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How to package a drink?

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Bulk packings …

Larger … 109

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Bulk packings … how big?
Jerry can 2-25 l

Lorry 5,000-15,000 l
Plastic drum 20-100 l Drum 50-200 l

Cargo plane 1,000,000-2,500,000 l

Tanker 10,000-20,000 l 110
Still Larger …
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
Bulk packings …

Bulk carrier:
50,000,000,000-200,000,000,000 l
or 50,000 – 200,000 tons

Larger … 111

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
Bulk packings …

Bulk carrier:
50,000,000,000-200,000,000,000 l
or 50,000 – 200,000 tons

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Bulk packings …
Panamax ∼50,000 dwt
NeoPanamax ∼120,000 dwt
Suezmax ∼150,000 dwt
Capemax ∼200,000 dwt

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Avoid the liquid altogether: dry mix

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Packaging: big vs small

200,000 tons to micro-grams!

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End of (long) discussion on

packaging material

Next … the conclusions from this:

How to choose a material for a

given application?

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How to choose a material for a given

application? General guidelines:
1. Identify functional needs (product design, use and
misuse, regulation, who is consumer, how to make)
2. Translate those needs to properties
3. Set specifications, tolerances on those properties
4. Identify key or critical properties
5. Identify limiting specifications
6. Be aware (beware?) of assumptions
7. Consider LCA (life cycle analysis): birth to grave
8. Use the 5Rs: refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover
9. Be part of the “Circular Economy” 117

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What materials can we use?

A.

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What materials can we use?

The materials palette
A. Metals
B. Ceramics
C. Polymers

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The materials palette

A. Metals
B. Ceramics
C. Polymers

Artist’s palette

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Watch window “glass”

Sapphire: synthetic
aluminum oxide
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Historical transition …

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Historical transition …

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Historical transition …
1. Stone: from cooking to calendars
Stone Age: c2500000-3200 BC
2. Bronze: from axe-heads to armour
Bronze Age: c3200-1200 BC
3. Iron: from quality to utility
Iron Age: c1200 BC-100 AD
4. Glass: windows, bottles and beyond
Glass Age: 1300-present
5. Steel: from skyscrapers to spoons
Steel Age: 1800s-present
6. Aluminium: from tin cans to outer space
Aluminium Age: 1800s-present
7. Plastic: from packaging to pollution
Plastic Age: 1907-present
8. Silicon: semiconductor revolution 1959 ..
9. Exotic materials: human made, purpose-
made materials: carbon, composites,
nanocomposites, … now to … ?
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https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/09/the-seven-ages-of-materials/

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