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1888 New Structure Determination Ms Under Graduate Edition 2019
1888 New Structure Determination Ms Under Graduate Edition 2019
Novriyandi Hanif
nhanif@apps.ipb.ac.id
1. Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition; Oxford University
Press: New York, 2014.
2. Crews, P.; Rodriguez, J.; Jaspars, M. Organic Structure Analysis, 2nd Edition; Oxford
University Press: New York, 2009.
3. Pavia, D. L.; Lampman, G. M.; Kriz, G. S.; Vyvyan, J. R. Introduction to Spectroscopy, 4th
Edition; Brooks & Cole: California, 2009.
4. Lambert, J. B.; Shurvell, H. F.; Lightner, D. A.; Cooks, R. G. Organic Structural
Spectroscopy; Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 2001.
5. Silverstein R. M.; Webster, F. X, Kiemle, D. J. Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds, 7th Edition; John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New Jersey, 2005.
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Basic Concepts of Mass Spectrometry (MS)
1. To create ion: a molecule is bombarded with highly energetic electron with an
appropriate method so that it will give a variety of ions → Ionization
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Objective of Structure Determination via MS
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Ionization
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Hard vs Soft Ionization
Hard
The
The fragment ion molecular
ion
Soft
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Electron Impact MS EIMS
The base peak, m/z =43 M+ or M+.
MW
The fragment ion
MF
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Chemical Ionization MS
CIMS
[M+H]+
The pseudo molecular ion
[M+H]+
Relative Intensity
MW
The real
molecular ion
(difficult to identify firmly) [M + gas reagent]+
MF
m/z
MS/U/NYH/2019-10
Independent Exercise 1
1. The EIMS of methylcyclohexane A appears below. Locate the following information in it:
(a) The molecular ion (m/z).
(b) The base peak (m/z).
(c) The M+. − C3H7 (m/z).
83
100
55
80 A
40 27
69
20
98
0
20 40 60 80
m/z
MS/U/NYH/2019-11
Conversion of Molecular Weight of [M] to
Molecular Formula: The Rule of 13
Ion formed
in various ionization
See previous table
Example:
• M+. = 92 ; M = 92 92/13 = 7 n= 7, r = 1 C7H7+1 = C7H8
MF
m/z
Number of N
Odd Even Odd Even
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Rule of 13: Heteroatom Equivalents
Element CH Element CH
Equivalent Equivalent
1H C 31P C2H7
12
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Unsaturation Number (UN)
Possible UN Accurate
Formula Mass
C10H16 3 136.1248
C9H12O 4 136.0885
C8H8O2 5 136.0522
C7H4O3 6 136.0159
C9H14N 3.5 136.1123
C8H12N2 4 136.0998
MS/U/NYH/2019-15
Independent Exercise 2
1. The mass spectrum of compound B shows an intense M+. = 108. How many molecular
formula are possible if this compound is oxygen containing? Indicate the unsaturation
number for each formula!
2. The mass spectrum of compound C shows an intense M+. = 93. How many molecular
formula are possible if this compound is oxygen and/or nitrogen containing? Indicate the
unsaturation number for each formula!
3. Molecule D is an amino acid. Un of D is 1. The EIMS of D can be seen in the following
spectrum:
86
100
3.1. Identify m/z the molecular ion and the base peak of D!
3.2. Identify the most probable molecular formula (MF) of
Relative Sensitivity (%)
80
20
131
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
m/z MS/U/NYH/2019-16
Independent Exercise 2
4. Determine the UN of given molecules E, F, and G and confirm your calculation through
analysis of structure!
E F G
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Isotope
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Fragmentation
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Fragmentation
[CH3]+.
[CH3]+.
Cation which will be detected by MS
• When loss of more than one radical is possible, the largest alkyl radical will be lost
preferentially.
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Factor that Impact Fragmentation
• Energetic Factor
- Relative Bond Strength (BDE)
• Kinetic Factor
- Availability of cyclic transition state
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Stability of ions
Octet rule
Delocalization
-Conjugation/
Hyperconjugation
Electronegativity
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Independent Exercise 3
1. Molecule H is bombarded with 70 eV electron (EIMS) to give stable fragment ions H2 and
H3. Explain the fragmentation mechanisms of molecule H and draw the structure of radical
cation of H1!
H1
H
H2
H1
H3
2. Molecule I is investigated by EIMS to give fragment ions I1, I2, and I3. Explain the
fragmentation mechanisms of molecule I and draw the structure of radical cation of I1 and
I2!
I1 I2
I
I3
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Fragmentation
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Fragmentation
• From a orbital
or
or
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Fragmentation
• From a orbital
or or
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Fragmentation
• Homolytic cleavage
• Heterolytic cleavage
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Fragmentation
• One bond cleavage: -cleavage
R = alkyl, aryl, H
Y = heteroatom
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Fragmentation
R = alkyl, aryl, H
Y = heteroatom
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Fragmentation
• One bond cleavage: Inductive cleavage
R = alkyl, aryl, H
Y = heteroatom
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Fragmentation
• Two bond cleavage: Elimination
R = alkyl, aryl, H
X = heteroatom
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Fragmentation
• Rearrangement: McLafferty
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Fragmentation
• Rearrangement: Retro Diels-Alder
Abbreviated
Mechanism
Full
Mechanism
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Electron Count & Fragmentation
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Fragmentation
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Commonly Lost Fragments
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Common Fragment Peaks
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Reporting Mass Spec Data (Low Resolution)
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Reporting Mass Spec Data (Low Resolution)
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Reporting Mass Spec Data (High Resolution)
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Reporting Mass Spec Data (High Resolution)
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Straight Chain Alkanes
EIMS
MW = 86
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Straight Chain Alkanes
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Branched Alkanes
EIMS
MW = 86
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Cycloalkanes
EIMS
MW = 84
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Cycloalkanes
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Independent Exercise 4
1. The EIMS of molecule J, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6-pentamethylheptane (MW = 170) and molecule K,
ethylcyclohexane (MW = 112), are shown below. Draw the structure of assigned fragment
ions and the molecular ions! Propose the fragmentation mechanism of each molecule!
57 83
100
100 Molecule J Molecule K
80
60 60
99 40
40
71
20 20
131 112
170
0 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20 40 60 80 100
m/z m/z
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Alkenes
EIMS
MW = 70
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Alkenes
MW = 136
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Cyclic Alkenes
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Alkynes
EIMS
MW = 68
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Alkynes
The fragment ion
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
EIMS
MW = 92
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Independent Exercise 5
1. Molecule L, ethyl benzene, has a mass spectrum as follows:
MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 106 (M+, 40%), 91 (100%), 65 (15%), 39 (8%).
Write reasonable structures for the molecular and the fragment ions!
2. Molecule M, butyl benzene, has a mass spectrum as follows:
MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 134 (M+, 30%), 92 (60%), 91 (100%)
Write a reasonable structure for the fragment ion at m/z 92 and what is the name of
rearrangement!
3. Molecule N, o-xylene, has a mass spectrum as follows:
MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 106 (M+, 60%), 105 (30%), 91 (100%)
Propose the fragmentation mechanism and assign the structure of molecular and
fragment ions!
4. Molecule O, norbornene, has a mass spectrum as follows:
MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 94 (M+, 12%), 66 (100%)
Propose the fragmentation mechanism and assign the structure of molecular and
fragment ions!
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Acyclic Alcohols
EIMS
MW = 88
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Acyclic Alcohols
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Cyclic Alcohols
EIMS
57
MW = 100
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Cyclic Alcohols
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Benzyl Alcohols
EIMS
MW = 108
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Benzyl Alcohols
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Phenols
EIMS
MW = 94
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Phenols
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Independent Exercise 6
1. Elucidate the structure and molecular formula of stable fragment ion m/z = 95 when
molecule P is bombarded with EIMS!
P
2. Elucidate the structure and molecular formula of stable fragment ion m/z = 112 when
molecule Q is bombarded with EIMS!
Q
3. How to distinguish two isomers R and S through EIMS. Give evidence by elucidating their
fragments ions!
R S MS/U/NYH/2019-66
Independent Exercise 6
4. Molecule T shows an intense fragment ion at m/z 104. The structure of fragment ion is
shown below. Propose the structure of T that has m/z 122 !
5. Propose the fragmentation mechanism of molecule U which shows the following EIMS data:
MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 60 (M+, 10.3%), 31 (100%), 59 (15.9%), 42 (12.4%).
U
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Ethers
EIMS
MW = 130
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Ethers
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Aryl Ethers
EIMS
MW = 108
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Aryl Ethers
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Amines
EIMS
MW = 87
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Amines
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Cyclic Amines
EIMS
MW = 85
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Cyclic Amines
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Independent Exercise 7
1. Propose the fragmentation mechanism of molecule V and draw strcucture of the following
molecular fragment ions! MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 85 (M+, 9.3%), 84 (60.2%), 57 (80.3%), 42 (50.2.4%).
V
2. A cationic surfactant W shown below exhibits a peak in the FD mass spectrum at m/z 304.
Collision activated dissociation on m/z 304 gives the fragmentation pattern as follow: m/z 58
(80%), 91 (98%), 134 (35%), 212 (20%), 304 (100%). Draw the structure of each fragment ions
and draw the complete structure of W!
W
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Aliphatic Aldehydes
EIMS
MW = 86
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Aliphatic Aldehydes
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Aliphatic Ketones
EIMS
MW = 100
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Ketones
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Cyclic Ketones
EIMS
MW = 98
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Cyclic Ketones
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Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid
EIMS
MW = 88
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Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid
e-
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Esters
EIMS
MW = 102
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Esters
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Esters
EIMS
MW = 150
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Esters
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Amides
EIMS
MW = 101
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Amides
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Independent Exercise 8
1. Propose the fragmentation mechanism of molecule X and draw structure of the following
molecular fragment ions! MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 86 (100%), 74 (46%), 30 (60%)!
2. Propose the fragmentation mechanism of molecule Y and draw structure of the following
molecular fragment ion! MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 133 (95%)!
Y
MS/U/NYH/2019-91
Independent Exercise 8
3. A molecule Z contains a carboxylic acid functional group and posesses UN = 5 shown an
intense an EIMS fragment ion at m/z 132 corresponding to the structure of fragment ion as
follows:
m/z = 132
Deduce the structure of Z!
4. EIMS of molecule AB shows a fragement ion at m/z 255. Could you draw the structure of the
fragment ion at m/z 255?
AB
MS/U/NYH/2019-92
Independent Exercise 8
5. Propose the fragmentation mechanism of molecule AC and draw strcucture of the following
molecular fragment ions! MS (EI, 75 eV): m/z 72 (M+, 22.1%), 57 (8.0%), 43 (100%), 29 (18.8%),
15 (6.6%).
AC
6. The molecule AD after EIMS shows fragment ions at m/z 43, 44, 59. What is the structure of the
fragment ions?
AD
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Nitriles
EIMS
MW = 97
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Nitriles
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Nitro Compounds
EIMS
MW = 89
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Nitro Compounds
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Alkyl Halides
EIMS
MW = 134
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Alkyl Halides
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Independent Exercise 9
1. The molecule AE after EIMS shows the fragment ions at m/z 41, 43. What is the structure of the
fragment ions?
AE
2. The molecule AF shows EIMS fragmentation m/z 85, 93/95, 135/137. What is the structure of
the fragment ions?
AF
3. The molecule AG shows an intense EIMS peak at m/z 93. Draw the structure of the fragment
ion!
AG
MS/U/NYH/2019-100