A

Micro-Project
Report On
“Motherboard And Its Types”
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Diploma in Computer Engineering,

By
1. PATHAN SOFIYAN [ 1914660016 ]

2. PAWAR OMKAR [ 1914660021 ]

3. GADILKAR PRATIK [ 1914660020 ]

4. NARASLE MAYUR [ 1914660014 ]

Guided By
Prof. Raikar K.K

Shree Samarth Academy’s

Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Mhasane Phata,
Ahmednagar
Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education (2019-2020)
 Shree Samarth Academy’s
Shree Samarth
Polytechnic
Department Of Computer Engineering.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled

“Motherboard And Its Types”

Is
Submitted by
1. PATHAN SOFIYAN [1914660016]

2. PAWAR OMKAR [1914660021]

3. GADILKAR PRATIK [1914660020]

4. NARASLE MAYUR [1914660014 ]

In the partial fulfillment of Diploma in Computer Engineering has been

Satisfactory carried out under my guidance as per the requirement of
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai during the academic
year 2019-2020.

Date:
Place : Mhasane Phata , Parner

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

(Prof. Raikar K.K.) ( Prof. Ghadge R.A.) (Prof. Jadhav K.P.)
 Micro-project Proposal
“Motherboard And Its Types”
1.0 Brief Introduction:
The components inside a computer need to be able to talk to each other.
A motherboard is an electronic circuit board in a computer which interconnects the hardware
that's attached to it. At a minimum it connects a CPU and memory. Sometimes there are
smaller processors that help take some of the load off of the CPU; busses process destinations
for data, so the CPU can be left to do what it does best.

2.0Aim of the Micro-Project:

1. To Study The Motherboard and its Types .

2. To Study Different Components of Motherboard.

3.0 Action plan:

Sr. Planned Planned Name of Responsible
Details of activity
no. start date Finish date Team Member
1 Topic Search 10/7/2019 17/7/2019 Pathan Sofiyan
Project Proposal
2 18/7/2019 31/7/2019 Pawar Omkar
Creation
Detailed Information
3 1/8/2019 16/8/2019 Gadilkar Pratik
Gathering For Project
Connect computer using
4 17/8/2019 31/8/2019 Narsale Mayur
star topology

5 Establishing of topology 1/9/2019 8/9/2019 All Members

6 Error Detection 9/9/2019 18/9/2019 Pawar Omkar

7 Project Report Creation 19/9/2019 30/9/2019 All Members

8 Final Presentation 1/10/2019 8/10/2019 Pathan Sofiyan

4.0 Resources Required:
Name of
Sr.no. Specification Qty Remarks
resources/Material
1 Google Search engine 1 -

2 Microsoft word Application 1 -

3 Windows 7 Operating System 1 -

 Micro-project Report
“Motherboard And Its Types”
1.0 Brief Description:
The components inside a computer need to be able to talk to each other.
A motherboard is an electronic circuit board in a computer which interconnects the hardware
that's attached to it. At a minimum it connects a CPU and memory. Sometimes there are
smaller processors that help take some of the load off of the CPU; busses process destinations
for data, so the CPU can be left to do what it does best. A motherboard normally has a set of
expansion slots, which allow the motherboard to be expanded; it can be given extra
functionality that it didn't have originally. Smaller boards called cards fit in these expansion
slots, and these cards contain specialized circuits that let the motherboard do more. Typical
motherboards also have a series of sockets, I/O, allowing communication through cables with
various peripheral devices, both inside and outside the computer case.
Expansion slots

GRAPHICS CARD :

A Graphics Card is a piece of computer hardware that produces the image you see on a
monitor. The Graphics Card is responsible for rendering an image to your monitor, it does
this by converting data into a signal your monitor can understand. The better your graphics
card the better, and smoother an image can be produced. This is naturally very important for
gamers and video editors.

Sound card :

A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that
provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer
programs. The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces used
for professional audio applications.
 Sound card

Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard, using components
similar to those found on plug-in cards. The integrated sound system is often still referred to
as a sound card. Sound processing hardware is also present on modern video
cards with HDMI to output sound along with the video using that connector; previously they
used a S/PDIF connection to the motherboard or sound card .Typical uses of sound cards or
sound card functionality include providing the audio component for multimedia applications
such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education and entertainment
(games) and video projection. Sound cards are also used for computer-based communication
such as voice over IP and teleconferencing.

Network Interface Card :

The Network Interface Card or Network Interface Controller (NIC) card plays an
important role in the function of your computer as it is the network adapter. Your internet
connection comes through the NIC card as does all other network connectivity. The NIC card
is a type of PCI expansion card as it is plugged into the motherboard's PCI port. Learning
more about the different types of NIC cards can help you to better understand how your
computer's network connection functions.
Types of Interface Cards :

The network interface card is a type of expansion card, which means that it plugs
into an expansion slot on the computer's motherboard. This card allows the computer to
connect to a LAN (local area network) connection. The main difference between network
cards is how fast they access and with what medium they connect to networks.10/100
Ethernet .This is the most common type of network interface card, and it is most often
seen in homes and small businesses. These cards are generally compatible with category 5
or 6 network cables. These cards plug into one of the following expansion slots: PCI
(Peripheral Component Interconnect), PCIE (PCI Express) or ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture). 10/100 Ethernet cards can transmit information either at 10 MB
(megabytes) or 100 MB per second. This type of network card is compatible with standard
desktop computers and regular servers.

Gigabit Dual Copper Port PCI-E Server Adapter

Wireless:
A wireless network interface controller network card allows you to connect to a
computer network via radio signals. Unlike traditional interface cards, it is not wired to the
computer. Wireless network interface controller network cards are essential for wireless
connectivity, and they are generally found in laptops. These cards can transfer information
at generally 54 MB per second, but you can boost their speeds if you use it with another
type of network interface card. These types of network cards provide you with more
freedom because you do not need to plug into an Ethernet cable port to access a network
source. Instead, you can search for wireless networks in your area.

Gigabit Ethernet :
These types of network interface cards are very similar to standard 10/100 Ethernet
cards, except that they can transfer information at up to 1 GB per second. These generally
use the PCIE slot over the other types of expansion slots, and these cards usually use one
of the following categories of network cables: 5, 5e, 6 or 7. In some instances, they may
even use fiber optic cables, especially if being used by a client server.

Fiber Optic :
Fiber optic network interface cards can transfer information between 10 and 100 GB
per second, and they are often used in network infrastructures. They require fiber optic
cables to run correctly, and usually these are not hard-wired to the system. Instead, they
are external devices that plug into servers or desktop workstations. Fiber optic network
interface cards are for large or IT (information technology) business and they tend to be
more expensive than standard network interface cards.

PC Card:
In computing, PC Card is a configuration for computer parallel Communication
peripheral interface , designed for laptop computers . Originally introduce as PCMCIA ,
the PC Card standard as its successors like card bus were defined and developed by the
Personal Computer memory Card International association (PCMCIA) .
 It was originally designed as a standard for memory-expansion cards for computer
storage. The existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many
kinds of devices being made available based on its configurability, including network
cards, modems, and hard disks.

Express Card :

In computing, PC Card is a configuration for computer parallel communication peripheral

interface, designed for laptop computers. Originally introduced as PCMCIA, the PC Card
standard as well as its successors like CardBus were defined and developed by the Personal
Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA).It was originally designed as a
standard for memory-expansion cards for computer storage. The existence of a usable general
standard for notebook peripherals led to many kinds of devices being made available based
on its configurability, including network cards, modems, and hard disks.

Ports :

USB:
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for
cables and connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply
between computers, peripheral devices and other computers. Released in 1996, the USB
standard is currently maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). There have
been three generations of USB specifications: USB 1.x, USB 2.0 and USB 3.x; the fourth
called USB4 is scheduled to be published in the middle of 2019.
 The type-A plug (left) and type-B plug (right)

Pin 1 VBUS(+5 V)

Pin 2 Data−

Pin 3 Data+

Pin 4 Ground

Fire wire:
Along with USB, Firewire (also called IEEE 1394) is another popular connector for
adding peripherals to your computer. Firewire is most often used to connect digital
camcorders, external hard drives, and other devices that can benefit from the high transfer
rates (up to 480 Mbps) supported by the Firewire connection. The i-Sight camera used for
chatting on the Mac connects using a Firewire cable. In addition to connecting peripherals
such as camcorders or external hard drives, Firewire can be used to connect two computers to
transfer files .Firewire has the advantage of being able to transfer power to the device through
the same cable that does the data transfer. A disadvantage of Firewire is that cables tend to be
more expensive .Firewire was originally developed by Apple and comes standard on many
Macintosh computers.

Even though most camcorders also include USB 2 connectors, these may only be used
to download the digital images many newer camcorders can take. To download video, you
would use the Firewire connection .Like USB, Firewire supports different connector types.
The end of the cable that goes into the computer is a 6 Pin cable, while the smaller connector
that goes into the camcorder is a 4 Pin cable.

To connect two computers, you will need a 6 Pin to 6 Pin cable.

Parallel port :

A parallel port is a type of interface found on computers (personal and otherwise) for
connecting peripherals. The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send
multiple bits of data at once, in parallel communication, as opposed to serial interfaces that
send bits one at a time. To do this, parallel ports require multiple data lines in their cables and
port connectors, and tend to be larger than contemporary serial ports which only require one
data line.
 Thunderbolt:
Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Intel (in
collaboration with Apple) that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer.
Thunderbolt 1 and 2 use the same connector as Mini Display Port (MDP), whereas
Thunderbolt 3 re-uses the Connector from USB. It was initially developed and marketed
under the name Light Peak, and first sold as part of a consumer product on 24 February 2011.
[1]

Ethernet:
 An Ethernet over twisted pair port Ethernet is a family of computer
networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area
networks (MAN) and wide area networks(WAN) . It was commercially introduced in 1980
and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since retained a good deal of backward
compatibility and been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over
time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token
Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the
newer Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches.
Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the
original 2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s)[2] to the latest 400 gigabits per second (Gbit/s).
The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical
layer in use with Ethernet.
Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces
called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking
data so that damaged frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer
protocols trigger retransmission of lost frames. As per the OSI model, Ethernet provides
services up to and including the data link layer.[3] The 48-bit MAC address was adopted by
other IEEE 802 networking standards, including IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, as well as by FDDI,
and EtherTypep values are also used in Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) headers.

Types of motherboard:
AT Motherboard:
An AT motherboard is a motherboard which has dimensions of the order of some
hundred millimeters, big enough to be unable to fit in mini desktops. The dimensions of
this motherboard make it difficult for the new drives to get installed. The concept of six pin
plugs and sockets is used so as to work as the power connectors for this type of r connector
sockets make it difficult for many users to easily make the proper connections and thus
leading to the damage of the device . Produced in the mid 80‘s, this motherboard lasted a
good span from the Pentium p5 to the times when Pentium 2 had been started to be used.
ATX Motherboard:
Advanced technology extended, or popularly known as the ATX, are the
motherboards which were produced by the Intel in mid 90‘s as an improvement from the
previously working motherboards such as AT .This type of motherboards differ from their
AT counterparts in the way that these motherboards allow the interchangeability of the
connected parts. Moreover the dimensions of this motherboard are smaller than the AT
motherboards and thus proper place for the drive bays is also allowed .Some good changes
were also made to the connector system of the board. The AT motherboards had a keyboard
connector and on the back plates extra slots were provided for various add-ons.

LPX Motherboard:
The low profile extension motherboards, better known as LPX motherboards, were
created after the AT boards in the 90‘s.The major difference between these and previous
boards is that the input and output ports in these boards are present at the back of the
system. This concept proved to be beneficial and was also adopted by the AT boards in
their newer versions. The use of a riser card was also made for the placement of some more
slots. But these riser cards also posed a problem that the air flow was not proper .Also,
some low quality LPX boards didn‘t even have real AGP slot and simply connected to the
PCI bus. All these unfavored aspects led to the extinction of this motherboard system and
was succeeded by the NLX.

BTX Motherboard:
BTX stands for Balanced Technology extended .BTX was developed to reduce or
avoid some of the issues that came up while using latest technologies. Newer technologies
often demand more power and they also release more heat when implemented on
motherboards in accordance with the circa-1996 ATX specification. The ATX standard and
the BTX standard, both were proposed by Intel. The further development of BTX retail
products was canceled in September 2006 by Intel after the acceptance of Intel‘s decision t o
focus again on low-power CPUs after suffering issues such as scaling and thermal with
the Pentium 4.The first company to use, or to be precise, implement BTX was Gateway Inc,
followed by Dell and MPC. Apple‘s MacPro uses only some of the elements of the BTX
design system but it is not BTX compliant. This type of motherboard has some
improvements over previous technologies:
  Low-profile – With the larger demand for ever-smaller systems, a redesigned
backplane that shaves inches off the height requirements is a benefit to system
integrators and enterprises which use rack mounts or blade servers.

 Thermal design – The BTX design provides a straighter path of airflow with lesser
difficulties, which results in better overall cooling capabilities. Instead of a
dedicated cooling fan, a large 12 cm case-fan is mounted, that draws its air directly
from outside the computer and then cools the CPU through an air duct. Another
feature of BTX is the vertical mounting of the motherboard on the left-hand side.
This kind of feature results in the graphics card heat sink or fan facing upwards,
rather than in the direction of the adjacent expansion card.

 Structural design – The BTX standard specifies distinct locations for hardware
mounting points and hence reduces latency between key components. It also reduces
the physical strain imposed on the motherboard by heat sinks, capacitors and other
components which are dealing with electrical and thermal regulation.

Pico BTX Motherboard:

Pico BTX is a motherboard form factor that is meant to manufacture even smaller size
BTX standard. This is smaller than many current ―micro‖ sized motherboards, hence the
name ―Pico‖ has been used. These motherboards share a common top half with the
other sizes in the BTX line, but they support only one or two expansion slots, designed for
half-height or riser-card applications .In the initial stages of usage, the ATX and BTX
motherboards were so analogous that moving a BTX motherboard to an ATX case was
possible and vice-versa. At later stages, the BTX form factor had a large modification
which was done by turning it into a mirror image of the ATX standard. Technically
speaking, BTX motherboards are ‗left side-right‘ when compared to ATX and not upside-
down as before. This means they are mounted on the opposite side of the case. Various
computer cases for instance, the Cooler Master Series (Stackers) were released to support a
wide range of motherboard standards such as ATX, BTX, Mini-ATX and so on, in order to
simplify motherboard development without buying a new case; however, all connector and
slot standards are identical, including PCI(e) cards, processors, RAM, hard drives, etc.
BTXBTX power supply units can be exchanged with latest ATX12V units, but not with
older ATX power supplies that don‘t have the extra 4-pin 12V connector.
Mini ITX Motherboard:
Mini-ITX is a 17 × 17 cm (6.7 × 6.7 in) low-power motherboard form factor. It was
designed by VIA Technologies in year 2001. These are largely used in small form factor
(SFF) computer systems. Mini-ITX boards can also be cooled easily because of their
low power consumption architecture. Such an architecture makes them widely useful
for home theater PC systems or systems where fan noise can diminish the quality or worth
of cinema experience. The four mounting holes in a Mini-ITX board line up with the four
holes in ATX specification motherboards, and the locations of the back plate and expansion
slot are the same. Although, one of the holes used was optional in earlier versions of the
ATX. Hence, Mini-ITX boards can be used in places which are designed for ATX, micro-
ATX and other ATX variants if required.
The Mini-ITX form factor has location for one expansion slot, pertaining to a
standard 33 MHz 5V 32-bit PCI slot. However, often case designs use riser cards and some
even have two-slot riser cards, even when the two-slot riser cards are not usable with all the
boards. A few boards based around non-x86 processors have a 3.3V PCI slot, and the Mini-
ITX 2.0 (2008) boards have a PCI-express ×16 slot. Such boards are not used with the

Components of Motherboard:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Computer's Microprocessor

Also known as the microprocessor or the processor, the CPU is the computer's brain.
It is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions as well as
performing mathematical and logical calculations .The processor chip is identified by the
processor type and the manufacturer. This information is usually inscribed on the chip itself.
For example, Intel 386, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 386, Cyrix 486, Pentium MMX,
Intel Core 2Duo, or iCore7.

If the processor chip is not on the motherboard, you can identify the processor socket
as socket 1 to Socket 8, LGA 775 among others. This can help you identify the processor that
fits in the socket. For example, a 486DX processor fits into Socket 3.

Random Access Memory (RAM) :

Random Access Memory, or RAM, usually refers to computer chips that temporarily
store dynamic data to enhance computer performance while you are working. In other words,
it is the working place of your computer, where active programs and data are loaded so that
any time the processor requires them, it doesn't have to fetch them from the hard disk.

Random access memory is volatile, meaning it loses its contents once power is turned off.
This is different from non-volatile memory, such as hard disks and flash memory, which do

BIOS :

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. BIOS is a "read-only" memory, which
consists of low-level software that controls the system hardware and acts as an interface
between the operating system and the hardware. Most people know the term BIOS by another
name—device drivers, or just drivers. BIOS is essentially the link between the computer
hardware and software in a system.

All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is
separate from the main system memory used for loading and running software. On PCs, the
BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial
communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions .
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS ) :

Motherboards also include a small separate block of memory made from CMOS
RAM chips which are kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even when the
PC‘s power is off. This prevents reconfiguration when the PC is powered on. CMOS devices
require very little power to operate.

The CMOS RAM is used to store basic Information about the PC‘s configuration for
instance:-

 Floppy disk and hard disk drive types

 Information about CPU

 RAM size

 Date and time

 Serial and parallel port information

 Plug and Play information

 Power Saving settings

Cache Memory

The Level 2 Cache Memory on an Old Motherboard

The Computer Cache Memory

Cache memory is a small block of high-speed memory (RAM) that enhances PC

performance by pre-loading information from the (relatively slow) main memory and passing
it to the processor on demand .Most CPUs have an internal cache memory (built into the
processor) which is referred to as Level 1 or primary cache memory. This can be
supplemented by external cache memory fitted on the motherboard. This is the Level 2 or
secondary cache .

The Expansion Buses :

 An expansion bus is an input/output pathway from the CPU to peripheral devices and
it is typically made up of a series of slots on the motherboard. Expansion boards (cards) plug
into the bus. PCI is the most common expansion bus in a PC and other hardware platforms.
Buses carry signals such as data, memory addresses, power, and control signals from
component to component. Other types of buses include ISA and EISA .Expansion buses
enhance the PCs capabilities by allowing users to add missing features in their computers by
slotting adapter cards into expansion slots.

Chipsets :
The Computer Chip-sets
A chipset is a group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and from a
PC's key components. These key components include the CPU itself, the main memory, the
secondary cache, and any devices situated on the buses. A chipset also controls data flow to
and from hard disks and other devices connected to the IDE channels.

A computer has got two main chipsets:

 The NorthBridge (also called the memory controller) is in charge of controlling transfers
between the processor and the RAM, which is why it is located physically near the processor. It
is sometimes called the GMCH, for Graphic and Memory Controller Hub.

 The SouthBridge (also called the input/output controller or expansion controller) handles
communications between slower peripheral devices. It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller
Hub). The term "bridge" is generally used to designate a component which connects two buses.

Chipset manufacturers include SIS, VIA, ALI, and OPTI.

CPU Clock
The CPU clock synchronize the operation of all parts of the PC and provides the basic
timing signal for the CPU . Using a quartz crystal , the CPU clock breathes life into the
microprocessor by feeding it a constant flow of pulses . A "real-time clock," also called the
"system clock," keeps track of the time of day and makes this data available to the software.
A "time-sharing clock" interrupts the CPU at regular intervals and allows the operating
system to divide its time between active users and/or applications.
2.0 .Aim of Micro project:
 Motherboard and its Type :

A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds

together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing
unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices.

Types :

 AT Family (Full AT and Baby AT)

 ATX Family (Full ATX ,Micro ATX ,FlexATX)
 XT , LPX , BTX ,Pico BTX and Mini ITX MB

3.0Course Outcomes Integrated:

1.Use motherboard components and its peripherals.

4.0 .Actual Procedure Followed:

5.0 Actual Resources Used:
Name of
Sr.no. Specification Qty Remarks
resources/Material
1 Google Search engine 1 -

2 Microsoft word Application 1 -

3 Windows 7 Operating System 1 -

6.0 Output of the project:

7.0 Skill Developed/learning out of this Micro-Project :
In the project of Computer System we learn about the computer system and its
process scheduling of computer system. In this we learn about the different types of
Motherboard . By this project we learn how to work in a team , how to make co-ordination
between a team. By this project our team work skill is developed. Our project creation skill is
developed.
  Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: …………………………………………………………………………….

Enrollment No: …………………………

Name of Programme: ………………………………………………………..

Semester: ……………………………….

Course Title: ……………………………………….

Code: …………………………………………………….

Title of the Micro-Project: ………………………………………………….

Course Outcomes Achieved:

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Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent

No. assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
1 Relevance to the course
Literature survey/
2
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
Completion of the
4 Target as per project
proposal
Analysis of Data &
5
Representation
Quality of
6
Prototype/Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
 Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment

Total
Marks
10
Part A- Project Project Part B-Project Individual
Proposal Methodology Report/Working Model Presentation/Viva
(2 marks) (2 mark) (2 marks) (4 mark)

Note:

Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns &
individual evaluation in 4th columns for each group of students as per rubrics.

Comments/suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

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Any Other Comment:

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Name and designation of the faculty member ……………………………………………………..

Signature…………………………………………………………………..................