0)

Toyolegical hac
A logoleyecal ace à a pain (, T)
T
set and a
here X
essei f X Aabtyr

ET
and x ET unions
apbefray
clored umder
tintotseelins
cdored under fintt
ii)7 à h l
ftmiy7 à cated AAolaay on

The are aed6 be pen tn X

he C
membehs

qpen srbsek gX.

Exambles 7hen T= Px}
.. Let
be ay st. 6 calhd
tndeocrel

tasolojy
n X AKieh
a ad (X,T) %
trivcel solaay m X. 4pace.
drcrelt tapolegèal
caled in

T = P(). 46ace.
diochelá kgolaglcal
2. Let

TAenT)
catd
apace evcly
dincret tolegccal
So, cn
a

tn X.
nbseb g
X à ofen

Let K =
94,ef
3.
We
cmidth =d9x}
P1«t, f44f, x
 Hete T, T,T57 ahe fopolepies mX

net Teßolagies om X.
bu 3,
Kepe are 29 deinbnet
he can sKas h a t
a e haveiy Kru elhmen
edolegies

e and T de é callect
Let Xbe any
* aRose emhlemends
a l l hoac subsels
ane fenit 6getker. Ke emslh see,
TKemT6 tapology on X Ahick i cated
a

Co-finitt tasrlogyo the frtet Cmslement-

eT
:X'=P, knit et x

L
, 4z ane fnidG

(, 0 uz) finila
l, a2 T
Le eT t«eA

en
 3)
Nrt: X 6
finik, hen he cafiilz bpol
n X he dirchet hholegy n
naimilal manneh w can vehily t a

5. Let X be any w and 7 he t

cntoblz
Pabse X whoa CmAlemenk are
f
togethen calhd Co-cauntable
Then T a topolegy nX
tley and hor
6. LetX=R and 7 Cotin g p
h
nenehly
nbsek f R, nay a, havirg
preprg Kat k eaeh eb, 7 S>0 4.
(X-6, x4S) C6.
callhd w n a l
Then T tzoaya R, m

R.
m Rt standard hpolagy
on

totoleay
AOe denola a

P: Frllos trom faet hat erbitmay

terik inttherclim f en e k à pen.

mch hat
We coMdek (R, T)
4
PET

ER end a<Ks
htbe ezi'k LA,6), a,s
CG.
uch hat efa,4)
callld
callloL
n R
Ken C 6 a trpoloay
n R
R
l ' m t tirleny
he lrcer.
Zt also catled rihe halz pen
Cnfthval ifrleay on R
Hern He. pet.
AOe, Ret 'nce fr. each x e R here uirl E>o

Ack hat Lz, zfe) CR

Lel b, , 2 E C and E , N G2

neht hall ohen entehvals H and

Auch hatE
Scnce 1 # 0 , e have h aH h alw a

dnfehval ond e hav

night ha4 hen

Lt
and na
AeL

Since Gas á pen, 7 riht hetf-ßen énttlval

T a tapoley On R
Simlarl, e can defent f6er m i t Tpolapy
on R 4kicK comaF P and all hore
nbseloet R havivg he prpert ket

(a, 67 mcK hat x e

(4,67 c .
 (5).
. n R, e
dehf'ina Z =
, a ) /a cRUTPt ufef
,
calid
af "ay
Ken T a tysalegy m

PRET.
P eZ, an tmdix set arkue
ET
Le
Le a
- «) ase allns
anere
Le = ys : *EZ
as a pobhilig.
A = ET,
7hen Ua= - , )

Akere c = min f e,6

Ten
h a 16s ET.

T a tepolegy n R.
Semlar, n R e c a n aefi'ne
T= 7 (%9/eeR}}e
n R
hieh forws a tfalay
Callud night nay bprlgy
EN ahre
m

9. EN
7m= m, mtl mt, f m V
m

4hos h a t T a topolezy
Then
Vehiby. on-ely
selend z EX.
LetX be a
10
lo.
oX.
Prove Kat C£ a taholany
Poove
 6)
I Let X =4,6. n X
Thon a polgy
callio Sierpinhi
and his tegologleal bac
4
and á åmelimes usful
ace
a comtth exansle.
n a etx.
Let T,,2
be Tan ipalogis
Def à coarser (
eahs

We say h a t

G c2
larger) han , y
ie. eve -qßen
set a al T Sen
ane
2 s e t X.
On
ho typoegles &2
eckeh
said & be comparable
2 chet
any
e X, h u Cndis
Clearly
Ctearly n

7he e a h e r t i smatet
on X
tpoleyy
bapobagy
Coahses tadolay
and iootel ealyy

Unan and intessccim

m a setX mey
ma

Anin¥
anien
tavo lasoleye
n K
m t be a ipoy

an x but
are poleyles
KnG,T,

a topslegy nX.
Bu tnfohsuction anbnaly. cltelin f Ghdlgl,
a et X à 'egaiy a
fysrlegy X
7
Let T= 0T
Ce
TMen T6 e zolgy n X.
weak han eack z ad f
TE eaket Ken
de any tsolby n akah
Ken Citt be sbnnger
Kan C,
Each T,

eT
de
, Pien %062 E .
6,06,

Ve have
Ken z'cn=T.
S be a femily
nd
be any s t a niguc
LibX ewrlG
uboel X. 7hen Aerea 6 he am allest
ack that
onX
epolegy
hulegy nCmtacnirg 3.
 (8)
W e conider. he coleotin all yolegha
on X hiK Cmtaln S.
famil non-enly Mnce arcnlt
6
polay on X brlbrgs
intorsnetim e th membsrs
Let T be h
Z hia Cttoctim.
sbve hasrem, T
a holgy
en frm
S amd a h smallis gpobegy
mX Containbrg
X CMtainiy .

genthated y
and
loser m e olayy
Ex: Prme hat
lmmt Tprlaay nR ae tack
frr
yspuh
tydolayy n R.
a t wpel
umal tßrley
Ao Ahw thal
snttuseim

Prave hat he ukeal typrlog nR

E:
hhth han hu co-fnii ~jolyonf

Ex Sho that h tiboley

uhteal n R
anal Co-nmtable btaay m R

Ex Let 6y 1 3
=
th eN
TPNE6,inent N
Prove haT a
toypodanyr
 C?
Ex n R, dehie T = fe}u k} v? Le,") : a cRf

JsTe tysrlegy fr R

EX Le- F:X> y se a fanctim frm

hon-emplr et X nf a felag ieal hacc Y

T a tapolepy n Y, hen broe TKat

-C6):GeT thlay on X.
2

R PY Y eT p)=p.eT
CY) =X ¬
=f"6ez
=f"6) EG L

e
as hat he femil g
ASX,
Fx *kick Contain
A gther wri
ussek fX
a tpolay mX.
a) A= i A=X?
Pexulk AKen
Akat biholgy
 (10)
Bases and hubkass

l (,T) be a toprlagical kau

4 said b a base
A nafa mily B fT
e v l y mw mber 7 can bu prommd

as e nions 7 Some hmbss B,

8 i alse calud e bawa for tapulagi
a c , and membess a calll bm

T h nim
No mly tach membeh
bat also,
beceak A CT,
members f B, .
membtrs f B blngs
Each
Cack unin g d t h mins T
T Canplutl,
TKus a bast f

b e he dtiyoelá Gpoly
Lt
ex à bani fos a

Then B =
7 f4/x
be a apological bace,
Lot (X,)
hesrem
Kese
rollowirg an eguivalent.

a
bat fr
ET
and
E6
eadx.E 6 Kere
Ker
each
iy Fr
UEB

-6u
e h ¬T.
Le i á =
V,
Sence i a bara fn ,
bhere each 4 E 3
 )

Le eT
Nov fer each E a we find U, E B

s a

Nole A, =
( 4): a,6eR, a<s R
holgy a
d

basin the umual

fo alre
a leaa
<,4 ea,a<é
B-(,4):
nR.
6a for Zu
B a family
LeX &e
Theorem X. 7Ken he folotr2
ntale
a em mnk
enk

subsels covnirg
ane eguuyalent

h e r e exirts a tysoleay Cm be
65

F o an , B2 (B, nB2 Can

ncom
bome membea f B3.
aA Tke
erppedl

Be
and x e 4, n8 .

it)Fo any B,, and

ick Ka rEB
hehe exirk B, E B
B3 C 6, 0 8
B
- ü)
B bae.
Let 6e a tosolegy n X i k
e t 8y B2 e B3
8,B e T

Non A hu umn
8,08, Can be exbressel
Some members
 02
, , 8, e (3
Lt B nd z
eG 08
Aome mimbesA dE 3
No 8, B2
8, 8, unim

E, e B and B c4 06

i ) Aold.
(i)> tet
all e 6,
We depine = GeXx: for
mch í a t K EB a l 8c6{.
here eri4 Be B
X.
We elaim att C àa rlegy
Cteanh ET.
Also snce iven
6 be a cveA fX,
XET.
L eT, f E . =UG,

CG G
8 EB mch hat xe8

GET.
and

e6 and E62
B uek Kat
7 8,, 8,
and xe 8C6,
e6, C6,
2 E B, 82
nuch hat x
e 8 & B CB, 082
C
G, nV2

T a tipolegy m X a y Coin
T base