Chapter 6:energy & Atmosphere: Learning Objectives

3/5/2016
Chapter 6:Energy &

Atmosphere
Category with highest

number of points
© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 1
Learning Objectives
• Fundamental & Enhanced commissioning and

verification
• Minimum & Optimize energy performance
• Building-level & Advanced energy metering
• Fundamental & Enhanced refrigerant
management
• Demand response
• Renewable energy production
• Green power and carbon offsets
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 1
3/5/2016
End use energy Use Distribution for

Commercial Buildings in US
Minimum & Optimum Energy

Performance
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 2
3/5/2016
Minimum & Optimum Energy Performance
Prerequisite Credit
•Improve the energy

•At least 5% performance beyond
better prerequisite (ASHRAE
performance 90.1 2010)
over baseline •Has the highest
energy number of possible
consumption(AS points
HRAE 90.1 2010)
Significance:
•Energy directly related to Global warming

•Pollution to air, water and soil
•Depletion of resources
•Contributes to acid rain & smog
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 3
3/5/2016
Strategies & Implementation
Proper orientation of the building:
•Optimize day light and heat gain/heat loss

•Glazing in appropriate direction to maximize
day light and minimize heat gain/loss
•Utilize shading of adjacent structures
•Optimize window the wall ratio
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 4
3/5/2016
Optimized Building Envelope:
1. Optimize U(heat transfer coefficient) value

for windows, external wall and roof
2. Optimize Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of the
glazing
Efficient HVAC Equipments, pumping

system & Lighting
• Select HVAC equipment higher Coefficient of

Performance(COP)/Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER)
• Efficient Lighting – LPD not to exceed ASHRAE 90.1-
2010
• Consider passive technologies like day lighting, night
venting, natural ventilation etc
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 5
3/5/2016
Efficient Controls
1.Occupancy sensors
2.Daylight sensors
3.Demand control
ventilation
4.Shading controls
5.Programmable
thermostats
Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use

of a heat engine or power station to simultaneously generate
electricity and useful heat.
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 6
3/5/2016
Energy Modeling – tool for evaluating

Energy Efficiency options
•Use Energy modeling in

predesigned phase
•Perform base case and
design case simulation
EPA Energy star target finder: Set

Energy Efficiency targets
• No-cost online tool that enables architects and building owners to
set energy targets during design stage
• Projects that earn a score of 75 or higher may be eligible for
ENERGY STAR certification
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 7
3/5/2016
EPA Energy star Portfolio Manager:

Manage buildings energy usage
• Interactive online tool to record and track the

energy and water consumption of a building
or group of buildings.
• Portfolio Manager can help Facility Managers/
Building owners identify underperforming
buildings and make investment decisions
HERs: Evaluating energy efficiency in

homes
• The Home Energy Rating System
(HERS) Index developed by
RESNET(Residential Energy Services
Network) is the INDUSTRY
STANDARD by which a home's
energy efficiency is measured.
• Lower the index better the
efficiency
• HERS Index 65 means the home is
35 % more efficient compared to a
new standard home
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 8
3/5/2016
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Green Power &

Production Carbon offset
Various Renewable Energy

Sources
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 9
3/5/2016
•Solar – Photo voltaic system •Wind Energy
•Solar Thermal System •Tidal Energy
Biomass from animal, Geothermal Power

agricultural waste & landfill Generation
gas etc
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 10
3/5/2016
Low impact Hydro energy
Non Renewable Energy Sources
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 11
3/5/2016
All fossil based energy like

oil, coal, methane etc and
nuclear energy
Energy from incineration of

municipal waste,
deforested wood, coated,
painted wood or any
contaminated sources
Conventional
hydropower plants
Passive technologies like

geothermal heat
exchange/heat pump,
night venting, day lighting,
natural ventilation etc
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 12
3/5/2016
Renewable Energy Green Power &

Production– Carbon Offset
Generated on site
Open Market Closed Market

Subscribe for renewable Purchase Renewable
energy from utility provider. Energy Certificates
• Green E or equivalent certified

• Contracted for min 2yrs
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 13
3/5/2016
Sample REC
YouTube video references
• Video Demonstrating RECs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzPCdpBH
vFI
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 14
3/5/2016
Fundamental & Enhanced

Refrigerant Management
Significance
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 15
3/5/2016
Stratospheric Ozone depletion
Global Warming
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 16
3/5/2016
Various Refrigerant Groups
Natural Refrigerants
• Air, CO2, H20, ammonia (NH3)

and Hydrocarbons (Propane,
butane etc)
• Environmentally good
Disadvantages:
• Air, CO2, H20 - poor refrigerant
properties
• Ammonia - toxic in nature
• Hydrocarbons - explosive
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 17
3/5/2016
Chloro Fluro Carbons - CFC
Example R11, R12

• Excellent refrigerant properties
• Very high Ozone depleting
potential
• Not produced in US since 1995
• Completely phase-out by 2010 by
Montreal protocol
Hydro Chloro Flouro Carbons -

HCFC
Example: R22, R123

• Reduced Chlorine, Reduced ODP
• 2020:99.5% of HCFC phase-out in
US
• 2030 –HCFC to be completed
phased out Montreal Protocol
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 18
3/5/2016
Hydro Flouro Carbons - HFC
Example: R134a, R 407c, R 410a

• Zero Chlorine, Zero ODP
HFC • Higher Global warming potential
• Energy inefficient compared to
CFC/HCFC based equipments
Summary of ODP and GWP of

different refrigerants
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 19
3/5/2016
Environmentally preferable of
Refrigerants
• No refrigerants at all(Natural Ventilation)

• Natural Refrigerants
• HFC
• HCFC
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 20
3/5/2016
Fundamental Refrigerant
Management
New Buildings:
• No CFCs
Major Renovation:
• No CFCs or
• Phase-out CFC before completion of the project
Existing Buildings O&M:
• No CFCs or Phase-out within 5 years or
• Prove that replacement of CFC’s are commercially not
feasible and Reduce the leakage rate of CFC based
refrigerants to 5% or less using EPA Clean Air Act
procedures
Enhanced Refrigerant Management
•Reduce overall environmental impact caused by

refrigerants
Select Refrigerant which has lesser ODP &
GWP
Select equipment which can operate at lower
pressure
Reduce the leakage rate of refrigerants
Select equipment with higher life
•No hallons, CFC and HCFC in fire suppression
system
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 21
3/5/2016
Fundamental & Enhanced

Commissioning
Terminologies
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 22
3/5/2016
Commissioning(Cx): The process of verifying and

documenting that a building and all of its systems and
assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested,
operated and maintained to meet the owner’s project
requirements(OPR).
Fundamental Vs Enhanced Commissioning:
Fundamental commissioning starts late and ends early
Enhanced commissioning starts early and ends late
Fundamental & Enhanced Commissioning
Pre-design
Design
Construction documents
Bidding
Construction
Performance testing
Occupancy
Operation & Maintenance
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 23
3/5/2016
Why commissioning?
• Ensure energy related systems are designed,

installed and maintained as required by OPR
• Reduced maintenance issues, call backs and
better energy performance
Systems to be Commissioned
The following are the minimum energy related

systems that should be included in
commissioning
• HVAC equipments and its associated controls
• Lighting and day lighting controls.
• Domestic hot water systems.
• Renewable energy systems (e.g. wind, solar)
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 24
3/5/2016
Building level & Advanced Metering
Prerequisite Credit
Advanced metering system to

Metering system to •Provide end use energy distribution
provide building level •Log data on hourly basis
energy consumption •Monitor demand
for all energy types like
electricity, gas, chilled
water
Demand Response
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 25
3/5/2016
Demand Side Management

and its significance
• Electricity demand is not uniform through out the
year.
• Peak demand occurs at extreme weather conditions

and its significance contd..
• Utility companies need to have generation capacity
and grid infrastructure to meet the peak demand.
• At peak demand, generation plants have to run at full
load including the inefficient ones
• Developing generation, transmission and distribution
infrastructure is called supply side management.
• Developing plans and strategies to reduce the peak
demand is called as Demand Side Management
• Demand side management is much more economical
compared to developing infrastructures
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 26
3/5/2016

Strategies
• Utilities implement a number of DSM strategies to
reduce the peak demand. Few of them
• Higher electricity price at peak hours of the day
– Higher demand charges: Many utilities bill separate
charges for peak demand in addition to consumption
– Thermal Storage system: Chillers with thermal
storage system run at off peak hours and stores
thermal energy in thermal storage system. Stored
thermal energy is then used during peak peak hours
of the day.
– Demand Response
Demand Response
Demand response (DR)
• a change in electricity use by demand-side resources
from their normal consumption patterns in response
to changes in the price of electricity or to incentive
payments designed to induce lower electricity use at
times of high wholesale market prices or when
system reliability is jeopardized
• In Demand Response programs, the end user
reduces his electricity demand when there is a
trigger from the utility provider
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 27
3/5/2016
Demand Response: LEED Requirements
• The project should have software and hardware infrastructure

to participate in Demand response program.
• The project should participate in Demand Response program
if available
Summary
• Fundamental & Enhanced commissioning and

verification
• Minimum & Optimize energy performance
• Building-level & Advanced energy metering
• Fundamental & Enhanced refrigerant
management
• Demand response
• Renewable energy production
• Green power and carbon offsets
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 28
3/5/2016
Questions?
Ask your questions in the forum section
GBA/GA/PPT V 00 29

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3/5/2016

Chapter 6:Energy &

Category with highest

• Fundamental & Enhanced commissioning and

End use energy Use Distribution for

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 3

Minimum & Optimum Energy

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 4

Minimum & Optimum Energy Performance

•Improve the energy

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 5

•Energy directly related to Global warming

Strategies & Implementation

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 7

Proper orientation of the building:

•Optimize day light and heat gain/heat loss

Optimized Building Envelope:

1. Optimize U(heat transfer coefficient) value

Efficient HVAC Equipments, pumping

• Select HVAC equipment higher Coefficient of

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 11

Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 12

Energy Modeling – tool for evaluating

•Use Energy modeling in

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 13

EPA Energy star target finder: Set

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 14

EPA Energy star Portfolio Manager:

• Interactive online tool to record and track the

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 15

HERs: Evaluating energy efficiency in

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 16

Renewable Energy Green Power &

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 17

Various Renewable Energy

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 18

•Solar – Photo voltaic system •Wind Energy

•Solar Thermal System •Tidal Energy

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 19

Biomass from animal, Geothermal Power

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 20

Low impact Hydro energy

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 21

Non Renewable Energy Sources

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 22

All fossil based energy like

Energy from incineration of

Passive technologies like

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 24

Renewable Energy Green Power &

Open Market Closed Market

• Green E or equivalent certified

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 26

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 27

YouTube video references

• Video Demonstrating RECs

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 28

Fundamental & Enhanced

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 29

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 30

Stratospheric Ozone depletion