NURSING THEORETICAL WORKS
is an underlying principle of putting the patient
A. ARTS AND SCIENCE OF HUMANISTIC NURSING
1. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
(ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY)
 born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy.
 second daughter of William Edward Nightingale
and Frances Nightingale and sister of
Parthenope Nightingale Verney
 A social Reformer
 A Statistician
 The Mother of Modern Nursing
 The Lady with the Lamp in Crimean War
 Belong to an upper-class family
 Refused the life of traditional women of her
time
 Religious inspiration led her to devote her life to
serving others, both directly and as a reformer.
 On February 17, 1837, she experienced one of
several “calls from God,” She viewed her calling
as reducing human suffering. Nursing seemed
the suitable route to serve God and humankind.
 She traveled in Europe looking at hospitals and
in 1844, she enrolled as a nursing student at the
Lutheran Hospital of Pastor Fliedner in
Kaiserswerth, Germany.
 Nightingale died on August 13, 1910, at the age
of 90 in her home in London.
 She is buried at St. Margaret’s Church, East
Wellow, near Embley Park.
 The Crimean monument in Waterloo Place,
London erected in 1915 was done in honor of
the contribution Florence Nightingale had made
to the war and the health of the army.
LITERARY WORKS
 “Notes on Nursing: What it Is, and what it is Not”
(1860) was one of these publications and was the
first textbook specifically for use in the teaching of
nurses and translated into many languages.
 “Notes on Hospitals” (1859)
 “Notes on Nursing for the Laboring Classes” (1861)
Presentation of Concepts, Relationships, Model, and
Nursing Metaparadigm:
• ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
- It focuses on the alteration of the patient’s
environment in order to affect change in his or
her health.
- It is a Patient-care Theory.
METAPARADIGM/MAJOR CONCEPTS:
ENVIRONMENT:
- linked Health with the “Five Environmental
Factors” namely:
 Pure or Fresh Air,
 Pure Water,
 Efficient Drainage,
 Cleanliness,
 Light.
- It also refers to the “Health of Houses” which
in condition which is best for nature to act upon
him/her.
METAPARADIGM/MAJOR CONCEPTS:
INDIVIDUAL:
- The One receiving the care, wherein he/she is a
multidimensional being, that includes biological,
psychological, social, and spiritual component.
- A Recipient with vital Reparative Process to deal with
disease and health but passive in terms of influencing
the environment or the nurse.
HEALTH:
-Not just the absence of disease. Health is not only to be
well, but to be able to use well every power that we
have.
-Health is maintained through the prevention of disease
via Environmental Health factors.
NURSING:
-as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient
to assist him/her in his/her recovery”
-It is the provision of optimal conditions to enhance the
person’s reparative processes and prevent the
reparative process from being interrupted.
THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS:
1. There is a belief that the nurturing/surrounding
environment, the body could repair itself.
2. The poor environmental conditions are directly
related to the patient’s disease or ailment.
3. Her general concepts about ventilation, cleanliness,
quiet, warmth & diet remain integral parts of nursing
and health care today.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’s ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL:
“THE 10 CANONS OF ENVIRONMENT”
1. Ventilation- refers to the overall temperature of the
surrounding.
2. Noise- it could be good or bad noise. It refers to the
avoidance of sudden and loud noises that might affect
the stability of the patient such as when he/she is taking
a rest.
3. Air - it could either be polluted/unclean or clean.
4. Nutrition- it refers to the diet and intake of a certain
patient/individual that might affect his/her body
condition.
5. Light- it could either be natural (sunlight) or
unnatural.
6. Bedding- it refers to the condition of the bed that the
patient/individual is resided to.
7. Variety- it refers to the factors that could help ease
the patient’s boredom and depression.
8. Health of Houses- this includes the Five
environmental factors namely Pure or Fresh Air, Pure
Water, Efficient Drainage, Cleanliness, and Light.
9. Chattering Hopes- it refers to the encouragement
and motivation that the nurse could give to the patient
to soothe his psychological, mental, and emotional
condition that would aid in his/her fast recovery.
10. Cleanliness- it refers to the sanitation of the
environment as well as the hygiene of the nurse that is
giving the interventions.
APPLICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY:
1. NURSING PRACTICE:
A. PROVISION OF SANITATION
B. KEEPING THE PATIENT WARM
C. MAINTAINING A NOISE-FREE ENVIRONMENT
D. ATTENDING TO PATIENT’S DIET
(ASSESSMENT OF INTAKE, TIMELINESS OF THE
FOOD AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PATIENT)
E. REGULAR HOSPITAL WARD/UNIT VS. ICU VS.
COMMUNITY
F. PSYCHIATRIC WARD MANAGEMENT
G. TELEMEDICINE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
2. NURSING RESEARCH:
A. QUANTITATIVE NURSING RESEARCH
B. QUALITATIVE NURSING RESEARCH
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
(DEFINITION OF NURSING AND THE 14 BASIC NEEDS)
 born on November 30, 1897
 born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897
 fifth of the eight children of Lucy Minor Abbot
and Daniel B. Henderson.
 She enlisted in the Army School of Nursing in
Washington, D.C., where students were treated
more like cadets.
 Her career as a nursing educator started in 1924
at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia
where she was the first and only teacher in the
nursing school.
 She is a respected educator and researcher.
 She published a book entitled the 'Nature of
Nursing' where she gained the title "The first
lady of Nursing" or the "Florence Nightingale of
the 20th century"
Literary Works:
 The three editions of the Principles and Practice
of Nursing (1955),
 Basic Principles of Nursing Care (1960) and
revised in 1972.
 The Nature of Nursing (1966)
Presentation of Concepts, Relationships, Model, and
Nursing Metaparadigm:
- She formulated a definition of a unique
function of nursing.
- This definition was a major stepping stone in
the emergence of Nursing as a discipline
separate from medicine.
NURSING:
“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a
peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he
had necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do
this in such a way as to help him gain independence as
rapidly as possible.”
PERSON/HUMAN:
- Considered as biological, psychological, sociological,
spiritual components.
- Have basic needs reflected on 14 components.
- Mind & body are inseparable and must maintain
physiological and emotional balance.
- The individual and family should be viewed as a unit.
- No two individuals are alike, each is unique.
ENVIRONMENT:
- Henderson stated that everything that is outside of the
patient but is connected to the patient is considered the
environment and the 14 basic human needs should be
connected to the environment.
- Pertains to family but rarely to community.
- She strongly believes that the society expects nurse’s
services of acting for patients who are disabled and
function independently.
HEALTH:
-Ability of the individual to function independently.
-Needs the necessary strength, will or knowledge to
achieve or maintain health
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Nurse’s care for patients until they can care for
themselves once again.
2. Patients desire to return to health.
3. Nurses are willing to serve and that “Nurses will
devote themselves to the patient day and night.
4. Henderson also believes that the “mind and body are
inseparable and are interrelated.
THE 14 BASIC NEEDS:
Virginia Henderson enumerated 14 components that
will make up the basic nursing care (fundamental
needs), which are as follows:
PHYSIOLOGIC:
1. Breath Normally
2. Eat & drink adequately Peggy L. Chinn, Maeona K. Kramer (1999). Theory and
Nursing:
3. Eliminate Body wastes
Integrated Knowledge Development. (5th Edition).
4. Move & maintain desirable position
Mosby, University
5. Sleep & Rest
of Michigan. (Digitalized 2008)
6. Select suitable clothes
REFERENCES:
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by
http://www.amhsjournal.org/article.asp?issn=2321-
adjusting clothing and modifying the environment
4848;year=2016;volume=4;issue=1;spage=144;epage=1
8. Keep the body clean & well groomed & protect the
48;aulast=Shetty
integument
https://www.history.com/topics/womens-
9. Avoid dangers in the environment & avoid injuring
history/florence-nightingale-1
others.
https://www.lifepersona.com/the-14-needs-of-virginia-
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions,
henderson-main-characteristics
needs, fears, or opinions - (PSYCHOLOGICAL)
https://nurseslabs.com/florence-nightingales-
11. Worship according to one’s faith - (SPIRITUAL)
environmental-theory/#NightingalesEnvironmental-
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of Theory
accomplishment - (SOCIOLOGICAL)
https://nursemanifestblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/0
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation - 6/virginia_henderson.jpg
(SOCIOLOGICAL)

14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to

normal development and health and use the available
health facilities - (PSYCHOLOGICAL)

APPLICATION OF THE 14 BASIC NEEDS OF PATIENT IN:

1. NURSING PRACTICE

2. NURSING RESEARCH

REFERENCES:

Alligood, M. R. (1986) Nursing Theorists and their Work

9th Edition:

Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing. Elsevier

Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier &

Erb’s

Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and

Practice.

Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.

Chinn, P.L. & Jacobs, M.K. (1978). A Model for Theory

Development

in Nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 1(1), 1-12.

Henderson, V. (1966) The nature of nursing: A definition

and its

implications for practice, research, and education. New

York:

Macmillan.

REFERENCES:

McEwen, M., Wills, E. M. (2019) Theoretical Basis for

Nursing 5th

Edition. Wolters Kluwer