Computer Application

It is difficult to see any business

activities where
computer cannot be adopted,
isn’t it?
Answer is YES

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Computer Application
• Health
• Office
• Library
• Banking
• Retailers
• Education
• Entertainment
• Home & Personal
• Hotel & Restaurant
• Industrial Enterprise
• Commercial Enterprise etc…
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 Data Organization
• Can computer understand our language?
Like Raul, 456, Yes, No etc?
The answer is NO.
• What language computer can understand then?
The answer is Machine Language or just 0 and 1
• Is it possible for general computer user to translate
everything into 0 and 1?
The answer is NO
Then how our valuable data can be organized?

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 Data Organization File1

StdID Name Course

Few Fields form a RECORD 01001 Raul BBA
01002 Mishu CSE
StdID NAME Course

Record 2 Record 1
Few characters form a FIELD
Few records form a FILE
N A M E
File3 File2 File1
Byte or Character

0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 DATABASE

Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit

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 Data Organization
Bit: A storage unit which is 0 or 1
Byte: Eight bit together make a byte or character.
Or to form a single character eight bits required
Say 00110101 = A
Field: Few character collectively form a field.
Say, M, I, S, H, and U may be grouped together
in a field called Name
Record: Collection of related fields together called record
File: More then one record makes a file
Database: Collection of related files is called database
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 Data Organization
Student-Course Database

StudentFile CourseFile
StdID Name Course CrsID CrsName Fee

10101 Raul BBA Bus BBA £10,000.00

10102 Mishu CSE Comp CSE £12,000.00

10103 Royel English Eng English £8,000.00

Now Identify
Character, Field, Record, File, and Database

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 File organization and access
• Data in secondary storage is kept in files
• A name is assigned to the file
• The process of reading data or writing data to the file
depends greatly on how the file is organized
• In general, the following two methods are used in file
organization and file access:
Sequential access and Direct access
there are another version of sequential access which is
Indexed sequential.
It represents a compromise between the two methods
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 File organization and access
Sequential Access

1 Rana 1st
Mishu
2 Rina 2nd Steps involve
Kamal in finding a name
3 3rd
Kajal
4 4th

5 5th

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 File organization and access
Sequential Access
So how did you look for a particular name?
By reading all the
names one after
The process you went through
another, until you is a sequential search

either found the

name or ran out
of names
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 File organization and access
Sequential Access
Through this method data are retrieved record by record or row
by row

This is similar to the method of accessing songs on a cassette tape.

Where either we play all the selections from beginning to end,
or we fast forward through the tape until we come to the selection
we want.

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 File organization and access
Sequential Access

A method of storing data records which the records must be

retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored
is known as sequential file organization.

A method of searching and accessing a particular data records

one after another from beginning to end of a file is known
as sequential access

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 File organization and access
Direct Access or Random Access
ID
1 20

2 Steps involve 23
In finding ID 24
1st 24
3
Playing songs in the
4 21 Compact Disk

5 22

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File organization and access
Direct Access or Random Access

The direct file access method is

used with direct file organization.
This method employs a key field to
locate the physical address of a
record.

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 File organization and access
Indexed Sequential
Indexed sequential files are organized
So the information in the files can be
accessed sequentially and it can be
Accessed directly or randomly.

To have a real picture you can think of how do we find

a particular word in a dictionary, or in a book

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