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What Is Testing Types of Testing: Test Quality Defect Per Million (DPM) Models To Predict DPM Models To Predict Yield
What Is Testing Types of Testing: Test Quality Defect Per Million (DPM) Models To Predict DPM Models To Predict Yield
• What Is Testing
• Types of Testing
• Test Quality
Defect per Million (DPM)
Models to Predict DPM
Models to Predict Yield
• Test Economics
• Issues in Testing
• Conclusion
Pass:
Manufacturing Shipped Parts
Testing
Process
Good IC Bad IC
Pass True PASS Test Escapes
(Defect Level)
Fail: Fail Yield Loss True Reject
Reject
A:
10
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault Coverage (%)
• Required DL = 200 DPM, then we need
Yield 50% 70% 90% 95% 99%
FC 99.97% 99.95% 99.8% 99.6% 98%
* DL (1-FC)(1-Y) when Y 1
poor yield good yield
good test poor test
7 VLSI Test 1.3 © National Taiwan University
B&W Proof (simplified!)
• Assume each fault occurrence probability is q (uniform independent)
Total t faults in an IC
d out of t faults detected by this test → FC = d/t
• Event A = an IC is good (no fault at all)
Prob(A) = probability that an IC is good → Prob(A)=(1-q)t
Y = fraction of IC that are good→ Y=Prob(A)
• Event B = an IC pass the test
Prob(B) = an IC free of d faults → Prob(B)=(1-q)d
• Event AB = an IC is good and pass test
Assume no overkill → Prob(AB) = Prob(A)
• Quality Level (QL) = fraction of good IC passing the test
QL = Prob(A|B) = Prob(AB)/Prob(B) = (1-q)t-d = (1-q)t(1-d/t) = Y(1-FC)
• Defect Level (DL) = fraction of bad IC passing the test
DL = 1-QL = 1-Y(1-FC) QED
Boolean
18,500 12,159 12,056
pass 96.6% pass 99.9% pass
858 432
YG Vectors YB Vectors YB
1 2
6,341 fail 103 fail
A:
t ?
d ?
Faults Defects
12 VLSI Test 1.3 © National Taiwan University
Agrawal Model [Agrawal 82]
(1 − FC )(1 − Y )e − ( n −1) FC
DL = − ( n −1 ) FC
Y + (1 − FC )(1 − Y )e
• Actual data show defects are clustered
n =average num. of defects on a bad die
• We need two unknown parameters
n: from experiment
Y: from fab. or prediction
• Motorola experiment revisited
Experiment DL = 8,471 DPM
7 defects
B&W DL =14,454 DPM
3 bad die
Agrawal n=7/3=2.3
n =1, DL = 17,849 DPM
n =2, DL = 6,869 DPM
experimental n between 1 and 2
13 VLSI Test 1.3 © National Taiwan University
Introduction
• What Is Testing
• Types of Testing Measure Real Yield Is too late.
• Test Quality Can we predict it?
Defect per Million (DPM)
Models to Predict DPM
Models for Yield
Simple
Critical Area
• Test Economy
• Issues in Testing
• Conclusion
k e −
Prob(k ) =
k!
−
Y = Prob(k = 0) = e 0.3
Poisson Distribution
0.25
=2
0.2
Prob(k)
0.15
0.05
0
− AD
Y =e Largerarea,lower yield
0 1 2 3
k
4 5 6
Y = e − AD
A:
D (r) = D(r)
2( p − 1) X p −1
D0 o
, r Xo
( p + 1) r p
Y = e − AD
Critical area
− 0 CA( r )D ( r ) dr
20 Y =e VLSI Test 1.3 © National Taiwan University
Food for Thoughts, FFT
• Q: What is unit of D(r) ?
D(r) = defect density per unit defect radius r
TE (1 − FC )(1 − Y )e − ( n −1) FC
DL = =
Y + TE Y + (1 − FC )(1 − Y )e − ( n −1) FC
• QED
23 VLSI Test 1.3 © National Taiwan University
APPDENDIX #2: B&W Approximation
f ( n ) (Y ) f '(1) f ''(1)
Tylor Exapnsion DL(Y ) = (Y − a ) n = f (1) + (Y − 1) + + (Y − 1) 2 + ...
n =0 n! 1! 2!
when Y 1, we expand DL(Y ) around a =1
DL(Y ) = 1 − Y 1− FC
1− FC ( − FC )(1 − FC )1− FC −1
− FC
= (1 − 1 ) − (1 − FC ) 1 (Y − 1) − (Y − 1) 2 − ...
2!
(1 − FC ) FC
= 0 + (1 − FC )(1 − Y ) + (1 − Y ) 2 + ...
2
(1 − FC )(1 − Y )
Example FC=98.5%, Y=95%
DL(Y ) = 1 − Y 1− FC = 1 − 0.950.015 = 769DPM
DL(Y ) (1 − FC )(1 − Y ) = 750DPM
FC (1 − FC )
DL(Y ) (1 − FC )(1 − Y ) + (1 − Y ) 2 = 768DPM
2