EXPERIMENT-2

MARSH FUNNEL VISCOMETER

AIM: The Marsh Funnel viscometer is used to find out the marsh funnel viscosity.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Marsh funnel, Beaker with a mark at 946 cc (1 pint),

Bentonite, Distilled water, weighing machine and mud sample.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION: Marsh funnel is a conical-shaped funnel, fitted with a

small-bore tube on the bottom end through which mud flows under a gravity head. A
screen over the top removes large particles that might plug the tube. The capacity of
funnel is 1500 cc. It is made up of thermo resistant material. A beaker marked at 946 cc
(1 pint) is also required.

THEORY: The removal of rock chips from the cutting face of the bit and the carrying of
these cuttings to the surface depend on the flow properties (viscosity) and the velocity of
the drilling fluid. Viscosity is defined as the resistance offered by a fluid (liquid or gas to
flow. The Marsh funnel is a simple means of making comparative viscosity
measurements.”Low viscosity" is favored for effective cleaning at the bit face and rapid
settling of cuttings at the surface. "High viscosity" may be necessary to remove coarse
sand from the hole or to stabilize gravel but will retard settling of the cuttings at the
surface. Viscosity is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate.

τ α du/dy τ = shear stress, du/dy = velocity gradient

τ = µ du/dy µ = viscosity in poise/ centipoise

µ = τ / (du/dy)

CALIBRATION CHECK: The calibration of the Marsh Funnel is done by measuring the
viscosity of fresh water. The funnel is dimensioned so that the outflow of one pint (946
cc) of fresh water at a temperature of 70'±5'F is 26±0.5 seconds. If the Marsh Funnel
checks out of calibration, it should be cleaned again, using a pipe cleaner, to make sure
that there is nothing obstructing the outlet. If the Marsh Funnel continues to give an
incorrect reading for fresh water after cleaning then the outlet tube probably has been
bent out of shape and the funnel should be replaced.
PROCEDURE:

1. Take 22.5 gm of bentonite and 350 ml water and mix uniformly in a mixer and
prepare the mud sample.
2. Hold the funnel erect with a finger over the outlet tube, and pour the mud into the
funnel through the screen until the mud level reaches the bottom of the screen
(The screen will filter out the larger particles that could clog the outlet tube).
3. Quickly remove the finger from the outlet tube, and at the same time, begin
timing the mud outflow.
4. Allow one pint (946 cc) of mud to drain from the Marsh Funnel into a graduated
container.
5. Record the number of seconds it takes for the pint of mud to flow out of the
funnel, and report this value as the Marsh Funnel Viscosity. Also record the
temperature of the mud sample in degrees F or C.

DRAWING:

OBSERVATIONS:
1. The marsh funnel viscosity for fresh water reported in seconds is sec.
2. The marsh funnel viscosity for given mud sample is sec.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Clean and dry the funnel thoroughly after each use.

2. Take special care not to bend or flatten the brass outlet tube at the bottom of the
funnel.
3. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity readings are computed using the exact diameter of
this outlet and if the outlet is distorted the readings will be inaccurate.

RESULT:

The marsh funnel viscosity of the given mud sample is seconds.

 EXPERIMENT-3

FANN VISCO-GEL MULTISPEED VISCOMETER

AIM: The main objective is to find the apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point
and true yield point for the given mud sample.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Fann V.G. meter, Bentonite, Fresh water, prepared mud
sample.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION: Fann V.G. meter is a multispeed meter. It has a motor

which can run at three gears and which also gives six speeds of 3, 6,100,200,300 & 600
rpm. Fann V.G. Meter consists of coaxial cylinders and the mud sample is contained in
the annular space (shear gap) between an outer cylinder and the bob. Viscosity
measurements are made when the outer cylinder, rotates. The deflection is measured as
torque on the bob.

These instruments have been designed so that viscosity in centipoise of a Newtonian fluid
is indicated on the dial with the standard rotor, bob, and torsion spring. Viscosities at
other test speeds may be measured by using multipliers of the dial reading. The range of
shear rates may be changed by selecting rotor speed and using various rotor-bob
combinations.

PRINCIPLE: This is Couette coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer since the mud is
contained in the annular space between an outer cylinder and the bob. Viscosity
measurements are made when the outer cylinder, rotating at a known velocity, causes a
viscous drag to be exerted by the fluid. This drag creates a torque on the bob, which is
transmitted to a precision spring where its deflection is measured. Viscosity as measured
by a Couette type viscometer is a measure of the shear stress caused by a given shear rate.
This relationship is a linear function for Newtonian Fluids, i.e. a plot of shear stress vs.
shear rate is a straight line.

R=dv/dy

τ = force/area

ταR
τ=µR

τ = µ dv/dy

µ is absolute viscosity in cp

PROCEDURE:

1. Take 22.5 gm of bentonite and 350 ml water and mix uniformly in a mixer and
prepare the mud sample.
2. The stainless steel sample cup provided has a line at the proper 350 ml mud
sample level.
3. Fill the cup to that line with the prepared mud sample, and a scribed line on the
rotor indicates proper immersion depth.
4. The Viscometer is tested at six different speeds with a range from 3,100,200,300
&600 rpm.
5. The speed is determined by a combination of speed switch setting and viscometer
gear knob placement.
6. To select the desired speed, set the speed switch located on the right side of the
base to the high or low speed position as desired.
7. Then turn the motor on and move the viscometer gear shift knob located in the
center of the top of the instrument to its desired position.
8. The viscometer gear shift knob may be adjusted while the motor is running and
read the dial for shear stress values.
9. Following the above procedure get the shear stress readings for 3, 6,100,200,300
& 600 rpm in lbs/100 ft2.
10. Gel strengths are measured by first stirring the sample thoroughly at 3 rpm. Set
gears to the neutral position and turn motor off.
11. After desired wait period, turn the motor on and find the shear stress reading
again at 3 rpm which in turn gives thevc gel strength.

DRAWING:
OBSERVATIONS:

Speed (rpm) Shear stress (lbs/100ft2)

3
6
100
200
300
600

CALCULATIONS:

Plastic Viscosity µp = φ600- φ300

Absolute/ Apparent Viscosity µa = ½ φ600

Yield Point YB = φ300 - µp

True Yield Point Yt = ¾ YB

GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Keep hands, clothes and other objects away from the rotating parts of the
machine.
2. Make sure the viscometer is turned off and unplugged from the source before
cleaning or other repair or maintenance.
3. Do not allow the Viscometer Base to get wet.
4. If samples have been spilled or splattered, wipe clean with a damp cloth.
5. Do not allow water to run into the base, as excessive water could cause damage to
the electrical components.
6. Damage to the bob shaft bearings may occur if this immersion depth is exceeded.

RESULT:

Plastic Viscosity µp = cp

Absolute/ Apparent Viscosity µa = cp

Yield Point YB = lbs/100ft2

True Yield Point Yt = lbs/100ft2

 EXPERIMENT-4

MUD BALANCE

AIM: The Mud Balance provides a simple method for the accurate determination of mud
density.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Mud balance, Bentonite, Fresh water, Mud sample.

THEORY: With simple water-based muds, density is a reliable measure of the amount of
suspended solids. Density must be measured by weighing a known volume. Density can
be stated in any convenient units, such as lb./gal, lb./ft3, g/cm3. Density also measures
hydrostatic pressure in the bore hole and solids content of the unweighted muds. Loss of
circulation may result from excessive pressure due to mud that is too dense or heavy.
With simple water-based muds, density is a reliable measure of the amount of suspended
solids.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill the cup to capacity of 200 cc with fresh, screened mud.

2. Replace lid and rotate until firmly seated, making sure some mud is squeezed
out the vent hole.
3. Wipe or wash excess mud from the exterior of the balance, and dry.
4. Then seat the balance with its knife edge on the stand and level it by adjusting
the rider.
5. Read mud density from the edge of the rider as indicated by marker on the
rider. Use any of the four scales to express the mud density as required.
6. Calibration can be checked by filling the cup with fresh water. It should read
8.34 lb /gal or 1.0 g/cm3.

DRAWING:
OBSERVATIONS:
1. The density of water is lb/gallon.
2. The weight of the given mud sample is lb/gallon.

CALCULATIONS:

Specific gravity of the given mud sample = Weight of mud lb/gal

8.33

RESULT: The specific gravity of mud sample is .

 HYDROMETER

AIM: The Hydrometer provides a simple method for the accurate determination of mud
density.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Mud balance, Bentonite, Fresh water, Mud sample.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION: The Hydrometer Kit measures the true specific gravity
of liquids in the range of 0.700 to 2.000 specific gravity. The kit consists of eight 265
mm/10.5 inch glass hydrometers and a thermometer range -30 to 120°F in 1° divisions,
all packed in a protective foam-lined carrying case. The hydrometer scale is standardized
at 60°F. For maximum efficiency, special hydrometer cylinders are available in 250 ml
and 500 ml sizes. All hydrometers measure to the nearest 0.002 specific gravity.

THEORY: A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or

relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of
water. The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle that a solid
suspended in a liquid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the lower the hydrometer will
sink.

PROCEDURE:

1. A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem

and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright.
2. The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall jar, and the hydrometer is
gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely.
3. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the
hydrometer is noted.
4. Hydrometers usually contain a paper scale inside the stem, so that the
specific gravity can be read directly.

DRAWING:
OBSERVATIONS:
The specific gravity of the given mud sample is _______________.

RESULT: The specific gravity of mud sample is .

 EXPERIMENT-5

FILTER PRESS HYDRAULIC DEAD WEIGHT ASSEMBLY

AIM: Filtration loss and cake thickness of the given mud sample are determined by a
filter press hydraulic dead weight assembly.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Filter press, Fresh water, Filter paper, Bentonite, Measuring
cylinder, Mud sample.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION: The low pressure-low temperature filter press assemblies

consist of a filter cell mounted in a frame, a pressure source, a filtering medium, and a
graduated cylinder for receiving and measuring the filtrate. The filter cell, or drilling fluid
cell, is constructed of rustproof anodized aluminum and chrome plated brass, or stainless
steel. Pressure sources deliver the required 100 ± 5 psi (690 ± 35 kPa) and may consist of
compressed nitrogen or air in cylinders, CO2 gas cartridges, high pressure air or water
systems, or a dead-weight hydraulic pressure assembly.

THEORY: The filtration rate is a measure of fluid loss measured in milliliters through a
special filter paper for 30 minutes. Wall-building characteristics are demonstrated by the
thickness and consistency of the filter cake (the residue) deposited on the filter paper at
the end of this period.

The ability of the solid components of the mud to rapidly form a thin filter cake of low
permeability on a porous formation is a desirable property closely related to hole
stability, freedom of movement of the drill string, and the information and production
derived from the hole.

When water, carrying suspended solids, comes into contact with a porous, permeable
formation such as sandstone, the solids particles immediately enter the openings. As the
individual pores become bridged by the larger particles, successively smaller particles are
filtered out until only a small amount of the liquid passes through the openings into the
formation.

Thus, the mud solids are deposited as a filter cake on the hole wall. The thickness of the
cake is related to the type and concentration of solids suspended in the mud. As soon as
bridging of the openings has occurred, the sealing property of the mud becomes
dependent upon the amount and physical state of the clay and other colloidal materials in
the mud, and not on the permeability of the formation.

While the mud is being circulated, part of the cake is continually eroded away. The
amount of liquid (filtrate) entering the porous rock depends on the sealing qualities of the
thin sheath at the bore wall. Several problems (often attributed to other causes may then
arise if the mud has a high solids content and a high filtration rate.
PROCEDURE:

1. Assemble the clean, dry parts of the filter cell in the following order
a. base cap
b. rubber gasket
c. screen
d. a sheet of filter paper
e. rubber gasket
f. filter cell
2. Secure the cell to the base cap by rotating it clockwise.
3. Fill the cell with the mud sample to within approximately 1/4" (6mm) of the top.
(Filling the cell to this level lessens the volume of pressurizing gas required from
the pressure source.)
4. Set the filter press cell assembly in place within the frame.
5. Check the top cap to make sure the rubber gasket is in place. Place the top cap,
already connected to the pressure source, onto the filter cell and secure the cell in
place with the T-screw.
6. Place a dry graduated cylinder under the filtrate tube, either on the support or in
the clip.
7. Fill the reservoir with clean, fresh water and close the bleed-off valve.
8. Raise the weight to the top of its stroke and allow it to settle. In about two-thirds
of the stroke, the delivery pressure gauge will indicate 100 psi.
9. Lift the dead weight back to the top of the stroke. Start the timing of the test when
the weight is released. One stroke of the piston will allow a maximum filtration
loss of approximately 30 ml.
10. Depending upon the pressure source being used, apply pressure to the cell
following the appropriate pressure source.
11. At the end of 30 minutes close the pressure source valve and back off the
regulator, open the safety-bleeder valve. This releases the pressure on the entire
system.
12. Measure the volume of filtrate collected in the graduated cylinder and record the
filtrate loss in milliliters as the API (30 minute) filtrate loss of the drilling fluid,
13. Loosen the T-screw, remove the cell top, and then remove the cell from the frame.
14. Discard the drilling fluid.
15. Disassemble the filter cell and carefully remove the filter cake and filter paper
from the base cap.
16. With a gentle steam of water (or, in the case of oil drilling fluids, with clean base
oil), carefully wash excess drilling fluid from the cake.
17. Measure and record the thickness of the filter cake to the nearest 1/32" (0.8 mm).
DRAWING:

OBSERVATIONS:

Time (min) Filtrate loss (ml)

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30

The filtrate loss in 30 minutes is ml.

The cake thickness is mm.

GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Cleaning After each use, the filter press cell should be disassembled and cleaned
of all drilling fluid by washing and thoroughly rinsing.
2. Wipe off the rest of the filter press, and dry all parts completely.
3. Replace the filter paper on the screen, and assembly the end cap onto the cell.
Loosely reassemble the cell onto the frame for storage.
4. Pressure Regulator Maintenance and Repair Most regulator troubles are caused by
leaking fittings or faulty pins and seats. Rarely does a diaphragm rupture.
5. If regulator will not hold pressure, check the fittings which are screwed into it.
This is done by applying pressure to the system and looking for escaping gas in
the form of bubbles. There are two methods of doing this. One method is to apply
soap suds to the fitting areas; the other is to carefully immerse all but the pressure
gauge in a container of water.
6. If leaks are apparent, disassemble and apply tape thread sealant to the threads.
7. Always use Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, or compressed air. Never connect the
Filter Press to Oxygen, natural gas, or any other non-recommended gas.

RESULT:

1. The filtrate loss of the given mud sample is ml.

2. The cake thickness is mm.
 EXPERIMENT-6

SAND CONTENT

AIM: The Sand Content is used for determining the sand content of drilling fluid.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Sand content measuring tube, Funnel with 200 mesh sieve,
Fresh water, Bentonite, Mud sample.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION: The sand content kit employs the sieve analysis method
for determining the sand content. It uses a 200 mesh sand screen to trap the sand and
other course particles in the drilling fluid. It contains the sand screen [a sieve mounted in
a plastic cylinder, 2-1/4 inches (5.7cm) in diameter x 3-3/4 (9.5cm) long], a plastic funnel
that fits over the end of the screen cylinder with the small end fitting into a glass
measuring tube, and a wash bottle. The measuring tube has a scale that is graduated from
0 to 20% to measure percentage of sand by the volume of drilling fluid.

THEORY: Abrasive solids, like sand, cause excessive wear on pumps, drill string and bit.
The drilling rate is reduced; a thick filter cake is deposited on permeable formations, and
the pump does unnecessary work recirculating solids that have been allowed to collect in
the mud. Measurement of the sand content of mud should be made regularly because
excessive sand may settle when circulation is stopped and interfere with pipe movement
or setting of casing. Sand content (API method) is defined as the percentage by volume of
solids in the mud that are retained on a 200-mesh sieve. Abrasiveness is not dependent on
size alone, however, but upon the hardness and shape of the particles and may be severe
with particles even smaller than 200-mesh (74 microns). The volume of sand, including
the spaces between the grains, is expressed as a percentage of the volume of the drilling
fluid. The value read from the measuring tube is reported as: "% by Volume".

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill the measuring tube up to the line labeled "Mud to Here", and then use the
wash bottle to add clear water (or diesel if oil drilling fluid) to the line labeled
"Water to Here". Close the mouth of the tube with the thumb and shake
vigorously.
2. Pour the mixture in the tube through the screen. Continue adding wash bottle fluid
to the tube, shaking it, and pouring the contents through the screen until all of the
drilling fluid has been washed out of the tube.
3. Flush the screen with fluid from the wash bottle to wash away the remaining
drilling fluid and shale particles until all that remains on the screen is sand.
4. Fit the large end of the funnel over the top of the screen holder and slowly invert
the screen and funnel assembly, fitting the tip of the funnel into the mouth of the
glass measuring tube.
 5. Using a fine spray of fluid from the wash bottle, wash the sand from the screen
back through the funnel into the glass measuring tube, and allow the sand to
settle.
6. Note the quantity of sand that has settled and, using the scale on the outside of the
tube, determine the percentage of the total mud volume that is sand. Report this
value on the Drilling Fluid Report as "% by Volume" sand.

DRAWING:

OBSERVATIONS:

1. The sand content in the given mud sample is % by volume.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. After each use of the Sand Content Kit, wash any dirt or drilling fluid from the
screen, the funnel, and the measuring tube, and dry all equipment.

2. Take special care to clean and dry the screen thoroughly. Refill the wash bottle.

RESULT:

The sand content in the given mud sample is % by volume.

 EXPERIMENT-7

SHEAROMETER

AIM: The Shearometer is used for determining the gel strength of drilling muds.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Shearometer, Fresh water, Bentonite, Mud sample.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION: The Fann Shearometer Kit includes a 5-gram, 3.5 x 1.4
inch, hollow shear duraluminium tube and a sample cup that has a graduated scale
mounted in the center of the cup base instructions. When left under static conditions in
normal to high temperatures at the bottom of an open borehole, some fluids tend to
thicken and, in some cases, may solidify. Fann Aging Cells have been designed to aid in
predicting the performance of drilling fluids under static, high temperature conditions.
The results are read directly from a calibrated scale, and give gel strength in pounds of
shear per 100 square feet of area.

PROCEDURE:

1. Wet the hollow shearometer tube and wipe away the excess water.
2. Pour a freshly agitated mud sample into the sample cup (the mud level should be
even with the bottom line of the measurement scale).
3. The moment the surface of the mud is calm, quickly fit a hollow shearometer tube
over the measurement scale protruding up from the mud sample and lower the
tube to the surface of the mud.
4. Release the shearometer tube and let it sink for one minute (measured from the
instant the tube is released), keeping it vertical by guiding it with the fingers only
if necessary.
5. After the minute has elapsed, record the scale reading at the top of the
shearometer tube. The reading should be reported in pounds per 100 square feet
and it is the initial gel strength.
6. The following procedure is again done for measuring the final gel strength of the
mud sample after 10 minutes.
7. The difference between the two gives the gel strength of the given mud sample.

DRAWING:
OBSERVATIONS:

The initial gel strength of the given mud sample is lb/100 ft2.
The final gel strength of the given mud sample is lb/100 ft2.

CALCULATIONS:

The gel strength of the given mud sample is = initial gel strength-final gel strength
= lb/100 ft2.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The sample cup should be clean and dry before beginning the measurement
procedure.
2. There should be some means available for measuring elapsed time (preferably a
stop watch).

RESULT:

The gel strength of the given mud sample is lb/100 ft2.

 EXPERIMENT-8

pH-METER

AIM: The objective of this experiment is to find the ph of the given mud sample.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: pH meter, buffer solution, bentonite, fresh water, mud

sample.

THEORY: Alkalinity or acidity is commonly expressed as pH. On the scale 7 is neutral,

less than 7 is acidic and greater than 7 is basic or alkaline. Each unit represents a tenfold
change in hydrogen-ion concentration (for example, a pH of 5 means ten times as acid as
a pH of 6; or pH of 10 means ten times as basic as a pH of 9). The optimum performance
of some mud systems is based on control of pH. The effectiveness of bentonite is greatly
reduced in an acid environment. Before mixing bentonite, pH of the water should be
adjusted to 8 to 9. Contamination of mud by cement will raise the pH to 10-12. If the mud
is acidic then the mud will be corrosive and if it is more alkaline also it will not be in
suspension and gets precipitated.

PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare the mud sample with 22.5 gm bentonite and 350 ml fresh water.
2. Switch on the pH meter and adjust to the room temperature.
3. Take a known buffer solution and calibrate it with the help of the adjusting knob.
4. Take fresh mud sample in a measuring beaker and insert the electrode into the
mud .
5. Note the pH of the mud sample from the display monitor.

DRAWING:

OBSERVATIONS:

The pH of the given mud sample is .

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Calibrate the known buffer solution properly.

2. Dip the electrode to the minimum level of the mud sample.

RESULT:

The pH of the given mud sample is .

 EXPERIMENT-1

MIXER

AIM: The mixer is used to prepare the mud sample with given bentonite and fresh water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Mixer, Bentonite, fresh water.

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh 22.5 gm of bentonite by a weighing balance.
2. Measure 350 ml of fresh water or distilled water in a measuring beaker.
3. Mix them in a mixer for 5 minutes on different speeds.
4. Mix until uniform mud sample is prepared.
5. Remove the mud sample and can be used.

DRAWING:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The mixer should not be touched while mixing.
2. The blades should be kept dry after use other wise they get rusted.
3. All the parts should be wiped with dry cloth and kept dry after every use.
 EXPERIMENT-9

EP (Extreme Pressure) and Lubricity Tester

Lubricity Tester

Aim : To determine the lubricity and Extreme pressure of the mud.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: EP (Extreme Pressure) and Lubricity Tester, Bentonite,

deionised water, Mud sample.

THEORY :The EP (Extreme Pressure) and Lubricity tester is a high quality instrument
used to measure the lubricating quality of drilling fluids , data to evaluate the type and
quantity of lubricating additives that may be required.
When there is relative motion between two contacting bodies, frictional forces that resist
motion always come into play. Frictional resistance to rotation of the drill string is called
torque. The torque limit is 600 inch- pound.
Many different materials are used to improve the lubricity, such as graphite, diesel or
crude oil. Since evolution of various materials can not realistically be done on a drilling
rig, a lubricity test was designed to simulate the speed of rotation of the drill pipe and the
pressure with which the pipe bears against the wall of the bore hole.
1. Lubricity (Surface to Surface) test: the more common lubricity test measure fluid
resistance of various lubricating additives.
2. EP test: This test produces an indication of the film strength of the fluid.

PROCEDURE :
1. Clean the lubricity test ring and the lubricity test block with Acetone and rinse
them thoroughly with deionised water.
2. Rotate the speed control knob until the indicator registers 60 RPM. After the unit
has been running for 15 minutes, rotate the torque zero adjustment knob until the
torque registers zero.
3. Fill the stainless steel sample cup with deionised water (260 – 280ml) and place it
on the lowered cup stands. Raise the cup stand until the test ring, test block and
block holder are carefully submerged. Tighten the thumbscrew to secure the cup
stand.
4. Turn the torque adjust handle clock wise until the torque gauge on the arm reads
150 inch – pounds.
5. Let the machine run for 5 minutes and then record the torque reading .The torque
reading should be 34 +_ 2 (b/w 32 and 36).
6. Again rotate the torque handle clockwise until the torque registers zero. Lower the
cup stand and discard the fluid.
7. Mix your test fluid for at least ten minutes. Pour the test fluid into the stainless
steel cup. Place the cup on the stand and raise it until the block holder and test
 ring are fully immersed in the fluid .Secure the stand in place with the
thumbscrew.
8. Turn the speed control knob until the indicator registers 60 RPM
9. Turn the torque adjustment handle clockwise until 150 inch – pounds of torque
have been applied to the test block .
10. Let the machine run for 3 to 5 minutes then record the torque reading and release
the torque on the arm.

DRAWNING:

OBSERVATION:

1. Lubricity of water is ......................................inch – pounds.

2. Lubricity of mud sample is ......................................inch – pounds.
3. Lubricity coefficient is ..............................................

CALCULATION:

1. Coefficient of friction= Torque reading/100

With the instrument set at 60RPM and a pressure of 100lbs.

2. Correction factor(F) = Standard meter reading for water / actual meter reading for
water
= 34/ Meter reading obtained (28 to 48)

3. Mud lubricity Coefficient = (Meter reading/100) X Correction factor.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Care should be exercised to keep hands, clothes and other objects clear of all
rotating parts.
2. Do not put hands or fingers in or near the sample cup ,test block or test ring while
the machine is running because at some test conditions these parts may get hot
enough to cause burns.
3. Make sure the machine is unplugged when cleaning or moving it.
4. Be sure it is unplugged when wiping the bench around or under it.
5. Do not allow the panel containing the meter gets wet.
6. If test fluid or water is spilled on it, wipe clean with a damp cloth.
7. Excessive water could cause damage to the electrical components on the under
side of the panel and could also be an electrical shock hazard.
 EXPERIMENT-10

EP (Extreme Pressure) Tester

Aim : To determine the extreme pressure (EP) test of the mud.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: EP (Extreme Pressure) and Lubricity Tester, Bentonite,

deionised water, Mud sample.

DRAWNING:

PROCEDURE :
1. The EP Test is used to determine the load or pressure the lubricant will hold
without a complete breakdown of film strength. This is termed a PASS.
Breakdown of lubrication film allows metal to metal contact, which causes galling
and is termed a SEIZURE.

2. Place EP test block in block holder, with meter switch in RPM position, turn
power switch to "ON". Rotate speed control knob clockwise until torque/RPM
meter registers 1000± 100 RPM.

3. Turn meter switch to TORQUE. Rotate torque/zero adjustment knob clockwise

until torque registers zero.
4. Operate machine at 1000± 50 RPM for approximately 3 minutes or until the
torque zero reading stabilizes .Reset knob to zero, if necessary. Turn machine
OFF.
5. Fill stainless steel sample cup with sample to be tested. Place on cup stand, and
raise cup stand so that test ring, test block, and block holder are immersed in fluid.
6. Tighten thumb screw .Turn machine ON.
7. Rotate torque adjust handle clockwise so that torque is increased at the rate of 5
inch-pounds (.565 N·m) per second until an acceptable loading for the sample is
reached, then operate for 4 to 5 minutes. If the maximum film strength is to be
determined.
OBSERVATION:

1. Film Strength of the mud is …………………………….PSI

CALCULATION:

P = Force / Unit Area = T / 1.5 / W x .01 x .125

P = 533T / W

Where
P = Film Strength, psi
T = Torque meter reading, inch-pounds
W = Scar width, hundredths of an inch

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the parts should be wiped with dry cloth and kept dry after every use.
 EXPERIMENT-10

Emulsion And Stability Meter

Aim : To determine the emulsion and stability of the mud.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Emulsion And Stability Meter, Bentonite, water, Mud

sample.

THEORY :
1. The ES meter is self contained and consists of a meter and probe, and it operates
on four 9 volts alkaline batteries.
2. The ES value will decrease with increasing testing temp. The recommended API
test temp. is 120oF (48.8oC).

PROCEDURE :
1. Clean the electrode body thoroughly by wiping with a clean paper towel.
2. Be sure to clean the electrode gap.
3. Swirl the electrode probe in the base oil used to formulate the mud. If the base oil
is not available, another oil or mild solvent like isopropanol is acceptable.
4. Pre heat the oil mud sample to 120oF (48.8oC).
5. Pour the sample through a 12 mesh screen or marsh funnel screen into a glass or
plastic container. Do not use a metal container.
6. Record the mud temperature.
7. Hand stirs the sample with the electrode probe for approx. 10 seconds. This will
help create a uniform composition and temperature.
8. The electrode surfaces are completely covered by the sample and it does not touch
the bottom.
9. Push the bottom to begin the voltage ramp. Do not move the electrode during the
voltage ramp.
10. At the conclusion of the ramp test, note the ES value displayed on the readout.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the parts should be wiped with dry cloth and kept dry after every use.