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Technical Paper
Technical Paper
April 2011
Abstract – The waste tires rubber is one of the issues of environment problem. Since the
amount of automobile in our country had increased, it contributed to the increase of waste tires
disposal. In addition, the waste tire is considered as non decaying materials that can pollute the
surrounding environment. Based on the problem statement, researchers had investigated the
application of waste tires rubber in construction field by using the rubber particle as partial
replacement of fine aggregates or coarse aggregates in concrete. In this research, the aim of the
study is to investigate the use of waste tire rubbers as partial replacement for fine aggregates in
concrete construction based on the physical properties and mechanical properties. This paper
focused on 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% rubber as partial replacement for fine aggregates.
Laboratory test will be carried out by using compressive strength test, split tensile test, rebound
hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity test. The expectation outcome results of rubberized
concrete in term of physical properties, compressive strength, tensile strength, surface of
hardness and concrete quality will be analyzed and discussed compare with ordinary concrete.
Copyright © 2011 FKAAS Final Year Project (2). - All rights reserved.
Keywords: Waste tire rubber, Concrete, Compressive strength, Tensile Strength, Physical
properties of concrete
This paper is focus on the crumb rubber as a partial world or even in our country. In addition, tire
replacement of fine aggregates in concrete mixture. The requires a large amount of space in landfill.
percentages of crumb rubber will be conducted are 15%, One of the promising solutions is to incorporate
30% and 45%. The general objective of the studies is to rubber particles into the cement material. The previous
evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of the researchers had stated that the use of rubber particles as
concrete produced by crumb rubber as a partial partial replacement of fine aggregates or coarse
replacement of natural fine aggregates. The specific aggregates will result to increase of reduction strength.
objectives in this study are to determine the ; Although rubberize concrete may not suitable for
workability of rubberize concrete; physical properties structural element, there is still a very large market for
which is including the specific gravity of material, non primary structural applications.
water absorption and the unit density; and mechanical
properties which is including compressive and tensile
strength of rubberized concrete compare to conventional V. The Significant of the study
concrete. To raise awareness in construction field, continuously
investigation on rubber particle as replacement of
III. The Scope of Study aggregates in concrete mixture is needed. Previous
researchers had used different amount of percentage and
This study is focusing on rubberize concrete sizes of rubber particle and in order to determine the
performance and as comparison to conventional concrete properties and meet the specific requirement of
concrete in term of physical properties and mechanical concrete.
properties. It concentrated on the performance To promote the use of rubberize concrete and at the
of a single gradation of crumb rubber instead same way to reduce the waste tires disposal at landfill,
of natural fine aggregates. Waste tires from this research will provide more scientific evidence to
local sources will be manually cut into pieces support the reuse of accumulated waste tires. The
below 5 mm to suit the fine aggregates size outcome of the result based on the physical properties
which 5 mm is the maximum size. In order to and mechanical properties of rubberize concrete will be
rate the characteristic of fresh concrete, the specifically discussed compare to the conventional
aspect of mix designation and workability of concrete.
the rubberized concrete and conventional Therefore, the use of recycled waste tires
concrete will be considered. Sieve analysis as an aggregate can provide the solution for
test according to BS 410 will be conducted two major problems. One of the problems is
on the rubber particle and fine aggregates to the solution environment hazard created by
determine the grading of sizes. DOE method waste tires. Besides that, the depletion of
will be used to design the concrete mixture. natural resources by aggregate production
Slump test in accordance with BS 1881 part can be solved.
102: 1983 will be conducted.
Testing method on hardened rubberized Literature Review
concrete and conventional concrete in
accordance with British Standard are Review of previous findings sources from various
compressive strength test, split tensile authors including different ideas, method and material
strength test, rebound hammer and used results and others. The information is concerning
the properties of recycled rubber as partial or fully
ultrasonic velocity pulse test.
replacement of aggregates in concrete. It reviewed how
the authors analyze and evaluate the physical and
IV. Problem Statement of the Study mechanical properties of rubberized concrete.
determined. The performance of the concrete is greatly elasticity. The dimensions and distribution of tires
affected by the properties of the rubber content and as chips in each batch shown in Table 3.
well as by cement type and admixture properties. Ref. [26] stated that tensile stresses in structures are
Several of investigator used different shape and sizes of caused by less or more uniform shrinkage or drying and
rubber aggregates for the determination of the by temperature changes. Base on previous related
compressive strength. Base on reference [7] studies, studies, they had reported that split tensile strength of
concrete casted using chipped rubber as a full the rubberized concrete is lower than traditional
replacement to coarse aggregate shows a significant concrete because bond strength between cement paste
reduction in the concrete strength compared to the and rubber tire particles is poor [23]. Several of
control specimen. Compressive strength was reduced researcher reported that increasing the amount of rubber
significantly by 90% when using chipped rubber as a aggregates for the purpose of partial replacement of
full replacement to the coarse aggregate in the concrete natural aggregates contributed to the reduction of split
mix. According to reference [6], it maintained a linear tensile reference [6] and the result shown in Table 3
relationship by increasing the crumb rubber to a limit of
40 % between the increase of crumb rubber and the TABLE III
THE RELATIONSHIP VALUE BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGES OF CRUMB RUBBER AND
compressive strength. However, it lost about 50% of the TENSILE STRENGTH ; AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH [6].
compressive strength at 40% rubber content. They
reported that rubber content between 40% and 100%
continues to reduce the strength to a maximum loss of Rubber content Spilt tensile Compressive
strength of up to 90%. The result shown in Fig. 3. % Strength ƒt (Mpa) Strength ƒc (Mpa)
0 2.82 25.33
20 1.84 18
40 1.47 12.27
60 0.94 8.07
80 0.53 4.47
100 0.22 2.5
and 300 mm length will be used. Super plasticizer is not comparison. The formula of obtaining the specific
included in this study. There are 4 types of testing gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume
method including compressive test, split tensile, of aggregate at a stated temperature to the weight in air
rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity which of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the
need to be tested on the 7, 14 and 28 days of the stated temperature.
concrete. The mixture proportion of the basic ingredient All the specimens will be fabricated using locally
consists of cement, water, course aggregates and fine available materials. Type I ordinary Portland cement
aggregates. The concrete mix design will be designed is will be utilized. Mixing will be done in a small rotary
based on DOE method. By using the application of drum mixer. For the control specimen sample, the mix
DOE method, the designation volume of concrete is in accordance with BS 1881 part 125: 83. However
material per m3 is shown in Table IV. The outcome of for the rubberize concrete, prior the addition the rubber
concrete mix proportion design is shown in Table IV. aggregates into the mixture, the coarse and fine
aggregates and cement will be mixed for 3 minutes or 5
TABLE III minutes in the mixer. Next, the rubber aggregates will
DESIGNATION VOLUME OF CONCRETE MATERIAL
be added gradually to the mix for a period of 2 minutes.
The reason for separating the rubber aggregates and
Concrete material (kg) per m³ natural aggregates is to provide more efficient mix and
Cement 362 increase the workability. Water will be added for the
following steps in the mix for a period of 2 minutes.
Water 210
Then, 5 minutes mixing process will be done by the
Sand/ Fine aggregate 731 drum mixer to produce to uniform mix.
Coarse aggregate max size (20 mm) 1097 Slump test will be conducted in accordance BS 1881
part 102: 1983 before the concrete mix being casted.
The mix will be casted into 150 mm x 150 mm x 150
TABLE IV mm of cube size; and 150 mm diameter with 300 mm
DESIGNATION VOLUME OF CONCRETE MATERIAL
length of cylinder size. The concrete mixture shall be
Per trial Water Cement Fine Course Rubber
casted in 3 separating layers in the cube cast.
mix content (kg) aggregate aggregate content
After 24 hours later, the specimen of sample will be
cured in water at a constant temperature in accordance
0.05 m³ (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
with BS 1881-111:1983. The duration of the curing
Control 10.5 18.1 36.6 54.9 - process will be conducted is 7, 14 and 28 days and will
specimens be prepared for compressive strength in accordance with
15 % BS 1881 part 116 : 1983 and split tensile in accordance
crumb 10.5 18.1 31.1 58.5 5.5
with BS 1881 part 117 :1983. Table V shows the
rubber
30%
amount of specimen samples will be produced for 7
crumb 10.5 18.1 25.6 58.5 11 days curing age.
rubber
45%
crumb 10.5 18.1 20.13 58.5 16.47
rubber TABLE V
AMOUNT OF SPECIMEN SAMPLES FOR 7 DAYS CURING AGE.
Rebound
VI.4 Mix preparation Samples Compressive Split hammer Total
& Specimen
For the initial part of the preparation before mix in Test Tensile Ultrasonic for
the concrete mixer, the rubber aggregates will be Pulse 7 days
immersed in water for 24 hours until all particles were Test Velocity curing
fully saturated in both inside and outside of the surface Control 3 2 2 7
wetted. This process will be done after the sieve specimen
15 %
analysis for both rubber aggregates and natural crumb 3 2 2 7
aggregates had been conducted. After 24 hours of being rubber
immersed, the rubber aggregates will be taken to dry 30%
surface and leave it to 24 hours for the drying process. crumb 3 2 2 7
rubber
The purpose of the process is to determine the specific 45%
gravity of the rubber aggregates compare to the natural crumb 3 2 2 7
aggregates. Larger amount of pores of the material with rubber
smaller value specific gravity obtained. There is no Total : 28 unit
chemical admixture for the rubber surface treatment in Note: 28 units of samples for 7 days curing.
this study. Same procedure will be conducted to the Therefore, 28 unit x 3(7, 14, 28 days) = 84 units of
natural aggregates by immersing the sample aggregates samples. The total Specimen for 7 days curing is 28 unit
in water for 24 hours and taken to dry surface and leave samples to conduct the testing method. Thus, the total
it to 24 hours. The specific gravity of both rubber samples for this study are 84 units. The reason of three
aggregates and natural aggregates will be made as units are provided for compressive test and split tensile
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2
test is to obtain more accurate value by taking the curing. A 2500KN capacity Avery-Denison
average value of the three samples. compression testing machine will be used for
determining the maximum compressive loads carried by
various cubes. The load will be applied at a rate of 12
VII. EXPERIMENT N/mm2 per minutes in accordance with the BS 1881-
All The testing method is accordance with British 116: 83 test method. Cube specimen 150 mm x 150 mm
Standard (BS) 1881 to determine the physical properties x 150 mm will be prepared for the test. The outcome
and mechanical properties of rubberized concrete report from the test shall consists of Identification mark;
compare to ordinary concrete. Date of test; Age of specimen; Curing conditions,
including date of manufacture of specimen; Appearance
of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if
VII.1 Slump test they are unusual.
Some factors may effects the concrete consistency
during conducting slump test. The concrete components VII.5 Split Tensile strength test
ratios, maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, time
between finishing mixing and making slump test and The split tensile of concrete sample were determined
high air temperature are the factors which affect the at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days of standard curing.
concrete consistency. The main purpose of measuring Specimens used are cylindrical shape with 150 mm
consistency by slump test is to achieve acceptable fresh diameter size and 300 mm length. The split tensile test
concrete workability in accordance with BS 1881 part will be conducted in accordance with (BS 1881 part
102: 1983. The following information shall be included 117: 83). The load will be applied at a rate of 12
in the test report are date, time of completion, place and N/mm2 per minutes in accordance with the BS 1881-
method (general or alternative) of sampling and sample 117: 83 test method. The tensile strength calculated by
identity number; Time and place of test; Time lapse equation as in (4).
from sampling to commencement of test; Form of 2P
f st' =
slump whether true, shear or collapse; and Measurement π ld
true slump. (4)
VII.2 Unit weight
Unit weight measurement between control specimen VII.6 Rebound hammer test
and rubber concrete will be conducted. All the samples
shall be measured before conducting any destructive or This method is to correlate the surface hardness of the
non destructive test to avoid inaccurate of value. The concrete surface to the compressive strength of the
samples shall be in dry unit. The unit weight will be concrete. This value is then used to estimate the
recorded and graph unit weight versus percentages of strength of the concrete using the correlation graph.
rubber content in concrete will be plotted. Therefore, However, the strength obtained from this test by using
comparison can be made between the four groups of correlation graph is only for checking purpose. Besides
cube samples. Unit weight calculated as in (1) strength estimation, the uniformity of the concrete
surface can be determined. Area that is not well
Unit weight, kg/m3 = Net weight (1) compacted will give lower rebound number, compared
Volume of Measure to well compacted area. The samples will be conducted
at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days of standard curing.
Concrete sample 150 mm x 150 mm 150 mm of size
VII.3 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption will be tested by rebound hammer. The relationship of
Natural aggregates and rubber aggregates both have compressive strength average of rebound number of
different specific gravity value. Low specific gravity of concrete sample can be referred in Fig. 4. The quality of
aggregates or others concrete mixture material will concrete also can be determined by referred Table VI.
contribute to low specific gravity of concrete.
Therefore, specific gravity of both aggregates shall be
determined to compare the relationship between the
value of specific gravity to measure the strength or
quality of the material.
The equation of specific gravity as in (2); Meanwhile
the equation of water absorption as in (3).
3.5 – 4.0 km/s Good to very good, slight porosity may exist Acknowledgements
3.0 – 3.5 km/s Satisfactory but loss of integrity is suspected First of all, I would like to give a million thanks to
<3.0 km/s Poor and los of integrity exist. my Projek Sarjana Muda supervisor Puan Noorli binti
Ismail for providing me a lot of expert guidance, valid
comments, suggestions, continuous support and untiring
efforts while carrying out this research work. Her
Conclusion dedication and excellence will be always remembered.
I am so delightful to experience this opportunity by
As a conclusion in this study, the review of conducting the research individually which is never
previous investigation had given enormous been done through my academic career. I would like to
of ideas and information in this related give a special thanks to University Tun Hussein Onn for
research. For the purpose of improving the giving this opportunity and providing an enormous
properties of rubberized concrete, the library which contains various revision books and
investigators had conducted the analysis journals. Besides that, I would like to give thanks to my
throughout their test on the specimens. friends who gave me the encouragement and support
Every researcher had used different while carrying out this research. In addition, I would
designated rubber content, water content, like to thank to everyone who had giving me guidance,
aggregates properties and different types of supports, and everything that helping me to success my
cement in the concrete mixture to obtain the research.
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2
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