First-Order Circuits (Part 2)

Pradita O. Hadi
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung

First-Order Circuit 1
 Source-free RC Circuit
• The analysis of source-free RC circuit starts with
following parameters:
1. The initial voltage v(t0)=V0 across the capacitor
2. The time constant .
 ( t t 0 ) / 
v(t )  V (t0 )e
• Note that both the current and the voltage in
elements of a source-free RC circuit are in the
form below
 ( t t0 ) / 
x(t )  Ke
• Where K is the voltage or current at t=t0 and the
time constant τ is the product of capacitance and
resistance.
  RC
First-Order Circuit 2
 Source-free RL Circuit
• Parameters needed to analyze a source-free RL
circuit:
1. The initial current i(0) = I0 through the inductor.
2. The time constant  of the circuit.

i(t )  I 0et /
• Time constant τ is the inductance divided by
resistance.

First-Order Circuit 3
Duality of RC and RL Circuits

RC Circuit RL Circuit

v(t) i(t)

R G=1/R

C L

RC GL

First-Order Circuit 4
 Singularity Functions
The unit function u(t)
• Singularity function are functions
0, t  0
that either are discontinuous or 
have discontinuous derivatives. u (t )  undefined, t  0
1, t  0

• The three singularity functions
are related.
the unit impulse function (t)
du (t )
 (t )  d
0,

t0
dt  (t )  u (t )  Undefined , t 0
dt 0,
dr (t )  t 0
u (t ) 
dt
t The unit ramp function r(t)
u (t )    (t )dt t0
 0,
r (t )  
t
t0
r (t )   u (t )dt t ,

First-Order Circuit 5
Step Response of an RC Circuit
v  vn  v f
• Complete response where
= nature response + forced response vn  V0 e t /
Stored energy Independent source
v f  Vs (1  e t / )
OR
v  vt  vss
• Complete response
= transient response + stead-state response where
Temporary part Permanent part
vt  (V0  Vs )e t /
vss  Vs
First-Order Circuit 6
 Step Response of an RC Circuit
• To find the step response of an RC circuit requires three things:
1. The initial capacitor voltage v(0).
2. The final capacitor voltage v().
3. The time constant .

t /
v(t )  v()  [v(0)  v()]e

First-Order Circuit 7
 Step Response of an RL Circuit
• To find the step response of an RL circuit
1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0.
2. The finial inductor current i().
3. The time constant .
• Take place at time t = t0 instead of t = 0
i(t )  i()  [i(t0 )  i()]e(t t0 ) /
• The voltage across the inductor
di t / 
v(t )  L  (Vs  I 0 R)e
dt

First-Order Circuit 8
 First-Order Op Amp Circuits
• An op amp circuit containing a
storage element will exhibit first-
order behaviour.
• Differentiatiors and integrators are
examples of first-order op amp
circuits.
• For practical reasons, inductors are
hardly ever used in op amp circuit,
therefore, the op amp circuit we
consider here are of the RC type.

First-Order Circuit 9
 Example
• For the op amp circuit in figure below, find 𝑣𝑜 for𝑡 > 0, given that
𝑣 0 = 3 𝑉. Let and 𝑅𝑓 = 80 𝑘Ω, 𝑅1 = 20 𝑘Ω, 𝐶 = 5𝜇𝐹.

First-Order Circuit 10
𝑣 0 =3𝑉
𝑅𝑓 = 80 𝑘Ω
Solution – Method 1
𝑅1 = 20 𝑘Ω
𝐶 = 5𝜇𝐹

First-Order Circuit 11
𝑣 0 =3𝑉
𝑅𝑓 = 80 𝑘Ω
Solution – Method 1
𝑅1 = 20 𝑘Ω
𝐶 = 5𝜇𝐹

First-Order Circuit 12
𝑣 0 =3𝑉
𝑅𝑓 = 80 𝑘Ω
Solution – Method 2
𝑅1 = 20 𝑘Ω
𝐶 = 5𝜇𝐹

First-Order Circuit 13
𝑣 0 =3𝑉
𝑅𝑓 = 80 𝑘Ω
Solution – Method 2
𝑅1 = 20 𝑘Ω
𝐶 = 5𝜇𝐹

First-Order Circuit 14
 Applications: Delay Circuits
• An RC circuit can be used to provide various time delays.
• The warning blinkers commonly found on road construction sites
are one example of the usefulness of such an RC delay circuit.

First-Order Circuit 15
 Applications: Photoflash Unit
• An electronic flash unit provides a common example of an RC circuit.
• It consists essentially of a high-voltage dc supply, a current-limiting large resistor
R1, and a capacitor C in parallel with the flashlamp of low resistance R2.

First-Order Circuit 16
 Applications: Relay Circuits
• Relay: A magnetically controlled switch
• The coil circuit is an RL circuit where R and
L are the resistance and inductance of the coil.
• When switch is closed, the coil circuit is energized.
• The coil current gradually increases and produces
a magnetic field.
• Eventually the magnetic field is sufficiently strong
to pull the movable contact in the other circuit
and close switch
• At this point, the relay is said to be pulled in.
• The time interval between the closure of switches
and is called the relay delay time

First-Order Circuit 17
 Applications: Automobile Ignition Circuit
• An automobile ignition system takes advantage of the ability of inductors to
oppose rapid change in current.
• The gasoline engine of an automobile requires that the fuel-air mixture in
each cylinder be ignited at proper times.
• This is achieved by means of a spark plug, which essentially consists of
a pair of electrodes separated by an air gap.
• By creating a large voltage (thousands of volts) between the electrodes,
a spark is formed across the air gap, thereby igniting the fuel.
• This is achieved by means of an inductor (the spark coil) L.
• Since the voltage across the inductor is 𝑣 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑖/𝑑𝑡, we can make large
𝑑𝑖/𝑑𝑡 by creating a large change in current in a very short time.
• When the ignition switch is closed, the current through the inductor
increases gradually and reaches the final value of 𝑖 = 𝑉𝑠 /𝑅 where 𝑉𝑠 = 12𝑉

First-Order Circuit 18
Practice Problem

First-Order Circuit 19
 Practice Problem
• Let 𝑣𝑐 0 = 60𝑉. Determine 𝑣𝑐 , 𝑣𝑥 , and 𝑖𝑜 for 𝑡 ≥ 0.

First-Order Circuit 20
 Practice Problem
• Find 𝑖 and 𝑣𝑥 in the circuit below. Let 𝑖 0 = 12 𝐴,

First-Order Circuit 21
 Practice Problem
• Find 𝑖 and 𝑣𝑥 in the circuit below. Let 𝑖 0 = 12 𝐴,

First-Order Circuit 22