design loads, unit most frequently constructed typeAof paper presented at the Virginia Sec.
stresses, minimum requirements for ground-level storage. Because of its Meeting as part of a panel discussion on
details and accessories, welding, shop height and simplicity of design this Oct. 28, 1971, by K. A. Hoedeman, eng.
fabrication, erection, inspection, andis the most inexpensive type of tank mgr., Process and Storage Products
to fabricate and erect. Reservoirs Group, Pittsburg h-Des Moines Steel Co.,
testing. Recommendations are pro-
Pittsburgh, Pa.
vided to assist the purchaser of a wa-are sometimes built on high ground

MARCH 1972 K. A. HOEDEMAN 169

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 A B C D
crete footings seldom required. This
r- Rim Angle r- Knuckle Plate f~ I
type of roof has no practical limits for
size.
ki! - W1 P =4 The self-supporting roof is sup-
Spherical / ported only, at its perimeter by the
Radius I
cylindrical shell, and has no internal
support columns. These roofs are
,1 usually used on standpipes where sup-
Cone Roof Toriconical Roof Dome Roof Ellipsoidal Roof
porting columns would be prohibitive.
Fig. 1. Types of Roofs Also, they provide a higher, curving
profile that may be aesthetically more
desirable. The umbrella roof is lap-
A B c D
welded, using plates & in. minimum,
shaped and rolled similar to seg-
ments of an umbrella. This type is
the most economical of the self-sup-
porting types up to 70 ft in diameter.
The dome roof (Fig. 1C) can be
a s a b ==^ ■ Ladder lap-welded or butt-welded, using &-
in. pie-shaped plates that are dished.

S. IK a ^ s a b ^ ==^ IK
■ ' S s R°°f LadderaAccess s a b ■ ill
Double Ellipsoidal Tank Torospherical Tank Pedestal Sphere Tank Hydro Pillar Tank
Fig. 2. Types of Tanks
A B
This roof is used on tanks up to
60 ft, where a smooth exterior ap-
pearance is desired, and is slightly
more expensive than the umbrella
roof.
There are several configurations of
C the structurally framed roofs, includ-
ing the lattice dome. Structural sup-
port can be obtained by various com-

ii - i;s3
binations of radial and circumferential
members, all of which use A- in. rec-
tangular plates laid over the grid. All
grid members are welded to each
other and the shell plate. The roof
plates are lap-welded together, but
Ringwall Foundation Ringwall Foundation Reinforced Concrete Pier
for Reservoir for Single Pedestal Elevated Tank
are not necessarily welded to the
grid. This roof is used on tanks
Fig. 3. Types of Foundations from 70 ft diameter to over 200 ft
diameter, when the dome profile and
gation should reveal the allowablepound in place, and the number of
no internal columns are desired.
soil-bearing pressure at the job vertical
site. welds would be identical, the
The ellipsoidal roof (Fig. ID) is
This, in turn, will determine the cost
maxi-per gallon of storage should be
usually formed with a major and
mum height of water in storage. less for the 50-ft tank. minor radii proportion of approxi-
Whenever possible, a height evenly mately 2 to 1. A pleasing profile
Roofs for reservoirs and standpipes
divisible by 8 will prove most should
eco- be provided to prevent con-for tanks up to 60 ft diameter is pro-
nomical. tamination and algae growth. These
vided by a butt-welded knuckle and
The selection of diameter is some- fall into two categories : supporteda and
lap-welded roof. This type is
what arbitrary, but, when possible, itself supported. The column-, girder-,
slightly more expensive then the other
is advisable to choose a multiple of
and rafter-supported cone roof is the of self-supporting roofs. When
types
10 for two reasons. Most steel fab- most economical tank roof (Fig. designed
1A). properly, the maximum wa-
With a minimum slope of J in. ter
ricators have built water storage tanks in 12
level may extend into the butt-
with diameters of 30, 40, 50 ft, andin. for adequate drainage, it is easy welded knuckle area.
so on. As a result, engineering to walk on for inspection of the in-
Elevated Tanks
drawings are already completed, terior through a roof hatch.
which will expedite shop fabrication A variation of the cone roof can The design and function of the
for the project. be obtained by adding a knuckle elevated water storage tank differs
Secondly, because of the flexibilityplate for a smooth transition from considerably from that of reservoirs
of &-in. and i-in. steel plate, a prac-shell to roof (Fig. IB) ; otherwise and standpipes and have themselves
tical length for shell plates is 10 wf the roof system is identical. This experienced a tremendous metamor-
phosis during the past 35 yr.
or slightly over 31 ft. A 50-ft. -diam- type of roof is the toriconical varia-
eter tank would have five plates per tion. The &-in.-thick roof plates The original steel elevated tanks
ring, and a 45-ft diameter would alsoare single lap-welded on the top side were basically copies of the original
have five plates per ring. Since only. Column loads are spread toflat-bottomed
a wooden tanks. #The de-
signers began to apply the inherent
short-length plates cost more persafe limit by column bases, with con-

170 WATER TECHNOLOGY/RESOURCES> JOURNAL AWWA

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advantages of steel when the hemi- of the tank. There are no exterior in initial cost, will provide even lower
spherical bottom was introduced. ladders. All piping connections arecosts per year due to their longer life.
This developed further into the ellip- located inside the supporting column. There is disproportionate concern
soidal bottom and then the double about the disadvantage) of Having to
Subsequently, single-pedestal sphe-
ellipsoidal tank (Fig. 2 A), which com-roidal tanks were developed forrepaint
up steel tanks. The fact is that
bined a short cylindrical shell with the only maintenance necessary to
to 1.25 mil gal. Just like the sphere,
ellipsoidal top and bottom heads. guarantee a 50-yr life for a steel tank
this design is slightly more expensive
Prior to the acceptance of welded than the multicolumn torospherical is periodic cleaning and painting.
construction, the supporting legs were design, but has a profile that may Since
be a concerete tank cannot be
constructed of laced angles and chan- more desirable. poured all at one time, the water
nels, or wide flange beams. The More recently, other configurations tightness is dependent on the rubber
present-day tubular column supports stops between pours, and there is
of tanks, supported on a single large-
are not only less expensive, but much diameter stiffened or fluted plate no rubber company willing to guaran-
more attractive. tee this material to last 50 yr. In ad-
pedestal, have been designed as large
The number and size of elevated as 3 mil gal (Fig. 2D). dition, all materials corrode. This is
tanks has grown steadily. The ma- not unique to steel.
jority of them have been in the In addition to the use of steel
TABLE 1
200,000-gal class or smaller. More re- pilasters for ornamentation on tanks,
Cost Comparison - 500,000-
cently they have become available in gal Capacity
a further effect is possible by using
standard sizes up to 3 mil gal or contrasting paint colors. Reservoirs
more in what was first the radial can be fabricated in the raw-steel con-
Configuration Cost dition, with all sand blasting, prim-
cone type and then the more eco-
nomical torospherical type. Cone roof reservoir 6J
ing, and finish painting performed
The multiple-column torospherical
Umbrella roof stand pipe 7f in the field. This approach will avoid
Torospherical elevated tank 20
tank (Fig. 2B) has a Relatively small the problem of field cleaning and
diameter center column. The outer touchup and will assure the proper
portion of the normal multiple-column bond from metal to primer and primer
tank is supported by a circle of col- Table 1 gives an idea of to the re-
finish paint.
umns attached directly to the outer spective costs for the tanks AWWA specification D102 pro-
reviewed.
shell plates ; the inner portion mayThe
be costs were developed using a ca-
vides the guidance for preparing and
supported partially or completelypacity
on of 500,000 gal and apainting
common storage tanks.
location. Only complete paint
a riser cylinder or a circular girder Two ofsys-
the available higher strength
tems have been included. As has steels also offer sufficient resistance
supported by an inner ring of tubular
columns. Multicolumn torospherical been stated before, the least expen-to atmospheric corrosion that the ex-
sive storage can be provided by
tanks have been built up to 3-mil-gal the surfaces need not be painted
terior
cone roof reservoir. If systemexcept
capacity and are the most economical re- under unusually severe en-
in the larger sizes. quirements dictate the use of a stand-
vironmental conditions. This steel,
Elevated steel water storage tanks the cost increases approximately
pipe, ASTM A588 (not yet listed in
are designed with an appropriate 20 per cent, and if an elevated tank D100), develops a tightly
AWWA
height and range of head to obtain must be used, the cost will beadherentabout and relatively nonporous
3 times the cone roof cost. It must oxide film, which inhibits further
and maintain the proper pressure in
the system and the balance between be remembered, however, that each corrosion. This oxide film presents
any other tanks in the system. Thistype of tank has its own definite aand patina that is aesthetically pleas-
unique use, and the cost must be
head range must be realistically estab- ing and is enhanced with age. The
lished for maximum economy. Be- analyzed as part of the entire waterdevelopment of this oxide film de-
cause of the geometric restrictionssystem.
of These costs will vary withpends upon the alternate wetting and
different regions in the US. There-
elevated tanks, narrowing of the head drying action. The protective film
range will increase the cost. fore, their relative difference is does
the not develop to any significant
Because of the increasing numbermost important aspect of this extent ex- on the inside surfaces of the
of elevated tanks seen on most sky-ample. tank, thus requiring the usual pro-
lines, fabricators can provide a wider tective coating there.
Long Lasting
choice of designs. Spherical tanks
Preparations
(Fig. 2C) of up to 500,000 gal inThe fact that a great many steel
capacity were developed first. tanks
The built over 50 yr ago are still Before a tank design is selected, a
pedestal is dry and is fabricatedgiving
of useful And economical service soil investigation should be con-
steel plate with flared sections toptestifies
and to the effectiveness, reliabil- ducted by a competent soils consult-
bottom. ity, and economy of these painted steel ant. Random exploration is not rec-
Access to the inside of the sup-
structures. ommended. The exact tank site
porting column is provided by a man- Improved paint systems now avail-be determined and a minimum
should
hole at ground level. Within the able and increased use of cathodic of three borings made, positioned so
column, a fixed vertical ladder ex- protection systems have greatly as to circumscribe the tank location.
in-
tends from the base up through a steelcreased the life expectancy of Based
steel on the results of the investiga-
cylinder access tube in the center oftanks. There are many special paints
tion, the consultant should then spec-
ify the allowable soil-bearing pres-
the tank to a manhole at the very top available today that, although higher

MARCH 1972 K. A. HOEDEMAN 171

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 TABLE 2 safely through close cooperation be-
tween water suppliers, competent de-
Tank Specifications According to A WW A and Appendix C Requirements
signers, steel fabricators, and users
Specification AWWA Appendix C for selected inst^llatiohs.
Applicability Any time on water storage tanks Must be specified by purchaser. Sometimes sub-
mitted by fabricator when tank design ex- Comparison
ceeds AWWA
Type of tank All Reservoirs and standpipes only The standard's Appendix C pro-
Weld procedure ASME Section IX Same - with additional charpy V-notch at mini-
mum 1 day ambient temperature vides the design stresses and the more
Shell plate Low and intermediate tensile Higher strength steels are allowed, based on
strength carbon steel (A283) lowest 1 day mean temperature (A131, A441,
stringent requirements on notch
A541, 516, 517) toughness, weld inspection, shell pene-
Top angle
Roof and bottom Same as AWWA tration, and general quality control
Shell design stress 15,000 psi 60 per cent yield or § tensile (19,200 psi to necessary to insure suitable structures
38,333 psi)
Shell joint efficiency 85 per cent 100 per cent when using these high-performance,
Maximum thickness 2 in. li in. high- strength steels. Table 2 shows
Windgirders Not required Must be investigated
Corrosion allowance Not required Not required some of the basic differences between
the basic AWWA specification and
its Appendix C.
The obtaining
sure. The importance of funnel cloud touched down in
The cost of the steel plate increases
this information duringHickman Hills, leaving 37 dead, with
the initial 200 its increased strength as does the
planning stage cannot injured, 500 homes completelycost
be overem- de-of welding and inspection, but
phasized. molished, another 500 homes dam- worthwhile economies may still be
The foundation for reservoirs and aged (175 of them severely), and
realized through the use of the higher
it completely leveled the Ruskin
standpipes normally consists of a con- strength steels. Due to the use of
crete ringwall (Fig. 3A) and a well-Heights Shopping Center. thinner shell plates when using Ap-
compacted earth grade topped with The all-welded tubular construction pendix C, fabricators must examine
crushed rock or oiled sand. The ring- of this tank was credited with resist- the need for intermediate horizontal
ing this severe storm. The only re-stiffeners to prevent shell buckling.
wall is sized so the bearing load under
the ringwall is approximately equal pairs necessary to the tank were To illustrate the actual advantages
to that under the tank bottom with tightening of the sway rods andof Appendix C this comparison
the full water load. The ringwall straightening of a vertical ladder. (Table 3) for a 28-mil-gal reservoir,
must be reinforced for hoop tension This is a good example of the con-built in Alderwood Manor, Wash., is
resulting from the lateral soil pres- servative approach that the AWWApresented. This tank, the largest
sure under full water load. standard takes. The unexpected hassteel water tank in the country, was
When unstable soil is encountered, often happened to steel water storage
designed and erected in accordance
these tanks should be supported by tanks; now there is evidence of an with Appendix C.
piping and pile cap, or a substrataextra margin of resiliency that is most
stablization program may be used. reassuring. The flexibility of steel, TABLE 3
There are many types of elevatednot available in structures of other
Savings in Shell Cost
tank foundations. The single-columnmaterials, provides this margin.
elevated tank normally rests on, and The increased height of the stand-
is anchored to, a reinforced concretepipe and elevated tank requires a Types of Cost *****
Per cent
ringwall foundation. (Fig 3B). Themore careful consideration of the
Weight 44
most common foundation for multiple- wind, earthquake, and foundation
Material 40
column elevated tanks consists of loads. Frequently, these tanks must Freight 44
Labor 2 1
individual reinforced concrete be anchored to the concrete ringwall
piers
under each column and the center or slab to accommodate the antici- Net cost savings 36 (or $140,000)

riser (Fig. 3C). pated wind or earthquake forces. The

A steel water storage tank is increased de- height also imposes a
signed for, and should successfully greater load on the foundation which It is observable that the cost sav-
withstand, the anticipated forces must frombe accommodated by the sup- ings were very attractive in this ac-
wind and earthquake. In a severe porting soil and substrata. tual example, with net savings of
tornado or violent earthquake, will the Steels with controlled chemical $5/1000 gal.
structure fall, and contribute further composition and properties that This tank has a cone roof, sup-
to the catastrophe, or will it "roll withjustify higher working stresses ported
are by 109 columns, with a 3-ft
the punch?" now available. Changes in the knuckle radius for transition from
In 1953 a 400,000-gal double ellip- AWWA standard that permit the shell to roof. Over 2,155 tons of
soidal elevated tank was erected for use of these new materials have been steel were used to construct the tank.
the Jackson Public County Water made only after considerable experi-Continued development of auto-
Supply System in Hickman Hills, matic welding equipment has helped
ence in the use of applicable design
Mo., a suburb of Kansas City. On procedures. A start must be made to provide steel water storage tanks
May 20, 1957, with the 143-ft-high somewhere. This means that ser- at less cost per gallon. Both ver-
vice experience must be gained
tank three quarters full of water, the ticalby
and horizontal automatic weld-
ingof
building tanks outside the scope
worst tornado in Kansas City's his- were used on this tank.
the
tory struck at several hundred mph. standard. This can be done Steel water tanks have been built

172 WATER TECHNOLOGY/RESOURCE :s JOURNAL AWWA

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for almost 100 yr with, perhaps ence is the result of similar fabrica- water-supply field benefit directly
100,000 units or more fabricated in tions in other industries. Specifically,
from this experience in materials, con-
that time. Consequently, the de- the material, construction, and test- struction, and test methods.
signer and fabricator of a steel ing requirements for the steel ves-The selection of ,a water storage
water tank has an impressive amount sels fabricated for the natural gas,
tank to fill the needs of a city or in-
of background upon which he can chemical, petroleum, nuclear, and dustry deserves a careful and critical
draw - more than any other group of space industries are usually more
evaluation of the alternate designs
contracting companies in the field of severe than the same requirements
available, the history of dependable
services, and the economic factors.
water storage. Much of this experi- for water storage. And those in the

Water-Storage-Tank Failure
due to Freezing and Pressurization A "METRICIZED" ARTICLE
Lawrence W. Wormald
and they "valved-off" the tank. The
Elevated water tanks can react to the rigor of a freezing environment
remaining water drained from the
somewhat like a milk bottle- unless certain precautions, which the tank through the leaky manhole dur-
author describes, are taken. ing that night.
A check of the available pressure
Water storage tanks are normally and to reduce the load on the booster- and water-level records revealed that
designed assuming a free-standing pump station, connections were made the tank had been idle for several
water surface at some level below the between the new transmission line
months preceding the failure. Be-
top of the tank. An overflow, an air and the distribution system. With cause of the strong regional feed and
vent, and an altitude valve that con- these connections, the community ahad reduced winter demand, the pump
trols inflow are all items normally a strong supply of good quality water. station also was inactive. The usual
provided to protect the tank. How-The stage was set for an unfortu- water movement into and out of the
ever, under certain conditions, these nate chain of events. The 300,000-gal tank, which inhibits ice formation,
devices can either totally or partially (540,000 liters) elevated water- was not present.
fail and become detriments. When storage tank shown in Fig. 1 is of a An inspection was made of the
this situation occurs, failure due type to commonly referred to as toro- empty tank through the riser manhole
pressurization may result. spherical" or "spheroidal." The im-and the roof door. Ice, over 1 ft
A case in point concerns an ele- portant design parameter, with re- thick, had to be chopped from the
vated steel water tank serving agard su- to the failure that is the basis inside of the roof door opening. The
burban community in northeastern for this article, is the shape of the ice accumulation in the tank was con-
US. About 10 yr ago, this tank and bottom.
fined to the periphery of the tank and
a booster-pump station were con- The tank has a "dimpled" bottom, the riser. The top of the tank had
structed to meet peak-hour demands designed so that from one quarter caved to in, which appeared to be the
and to provide additional fire protec- one third of the water in the tank will
result of a partial vacuum created
tion. Pumping was regulated by be wa- supported by the riser. (The riser during the draining of the tank. This
ter levels in the storage and the is sys-the large column in the center of condition apparently confirms the
tem operated effectively. the tank.) Water flows into and outsuspicion that the tank was sealed
In recent years, a regionalized .of storage through the riser. The and could have become pressurized.
transmission system has been devel- riser of the tank that was to fail Elevations were determined for all
oped to provide additional water from (Fig. 1) was 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter of the tank foundations and checked
a new source of supply. A large and was constructed of structural
against data recorded during the tank
transmission line was constructed steel plate ;'4 in. (0.8 cm) thick.construction. There was no signif-
through the area to a major storage icant change in the foundations. The
Failure Conditions
reservoir. The overflow from this flexible tank bottom could withstand
new reservoir was set to provide
Late in December in an area where some vertical movement of the riser
optimum pressures throughout cold the winters are not uncommon, the and such a movement would not sig-
region. This new system had a average temperature had been belownificantly increase the loads on the
gravity gradient some 50 ft (16m) freezing for several weeks. Due to the
riser. Therefore, frost heave was
above that of the older distribution flat terrain, strong winds quicklyruled out as a possible cause of the
system. The differential was even draw off heat from all surfaces. failure.
greater when the regional system was One evening a "snowmobiler" dis-
pumping. However, the maximum
covered that the tank had failed. He A paper presented at the New York Sec.
pressure was not excessive in terms was
of drawn to the tank by the soundMeeting on Apr. 15, 1971, by Lawrence
that that is currently acceptable for W. Wormald (Active Member; AWWA),
of the water escaping from the leak-
sr. project engr., Barton, Brown, Clyde &
community water supply. ing riser manhole. Utility-works
Loguidice, North Syracuse, N.Y.
personnel were called to the scene
In an effort to provide more water

MARCH 1972 L. W. WORMALD 173

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