From the last week From the last topic

How are the leaves of Where in the body would you

Xerophytes adapted to prevent find phosphate ions?
water loss

From GCSE
What structures increase the surface area for gas exchange in
humans?
From the last week From the last topic
1. Thick cuticle ATP
2. Rolled up leaves DNA
3. Hairy leaves
4. Sunken stomata
5. Reduced SA:vol in leaves

From GCSE
2 lungs, 2 bronchi, many bronchioles and lots of alveoli
 GAS EXCHANGE IN THE
LUNGS

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM

AQA Syllabus
 Lesson objectives
• Describe how the human gas exchange system is
arranged.

• Explain the functions of the human gas exchange

system.
 Recap of Terminology
Key Term Meaning

Respiration

Ventilation

Gas Exchange

Diffusion
 Recap of Terminology
Key Term Meaning
Biochemical process by which energy is
Respiration released from glucose, or other energy
sources such as fats
A sequence of breathing movements that
Ventilation moves gases to and from the internal gas
exchange surface
Oxygen passes from the atmosphere into
the blood and carbon dioxide passes out
Gas Exchange entirely by diffusion. The movement of the
gases are independent of one another (one
does not ‘swap’ with the other.
Substance moves from a high
Diffusion concentration to a place of lower
concentration.
• Why do mammals have lungs?
Mammals have lungs because:
they ;
• are large organisms with a large volume of
living cells
• maintain high body temperatures
• have high metabolic and respiratory rates
• need oxygen to release ATP in respiration
• need the carbon dioxide from respiration
to be removed
Breathing Systems
 In mammals, the lungs are:
• The interface between the air and the
body where gases are exchanged.
• Organs whose function can be affected by
pathogens and lifestyle.
• Inside the body so they can be supported
and prevented from drying out.
 Mammalian lungs – site of GE
• Why are lungs located inside the body?
………………………………………………….
………………………………………………….
………………………………………………….
• How are the lungs protected?
Externally ………………………………………
Internally ……………………………………….
…………………………………………………..
………………………………………………….
 Mammalian lungs – site of GE

• Why are lungs located inside the body?

1. air is not dense enough to support as
delicate structures so need protected
2. to reduce water loss and dehydration
• How are the lungs protected?
Externally bony box- ribcage
Internally goblet cells produce mucus, cilia
waft mucus up the bronchi and trachea to
throat where it is swallowed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU_8juD3YzQ
 LUNG STRUCTURE

One Note videos

What do the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
and alveoli do?
What do the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
and alveoli do? P.75

STRUCTURE FUNCTION

Nasal Cavity
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Functions of the key structures in
the lungs

NASAL CAVITY (SINUSES)

 Sinuses have good blood supply
 Blood warms and moistens (as warm air holds more
moisture) the air entering the lungs.
 Filters the air - cells in the sinus membrane secrete
mucus, which contains a sticky protein that traps dust
and bacteria, so lowers chances of infection.
Functions of the key structures in
the lungs
TRACHEA
 A wide tube which carries air to the bronchus
 About 20 rings of hard cartilage keep the air
passage open during pressure changes
 The cartilage rings are C shaped, separated
by muscle and elastic tissue.
 The soft tissue allows the trachea to be
flexible and to stretch.
Functions of the key structures in
the lungs

BRONCHUS (2 bronchi)
 Firstbranch off the trachea
 Allows passage of air into the bronchioles
 Also have cartilage in the walls to keep them
open
Functions of the key structures in
the lungs

BRONCHIOLES
 Smaller branches of the bronchus.
 They end in clusters of alveoli.
 The smaller bronchioles have only muscle
and elastic fibres so that they can contract and
relax easily during ventilation.
Functions of the key structures in
the lungs

ALVEOLUS (many alveoli)

 Miniair sacs
 Lined with epithelium
 Gas exchange surface
 Covered with a network of capillaries
 Approximately 350 million in each lung
 Provide a large surface area for gas exchange
 TO DO
• Using pages 142-143 annotate your notes.
Make sure you know the structure and
function of the lungs

NB: the lungs are inside the body so they can

be supported and prevented from drying out.

• Try summary questions 1-3

 HOMEWORK

• GO OVER LUNG STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION: learn the functions of each
part of the gas exchange system.