18EE303 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

YEAR: II
SEMESTER: III

10/18/2021 A.Nandhakumar, AP/EEE 1

 INTRODUCTION

Figure 1
Figure 2
Construction of DC Generator
 Principle of Operation

• Does not create electricity

• Faradays law
E = N dΦ/dt.
• Dynamically induced emf.
• Flemings right rule.
 WORKING OF DC GENERATOR

• Single loop of wire.

• Permanent magnet.
• G & F – Commutator.
• S & M – Brushes.
• Mechanical force is
applied.
• EMF is induced.
POSITION A POSITION B POSITION C
POSITION C POSITION D POSITION E
 Analysis of Output waveform

• Continuous.
• Pulsating current.
• Steady or Non Pulsating DC.
• Gramme, in 1871.
• Ring type armature.
 Elementary Generator Armatures

Figure 1 Single Loop Figure 2 Coil of two

Figure 3 Coil of two
turns in series
turns in parallel
During operation the emf induced
• In Coils with two turns in series Amount of current generated

 Double that of single turn coil  Half that of coils in parallel

Double that of coils in parallel

 Armature with single and double coils
Figure 1
Figure 2

Figure 3
Figure 4
 Armature with Many Coils
Figure 1
Figure 2

Figure 3
Figure 4
 Classification of DC Generators
• Permanent magnet type.
• Industrial generators use electromagnets.
• Figure 1 shows an overview of this classification method each type of
generator.
 Permanent Magnet DC Generator
Permanent magnet
• Low power Applications.

• Field winding -
permanent magnet.

• No external excitation.
 Separately Excited Generator

• Field winding is separately

excited.
 Self Excited DC Generators

• Field windings are energized by themselves.

• Residual magnetism.
• Armature is rotated – Emf induced.
• Strengthens the residual flux.
 Self Excited DC Generator
(i) Shunt Generator
• Field winding parallel to armature winding.
• Ish = V/Rsh
• Ia = IL + Ish
• Eg = V t + I a R a + V b
• Vt = Eg – Ia Ra - Vb
• Pd = Eg Ia
• PL = VtIL
 Series DC Generator
• Field winding in series with armature winding.
• Ia = Ise = IL = I
• Eg = Vt + I (Ra + Rse )
• Vt = Eg – I (Ra + Rse )
• Pd = Eg I
• VI = EgI – I (Ra + Rse )
2

= I [Eg – I(Ra- Rse)

= Vt I
 Short Shunt DC Generator

• Ise = IL
• Eg = Vt + Ia Ra +IseRse
• Vt = Eg – Ia Ra – Ise Rse
• Pd = VIL
• Ish = (Vt+IseRse)/Rsh
 Long Shunt DC Generator

• Ise = Ia = IL+ Ish

• Ish = V/Rsh
• Eg = Vt+ IaRa+ Ia Rse
• Vt = Eg – IaRa- Ia Rse
• Pd = EgIa
• PL= VtIL
Applications
 EMF Equation of DC Generator

• Φ, Z, P, A, A= 2, A = P, N, Eg
• dΦ = PΦ Webers
• dt = 60/N Second
Now let us watch a small film related to dc generators