What is Social Mobility?

It can be understood as the movement in personal circumstances

either “upwards” or “downwards” of an individual in relation to
those of their parents.
India’s Status
• As per Global Social Mobility Index, released by the World
Economic Forum (WEF), India ranks 76th out of 82 economies.
• Factors detrimental to the social mobility of Indian population:
o low life expectancy and a low health access and quality
o low overall social protection expenditure
o low female labour participation rate
o high level of workers in vulnerable employment
o high pupil-to-teacher ratios across pre-primary, primary and secondary levels
o low Social protection coverage

Reforms introduced and their benefits:

• Transparency in wage payments, asset creation, and payment for materials:
Efforts were started for a 100% of geo-tagging of assets, AADHAAR linking of Bank
Accounts, IT/DBT transfers for all wages, and material payments and Geographic
Information System (GIS) based planning of works.
o The generation of payment within 15 days has moved up from 26% in 2014-15
to 91% in the current.
• Durable Asset creation: The 60:40 wage- material ratio mandated at Gram
Panchayat level often led to non-productive asset being created simply because
60% had to be spent on unskilled wage labour in that Gram Panchayat. The first
big reform was to allow 60:40 at the District level rather than at the Gram
Panchayat level.
It allows the flexibility to undertake only those assets that are productive.
• Creation of durable community and individual beneficiary assets: A very large
number of Individual Beneficiary Schemes like goat sheds, dairy sheds, Pradhan
Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G), farm ponds, water soak pits etc. have
also been taken up. These assets have helped the under privileged to have access
to alternative sustainable livelihood.
• Mission Water Conservation Guidelines: were drawn up in 2015-16 to focus on
the dark and grey blocks where the ground water level was falling rapidly.
o This partnership allowed to avail the technical knowledge of engineers,
scientists from Central Ground Water Board to build a robust technical manual and
implement capacity development programme for the frontline workers.
o A special Barefoot Technicians programme was rolled out to ensure better
technical supervision.
NREGAsoft is a local language enabled workflow-based e-Governance system
which makes available all the documents like Muster Rolls, registration application
register, job card/employment register etc.
GeoMGNREGA uses space technology to develop a database of assets created
under MGNREGS using technological interventions like mobile based photo geo-
tagging and a GIS based information system for online recording and monitoring.
• Project 'LIFE-MGNREGA' (Livelihood In Full Employment) aims to promote self-
reliance and improving the skillbase of the MGNREGA workers, so that they can
move from current status of partial employment to full employment status.
5.3. BRU REFUGEE CRISIS
Why in news?
A four-party agreement among the Centre, Mizoram government, Tripura government, and
leaders of Bru
community was signed to end the 23-year old Bru-Reang refugee crisis.
About the Crises
• The Bru community, also referred to as Reangs, resides in Mizoram, Tripura, and parts of
southern
Assam, and is ethnically distinct from the Mizos of Mizoram.
• There are over 40,000 Brus living in four districts of Mizoram. At present, over 30000 Brus
are living in
the refugee camps in Tripura after they fled Mizoram following ethnic clashes with the
Mizo tribes in
1997.
• The first signs of conflict between the two communities
emerged in 1995 when Mizo organizations - the Young Mizo
Association and the Mizo Students’ Association - demanded that
Brus be left out of the Mizoram’s electoral rolls as they were
not an indigenous tribe.
• The Brus retaliated by forming an armed organization, Bru
National Liberation Front, and a political body, Bru National
Union. The two demanded more political autonomy for
Mizoram’s Brus and a Bru Autonomous District Council (ADC)
under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
• In 1997, following ethnic tension over an incident in Mizoram,
around 5,000 families comprising over 30,000 Bru tribals were
forced to flee the state and seek shelter in Tripura .
Efforts made by the Union Government
• Since 2010, the Union government has been assisting the two
State governments for taking care of the refugees. Till 2014, 1622
Bru-Reang families returned to Mizoram in different batches.
• In 2018, an agreement was signed between the Union government, the two State
governments and
representatives of Bru-Reang refugees, as a result of which the aid given to these families
was increased
substantially.
• Subsequently, 328 families comprising of 1369 individuals returned to Mizoram under the
agreement. But
there had been a sustained demand of most Bru-Reang families that they may be allowed to
settle
down in Tripura, considering their apprehensions about their security.
Key features of present pact
• Around 34,000 Internally Displaced Brus will be settled in Tripura and would be given aid
from the
Centre to help with their rehabilitation and all-round development, through a package of
around Rs 600
crores.
• These people would get all the rights that normal residents of the States get, and they
would now be
able to enjoy the benefits of social welfare schemes of Centre and State governments.
o The Bru refugees in Tripura will be given aid for their rehabilitation and would be given
the tribal
status and included in the voter list of the state.
Persistent Challenges
• It is doubtful whether the land that is allocated to Brus in Tripura will be accepted by the
domicile tribes
in Tripura.
• Till the pact, the Tripura Government was eager to repatriate the Brus to Mizoram. As the
new pact
settles the Brus in Tripura, it needs a lot of political will from Tripura to implement welfare
programmes for the Brus.
• The existing Bru families in Mizoram are still opposed by some ethnic organizations of
Mizoram, which
might trigger another exodus if there is no settlement at the place of the conflict.
Conclusion
The pact is hailed as a settlement for the over two-decade old ethnic disturbances between
the tribes of the
North East and consistent approach towards a peaceful North-East India. This also provides
a model on how to deal with Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).