Tu Syllabus ... Bds

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
CURRICULUM FOR
BACHELOROFDENTALSURGERY
(B.D.S.)
Published by:
MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

MAHARAJGUNJ
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
1999
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
CURRICULUM FOR
BACHELOR OF DENTAL SURGERY
(B.D.S.)
..
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Published by:
MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

MAHARAJGUNJ
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
1999
. -- .J
Published by: MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
This publication 1000 copies
(c) copyright 1999
All rights reserved. No part of this curriculum may be reproduced in any form or by
any means, including photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written
permission of the Medical Education Department of Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan
University.
l'ril'e : INSTITUTIONAL Rs. 500.00

PERSONAL Rs. 300.00
Printed at : Sagun Printing Press

Teku,KTM
Phone:230010
Preface
Curriculum development being a dynamic process should reflect the emerging reality
in the health development of a nation. Tribhuvan University, Institute of Medicine through
launching various academic programmes to produce different categories of Human Resources
for Health (HRH) for the last two and half decades, has been responding to the health care
needs and challenges of Nepal at a national level. The awareness of growing dental health
problems on one hand, and the lack of formal academic programmes to produce dental
graduates within the country, on the other, leading to severe deficeit and imbalance of
appropriate HRH in the field (as estimated that the present dental surgeon/population ratio is
.. about 1: 400,000 in Nepal) has prompted decision-makers and planners to take urgent action
to solve the problem. The 1998 Report ofthe High Level National Education Commission
(HLNEC) has also recommended that the problem should be urgently addressed through
developing appropriate educational programmes to produce HRH in the field of dental health
in Nepal.
In this context, the Medical Education Department (MED) in collaboration with the
Dental Department of TUTH, Institute of Medicine took up the challenge to develop a
standard curriculum for the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) programme. The BDS
curriculum, first of its kind in the country, consists of four years of full-time course with one
year of compulsory rotating internship. Integrated organ-system based approach has been
adopted as a key educational strategy for learning the basic medical sciences during the first
two years of the programme. The oral biology component has been offered during the third
year, and the final year has been designed to develop competencies in clinical dentistry.
Community dentistry has been given special place in the curriculum. The dual challenge of
how to ensure that the future graduates could best respond to the dental health care needs of
Nepal on one hand, and on the other, how they could best demonstrate sound and scientific
foundation in the discipline of dentistry has been well harmonized in the curriculum.
The curriculum is an outcome of shared efforts by basic medical scientists, dental
surgeons, clinicians and medical educationists. The task of producing a new curriculum
would not have been possible without such joint endeavours. Hence, my sincere
acknowledgment goes to all (from both within and outside the IoM), who have actively
contributed to the development of the curriculum. Special thanks go to Prof G. P . Acharya,
then, Director MED, Dr. M.P. Joshi, Ag Director and Assistant Dean (Academic), Dr. B.
Kansakar, Head Department of Dentistry, TUTH, Dr. D. S. Pant, Assistant Director MED
and Dr. P. T. Jayawickfamarajah, Consultant Medical Educationist from WHO.
Let us hope that the innovations incorporated in the curriculum will be successfully
realized in practice through joint and collaborative actions by all those concerned while
starting the BDS programme for the first time in Nepal.
Pro . .G.Shrestha MD
Dean
Institute ofMedicine
Published by: MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
This publication 1000 copies
(c) copyright 1999
All rights reserved. No part of this curriculum may be reproduced in any form or by
any means, including photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written
permission of the Medical Education Department of Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan
University.
l'ril'e : INSTITUTIONAL Rs. 500.00

PERSONAL Rs. 300.00
Printed at : Sagun Printing Press

Teku,KTM
Phone:230010
Preface
Curriculum development being a dynamic process should reflect the emerging reality
in the health development of a nation. Tribhuvan University, Institute of Medicine through
launching various academic programmes to produce different categories of Human Resources
for Health (HRH) for the last two and half decades, has been responding to the health care
needs and challenges of Nepal at a national level. The awareness of growing dental health
problems on one hand, and the lack of formal academic programmes to produce dental
graduates within the country, on the other, leading to severe deficeit and imbalance of
appropriate HRH in the field (as estimated that the present dental surgeon/population ratio is
.. about 1: 400,000 in Nepal) has prompted decision-makers and planners to take urgent action
to solve the problem. The 1998 Report ofthe High Level National Education Commission
(HLNEC) has also recommended that the problem should be urgently addressed through
developing appropriate educational programmes to produce HRH in the field of dental health
in Nepal.
In this context, the Medical Education Department (MED) in collaboration with the
Dental Department of TUTH, Institute of Medicine took up the challenge to develop a
standard curriculum for the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) programme. The BDS
curriculum, first of its kind in the country, consists of four years of full-time course with one
year of compulsory rotating internship. Integrated organ-system based approach has been
adopted as a key educational strategy for learning the basic medical sciences during the first
two years of the programme. The oral biology component has been offered during the third
year, and the final year has been designed to develop competencies in clinical dentistry.
Community dentistry has been given special place in the curriculum. The dual challenge of
how to ensure that the future graduates could best respond to the dental health care needs of
Nepal on one hand, and on the other, how they could best demonstrate sound and scientific
foundation in the discipline of dentistry has been well harmonized in the curriculum.
The curriculum is an outcome of shared efforts by basic medical scientists, dental
surgeons, clinicians and medical educationists. The task of producing a new curriculum
would not have been possible without such joint endeavours. Hence, my sincere
acknowledgment goes to all (from both within and outside the IoM), who have actively
contributed to the development of the curriculum. Special thanks go to Prof G. P. Acharya,
then, Director MED, Dr. M.P. Joshi, Ag Director and Assistant Dean (Academic), Dr. B.
Kansakar, Head Department of Dentistry, TUTH, Dr. D. S. Pant, Assistant Director MED
and Dr. P. T. Jayawickramarajah, Consultant Medical Educationist from WHO.
Let us hope that the innovations incorporated in the curriculum will be successfully
realized in practice through joint and collaborative actions by all those concerned while
starting the BDS programme for the first time in Nepal.
Pro . .G.Shrestha MD
Dean
Institute ofMedicine
Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Curriculum
Introduction:
Nepal is regarded as one of the least developed countries and exhibits the dental health
problems characteristic of a low level of socioeconomic development. No formal or
academic Dental Degree course has yet been started in the country. At present the
proportions of qualified dentist to population ratio is 1: 400,000 whereas in the developed
countries the ratio is about 1:3000. Hence, the need to statt a BDS programme to address the
acute shortage ofHRH in the field of dentistry is most obvious .
•
Aims of the BDS Programme:
The aim of the BDS curriculum is to produce a competent, skillful, socially committed,
knowledgeable caring dental surgeon who is able to accept social and professional
responsibilities on the basis of health care needs of Nepal and the perceived relevance in
terms of effective and safe care to the patients, to appreciate the need for and take
responsibility for one's continuing professional development and is able to utilize in practice
recent advances in the concemed field.
Objectives:
On completion of the course the dental graduates will be able to:
demonstrate understanding of the scientific basis of dentistry and related disciplines

of medical science.
explain range of dental health problems prevalent in Nepal, systematically gather
information presented by patients and apply techniques for the recognition,
investigation, prevention and treatment ofthose problems.
explain the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of disease process.
state principles ofthe health promotion and disease prevention,
organize preventive, promotive health care and curatives measures in the community
and in hospital and clinical settings.
communicate effectively with patients, their families and with other health
professionals and demonstrate psychological responses to physical and social
processes.
explain the ethical and, medico-legal considerations, health and safety procedures
and legislations related to dentistry.
obtain information and assess its validity to set the priorities in planning.
appreciate attitudes favourable to the optimal practices of dentistry.
perform the highest possible standard of procedures which are within his/her area of
competence.
Entry Criteria for admission:
Candidate's age must be minimum of 17 years completed and maximum of 30 years

not exceeded.
Qualification:
i) Intermediate in science or equivalent qualification from universities recognized by

the Tribhuvan University within or outside Nepal with Physics, Chemistry,
Biology English as main subjects, or
Ten plus two (1 0+2) with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English as principal
subjects,
ii) The candidate must have secured not less than 50% of marks on the aggregate of the
above subjects,
Candidates other than those mentioned above will not be eligible to apply for the BDS
programme.
Selection Criteria:
i) The selection of students will be done on the merit basis in the competitive
entrance examination.
ii) Entrance examination will consist ofthree papers.
Paper I -English
Paper II - Pre-requisite for the BDS Curriculum
Paper III - PCL General Scien.'ce-related subjects
A candidate must secure at least 50% mark in Paper I and 60% marks in Paper
II, and must also obtain an aggregate of 60% in Paper I and II. He/She must also
secure 60% mark in Paper III. Those candidates scoring 60 percent marks will
have their names entered into the merit list.
2
CurTiculum outline for BDS programme.
Year Discipline Areas

1st Integrated Basic Medical Sciences:
Anatomy (including Embryology, Histology,Genetics and Anthropology),
Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology and Pharmacology
- General Concepts
- Neuro-Sensory system
- Musclo-skeletal system
Dental Material Science
Laboratory Teclmique (Conservation, Prosthetics and 01ihodontics)
Community Dentistry -I (Behavioural Science and Computer Application)
2nd Integrated Basic Medical Sciences:
- Respiratory system
- Cardiovascular system
- Gastrointestinal system
- Renal-electrolyte system
- Reproductive system
- Metabolic/endocrine system
Oral anatomy
Laboratory Technique (Conservation, Prosthetics and 01ihodontics)
Community Dentistry -II (Epidemiology and Biostatistic)
3rd Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Oral Medicine (including Imaging)
General Medicine
General Surgery
Anaesthesiology
Forensic Dentistry
Community Dentistry -III (Preventive Dentistry and Field visit)
Periodontology
Paediatric dentistry
4th Oral Surgery
Orthodontics
Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge
Conservative dentistry (including Endodontics)
5th Compulsory Rotating
Internship of one year duration
The BDS programme will consist of four years of full-time study with one year of
compulsory rotating intemship. The programme has three major components. The first
component deals with the basic medical sciences common to other undergraduate medical
degree programmes. The basic medical sciences (which includes Anatomy, Physiology,
Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology and Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics) will be
integrated under the organ-system block teaching. Students will also leam the Dental
Material Science, and Community Dentistry (which includes behavioural science, computer
application and epidemiology and biostatistics) and the pre-clinical laboratory teclmiques
during the first two years of the programme. This component will provide basic foundation
for understanding the broad principles, concepts and applications of underlying
3
pathophysiological mechanisms of illness, the pre-clinical techniques in dentistry and the
possible ways to prevent and treat illnesses at different levels of organizations, at the same
time it will also provide tools for information collection and data management for problem
solving.
The second component deals basically with the oral biology. It will provide a link for smooth
transition of students from the "preclinical" to the "clinical" years. The students will be
prepared to gradually develop familarity with the disciplinary tools of the science and art of
dentistry. They will also learn related disciplines such as General Medicine, General
Surgery, Anaesthesiology, Forensic Dentistry, and Co111111unity Dentistry (which includes
preventive dentistry and the field visit).
The third component is the clinical dentistry itself, which deals with various dental health
problems from the patient perspective. Students will learn the essential knowledge, skills and
attitudes necessary for the practice of dentistry. They will be trained how to take history fi·om
patients and families, perform clinical examination, order appropriate investigations and
provide necessary treatment for co111111on dental health problems presented at the clinical and
co111111unity settings ofNepal.
Examination System:
Yearly examinations will be conducted as per regulation of the Tribhuvan University

Institute of Medicine. The students must clear all the Basic Medical Sciences, Oral Anatomy
and the Dental Material Science subjects of the 1st and 2nd years (Preclinical), of the
progra111111e before they could proceed forward in the third year. However, students can join
the 2nd preclinical year even if he/she could not yet clear the 1st year examination.
During the first two years of the BDS progra111111e, students who could not pass the regular
exams will be given opportunities to attempt the supplementary examinations and the
regulations for such exams will be the same as in the TU IOM MBBS progra111111e. There will
be a barrier system in effect as in the MBBS progra111111e.
Assessment Tools:
The following types of assessment tools will be utilized to evaluate learning outcomes of the
students in the progra111111e:
Essay type questions

Short answer questions
Multiple choice questions
(
OSPE/OSCE
Use of checklists
Short cases
Long cases
Oral viva
Interpretation of slides, identification of spicemen and parts of organs
4
Periodic internal assessments will be conducted in all subjects. Such exams will carry 20% of
marks in that subject and the marks will be added up to the final theory paper. Intemal
assessment marks will not be carried over to the final exams in practicals.
Yearly Examinations in the BDS Programme:
FIRST YEAR EXAM MARKS
Papers Subjects Theory Practical
~I
. I IBMS:
General conc~pts :
200
I
Anatomy (including Embryology,
Histology, Genetics & Anthropology)
Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology,
Pathology, and Pharmacology
II IBMS:
Neurosensory system 100
Musculoskeletal system
III IBMS (Practical)

Anatomy 100
Physiology 50
Biochemistry 25
Microbiology 25
Pathology 50
Pharmacology 25
IV Dental Material Science 100 50
SECOND YEAR EXAM MARKS
Papers Subject Theory Practical
v IBMS:
Respiratory system 200
Cardiovascular system
Gastrointestinal system
VI IBMS:
Reproductive/Endocrine/
Metabolic system 100
Renal/Electrolyte system
VII IBMS (Practical)
Anatomy 100
5
Physiology 50
Biochemistry 25
Microbiology 25
Pathology 50
Pharmacology 25
VIII Oral Anatomy 50 50
THIRD YEAR EXAM MARKS
Papers Subjects Theory Practical ~
IX General Medicine 100 100
X General Surgery+Anaesthesiology 100(80+20) 150(100+50)
XI Oral & Maxillo-facial Pathology+Oral 100(50+50) 150(1 00+50)

Medicine (including Imaging)
XII Forensic Dentistry+Community Dentistry 100(20+80) 100(20+80)
XIII Paediatric Dentistry 100 100
XIV Periodontology 100 100
FOURTH YEAR EXAM MARKS
Papers Subjects Theory Practical
XV Prosthodontics 100 200
XVI Conservative Dentistry (including 100 200

Endodontics)
XVII Otihodontics 100 100
XVIII Oral Surgery 100 200
NB: Pass mark: Theory 50% Practical 50%
Pass 50% marks

Merit 60% marks
Distinction 80% marks
6
Course of the BDS Programme with disciplines ~tnd their corresponding
hours
Year I & II
Anatomy 232 hours

Physiology 200 hours
Pharmacology 140 hours
- Microbiology 150 hours
Biochemistry 150 hours
Pathology 200 hours
Oral Anatomy 130 hours
Dental Material Science 275 hours
Community Dentistry - I 10 hours
Community Dentistry - ll 15 hours
Lab. Technique 675 hours
Total 2177 hours
Year III & IV
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Oral 230 hours

Medicine (including Imaging)
General Medicine 130 hours
General Surgery 130 hours
Anaesthesiology 46 hours
Forensic.Dentistry 20 hours
Community Dentistry -ill (including 115 hours
Field Visit)
Paediatric Dentistry 175 hours
Periodontology 245 hours
Orthodontics 125 hours
Oral Surgery 250 hours
Prosthodontics 600hours
Conservative Dentistry 430hours
TOTAL 2496hours
7
Total Hour and Mark Distribution in the BDS Programme:
Discipline Areas Total Hours Total Marks
Integrated Basic Medical Sciences 1072 1150

Oral Anatomy 130 100
Community Dentistry (I+Il+III) 140 160
Dental Material Sciences 275 150
Laboratory Technique (Conservation,
Prosthetics and Orthodontics) (240+360+75) 675
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
/Oral Medicine (including Imaging) 230 250
General Medicine 130 200
· General Surgery 130 180
Anaesthesiology 46 70
Forensic Dentistry 20 40
Paediatric Dentistry 175 200
Periodontology 245 200
Prosthodontics 600 300
Conservative Dentistry 430 300
Orthodontic 125 200
Oral Surgery 250 300
Total 4673* 3800
(*Not included the hours of the Compulsory Rotating Internship.)
8
INTEGRATED BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES (IBMS)
General Concepts
General Anatomy
Students will be able to:
define a cell
describe the cell structure and their functions .
describe the processes involved in cell division.
list the types of cell division and their importance.
,. define tissue and list types of tissues.
describe different types of tissues, their classification and their functions.
define a membrane.
describe different types of membranes
serous
synovial
mucous
define a gland and classify them
discribe the exocrime bland.
Human Anatomy

define anatomy
list the subdivision of gross anatomy.
defme and explaindifferent anatomic terminologies.
describe skin in respect of its functions, clearage links, innervation.
describe the significance of skin in general medicine, dermotology, neurology and
plastc surgery.
General Embryology
define embryology
describe gametogenesis.
describe the process of fetiilization and zygote formation.
describe different stages of embryonic development.
escribe amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chrion, placenta and umbilical cord.
describe the umbilical cord, including the fate of the coustituents of the cord.
explain the anomalies in respect of chromosomes, amniotic, fluid, yolk sac, allantois,
chorion, placenta and umbilical cord.
describe ;the brachial apparatus and their derivatives.
explain the different congenital anomalies of branchial apparatus.
9
Genetics
Students will be ablt to:

define heredity, variation, trait, generics and other basic genetic terms.
describe the Mendel's lows of inheritance.
describe the gross structure of human chromosome.
list impmtant chromosomal disorders with their clinical features.
define inheritance, unifactorial inheritance and multifactorial inheritances with
examples.
Anthropology

describe general principles of anthropology.
General Physiology

define:
Cells, organelles, tissues, organ, system;
Homeostasis, control system feedback;
Receptor, afferent, efferent, effector organ;
Potential, Excitation/Depolarisation, Inhibition/Hyperpolarisation,
Repolarisation:
Reflex.
Diffusion, Osmosis, osmolarity/lity.
explain the process of evolution of mammalian organism from fundamental elements.
draw a schematic diagram of a mammalian cell.
enumerate cellular organelles, macro- and micro molecules with their functions.
describe the basis of different functions of a cell.
define body fluid space and show distribution pattern of body fluid in internal and
intracellular enviromnent of the body.
describe principles of control and mechanisms of feedback control in human body.
defme intercellular communication and enumerate the types of such.
identify the role of a plasma membrane as barrier and carrier in maintaining
homeostasis ofthe body.
characterise the electrophysiological propeliies of different excitable cell.
General Biochemistry

draw the giagram ofE.coil
draw the diagram of eukryotic cell and label
10
various structures.
describe the hierarchy in cell structure from cell organelle to building blacks.
list the main functions of organelles and membranes (plasma membrane nucleus and
nucleous, endoplasmic reticutum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, cytoskeleton cytozol).
draw a simple diagram showing isolation of subcellular components from rat liver by
differential and density gradient centrifugation.
Proteins:
I '
describe the function of proteins in human body.
describe the proteins as polymers of aminoacids.
draw the structure of peptide bond.
list the name and draw the side chain of common amino acids.
classify the aminoacids into neutral, acidic, basic and hydrophobic and essential and
nonessential.
defme isometric PH and describe acid baseproperties of amino acides.
describe the common reactions of amino acids.
list the name and principle used in fractionalization of proteins.
describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (with
reference to HB, collagen and silk.)
Carbohydrates:

define what is carbohydrate.
describe classification of carbohydrates and give example in each group.
describe isomerism in carbohydrates and forms sterioisomerism and optical.
define and draw pyranuse and furanuse ring structures, state alpha and beta anomers,
glycosides, deoxysugars.
draw the structure of glucose, fiuctose, galactose, deoxy sugars and aminosugars.
describe the impmiance of oligo saccharides homo and heteropoly saccharides.
describe important reactions given by carbohydrates.
list the carbohydrates of membrance.
list physiologically impmiant glycoproteins and glycosaminglycons
(mucopolysaccharides) and describe their physiological significances.
Lipids:

define lipid.
classify lipids into different groups (both saponifiable and nonsaponifiable)
escribe structure, systematic, classification and common name of impotiant saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids.
list essential fatty acids.
describe impmiant reactions of a acids.
11
describe and draw the structure of micelles, liposomes and list the different groups of
lipooproteeins. (Classifications)
Enzymes:

define enzyme.
classify enzymes into six groups (international nomenclature)
describe co-enzymes, their structure, function and co-factors. (Metal)
describe different kinds of innibition of enzymes (competitive, non-competitive and
uncompetitive) and give examples of drugs as enzyme innibitors.
describe the effect of temperature, PH, reactant con and enzyme con in the enzyme
catalysis.
describe amplification of regulatory signals. (Phosphorylation cascade and blood
coagulation)
list major impmtant enzymes of cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes nucleus.
define function and non-functional enzymes of plasma and list the clinically
important enzymes of plasma and their normal level.
define isoenzymes and list the clinically impmtant isoenzymes, describe their role and
normal level. (LDH, alkaline phosphatase, CPK, Amylase and acid phosphatase)
Vlctabolism of glucose and other absorbed sugars:

describe the importance of glycolytic pathways.
list the fate of glucose in various tissues.
explain primary spliting oxide-reduction, phosphorylation stages.
describe stoichiometry of glycolytic pathways.
sketch the shuttle pathways.
explain the regulation of glycolytic pathways.
explain the energetics ofNADH oxidaiton.
describe alcohol oxidation and effect of barbiturates in combination with alcoho,
show the relation between pyruvate kinase and haemolytic anaemia.
show the relation between hypoglycaemia and alcohol intoxication.
describe diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia.
list the biochemical investigation in Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia.
G Iuconeogenesis:

describe the importance of formation of glucose in the body.
sketch the pathways showing glucose synthesis (including cori cycle and alanine
cycle), from amino acids, fats and other sugars.)
explain regulation of gluco neogenitic pathways.
explain importance of gluconeogenesis in premature infants.
explain hormonal interaction and glucose level diabetes mellitus and glycosylated hb.
12
Glycogenolysis and Glycogenolysis:

describe the significance of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis.
sketch the pathways of glycogen degradation and glycogen synthesis.
describe the special features of glycogen degradation and synthesis and their
regulation.
explain the verious glycogen storage diseases and innumerate the mechanism and
enzymes involved.
TCA-cycle:

describe the energy producing and utilising system (Atp cycle) and their dynamic
relaltion ship of energy rich compounds.
explain the mechanism of action and location ofPDH and its components.
list the sources and fate of acetylco.
Vitamins:

describe vitamins.
list fat soluble vitamins.
list energy releasing water soluble vitamins and haematopoietic water soluble
I .
vitamins.
list the active forms of vitamins A,D,E,K, their sources and daily recommended
allowances.
describe physiological roles of vitamins C,A,D,E,K.
explain these C,A,D,E,K deficiency diseases, and hypervitaminosis.
list the water soluble vitamins, describe their sources, daily allowances and
physiological roles.
explain deficiency diseases (Bl,B2,B6,Bl2, niacin, folic acid, biotin and vitamin C).
Nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis:

describe the structure ofDNA.
explain DNA duplication.
enumerate mutations in DNA and describe DNA repair mechanism.
describe characteristic features in the process of transcription.
enumerate molecular characteristic features of RNA polymerase.
describe the properties ofRNA, RNA and tRNA.
enumerate the antibiotics inhibiting synthesis of RNA.
defme and enumerate genetic code.
list the macromolecules sequired for protein biosynthesis and describe the functions.
describe sequential assembly of polypeptide chains (direction, initiation, elongation
and release).
explain the functions of polysomes and release of polypeptide from N-terminal end.
enumerate the antibiotice inhibiting protein biosynthesis.
13
General Pathology:
describe the concept of cell injury and various changes produced by such injury.
explain cell and tissue degeneration, and deposition process with its types.
differentiate between fibrinoid, mucinous and myxomatous change.
define inflammation.
state the important causes of inflammation.
describe different types of inflammation.
explain the mechanism of inflammation.
list the results of acute and chronic inflammation.
explain the mechanism of wound healing and regeneration oftissues.
differentiate between healing process of clean surgical wound and infected dirty
wound.
define thrombosis.
explain the mechanism of thrombosis.
describe the types and effects of embolism.
differentiate between ischaemia and infarction.
state the nature, causes and types of shock.
discuss the pathology of haemorrhagic and anaphylactic shock.
state the nature ;and ;types of oedema.
describe disorders of growth.
state the principle and predisposing factors of neoplasia.
differentiate between benign and malignant neoplastic lesion.
describe the mechanism of spread of malignant tumours;
describe the principle of genetics.
apply the concept in hereditary diseases.
define antigen, antibody and complement.
describe different types of immunity.
explain the principle and types of antigen antibody reactions.
state the factors affecting immune responss.
define hypersensitivity.
describe nature of different types of hypersensitivity reactions.
describe immuno deficiency diseases.
identify the microscopical features of necrosis, inflammation, degeneration
depositions, benign and malignant neoplasia and disorders of growth.
General Microbiology ·
The course is designed to make the students familiar with the microbial diseases particularly
the oral microbial diseases.

explain the intoductory microbiology.
classify and explain the characteristics ofbacteria, viruses and fungi.
14
explain bacterial morphology and cell structures and functions of each component.
explain normal flora, oral microflora, transient flora, opportunists pthogens and
pathogensis.
explain aerobes, microaerophils, anaerobes.
describe stating characteristics of bacteria, Gram stain, AFB stain, Albert stain.
describe the cultural characteristic of bacteria, common isolation growth media,
identification of media, biochemical test for identification.
explain the mechanism of drug resistance and drug sensitivity testing.
explain bacterial toxins exotoxin and endotoxins.
explain the sterilization by dry heat, moist heat, disinfection and radiation.
explain the infection prevention procedures.
explain nosocomial infection, pyaemia, bacterimia.
explain immuno response to microbes Vaccination!Immunisation.
explain serological methods for diagnosis of microbial diseases IDV Aids, Hepatitis
Band
General Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics
The course will provide basic knowledge of pharmacology in relation to different systems of
the body. By the end of the course, the students should have basic knowledge about different
drugs that are used in clinical dental surgery practice so that they can handle and administer
them properly. The emphasis will be on drugs that are frequently used by Dental Surgeons.
The drug/drug groups are identified in the list provided below.
Students will be able to describe general pharmacological principles.They wiilbe able

to:
describe basic defmitions and terminology used in pharmacology.
defme pharmakokinetics and discuss the influence. of disease on pharmakokinetics,
usefulness and limitation of therapeutic drug monitoring.
describe pharmakodynamics.
describe adverse ~rug reactions.
explain precuations that should be taken in using drugs in children, pregnant women,
and lactating mother and the elderely.
describe precautions in using drugs in patients with hepatic and renal diseases.
describe proper drug dose calculations.
IN drug additives.
legal consideration.
proper counselling and education of patients and their care-givers.
15
Neuro-Sensory System
Anatomy

classify nervous system (NS)
explain in gross the development NS
explain the developmental anomalies of nervous system.
identify the parts of brain and their functions.
identify the coverings of the .CNS and their functions.
defme a nerve and classify nerves.
explain the different parts of cerebrum.
identify important sulci and gyri.
identify different functional areas on the crerbrum.
identify the deep nuclei of cerebrum.
describe the gross features and functions of diencephalon.
identify the parts of brainstem.
list the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
identify the parts of cerebellum
describe the gross anatomy of cerebellum.
explain the gross anatomy of spinal cord.
note the positions of ascending and descending tracts in the cross section of the spinal
·cord.
describe the internal capsule.
interpret the signs and symptoms of disease and injury to the tracts and the spinal
cord.
outline the blood supply of CNS.
outline the applied anatomy of different parts of CNS.
describe the ventricular system of the CNS.
explain the applied anatomy of ventricles and CSF
list the cranial and spinal nerves and their fi.mctions.
describe the nuclei, attachment to the brain, extracranial course of 5th, 7th, and 9th
cranial nerves.
describe the formation of cervical and brachial plexuses and their distribution.
identify the applied anatomy of the plexus.
define the autonomic nurvous system (ANS)
describe the components of ANS and their functions.
identify the location of the pre genglionic neurones of ANS
describe in gross the III, VII, IX and X cranial nerves and their fi.mctions.
list the sensory organs, and their functions.
describe the gross and microscopic anatomy, movements and muscles causing the
movements.
applied Anatomy.
list the patts of the ear.
describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of cochlear and vestibular apparatus.
applied anatomy.
16
describe the gross and microscopic anatomy, function blood supply, venous and
lymphatic drainage of tongue.
Physiology
defme neuro and classify than as per their conduction velocity.
define synapse and describe mechanism of sensory transduction, impulse generation
conduction, transmission and projection.
enumerate peripheral and special sensory modalities with their pathways of projection
into the cortex.
describe pain, heat, cold and tactile sensations as protective function and mechanism
of modulation of ascending pain and other sensation. ·
describe reflex are as spontaneous respone to a stimuli.
make a list of different categories of receptor.
make a list of nuerotransmitter, classify them and describe mechanism of synthesis
action and metabolism of catecholamine and acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.
define motor unit, classify and describe size principle and recruitment.
defme lower motor neuron as final common pathway for motor control.
describe the mechanism of innervation of skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
and viscera with functions of cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord and autonomic nervous
system.
describe the mechanism of regulation of different body function by hypothalamus.
Biochemistry

recall the structure of neuron.
define synapses, presynaptic membrane, post synaptic membrane, synaptic vesicle,
neurotransmitter and neurotransmitter receptor.
explain opening and closing of ion channels in plasma membrane and propagation of
nerve impulses.
defme depolarisation, hyperpolarization, threshold and action potential.
explain the function of acetylcholine and ecetylcholinesterase and inhibitory function
of snake venon.
Pathology

apply the principles of inflamation in nervous system.
describe the aetiopathogenesis, gross microscopic features of meningitis and
tuberculoma.
describe the aetiology, pathophysiology and effect of expanding intracranial lesion.
describe hydrocephalus and its complications.
describe the aetiology, pathological features and complications of cerebrvascular
accidents.
17
describe the patholog.i~.:al features of astmc~ tuma, . glioblastoma multiformes,
oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma.
describe peripheral neuritis, its aetiology, pathological changes and complications.
describe the gross and microscopical features of neurofibroma.
list common investigations used in the diagnosis of nervous system diseases.
identify the microscopical features of meningitis, tuberculoma, astrocytoma,
glioblastoma, obligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma and neurofibroma.
Microbiology

explain the microbial diseases of central nervous system.
identify the causative agents of bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, poliomyelitis,
rabies.
Pharmacology
Students will be able to briefly describe the mechanism of action, indications, dosing
schedule, adverse reactions, precautions and contraindications of commonly used drugs
listed below:
Opoid analgesics:
morphine, bupremorphine, pethidine, pentazocine, codeine
NSAIDS:.
aspirin, ibuprofen,flurbiprofen, indomethacin, ketoprophen, mefenamic
acid, nuproxen, piroxicam
Anxiolytics:
benzodiazepins, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, chlormezanone, diazepam,
flurazepam,lorazepam,oxazepam
Antipyretic/Analgesic:
paracetamol
Muscle Relaxants: pancuronium, tubocurarine, succinylcholine
General Anaesthetics:
Inhalation anaesthetics- diethyl ether, isoflurane, halothanes, nitrous oxide
IV anaesthetics - diazepam, ketamine, thiopentone sodium
Premedication drugs:
anticholinergics- atropine, glycopyrronium bromide
opoid- morphine, pethidine
benzodiazepins- diazepam
promethazine hydrochloride
Local anaesthetics: lidocaine, prilocaine, procaine hydrochloride
18
Musculoskeletal System
Anatomy:

define a bone and list the functions.
classify the bones.
describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of bone.
describe the development of long bones and process of ossification.
list the bones of different regions ofhuma body.
describe the development and process of ossification of some facial bone and their
developmental anomalies.
describe the bones of head and neck.
define a muscle.
classify the muscles according to structure, shape and function.
describe the light microscopic and u~trastructure of muscle.
identify the muscles of different regions.
list the muscles in group that causes a movement.
describe the nerve and blood supply of muscle.
identify the muscles of facial expression.
describe their innervation.
describe sequelae to interruption of nerve supply.
describe the muscles of mastication, their innervation, relations and blood supply.
describe the movements caused by these muscles.
define a joint.
classify joints according to structure and movements with examples.
describe the structure, movements and insertions of muscles causing movementf of
temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
identify the sequelae to interruption of the nerve supply to these muscles.
identify the applied anatomy of distocation of the TM joint.
Physiology

define muscle, bone, joint, cartilage.
classify muscle, bone and joints.
identify function of joints involved in musculation.
describe mechanism of bone mineralisation, demineralisation and function of various
factors involved in such process.
explainI the mechanism of locomotion and maintenance of posture.
describe the role of muscle, bone, nerve and joints during common movements of the
different parts of the body and maintainence of posture and equilibrium.
19
Biochemistry

recall the structure of skeletal muscle.
list the fuels of skeletal muscle.
explain effect of training exerCise on skeletal muscle metabolism.
explain the effect of low serum potassium.
list distribution of calcium and phosphorus in body and their dietary sources.
list biological roles of calcium (neuro muscular blood coagulation, membrane enzyme
regulation, release ofhormone).
explain the role ofvit. Din calcium homeostasis.
explain the source, site and mode of action of calcitonin~
explain control of secretion of calcitonin.
describe the source and physiological functions and control of parathormone (PTH)
Pathology

apply the principle of inflammation to the musculoskeletal system.
describe the aetiology, pathological features and complications of osteomyelitis and
dermatitis.
describe the pathological features of tuberculosis, syphilis and leprosy.
describe muscular dystrophia.
state the nature of soft tissue tumours.
describe the pathological features of rhbdomyosarcoma, liomyosarcoma,
fibrosarcoma,
liposarcoma and lipoma.
describe the bone disorder due to vit D deficiency and hyperparathyoidism.
list turours of bone.
describe the gross and microscopic features and complications of Paget's disease,
osteoslastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma.
describe the aetiology, pathological features and complications of rheumatic,
rheumatoid
and osteoarthritis.
explain the aetiopathogenesis and complications of gout.
describe the gross and microscopical features of intradermal naevus, psoriasis, lichen
planus, pemphigus, lupus erythematosus.
list tumours of skin.
describe the gross and microscopical puctures of naevus, basal cell carconoma,
•
squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma of skin.
list common investigations to diagnose musculo-skeletal diseases.
identify the gross and microscopical features of osteomyelitis, osteoclastoma,
osteosarcoma, polymyositis, lipoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma.
describe healing process of wounds.
describe healing process of fracture.
20
Microbiology
describe the morthology, cultural characteristics and mechanism of prevention of
staphylococist.
describe the types of viruses which cause musculo-skeletal infection: Herpes viruses,
oncogenic viruses.
Respiratory System
Anatomy

list different part of the respiratory system.
list the thoracic cavity and mediastinum.
describe the parts of external nose, the nerves and vessels that supply them.
explain the lining epithelium of the nasal cavity.
describe the bony and soft patts of nasal septum.
identify the bones forming the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
identify the openings of its lateral wall.
list the pananasal air sinses and describe the sinuses.
explain the nerve supply, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the sinuses.
list the different parts of pharyax and its communications.
describe the soft palate and its role in closing the pharyngeal cavity and lymphatic
collection.
describe structure, innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drajnage of larynx.
explain the role of larynx in mechanism of respiration, phonation and degluition.
explain the muscles of larynx.
describe the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
describe the gross anatomy of trachea.
explain the gross anatomy of lungs.
Physiology

defme ventilation, exchange of gas in lungs, transport of gases in the body and control
of act of ventilation.
describe the mechanism of ventilation.
defme ventilation perfusion ratio and mismatch of the ratio.
enumerate the mechanism of gas transport.
defme cellular respiration.
illustrate mechanism of control of respiration.
describe the mechanism of cell metabolism:
uptake of oxygen and other substrate.
21
production of energy, carbondioxide, water and other metabolites.
defme and classify cyanosis, hypoxia, hypocapnia and asphyxia.
define acid base balance in the body.
identify the compensatory mechanisms for acid base imbalance present in the blood,
lungs and kidney.
Biochemistry

describe metabolism of glucose in the lungs and other sources of energy.
explain synthesis of surfactant system in lungs.
explain neonatat hyaline membrane disease and alveolar proteinaceous.
recall hendebon and hasselibach equation.
define- plasma bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate base excess, partial pressure, normal.
values of P02, PC02, PH respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic
acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, acid, base, buffer, oxyten content, oxygen saturation,
Pka, acidaemia, alkalaemia- compensated and non-compensated.
describe the function ofhaemoglobin and its properties.
Pathology

apply the concept of inflammation to the various parts of respiratory tract.
describe the aetiology, gross and microscopical features and effect of pulmonary
tuberculosis.
describe the aetiology, gross, and microscopical features and effect of pneumonia.
describe the aetiology, pathological features and effect of bronchitis, bronchial
asthma, bronchiectasis and emphysema. .
describe the gross and microscopical features and complications of pneumoconiosis.
list different types of tumours in the lung.
describe the gross and microscopical features of bronchogenic carcinoma.
identify the gross and microscopic picture of lung tuberculosis, pneumonia,
bronchiectesis, bronchitis, and bronchogenic carcinoma.
list common investigations done in the diagnosis of diseases of respiratory system.
Microbiology

explain microbial diseases of respiratory system
identify streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumonie, coryngbacterium
diphtheria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, haemophilus influinzae, oordetella pertusis.
describe types of viruses which cause respiratory infection.
22
Pharmacology
schedule, adverse reactions, precautions and contraindications of commonly used dmgs
listed below:
Anti-asthmatic drugs:
aminophylline, ephedrine hydrochloride, ephinephrine, isoprenaline
sulphate, salbutamol, sodium chromoglycate, terbutaline,theophylline,
corticosteroids(betamethasone,dexamethasone, beclamethasone
diproprionate, hydrocortisone)
Antitussives (cough supressants):
codeine phosphate, dexomethorphan,noscapine, pholcodeine
Mucolytic agents:
bromhexine, carbocisteine
Systemic nasasl decongestants:
phenylepinephrine, phenylpropanilamine, pseudoepinephrine
Cardiovascular System (CVS)

Anatomy

list the parts of CVS and their function.
describe the location, structure and development of heart and its congenital
anomaties .
.,. identify the paricardium and blood supply ofheart.
describe the chambers of heart.
explain the conducting system of heart.
list the major arteries of the body.
describe the common carotid and its terminal branches and their relations in neck.
list the branches of external carotid and their area of supply.
describe the course and relation of facial artery.
list the different arteries of supper extremity.
note where the pulsations of some of the arteries may be left is brachial, radial,
femoral, popliteal dorsales paedis and common corotids.
list and identify the position of important major veins and the regions drained by
them.
describe the portal system.
applied anatomy.
describe the parts of lymphatic system.
identify the important lymph nodes groups.
identify the important lymph trunks.
identify the lymphoid tissues in the histological slides.
23
Physiolog_y

draw a diagram showing scheme of blood flow through major organs in systemic and
regional circulation.
enumerate the purposes of circulation as function of CVS.
define heart as mult-chamber electro-mechanical pump.
define cardiac output, peripheral resistance and identify factors affecting them.
define cardiac cycle in a normal sinus rhythum.
interprete normal electrical recording of heart.
define arterial pulse, blood pressure, venous returm.
defme capillary exchange, -enumerate factors affecting it - explain the machanism of
oedema.
define a signify the role of venous lymphatics system.
identify the role of autonomic nervous system and other factors that effect functions
of heart and vascular bed.
explain the mechanism of peripheral circulatory failure.
Blood, haemopoiesis and coagulation

define blood as body fluid.
draw a table showing composition of blood in liquid and solid p01tions.
describe the mechanism of haemopoiesis of all series of cells.
enumerate various factors essential for haemopoiesis with their role.
recognise different blood cells in paripheral smear.
describe the mechanism of circulation and coagulation.
demonstrate a schematic diagram showing different pathway . . and factors involved in
each pathway.
justify the use of common measurements to assess coagulability of blood.
define blood groups and classify them.
Biochemistry

describe metabolism in reticulocytes, erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets.
list the blood coagulation factors and describe their properties.
explain intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation.
explain how oxalate, fluoride EDTA inhibit blotting.
explain the function of·plasminogen and lysis of clot.
list the defects in platelets plasma and the vessels wall.
describe the biochemical explanation ofhaemorrhagic diseases.
24
Iron metabolism

describe intestinal absorption of iron, and distribution kinetics in the body.
describe the prosess ofhaeme biosynthesis and catabolism.
describe iron deficiency anaemia and acute intermittent porphyria.
Lipoprotein
defme lipoproteins and list major classes of lipoproteins of plasma.

draw the structure of lipoproteins and list their composition.
describe metaboliam of lipoprotiens.
·'
Pathology

describe the aetiology, mechanism and effect of cardiac failure.
defme hypertension.
explain the aetiology and mechanism of hypertension.
describe hypertensive heart disease.
describe the aetiological factors and types of ischaemic heart disease.
describe the gross and microscopical features of ischaemic heart disease.
describe the gross and microscopical features of myocardial infarction.
explain the aetiology and mechanism of rheumatic carditis.
describe the gross and microscopical features of rheumatic carditis.
list the effect and complications of rheumatic carditis.
enumerate different types of endocarditis.
describe gross and microscopical features of susacute bacterial endocarditis.
list common types of congenital cardiac anomalies.
differentate between arteritis, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.
describe the gross and microscopical features of atherosclerosis.
describe periateritis and polyarteritis.
state the pathological changes in blood vessels in hypertension.
describe the aetiology, path~logical features and complications of aneurysm.
describe the aetiology, pathological features and effect ofthromboangitis obliterans.
identify the microscopical features of myocardial infraction, rheumatic carditis, ·
atherosclerosis, aneurysm and buerger's disease.
Microbiology

- explain microbial diseases of cardiovascular system.
-identify the causative agent of bacterial endocarditis.
25
Pharmacology
listed below:
Antianginal drugs:
nitrates- glyceryl nitrate, isosorbid mononitrates
beta-blockers- atenolol, metaprolol, propanolol
calcium antagonists- diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil
Antiarrythmics:
atenolol, disopyramide, isoprenaline, lignocaine, procainamide, quinidine,
propranolol, verapamil
Antihypertensives:
atenolol, captopril, enalapril, frusemide, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide,
methyldopa, metopralol, minoxidil, nifedipine, propranolol, reserpine,
sodium nitroprusside
Cardiac Glycosides:
digoxin
Diuretics:
thiazides-related- hydrochlorthiazide, bendrofluazide, chlorthalidone,
polythiazide
loop diuretics- frusemide, bumetanide, ethacrylic acid
potassium sparing diuretics- spironolactone, amidoxide, triamterene
osmotic diuretics- mannitol
Drugs used in cardiovascular schock:

dopamine
Anticoagulants & antagonistics:

heparine, vit. Kl, protamine sulphate, warfarin
Antiplatelet drugs:
aspirin, dipryridamole ·
Thrombolytic agents:
streptokinase, urokinase
26
Gastrointestinal System
Anatomy

describe the derivatives of goregut, mid gut and hing gut with their blood supply.
innervation and functions and congenital anomalies.
define oral cavity.
list the opening in the floor and roof of the mouth.
~ ·
mention the muscles that move the lips, cheeks and roof of the mouth.
describe the salivary glands with their location, projections on surface, the course and
termination of their ducts, their development, the arterial supply, venous and
lymphatic drainage and their innervation, correlate with mumps.
describe the development of mucous membrane oftongue.
describe the gross and microscopic structure with the movements, innervation, blood
supply, nervous and lymphatic drainage oftongue.
describe the gross and microscopic structure of esophagus and blood supply and
itmervation.
explain the gross and microscopic anatomy of stomach with its blood supply and
innervation.
list the fartors controlling the gastric secretion and explain the role of ANS in gastric
secretion.
list the different parts of small intestine.
describe the gross and microscopic structure of small intestine.
describe the functions of blood supply and innervation of small intestine.
list different parts of large intestine.
describe the gross and microscope structure of large intestine.
describe the functious, blood supply and innervtion of large intestine.
describe the development, blood supply and innervation of anal canal.
applied anatomy.
list the accessory organs of GIT,
describe the blood supply to the liver including the portal vein.
list the sites of porta - caval anastomoses and state their significance in the protal
hypertension, · ·' · ·
applied anatomy. .
' describe the gross and microscopic structure ofgall bladder.
explain the blood,supply and the functions of gall bladdeL
describe the development, gross and microscopic anatomy of the pancreas.
identify the exocrine and endocrine portions of the gland and their functions.
applied anatomy.
27
Physiology

define metabolism, snabolism, catabolism with common example from process of
energy yield in the body.
define carbohydrates, proteins, fat digestion, absorbtion and metabolism in human
body.
identify the role of various gastrointesstinal tract secretions in the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
define mastication, swallowing and describe their mechanisms.
enumerate various secretions in oral cavity, stomach, small intestine and draw a table
showing their composition and function.
enumerate the dietary rource of carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals.
describe the mechan.ism of absorption and make a list of factors affecting such for
vitamins and minerals.
enumerate the function of secretions from liver and pancrease related to digestion and
metabolism of food and energy substrate in the body.
draw a table showing water movement in and the out from the GIT in a body.
describe the mechanism of synthesis and secretions of bile.
make a list of causes of jundice and classify jundice.
describe the role of GIT and accessory organs for detoxification and excretion.
Biochemistry

describe digestion and absorption of fats in the g.i.tract.
list the importance of impaired absorption.
explain lipids as source of energy, describe oxidation of fatty acids (beta, alpha and
omega oxidation).
describe mechanism of ketone body formation and utilisation.
explain mechanisms of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Metabolic interrelationship:
describe metabolic interrelationships of tissues in obesity, exercise, pregnancy,

insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetic mellitus, stress, injury, liver
disease, renal disease and acid base disordes.
Liver and its function:
recall the anatomy oflobule of liver.

list the general functions of liver.
explain carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism in liver.
describe synthesis of bile acids, cholesterol, steroids and conjugation with glucoronic
acid and sulfuric acid.
28
describe various detoxifying reactions occuring with drugs and poisons. (Coxidation,
reduction hydrolysis, conjugation and methylation).
explain excretion ofbile pigments and mechanism of jaundice.
defme jaundice and classify them.
Pathology

apply the general co9ncept of inflammation in the oral cavity, salivary glands, and
GIT.
describe the gross and microscopical features of pleomorphic adenoma.
state the sites of peptic ulcers.
explain the pathology of acute and chronic peptic ulcer.
explain the pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction.
differentate between the pathological features of ulcerative colitis and amoebic
colitis.
differentiate between cholecystitis, cholangitis and cholelithiasis.
differentiate between amoebic hepatitis, infective hepatitis.
describe the different types of cirrhosis.
describe different types of polyps in GI tract.
describe the presenting sign, gross and microscopic appearance of common types of
cancer of oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, colon head of pancreas, liver, and gall
gladder.
list common investigations done in the diagnosis of diaeases of GIT, liver, gall
bladder and pancreas.
identify the gross features of sialadenitis, peptic ulcer, intussusception, volvulus,
cholecystitis, cirrhosis, adenocarcinoma of stomach, colon rectum.
identify the microscopical features of sialadenitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer, TB intestine,
cirrhosis of liver, squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity, oesophagus,
adenocarcinoma of stomach, colon rectum, cholecystitis, appendicitis, pleomorphic
adenoma salivary gland, rectal polyp.
Microbiology

explain oral microbial diseases:
periodental diseases,
dental caries,
infection of pulp and periapicai·infections,
local and systemic infections,
explain microbial diseases of gastrointestinal system.
identify salmonella, shigella, cholera, rotavirus.
identify E. Histolytica, Giradia Iamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia solium, Taenia
saginata, Iconococcus, Ankylostoma duodenale, Necotoochriranes.
29
Pharmacology
Students will be able to briefly describe the mechanism of action, indicatioi1s, dosing
listed below:
Antacids:
aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate; magaldrate, magnesium
hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate
Antispasmodics:
atropine, hyoscine, isopromide, clidenium, dyclomine,oxyphenonium
bromide, propantheline
Ulcer healing drugs:
bismuth chelate, carbenoxolone sodium
cemetidine, ranitidine, famotidine
omeprazoe, pirenzipine
sucralfate
Anti emetics:
cyclizine, diphenhydrinate, domperidone, meclozine HCl,
metochlorpromide, prochlorperazine, promethazine HCl, promethazine
theoclate, trifl upromazine
Renal-Electrolyte system
Anatomy

list the parts of the nrinary system.
describe the development, gross anatomy, relations, arterial supply and venous
drainage of kidneys.
list and describe the parts of the nephrons.
describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of ureter.
describe the development, gross and microscopic anatomy ofurnary bladder.
describe the blood supply and venous drainage of the bladder.
applied anatomy. ·
describe the gross anatomy and sphincteric control of u,rethra in male and female.
describe the development of urethra.
applied anatomy.
Physiology

describe the excretory, regulatory and endocrine functions of the kidney and list the
major substances excreted and/or regulated by the kidney.
describe the usefulness of the concept of balance in considering water and electrolytes
in the body.
review the micro structure of the nephron.
30
Water Balance

define with average figures total body water, intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid,
tissue fluid and plasma volume.
list the sources from which the body may gain water and the routes by which the body
may lose water.
define diuresis and antidiuresis.
describe the role of hypothalamic osmoreceptors, posterior pituitary gland,
ancidiuretic hormone, distal tubules and collecting duct in the control of body water.
describe the course of events in the body's response to water overload and water
deprivation.
Electrolyte Balance

define electrolyte.
give the distribution ofNa+ K+ Cl- and HC03 - in the body fluid and describe how
this is maintained.
give average values for plasma Na+, Cl-, HC03- and negatively charged proportions
in milli equivalents per litre.
Examination of the Urine

recognise the following by naked eye examination, haematuria, chyluria,
bilirubinuria, concentrated urine.
recognise by microscopy white blood cells, red blood cells, casts.
measure the specific gravity of urine and recognise its significance.
Biochemistry
Renal functions and electrolyte balance

recall the anatomy of nephron.
co-relate ultrastructures with its functions.
describe the formation of urine.
describe the functions of tubules, and list threshold substances.
describe absorption of glucose water, ions and urea.
describe buffer systems of plasma, interstitial fluid and cells.
state the dissociation constant of physiological organic phosphates, histidine side
chain N-terminal aminogroups.
explain role of kidneys in acid base maintenance.
explain the functions ofNa-K ATP ase in tubules.
31
define GRF and clearance.
describe urea and creatinine clearance tests.
list the organic and in-organic composition of urine.
Water, sodium and potassium

describe water and sodium distribution in the body.
describe the interrelationship between water, sodium and extracellular fluid and
osmolality.
describe the role of aldosterone and natriuretic peptide hormones in maintaining ECF
osmolality.
describe the causes of water and sodium depletion.
describe water and sodium excess.
describe the causes ofhyponatraemia and hypematraemia and their measurement.
describe the causes of hypo- and hypokalaemia.
Pathology
At the end of the course students will be able to:

apply the concept of inflammation in renal electrolyte system.
enumerate the types of glomerulonephritis.
describe the aetiology, gross and microscopical features of common types of
glomerulonephritis.
describe the aetiology, gross and microscopical features and complications of
pyelonephritis.
describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome.
describe the pathological changes in polycystic kidney and hydronephrosis.
explain the pathophysiology of renal calculi.
describe the kidney changes in hypertension, lupus erythematous, uraemia, diabetes
and amyloidosis.
enumerate tumours of kidney and bladder.
describe the gross and microscopical features ofwilm's tumour, hydronephrosis renal
calculi, wilm's tumour, hypernephroma, transitional cell carcinoma ofbladder.
Microbiology

explain the microbial diseases of renal/urinary system (urinary tract infection).
identify the causative agent urinary tract infection.
32
Reproductive/Endocrine/Metabolic systems
Anatomy

describe the development and general structure of endocrine system.
define hormone and target organ.
list the glands of endocrine system.
describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of pituitary gland.
list the different hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and their actions.
applied anatomy.
describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of pineal gland.
list the secretions and their actions.
describe the development, gross and microscopic anatomy and relations of thyroid
bland.
describe the blood supply and venous drainage ofthe thyroid gland.
applied anatomy.
describe the development, gross and microscopic features and relations of parathyroid
glands.
applied anatomy.
describe the location, size, shape, relations, arterial supply and venous drainage of the
suprarenal gland.
describe the zones of cortex and medulla and explain their microscopic anatomy of
applied anatomy.
describe the location of islets of langerhans.
identify the main types of cells of islets of langerhans.
list the hormones secreted by them and their actions.
applied anatomy.
Male Reproductive organs:
list the parts of the male reproductive system.

describe gross, microscopic anatomy and the functions of tests.
identify the spermatic cord and structures in it.
describe the development and the descent of tests.
list the layers of scrotum.·
describe the gross anatomy of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles.
describe the gross anatomy of penis.
describe the innervation, blood supply and the venous drainage of penis.
applied anatomy.
Female reproductive organs:
list the different parts of the female reproductive system.

describe the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries with their gross and microscopic
anatomy, location, size, shape, relations, arterial supply and the venous drainage.
33
list the supports of uterus.
describe the changes undergone by uterus during pregnancy and the ovarian cycle.
describe the microscopic anatomy and changes .undergone by ovaries during the men
strual cycle.
applied anatomy.
list the female external genitalia.
describe gross anatomy of female external genitalis.
applied anatomy.
Physiology

defferentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands.
demonstrate the functional relation between a target bland and hypothalamo -
pituitary crisis.
identify various endocrinal glands with their secretions, mechanism of action of
different types of hormones, their metabolism and excretion.
describe the mechanism of regulation of endocrinal secretion and changes during
hyper and hypo function of different hormone.
describe the function of gonads in human reproduction.
describe the mechanism of determination of human sex.
describe puberty, menarchae, sexual characteristion, menstrual cycle, conception,
contraception, pregnancy, lactation as structural changes due to hormonal function.
Biochemistry
Student will be able to:

describe receptor model of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
describe steroidgenesis and its regulation and functional zonation ofthe adrenal
glands.
explain biological actions, and regulation of adrenal steroids, androgens, oestrogens,
progesterones.
describe formation ofT3, T4, and their function and regulation.
describe hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis and goitre (causes, molecular
basis and biochemical investigation).
explain the mode of action, biological functions of insulin, glucagon and
somatostatin.
list the hypothalamic releasing factors and describe their functions.
list the pituitary glycoprotein normones CLH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, GH, (prolactin) and
their functions.
list posterior pituitary hormone (vasopression or ADH and oxytocin) and describe
their function.
describe diabetes insipidus.
list agents causing cancer.
classify the chemical carcinogens.
describe the mechanism of action of chemical carcinagens.
34
Pathology

apply the concept of inflammation in the male and female genital tract and breast.
describe the aetiology, pathological changes and complications of endometritis,
cervicitis, salpingitis, prostatitis, mastitis.
explain the pathophysiology of irregular menstrual bleeding and its effect.
escribe endometrial hyperplasia and endometriosis.
describe post contraceptive changes and its hazards on endometrium.
describe gross and microscopical features of endometrial carcinoma,
choriocarcinoma, leiomyoma of uterus ans hydatidiform mole.
describe the aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopical features and complications of
carcinoma cervix.
describe aetiology and pathogenesis of prolapse uterus.
describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of abortion.
explain the pathogenesis of ectopic pregnancy.
list tumours of ovary.
list tumours of ovary.
describe the gross and microscopical features of benign cystic teratoma, cystic
adenoma, dysgerminoma, and cystic adeno carcinoma.
describe the gross and microscopical features offibrocystic disease ofbreast.
list tumours of breast.
describe the common benign and malignant tumour of breast.
- - -explain the pathophysiology and gross and microscopic features of prostatic
hyperplasia and carcinoma prostate.
enumerate testicular tumours.
describe the gross and microscopical features of seminoma, teratoma, embryonal
carcinoma oftestis.
identify the gross and microscopical features of endometritis, cervicitis, endometrial
hyperpiesia, endometrial carcinoma, carcinoma of cervix, leiomyoma uterus benign
cystic teratoma, cystic adenoma dn carcinoma of ovary.
identify the gross and microscopical features of mastitis, fibroadenoma, fibrocystic
disease and infiltrating duct carcinoma.
identify the gross and microscopic features of prostatitis, prostatic hyperplasia,
carcinoma of prostate, seminoma and carcinoma of penis.
Microbiology

explain the microbial diseases of reproductive system.
identify the causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).
AIDS.
hepatitis B and C.
chlamydia.
syphilis, gonorrhoea, herpetic infection, charcroid, cardidiasis.
35
Pharmacology and Dental therapeutics
schedule, adverse reactions, precautions and contraindications of drugs listed below:
Adrenal hormones and Synthetic substitutes:

beclamethasone diproprionate, betamethasone,
dexamenthasone,fludrocortisone acetate,
hydrocortisone, prednisolone, triamcenolone.
Androgens and Anabolic steroids:
danazole, methyl testesterone, testesterone
nandrolone, stanozolol, oxymetholone
Drugs used in diabetes:
insulin
oral antidiabetic drugs- chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, gliclazide,
glipizide, metformine, glucagon
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs:
thyroid hormone, iodine injection, levothyroxine, thyroglobulin
antithyroid drugs- carbimazole, Lugol's iodine, propronolol,
propylthiouracil
Posterior Pituitory Hormone:
desmopressin, vasopressin
Miscellenious drugs
schedule, adverse reactions, precautions and contraindications of drugs listed below:
Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim:

sulphadimidine, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole
Antibacterials:
penicillin- ampicillin, amoxycillin, becampicillin, benzathine penicillin,
benzyl penicillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, phenoxymethyl
penicillin, procaine benzyl penicillin
cephalosporins- cephalexin, cephazoline cefaclor, cefadroxil,
cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime
tetracycline- demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline,
tetracycline
amynoglycosides-amikacin, gcntamycin, streptomycin, kanamycin,
neomycm
chloramphenicol
erythromycin
Antifungals- amphotericin B, flucystone, griseofulvin, ketokonzole, nystatin

Antiamoebic and antigiardial drugs- chloroquine, dehydroemetine,diloxanide
furoate, metronidazole, tinidazole
36
Antihelmenthic drugs
Antimalarials
Antituberculosis drugs
Antineoplastic and immunosupressants-
immunosupressive drugs
cytotoxic drugs
hormones and antihormones
Drugs affecating blood and vitamins-
antianaemic, blood products and substitutes,vitamins and minerals,
IV fluids and electrolytes
Drugs used in poisoning including antidotes
Vaccines and sera
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Drugs used in chemical sterilization
De~tal therapeutics
Students will be able to briefly describe the mechanism of action, indications, adverse
reactions, precautions and contraindications of:
Astringents
Obtudents
Mummifying agents
Dentitrics
Bleaching agents
Styptics
Disclosing agents
Mouth wash
Fluorides
Treatment of Common Oral Conditions
37
Hour Distribution and Textbooks in IBMS
Anatomy:
Topic areas Theory hrs Practical hrs Demonst hrs
Gen. Anatomy embryology 20 Hist - 2

Musculoskeletal 18 Hist -2
Neurosensory 20 Hist -2 8 (Brain)
Respiratory 10 Hist- 2 6 (thoracic cavity)
cvs 10 Hist - 2
GIT 12 Hist - 4 14 (abdominal cavity)

Renal/electroI yte 5 Hist - 2
Reproductive/endocrine/ 13 Hist - 2 10 (Pelvic cavity)
metabolic syste
Genetics 4 Hist- 2
Authropology 4
Total 116 hrs 20hrs 38hrs
Hours for Dissection
Upper limb 12
Neck - 24
Face 18
Scalp - 4
Total 58 hrs
Total = 232 hrs
Text Book/Reference:
- Cunnigham's Practical Manual of Anatomy 15th Edition

Vol I, II, III
- Hamilton's Text Book of Anatomy
-Regional Anatomy by R.J.Last
-Bailey's Text Book of Histology
38
Physiology:
Topic areas Theory hrs Practical hrs
General 24
Blood, haemopoeisis, coagulation 14 6
Cardiovascular 20 4
Respiratory 24 4
GIT 22 4
Renal-electrolyte 10 2
Neurosensory 24 4
Musculoskeletal 16 4
Endocrine and reproductive 20 2
170 hrs 30 hrs
Total= 200 hrs

Text book of medical physiology

IX edition A. C. Guyton, Saunder Publication
Review of medical physiology
XVII edition W.T. Ganang, Large Medical Publication
Human physiology: The mechanism of body function
VI edition Vandar/Shennan/- Mcgrend Publication
Text Book ofHaematology
by Wintrobe
Biochemistry:
Theory 13 5 hrs
Practical 15hrs
Total= 150 hrs
- Foundation ofMedicine
by W.M.Southerland, Churchill Livingstone, N.Y.
-Lecture Notes on Biochemistry
by LB. Whitby, A.F.Smith & G.J.Beckett
-Methods in Clinical Chemistry
by A.J.Pesce, Lawrence A. Kalpan & C.V. Mosby
39
Microbiology:
Theory + Practical
Total = 150 hrs
Medical Microbiology Vol. 1

by Mackie and Me Cartney
Medical Parsitology
byN.C.Dey
Lecture Notes on Medical Microbiology for Medical Students
(Lithographed for students)
Pathology:
Theory +Practical
Total= 200 hrs
Text Book/ Reference:
Robin's Pathologic Basis of Disease by Cotran R.S., Kumar V.

W.B.Saunders Company
Boyd's Textbook ofPathology, Vol I& II by Ritchei A.C.
Lea and Febiger (UK ) Ltd
Textbook oflmmunioplogy, by Barelt J.T.
The Mosby Company
Sandrittwr's Colour Atlas and Textbook of Histopathology,
by Thomas C, Year Book Medical Publisher
Pharmacology:
Topic areas Theory hrs
General Principles of
Pharmacology 7
CNS 12
cvs 7
Respiratory 2
GIT 4
Endocrine 6
Urinary/ Reproduct 3
40
Antiinfectives 15
Miscellenious 14
Dental therapeutics 10
Treatment of Common oral conditions 10
Theory 90 hrs
Practical 50 hrs
Total = 140 hrs
Text Book/ Reference:
- Clinical Pharmacology by Dr Lawrence& P .N Bennett

Churchill Livingstone
- Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics by Hardman J.G. et al (editor)
McGraw Hill.
..
41
Oral Anatomy
Course Description:
The course is designed to equip students to have comprehensive knowledge and skills on oral
anatomy, physiology and histology.
Learning Objectives:

describe the structure and development, chemical composition, physical properties of
enamel, dentine, cementum and bore.
describe the structure of pulp, periodontal ligament temporomandibular joint,
maxillary sinuses.
describe development, growth, age changes in teeth and jaws.
explain mineralization and eruption of deciduous and permanent dentition, shedding
of deciduous teech.
explain the oral structure of cavity and salivary glands.
describe applied anatomy of oral tissues.
describe blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage ofthe oral cavity.
describe muscles of mastication in detail.
describe the muscles of facial expression in dential.
describe the morphology of teeth occlusion.
prepare hand and soft tissues sections for histological examination.
explain the physiology of mastication, deglutition or swallowing and speech.
describe composition and physiology of saliva and its influencing factors.
Practical:

demonstrate various methods of preparations of ground and decalci field sections of
teeth and jaws.
do staining sections of soft tissues of oral cavity.
demonstrate microscopic study and drawing sketches of normal oral and dental
structures.
demonstrate the identification of various types of teeth and microscopic structures of
dental tissues.
carve the permanent teech and drawing of teeth in practical book Goumal).
Teaching Learning Methods:
classroom lectures
lab/practical classes
assignment
group discussions
42
Hours:
Theory: 40 hours
Practical: 90 hours
Total: 130 hours /
Assessment Methods:
There will be internal assessment and final examination in both theory and practical.
Text Books:
-Text Book of Oral Anatomy

by Scott and Symon
43
Dental Material Science
Course Description:
The course is designed to make students familiar with the conventional and recent materials
commonly used in dentistry through lecture, practicals, demonstration and through
manipulation of the more common materials. The course describes about structure,
behaviour, biological compatibility ofthose materials, their different ways of use, application
and limitations of the use.
On completion of the course the student will be able to:

identify different materials used in dentistry
describe basic nature and properties of dental material.
manipulate or mix materials for clinical purpose.
demonstrate understanding of the biocmpatability, advantages and adverse tissue
reactions ofthe material used.
Content
Introduction:
Tn order to achieve the above mentioned objectives the course will consist of the following
content areas:
aims and scope ofthe science of dental materials.
structure and behaviour of matters
important physical properties applicable to dental materials including biological
consideration.
gypsum products used in dentistry including casting investment material with or
without gypsum binder. Impression plaster, dental plaster, dental stone, dije stone,
gypsum bonded investment.
impression materials used in dentistry including duplicating materials. Impression
compound - znoengense, agar, alginate polysulphide, polyethen, additional silicone
condensation silicone.
Synthetic resins used in dentistry
General propresties and physical characteristics

Resins as denture base material, repair and reline materials, soft liners, tissue
conditioners.
Resins as restorative materials.
I) Unflled (Acrylic and bonding agents)
II) Filled resins- composites (self light cure) light activation, acid etching.
44
Metals and alloys
Their structures and behaviour and important physical properties.

dental amalgam alloys
dental casting gold alloy
stainless steel, chrome cobalt alloy
cobalt, chromic and nickel alloy
titanium
titanium alloys
vitallium
Waxes:
-different types of dental waxes used in dentistry.
Gold inlay casting procedure:
Preparation of the dye wax patterns. Sprue, investing control of shrintage compensation, wax
elimination, casting machines, casting, defects in casting.
welding and soldering materials used

dental cements: classification composition manipulation properties and uses: copper
cements, zin oxide eugent cements. Silicate cements, cavity varnishes. Glass
ionomers zin carboxylate cement, zin phosphate cement, calcium hydomxide.
Cermets (glass ionmens+cilver alloy)
dental porceiain including porcelain fuded to metal, porcelain, furnace and fusing.
mechanism of tooth cutting by burs.
abrasives and polishing agants
die and counterdine materials including electro training and electropolishing.
preventive dental materials - fluoneles pits and fissive sealents.
Teaching Learning Methods:
Lectures, group discussions, practical, demonstration.
Hours:
Theory: 75 hours
Practical: 200 hours
Total: 275 hours
Assessment methods:
There will be internal assessment and final examination in both theory and practical.
45
Text Books/ Reference:
Text Book of Dental Materials by Skinner Philips

Basic Dental Materials by John J. Manappallil, Edition 1998
Dental Materials by Craig, O'srien panters fourth edition 1990
Applied Dental Maerials by J.N.Anderson
Chemistry of Dental Materials by Prof. A.H.S.Rahaman
46
Community Dentistry I, II, and III ·
Course Description:
The course is designed to equip the students with a comprehensive knowledge

of community dentistry. Different aspects of dental public health and preventive
dentistry such as concepts, strategy, methods and use of dental epidemiology, general
principles of biostatistics, application of statistical methods and presentation and
interpretation of data as well as behavioral science in dentistry have been included to
meet the need of the students. It is also designed to enable the students to understand
the concept and philosophy of public health, environmental health, health education
and computer applications along with the levels and various measures in the
prevention of dental diseases. The course has been prepared to impart the
fundamental concept of public health dentistry along with indices, survey and
evaluation, financing dental care and school dental health programmes for broader
understanding of the subject. With a view to exposing the students to problems of
rural and semi-urban areas a field programme has also been designed. The teaching\
learning of community dentistry is integrated with the dental curriculum and is
organized into three phases: Community Dentistry I, II and III during the first,
second and third year of the BDS course.
At the end of the course on Community Dentistry -1 students will be able to:
Behavioral and social sciences in dentistry
explain the significance of behavioural and social sciences in dentistry and

their application to the discipline of dentistry in patient treatment and
enhancing effectiveness of patient- dentist interactions.
explain the psychological development from birth to adolescence, manage a
child in the dental office conduct parent counseling in respect of dental health
and hygiene of the child.
identify communication strategies for enhancing effective client-practitioner
communication, including verbal and non verbal communication, listening
and responding, interviewing, counseling and barriers to communication.
apply the principles of social sciences to health, social structure concepts,
groups, social institution, urban and rural societies and their concept of health,
as well as health programme and social environment.
Computer application in dentistry
use computers for word processing, spread sheet and graphics.

demonstrate skills in the use of email and internet and literature search.
47
At the end of the course on Community Dentistry-11 the students will be able:
Biostatistics
explain the general principles of biostatistics and statistical procedures,

apply common methods of statistical analysis used in dental research,
define the commonly used statistical terms such as central tendency,
variability of data. Normal curve, probability. Reliability of data. Comparison
of means, Comparis~n of relative frequencies. Analysis of variance. Choice of
parametric tests. Correlation and regression. Chi Square. Other non parametric
tests,
explain the experimental design and sampling and the estimation of sample
size,
organize data collection, and data analysis.
Survey and Evaluation
explain the importance of the discipline dental epidemiology and survey

procedures.
identify types of epidemiological studies.
explain the epidemiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases.
plan a dental epidemiological study.
explain the indices of dental diseases.
At the end of the course on Community Dentistry- III students will be able to:
Public Health
outline the concept and philosophy of public health in general and public
health in Nepal.
explain the impmtance of health education, environmental health and disposal
of wastes.
explain the principles of water purification and identify the norms for water
potability.
Preventive Dentistry
define prevention, levels of prevention, various measures in the prevention of

dental and oral diseases at individual and community level.
Dental Public Health
explain the objectives and functions of the public health dentist.

outline the procedural steps in dental public health.
explain the principles and process of the utilization of dental health
manpower, payment for dental care, public dental health programme.
48
Outline the concepts of school dental health programme.
Outline the steps in the development of dental health services in the country.
Field Programme
in rural areas of Nepal, conduct survey of dental diseases, provide dental

health education and emergency treatment.
organise school health programme by providing dental care for school
children and preventive programme including topical fluoride applicatimN!_nd
oral hygiene demonstrations. -~,
Teaching\ Learning Methods:
Class room lectures, demonstrations, discussions and class work.

field experience will be organized to conduct survey of dental diseases and
dental health education.
(The teacher is expected to act as a resource person or facilitator of the
learning process)
Hours
Community Dentistry I. 10 hours

Community Dentistry II 15 hours
Community Dentistry III 15 hours
Total: 40 hours
Field Programme 100 hours
Learning Materials:
use of blackboard,
chalk, duster, charts,
models and other audio-visual aids
Assessment :
Periodic assessments of the teaching \ Learning activities will be done during the
period of the course including class tests, project reports and presentations.
There will be university examinations at the end of the total course in community
dentistry and 20% of full marks assigned will consist of internal assessment marks.
49
Text Books\ References:
Bulman J S, Osborn J F. Statistics in Dentistry. London: BDJ

Chilton N W. Design and Analysis in Dental and Oral Research. New York:
Praeger.
Miller SL. Introductory Statistics for Dentistry and Medicine.
Reston, NJ: Prentice- Hall.
Bochner S. The Psychology of the Dentist-Patient Relationship. Springer
Verlag.
Cohen LK, Bryant PS. Social Sciences and Dentistry. Vol II Quintessence.
Davis P. The Social Context of Dentistry. Croom Helm.
Dworkin Sf, Ference TB, Giddon DB. Behavioral Science and Dental
Practice. Mosby.
Geboy MJ, Muzzio TC, Stark AM. Communication and Behaviour
Management in Dentistry. Wavenly press.
Kent GC. The Psychology of Dental Care by Wright.
Locker D. Introduction to Behavioral Science & Dentistry. Routledge.
Burt BA, Eklund S A. Dentistry, Dental Practice and the Commtmity.
Saunders.
Dunning JM. Principles ofDental Public Health. Harvard University Press.
Milgrom P. Regulation and the Quality of Dental Care. Maryland, Aspen
Systems Corporation.
Mooney G. Economics, Medicine and Health Care. Harvester Wheatsheaf,
London.
Shou L, Blinkhom AS. Oral Health Promotion. Oxford University Press.
Slack GL. Dental Public Health: An Introduction to Community Dentistry.
Wright.
Ekstrand J, Fejerskov 0 & Silverstone LM. Fluoride in dentistry.
Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
Elderton RJ. Evolution in Dental Care. Redland, Clinical Press.
Granath L & Me Hugh WD. Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory
& Practice. CRC Press.
Harris No & Christen Ag. Primary Preventive Dentistry-Appleton & Lange.
Lindhe J. Text book of Clinical Periodontics. Munksgaard.
Murray JJ. Fluorides in Caries Prevention. Dental Practitioners Handbook No.
20. Wright.
Murray JJ. The Prevention of Dental Disease. Oxford UK
Newbrun E. Cariology. Quintessence.
Provenza D. Seibel W. Oral Histology, Inheritance and Development. Lea &
Febiger.
50
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Oral Medicine
(Including Imaging)
Course Description:
The course will providean appropriate knowledge and understanding on aspects of

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology including Oral Medicine and Oral Imaging and will
enable the students to apply these in the prevention, cure and alleviation of oral and
related systemic diseases.
At the end of the course the students will be able to:
define and identify the developmental disorders of the oral and maxillofacial
region-orofacial clefts, cleft lip and palate, lip pits, double lip, macroglossia,
microglossia, ankyloglossia, lingual thyroid, fissured and hairy tongue,
varices, soft palate fistulas, condylar and coronoid hyperplasia, bifid condyles,
exostosis, tori, Eagle syndrome, Stafne defect including other rare
developmental anomalies, heminyperplasia, Romberg syndrome, Craniofacial
dysostosis, Apert syndrome, mandibulofacial dystosis.
diagnose developmental cysts-palatal cysts of the new born, nasolabial cyst,
globulqmaxillary cyst, nasopalatine cyst, median palatine cyst, median
mandibulary cyst, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst,
branchial cleft cyst, oral lymphoepithelial cyst
define and identify abnormalities of the teeth-environmental alterations such
an environmental effects on tooth structure development, post-developmental
loss of tooth structure, environmental discoloration and localized disturbances
in eruption, developmental alterations- alterations in the number, size, shape
and structure of teeth.
identify dental caries- epidemiology and trends in the epidemiology of dental
caries, etiology, contributing factors, clinical classification, histopathology,
caries susceptiobiligy, X-ray diagnosis and prevention.
identify pulpal and periapical diseases- pulpitis, secondary dentin, pulpal
calcifications, periapical granuloma, periapical granuloma, periapical abscess,
cellulitis, conceptual spreading of oral infections into specific tissue spaces
osteomyelitis, diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis and tendoperiostitis,
condensing periostitis, proliferative periostitis, alveolar osteitis.
identify periodontal diseases- gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative
gingivitis, plasma cell gingivitis, granulomatous gingivitis, desquamative
gingivitis, drug related gingivitis, gingival fibromatosis, periodontitis, early-
onset periodontitis, Papillon-Lefevere syndrome, Odontogenic cyst,
carconoma arising in odontogenic cysts.
classify odontogenic tumors- Tumors of odontogenic epithelium without
odontogenic ectomesenchyme- ameloblastoma, malignant ameloblastoma and
51
ameloblastic carcinoma, Pindborg tumor, squamous odontogenic tumor, clear
cell odontogenic tumors.
Tumors of odontogenic epithelium with odontogenic ectomesenchyme
Ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, ameloblastic
fibrosarcoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, odontoameloblastoma,
odontoma Tumors of odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without included
odontogenic epithelium-odontogenic fibroma, granular cell odontogenic
fibroma, peripheral odontogenic firoma, myxoma, cementoblastoma
state the significance of dermatologic diseases in the practice of dentistry.
Ectodermal dysplasia, white sponge nevus, hereditary benigh intraepithelial
dyskeratosis, pachonychia congenita, dyskeratosis congenita, xerodernl.a
pigmentosum, incontentia pigmenti, keratosis follicularis, warty dyskeratoma,
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Ehlers-
Danlos syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, multiple hamartoma, syndrome,
epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, cicatricial
pemphigoid, bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, erythema rnigrans,
Reiters syndrome, lichen planus, graft-vs host disease, psoriasis, lupus
erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, crest syndrome, acanthosis nigricans
explain the importance of oralspects of systemic/metabolic diseases-such as
mucopolysaccharides, lipid endotheliosis, lipid proteinosis, jaundice,
amyloidosis, Vitamin deficiency, pituitray dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly,
hypothroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism,
hypopsuedoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hyperocortiscosloim,
Addison's disease, diabetis mellitus, hypophosphatasia, vitamin- D resistant
rickets, Crohn's disease, pystomatitis vegetans, uremic stomatitis.
identify conditions related to facial pain and neuromuscular diseases- Bells
palsy, Trigemminal neuralgia, golssopharyngeal neuralgia, atypical facial
pain, cluster headache, migraine, temporal arteritis, myasthenia gravis, motor
neuron disease, idiopathic burning tongue syndrome, dysguesia, auriculo-
temporal syndrome, ostearthritis, rheumatoid atthritis, temporomandibular
joint dysfunction, temporomandibular joint ankylosis. ·
identify bacterial infections with special emphasis on oral manifestations-
impetigo, erysipelas, Streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis, scarlet fever.
tonsillolithiasis, diphtheria, syphylis, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, leprosy.
cancrum oris, actinomycosis, cat-scratch disease, sinusitis
identify fungal and protozoal diseases- candidiasis, histoplasmosis.
blastomycosis, paracoccidomysosis, coccidiomycosis, cryptococcosis,
zygomycosis, aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis
identify viral infections- Herpes simplex virus, varicella, herpes zoster.
infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus, rubeola, rubelia.
mumps, HIV/AIDS- oral manifestations ofHIV/AIDS
explain the causes of cervical lymphadenopathy- acute L.N., Reactive
Granulamatous, NHL, MD, metastatic.
explain the mechanism of physical and chemical injuries and healing of ora I
wounds: Linea alba, Morsicatio buccarum, traumatic ulcerations, traumatic
granuloma, electrical and thermal bums, chemical injuries of the oral mucosa
oral complications of antineoplastic therapy, anaesthetic necrosis, exfoliative
52
chelitis, submucosal hemonhage, oral trauma from sexual practices, amalgam
tatoos and other localized exogenous pigmentation, systemic metallic
intoxication, smoker's melanosis, drug related discolouration of oral mucosa,
traumatic osseous and chondromatous metaplasia, antral pseudocysts, cervico-
facial emphysema and myopherulosis.
explain the allergies and immunological diseases- recunent aphthous
stomatitis, Bechet's syndromes arcoidosis, orofacial granulomatosis,
Wegener's granulomatosis, allergic mucosal reactions to systemic drug
administration, allergic contact stomatitis, contact stomatitis from artificial
cinnamon flavoring, chronic oral mucosal contact reactions to dental
amalgam, angioedema.
identify the benign, potentially malignant and malignant lesions and
,.,
conditions of oral mucosa-oral squamous cell papilloma, sinonasal papilloma,
venucavulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, focal epithelial hyperplasia,
molluscum contagiosum, verruciform xanthoma, seborrheic keratosis,
keratoacanthoma, sebaceous hyperplasia, lentigo, oral melanocytic nevus,
melanoma, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, tobacco associated oral lesions, oral
submucous fibrosis, actinic keratosis, actinic cheilosis, squamous cell
carcinoma, venucous carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, adenosquamous
carcinoma, carcinoma of the maxillary antrum, nasopharyngeal carcinoma,
basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, merkel cell
carcinoma.
explain the clinical features and mechanism of salivary gland pathology-
mucocoele, ranula, salivary duct cyst, siaiolithiasis, sialadenitis, cheilitis
glandularis, sialonhoea, xerostomia, benign lymphoepitheliallesion, sjogrens
syndrome,sialadenosis, adenomatoid hyperplasia of the minor salivary glands,
necrotizing sialometaplasia.
explain the general considerations, classification, concepts of salivary gland
tumor histiogenesis, histopathology and management of common slalivary
tumors, pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's tumor, other benign salivary tumors,
malignant salivary tumors
explain the general consider~tion, classification and concepts of soft tissue
tumors- fibroma, giant cell fibroma, epulis, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia,
fibrous histiocytoma, fibromatosis and myofibromatosis, oral focal mucinosis,
pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, peripneral ossifying
fibroma, lipoma, traumatic neuroma, palisaded encapsulated neuroma,
multiple neurilemmoma, neurofibroma, neurofibromatosis, multiple
neuroendocrine neoplasia type III, melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of
infancy, paraganglioma, granular cell tumor, congenital epulis, hemangioma,
Struge-Weber syndrome, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, hemangiopericytoma,
lymphangioma, leiomyoma, · rhabdomyoma, osseous and cartilagenous
choristomas, soft tissue sarcoma- fibrosarcoma, malignant firous histocytoma,
. liposarcoma, neurofibrosarcoma, olfactory neuroblastoma,
angiosarcoma,Kaposi-sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyocarcoma,
synovial sarcoma, alveolar soft pmt sarcoma and metastases to the oral soft
tissues.
explain the diseases of the blood and blood forming organs- lymphoid
hyperplasia, hemophilia, anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, aAplastic
53
anemia, nemtopenia, agranulocytosis, cyclin neutropenia, thrombocytopenia,
polycythemia vera, leukemia, hodgkin's desease, non-hodgkin's lymphoma,
mycosis funglides, burkitt's lymphoma, multiple myeioma, plasmacytoma,
midline-lethal granuloma
state the diseases of boile and joints- osteogenis imperfecta, osteopetrosis,
cleidocranial dysplasia, focal osteoporotic marrow defect, idiopathic
osteosclerosis, massive osteolysis, paget's disease, langernahs cell disease,
central giant cell granuloma, cherubissm, simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone
cyst, fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws, fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous
dyspiasia, familial gigantiform cementoma, ossifying fibroma, juvenile
ossifying fibroma, osteoma, Gardner syndrome, osteoid osteoma and
osteoblastoma, cementoblastoma, chodroma, chodromyxoid fibroma, synovial
chondromatosis, hemangioma of bone, desmoplastic fibroma, fibrosarcoma of
bone, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, metastatic tumors to
the jaws.
identify the odontogenic cysts and tumors:
Odontogenic cysts: dentigerous cyst, eruption cyst, primordial cyst,
odontogenic keratocyst, mthokeratinized odontogenic cysts, Godin syndrome,
gingival cyst of the new born, gingival cyst of the adult, lateral periodontal
cyst, calcifying odontogenic cyst, glandular
Oral Imaging :
Students will be able to :

make familiar with the physics of radiation production and the propetties of
X-rays
explain principles of X-ray techniques and factors for radiography and
fluroscopy
explain the techniques of intraoral and extraoral radiography
identify the normal anatomical landmarks in the X-ray of the face
interpret the normal and abnormal radiological findings of dental and jaw
conditions
explain the elements of radiation therapy in oral and facial conditions and
their sequaele
identify the use of contrast radiography in oral imaging
explain the recent advances in dental radiology including the usage of
radioactive traces
explain radiation hazard and take precautions to protect from it
make themelves familiar with exposure techniques in relation to development
and preparation of dental fillings
Teaching \ Learning Methods:

Lectures,
correlation seminar,
clinical demonstration,
practical teaching
Demonstration in the X-ray Rooms
54
Hours:
Theory 40 +40
Practical+Clinical 90 +60
Total: 230 hours
Assessment:
Theory: Written Papers

Practical: · OSCE
Slides, viva, gross specimen
Text Books:
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology by-Mosby 1995

Oral Pathology by Hine, Shatt and Levy
A Guide to Dental Radiography by Rita A. Mason
Notes on Dental Radiology by Seward G.R.
55
General Medicine
Course Description:
The course provides them opportunities to correlate the normal structure and function
of the body with the common signs and symptoms and pathological states so that the
students will be able to diagnose, investigate and manage the common medical
condition that are relevant to dentistry.
diagnose common medical conditions that are relevant to dentistry.

take history and perform physical examination of the patients with these
conditions. : !
outline the investigations to be performed and interpret the reports.

take necess:ary precautions and if required provide treatment before
performing dental procedures.
detect medical conditions that are hazardous to the dental procedures & refer
to respectives speciality.
manage the medical emergiencie in dental practice.
The students should be able to take history, perform physical examination,

recognize the signs and symptoms, make, diagnosis, order appropriate lab,
investigations and manage and when required refer to specialists the following
medical conditions:
G. I. disorders:
Stomatitis, glostitis, gastritis, diarrhoea, amoebiasis, ascites, malcbsorption

syndoome.
Liver:
Jaundice, ,viral hepatitis, cirrhosis ofliver, tender hepatomegaly.
Cardio-vascular system:
Congentital heart disease, Rheumatic Heart disease, subacute bacterial endocarditis

congestive heart failure, left ventricular failure. Hypertension, coronary Artery
disease.
56
Respiratory System:
Pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, lung abscess, eosimophilia, pulmonary

embolism, pulmonary tuberculosis, respiratory failure.
Renal diseases:
Nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome
Haematology:
Anaemia, coagulation defects, bleeding disorders. Agranulocytosis, Leukaemia, oral

monifestations ofhaematological disorders, lymphadenopathy and spleenomegely.
Central Nervous System:
Meningitis, facial palsy, facial pain, epilepsy, headache, syncope.
Nutrition & Metabolic:
Protein, caloric, malnutrition, Aeitaminosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Calcium, Homeostasis
Endscrine disorders:
Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Hypo- & Hyperparathyroidism, Cushing's

Syndrome, Addison's disease
Infections:
Enteric Fever, Mumps, Diphtheria, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, HIV-AIDS, Herpes
Miscellaneous:
Allergy, Drug reactions, Drug interactions
lecture,
bed side teaching, role play, history taking, small group discussions,
use of Audio-Visual aids,
charts
57
Hours:
·Theory 40 hours
Practical 90hours
Total: 130 hours
Assesment: .
Theory:
written examination, MCQ , Short Answer Question, Modified Essay
Question (MEQ)
Practical:
Long case, short case, OSCE, keeping log book.
Text books & References:
Davidson's Text Book of Medicine

Harrison's Text Book of Medicine
58
General Surgery
Course Description:
The course is designed to provide opportunity to diagnose and treat common general
surgical problems both in elective and emergency situations and refer when
necessary. The course will enable students to:
• carry out minor general surgical procedures like biopsy, incision and
drainage and manage wounds.
carry out haemostasis and manage some of the life threatening emergencies
related to head and neck.
take·appropriate history of illnese from the patient or attendent and relatives .

perform thorough general physical examination and systemic examination of
the patients.
request relevant investigations and interret the routine investigations
describe and recognize clinical manifestations of common life threatening
surgical emergencies.
describe common surgical conditions related to oro-pharynx, head and neck.
undeliake life saving measures such as mini tracheostomy and tracheostomy.
recognize life saving head injuries resuscitatee and maintain airway.
describe the principles of blood transfusion, grouping & crossmatching, their
indications and hazard.
list the causes, the patho-physiology of shock and correlate the clinical
features with the degree of shock and describe the natural compensatory
mechanisms involved in preventing shock.
to describe principles of antibiotic and anticoagulant therapy, radiotherapy and
chemotherapy.
describe the implications ofHIV infection and Hepatitis B.
describe the principles and techniques of sterilization and antisepsis.
describe and recognize common bleeding disorders and outline their
management.
describe various types of inflammations, their sequaelae & treatment.
recognize abscesses, carbuncle, sinus, fistula, ulcer, gangrene, cellulitis,
pyaemia septicaenia, syphilis, gonorrhoea, cancrumoris, tuberculosis, anthrax,
actinomycosis.
describe types of wound healing and their management.
59
describe different types of cysts, tumors and disease of lymph nodes (head &
Neck) and outline their management.
recognise some vascular conditions such as aneurysm, Carortid body tumor
and vascular injury.
recognise injury to cranial nerves and outline the management of facial nerve
palsy and trigeminal neuralgia. Perform clinical examination and outline the
management of injuries of the tongue, mouth, face palaste congenitel defects
like cleft lip & cleft palate, salivary tumor, carcinoma of oral cavity, tongue
lie.
describe and o.utline the management of thyroid & parathyroid disorder and
other neck swellings.
describe the different types of jaw swellings and outline their management.
to perform independently the following surgical proudures:
dressing, incision and drainage, incisional and excisional biopsy, excision of
cysts, suturing.
Teaching /Learning Methods:-
Lectures, group discussion and interaction, literature research, case presentation.
Hours:
Lctures 40 hours.
Practical + clinicals 90 hours.
Total: 130 hours.
Assessment:
Continuous assessment will be done through log book keeping. Summative

assessment will be done through theory papers and short and long cases.
Text Books:
Text book of Surgery by Belly & Love

Clinical methods in surgery by S. Das
Ref. Text book of surgery by Sebastian
60
Anaesthesiology
Course Description:
This course is designed to provide basic knowledge on local and general anaesthesia.
The course focuses on local anaesthesia, general anaesthesia, conscious sedation and
it also includes basic life support techniques.
Unit-1
At the end of the unit the student will be able to:

define different terms used in lical anaesthesia,
list properties of an ideal local anaesthesia,
discuss properties of commonly used local anaesthetics.
make a choice of local or general anaesthesia or a conscious sedation in a
particular situation,
discuss indication, contra-indications, advantages and disadvantages of local
anaesthesia,
list components of a standard local anaesthetic solution and discuss the part
played by each component,
use different local anaesthetic techniques,
recognize and manage complications associated with the use of Local
anaesthesia,
Unit -II
discuss properties of commonly used general anaesthetic drugs. ·

prepare patients pre-anaesthetically and give premeditation.
evaluate a patient for general anaesthesia.
give brief anaesthesia in a dental chair.
discuss endotracheal anaesthesia.
discuss 1/V anaesthesia.
recognize different stages of general anaesthesia.
recognize complications arising during general anaesthesia and manage them
Unit -III
perform conscious sedation
61
Unit ~IV
perform CPR (ABCD) successfully.

maintain electrolyte and fluid balance.
monitor patient during and after surgery
Teaching\ Learning Methodss:
lectures.
clinical Exposures.
practice in the models
Hours:
Theory 22 hours
Practical 24 hours
Total: 46 hours
Assessment:
Theoretical examination.
Maintenance of Log book for practical experiences.
Text-Books:
A Synopsis of Anaesthesia by R.S. Atkinson, G.B. Rushuen, and J. Alfred

Lee.
A Text book of Local Anaesthesia
62
Forensic Dentistry
Course Description:
The course is designed to providing a general overview of Forensic Medicine to the

third-year students of the BDS programme. Together with a compact package that ·
will enable the students to appreciate how Forensic Odontology can help in the
investigation of crime in the community and in the ultimate dispensation of judiciary
justice to the public.
The Forensic Odontology course will be coupled with Community Dentistry and the
weightage of these two courses will be 20:80 respectively.
Five ofthe ten hours ofthe theory classes will provide a "bird's eye view" of Forensic
Medicine as a whole. And the other five hours will provide theoretical aspects of
. specific topics of Forensic Odontology.
The five practical classes - each class will be of two hours each - will be used for both
autopsy demonstrations and clinical Forensic Medicine examinations.
At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
describe the present medico-legal set-up ofNepal,

define death, list the post-mortem changes, and estsimate the time since death,
recognise the different types of injuries seen in medico-legal practice and
describe their mode of producation,
describe the injuries seen in illegal abortions and in infanticides,
recognise the injuries seen in child abuse syndrome,
recognise and describe the injuries seen in sexual offences,
recognise individual human teeth when they form part of suspected human
remains and describe the chronology of dental development,
1 estimate age- of intra-uterine life, of infants and during primary, mixed and
permanent dentition,
describe the different charting systems, ·record odontological injuries and
interpret them,
describe the role of the dentists in mass disasters,
prepare forensic odontological reports in medico-legal practice,
give reliable witness in courts as an expert witness.
63
Content:
Introduction of Forensic Medicine. Medico-legal terms. The medico-legal set-

up ofNepal.-The role of Forensic Odontology.
death. Post-mortem changes. Time since death.
injuries. Bite mark injuries.
injuries seen in illegal abortions and in infanticide.
injuries seen in child abuse and in sexual offences.
human tooth identificatipn Chronology of dental development and age
assessment.
' record interpretation.
charting dental
mass disaster procedursd .. The dentist's role in it.
the legal aspects relating to Forensic Odontology in Nepal . The 'Muhiki
Aain" and the Evidence Act".
medicolegal repmi writing. The dentist as an expert witness in court.
Lectures, practical demonstrations use of models, videos, case histories, and handouts
will be used in the conduction of the theory and practical classes.
Autopsy demonstrations and clinical forensic medicine examinations will be used to

impart practical forensic odontology skills to the students during the ten hours of the
practical part of the course.
Hours:
Theory: 10 hours
Practicals: 10 hours
Total: 20 hours
Assessment:
The theory and practicals will be assessed separately at the end of the course and will
carry equal marks. The theory examination will consist of written paper and the
practicals will be assessed with an oral examination. There will also be a mid-course
assessment of the students.
Reference Books:
Principles of Forensic Medicine -by Apurba Nandy.

Practical Forensic Odontology, - Ed. Derek H Clark.
(The students will be provided with handouts taken from this books.)
64
Paediatric Dentistry
~ourse Description:
This course is designed to prepare students understand the principles and practice of
paediatric dentistry. This course focuses on the child as a unique individual with
special need for dental care. The students will gain knowledge on normal growth and
development of oral and oro-facial structures and will be able to identify and manage
any deviation from it. The students will have learning experiences on common dental
problems and their management. Special focus will be given on prevention of above
mentioned common dental problems.
Unit -1
At the end of this unit the students will be able to:
define and discuss scope and importance of paedodontics.

discuss morphology of dentitions and its application:
applied morphology and histology of deciduous and permanent teeth.
importance of 1st petmanent molar.
Unit -II
list and manage
Abnormalities of tooth eruption

Abnormalities of tooth and exfoliation
Abnormalities oftooth number.
Abnormalities of tooth structure.
Abnormalities of tooth colour
divert abnormal growth towards normal
Unit -III
explain common dental and oral diseases.

treat common dental and oral diseases.
65
Unit -IV
At the end of this unit the students will be able to :
~ identify and manage dental trauma in a child patient.
Unit V
At the end of this unit the students will be able to initiate preventive oral health
education in a given community.
Unit VI
make diagnosis and prepare treatment plan for a child patient.

demonstrate understanding of behavioral attitude of a child and employ it in
his treatment and management.
manage a mentally compromised child patient.
treat a child patient painlessly.
Lectures,
Clinical Exposures,
Use of models,
Hours:
Theory 35 hours
Practical + Clinical 140 hours
Total: 175 hours
Assessment:
Theory paper
Practical examination
Text Books:
Clinical Paedodontics by Finn

Paediatric Dentistry by Cohen
66
Periodontology
Course Description :
The course is designed to make the students understand and carryout the basic
principle of periodontology applied in dentistry. The course describes diagnosis of
gum and periodontal disease, importance of general condition of patient, local and
systemic causes of different gum and periodontal disease, treatment plan procedures
of oral antiseptics, antibiotics, incisions, flap reflection, curettage diagnosis of
different stages of periodontal condidtions & bony changes of alveolar bone.
Learning\ Objectives:
differentiate the periodontics is relation to decidius & permanent teeth,

identify structure of alveolar bone, periosteum periodental membrane,
gingival attachment, and gingiva,
explain the development of gingiva and periodontal membrane,
explain the blood and nerve supply of gingiva, periodontal membrane,
alveolar bone, tooth and soft tissues.
explain the pathology of inflamation and infection of periodontal membrane,
explain the microscopic and clinical features of periodontitis and gingivitis.
explain the role played by host parasite interaction, development, matabotic
functions and products of organism in plaques in the aeitology of periodontal
disease.
state the mechanism of calculus formation and explain the reactions between
the products of plague, microorganisim and host tissue,
state the about factors directly topic to host tissues, antiphagocytic and lytic
enzymes. Indirect toxic factors mediated by allergy.
classify periodontal disease and relationship of inflammatory and degenerative
process.
explain the general principles of periodontal therapy, hygiene phase therapy,
corective phase therapy and maintainence phase therapy.
perform scaling, gingivectomy, flap operation and ossons surgery.
Demonstration,
Practicals,
Lectures,
Group discussion
Seminars.
67
Hours:
Theory 45 hours
Practical +Clinical 200 hours
Total 245 hours
Assessment
Theory and practical exams will be caiTied out as planned.
68
Oral Surgery
Course Description:
The course is designed to make the student understand the basic principles of oral and
maxillo-facial surgery, experience in oral surgery including the surgical procedures,
commonly undettaken in general practice. On graduation, all dental students should
be able to undertake the procedures of extraction of teeth and removal of roots where
no major complications are anticipated. The control of anxiety and pain is
fundamental to the practice of dentistry and requires full awareness of the social and
pshychological needs of the individual patient. The value of behavioral attitude and
methods of anxiety management should be emphasized. By the end of thecourse
students should be competent to administer all forms of local and regional analgesics
for dental operations and procedures. fu addition, the student should have an
understanding of range of surgical procedures to manage disease and disorders of the
mouth and gaws and able to apply an endencs-based approach when deciding to
employ surgical management of such condition. They should also be aware of
modem principles of trauma management and should have observed a number of such
cases being treated. Finally, the students should be aware of which surgical
procedures can be undertaken in a primary care setting and which are to be regarded
as requiring secondary and tertiary cares.
At the end ofthe course the students will be able to:
diagnose different oral conditions requiring surgical management.

extract teeth, investigate and plan for the management of complicated
extraction.
raise mucoperiostal flaps for different surgical conditions.
manage oro-facial infections by proper incision drainage & antibiotic .therapy.
identify patients with diseases regaining prophylaxis, pre and post operative
care.
carry out proper sterilization of different dental instruments & equipment for
different types of oral & maxiolio-facial surgery keeping in view of cross
infection control as well.
plan treatment for minor and major surgical procedures including preoperative
and emergency management.
assist orthodontic treatment by carrying out simple surgical procedures.
carryout surgery of hard and soft tissues to assist proper seating of prosthetic
appliances including implants.
manage close reduction and immnobilisation of facture of jaws, diagnose and
plan for treatment of facture of middle third of facial skeleton.
manage dento alveolar injury with proper splinting.
69
investigate and manage pre and post operative bleeding of oro-facial region.
manage surgical complications, foreign body, dry socket, facial neuralgia &
post radiotherapy complcations.
carryout biopsy of oral soft tissue.
diagnose and manage cysts of oral cavity
diagnose and treat beign Onco-plastic lesions of oral cavity both of
odontogenic and nonodontogenic origion.
carryout surgical procedure (apicoectomy) in relation to endodontics.
diagnose maxillay sinus diseases & manage oro-antral fistula.
diagnose diseases of major & minor salivary glands, treat salivary calculi,
investigate & plan for treatment of neoplasm arising from salivary glands.
diagnose potentially malignant and malignant conditions of oral cavity and
outline in broad the different methods of treatment.
diagnose and conservatively treat different diseases of T.M.J like arthritis,
hypoplasia, subluxation, dislocation, ankylosis and other' causes of inability to
open the mouth.
assess the cases requiring orthognathic surgery.
explain the principles o£reconstructive surgery and prosthetic rehabilitation.
explain principles of pain control in oral surgery.
explain the principles of radio-therapy, chemotherapy and other adjuvant
therapy in the management of malignant tumors.
lectures, correlation semmars, group discussions, demonstration and clinical case

presentation.
Hours:
Theory 50 hours
Practical+Clinical 200 hours
Total: 250 hous

Assessment:
There will be practical and theory examinations. Internal assessment will carry over
20% marks to the final exam. ·
Text books:
Text book of oral surgery -by Kruger

Oral Surgery by Thomas Kay & Kelly (for reference)
Text of book of oral Surgery -by Patterson and others.
70
Orthodontic
Course Description:
The course is designed so that students will have opportunities to
have a thorough understanding of:
occlusal development,
the factor influencing occlusal development, and
indications for and timing of treatment,
to develop the appropriate skills to treat simple occlusal problem with

removable, appliances,
to appreciate the limitations of appliances he/ she is competent to use and of
his/her own experiences,
to carry out diagnostic procedures, formulate treatment plan and relate to
comprehensive patient care, and,
to visualize the complex problems and refer when necessary to the specialists.
Unit-1 Definition, objectives and scope of orthodontia (2 hours)
state the role of orthodontic treatment in general dental practice,

outline the indication for and limitation of orthodontic treatment,
Unit -2 Growth and development of jaws, teeth, face, and skull and
establishment of normal occlusion ( 6 hours).

identify the influences of oro-facial development and growth on the
occlusal development.
identify the influence of occlusal variations on facial appearance and
on health and function of masticatory system.
Unit- 3 Normal development of oral functions i.e. mastication, swallowing,

speech, occlusal function (2 hours).

explain the abnormal oral function which may cause mal-occlusion
and may be a problem in the treatment of mal-occlusion.
71
Unit -4 Normal occlusion- its development, characteristics, and variation.(4
hours)
describe the normal milestones in the development of the occlusion

and the variation that are functionally and aesthetically acceptable.
Unit -5 Genetics an applied to orthodontics ( 2 hours)
Should know the influence of genetic factors in facial growth and

malocclusion and its interaction with environmental factors.
Unit -6 Malocclusion- a. Its classification( occlusal & skeletal) and

b.Aetiology. (7 hours)
classify the type of occlusion and assess the etiological factors.
Unit -7 Orthodontic records ( 7 hours)
history and examination of patients,

study models,
radiographs and cephalometric analysis,
treatment planning,
assess patients' and parents' main concern for having orthodontic

treatment, their attitude and cooperation with subsequent treatment.
properly analyze and diagnose the case with the helping guide of study
models, radiographs, and basic knowledge of cephalometric analysis.
formulate a treatment plan and select cases which can be treated by
removal appliances.
. produce occlusion which is stable, functionally adequate and
aesthetically satisfactory.
f
Unit- 8Preventive and interceptive orthodontics 4 (hours)
implement early measures which can minimize or eliminate the need

for the formal orthodontic care.
72
Unit -9 Extraction in orthodontics ( 3 hours)
state the extraction in the orthodontic treatment,

judge which tooth to extract and when to extract,
Unit -10 Orthodontic Appliances; Removable, functional and Fixed (6 hours)
.. choose and design the proper removable appliances for a particuler

case.
state the indications and contra indications of functional appliance
treatment.
demonstrate basic knowledge of the fixed appliance and its
components.
Unit -11 Tissues response to orthodontic and tooth movement (2 hours)
differenciate between apical and bodily tooth movement and its

mechanism,
explain tissue reactions to light and heavy orthodontic forces.
Unit -12 · Stability and retention and relapse (1 hour)
visualize the stable result.

explain why and how long retention is needed for the particular case.
Unit -13 Materials related to orthodontics (2 hours)
describe the properties and hazards of those materials
Unit -14 Oral surgery for orthodontic patient (1 hour)
demonstrate basic knowledge of oral surgery related to ortho-

treatment, especially on orthognathic surgical treatment.
' 73
Unit -15 Craniofacial Syndromes
correlete cleft lip and palate cases with syndromes applied to

orthodontic,
Lectures, practical, group discussion, clinical sessions, demonstration, preclinical lab

works.
Hours:
Theory 50 hours
Practical+ Clinical 75 hours
Total: 125 hours
Assessment:
Students will be assessed for their theoretical knowledge as well as practical

skills.
74
Conservative Dentistry (including Endodontics)
Course Description:
The course is designed so that the students should be able to do different types or
restoration on the teeth including endodontics.
.define and outline the scope of conservative dentistry.

outline the importance of oral hygiene and good nutrition.
identify the instruments like buss, cheisel, condensers and others.
write down nomenclature of the teeth & recording of the cases.
carryout treatment planning for pulpal pain and dentine sensitivity.
explain principles of isolation & moisture control.
take precautions for protection of airway during gingival retraction
take precautions for the prevention of trauma during procedure in both hard &
soft tissues.
Control pain using local anaesthic during procedure & after procedure.
carryout cavity preparation for Amalgan, pain amalgan, compoate, GTC.
· enlargs & crown cutting.
describe the classification of cavities.
explain principles of choice of filling materials -final, intermediate &
temporary.
identify factors responsible for survival & congivity of the restoration.
explain the reasons for the failure of restorations.
explain the causes of secondary caries and outline its management .
use and maintain air rotaras, high speed & slow speed equipments and oiling
of the handpieces, chuck & wrench etc.
list the drugs used in conservative dentistry.
manage cases of fractures of teeth, avoubed teeth, intrended teeth, extrended
teeth.
explain the use of ceramics in conservative dentistry.
Endodontics
explain the reasons for endodontic treatment.

identify the diagnostic aids used in endodontics eg. Xray, colour of the teeth,
TTP (Tender on Percussion) etc.
explain principles of care & sterilization of instruments for endodontics.
outline principles of treatment of vital & nonvital pulp.
carryout vitality tests eg. - hots cold, TTP, electric pulp tester.
75
list the drugs used in root canal treatment.
outline principles of pulp caffing and pulpotomy.
outline principles ofbleeching of the teeth.
· outline principles of restore the endodontically treated teeth.
outline steps of surgical endodontics eg retrograde filling & apecocectomy.
Teaching/ Learning Methods:
Lectme, Practical both on phantom & patient, clinicaldemonstration.
Hours:
Lectur- 70 hours
Practical+Clinical- 360 hours
Total: - 430 hours
Assessment:
Theory & Practical exams including class test, internal assessment, final
examination.
Text Books/ References:
Text book of Operative Dentistry - by E.L. Hampsan.

The restoration of Teeth -by T. R. Pill Ford
Colour Atlas ofEndodontic -by J.J. Messing, C.J.R. Stock
Endodontics - by Grossman
Black's Operative Dentistry
76
Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge
define the complete dentures scope for complete dentures.

recall the applied anatomy of the oral cavity.
perform examination, diagnosis, treatment planning and desiduary prognosis.
describe the principles of retention & stability.
explain the principles and techniques of iinpression making.
prepare the casts, trays and temporary denture- bases.
measure the jaw- relations and methods of registration.
identify the at1ificial teeth, their selection, arrangements and aesthetics.
explain the principles of occlusion and articulation in complete denture.
demonstrate trying in of complete dentures.
explain the steps of processing and finishing of dentures.
provide correction of occlusal discrepancies.
explain the steps in delivery and adjustments of complete dentures.
identify the sequelae of ill-fitting dentures.
perform repair, rebasing and relining.
differentiate between immediate dentures and implant dentures.
Removable Partial Dentures
define the scope of removable partial dentures.

classify the removal pat1ial dentures.
catTyout examination, diagnosis and treatment planning.
identify the components of removable partial dentures & their function.
perform mouth preparations for partial dentures.
outline the steps of impression procedures.
explain the designs of removable partial dentures & its associated problems.
explain the principles fabrication of cast metal frame work.
keep the jaw relation record.
perform selection and anangement of teeth.
describe the quality of acrylic pat1ial denture.
demonstrate trying in of pat1ial dentures.
explain the steps of processing, finishing, delivery and maintenance of pat1ial
dentures.
explain the use of immediate partial dentures.
77
Elements of CrtJwn and Bridge Prosthesis
define the elements of crown and bridge prosthesis.

list the indication and contra-indicationsfor crown & bridge prosthesis.
perform examination, diagnosis & treatment planning.
explain principles of selection and choice of abutment teeth.
outline the principles of tooth reduction.
describe the indication, contraindications and procedures of prepration of
abutment teeth for receiving various types of retainers.
explain the methods for temporary protections of prepared tooth.
carryout gingival retractions and impression procedures.
perform construction of dyes and working models, direct and indirect
technique.
explain the technique of fabrication of retainers.
carryout selection & fabrication of pontics.
carryout connectors stress- breakers and -assembly of fixed bridges.
carryout fmishing cementing and maintenance of crowns and bridges.
Maxillofacial Prostheses:
explain the principles and use of:
splints.
obturators, eye & ear nose prosthesis, and
carriers.
Lecture, Practical & Clinical exposure.
Hours:
Theory 100 hours

Practicals+Clinical) 500 hours
Total 600 hours
Text books\ References:
Complete Denture Prosthodontics -by Boucher

Removable pattial denture - by Appligate Osborne
Crown & Bridge -by Tillman
78
Compulsory Rotating Internship
This is to be undettaken only after passing the final qualifYing examination and will form an oue
year of compulsory rotating residential training in the following specialty areas :
Specialty areas Duration
Emergency+General Anaesthesia 1 month

J I
General Medicine 112 month
General Surge1y 1/2 month
Conservative Denti st1y 2 months
Oral diagnosis+Pe1iodontology+Radiology 2 months
Prosthodontics 2 months
I
Oral Surge1y · 2 months
Orthodontics 2 months
l11e Jntem should be able to handle patients, examine and provide treatment under
the supervision of a Senior Resident/Consultant.
(A complete Jist of competencies to be achieved in each specialty area by intems

will be developed separately)
He/She must keep a log book where record ofpatients examined and procedures
canied out are systematically maintained.
I' Checklists will be developed and used for the assessment of the technical skills.
The performance of the Intem will be evaluated by the unit In charge. Multiple
sources ofinfonnation will be utilized for the evaluation of the performance of the
Intem.
79

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

This publication 1000 copies

(c) copyright 1999

l'ril'e : INSTITUTIONAL Rs. 500.00

Printed at : Sagun Printing Press

This publication 1000 copies

(c) copyright 1999

l'ril'e : INSTITUTIONAL Rs. 500.00

Printed at : Sagun Printing Press

On completion of the course the dental graduates will be able to:

demonstrate understanding of the scientific basis of dentistry and related disciplines

Candidate's age must be minimum of 17 years completed and maximum of 30 years

i) Intermediate in science or equivalent qualification from universities recognized by

ii) Entrance examination will consist ofthree papers.

Year Discipline Areas

Yearly examinations will be conducted as per regulation of the Tribhuvan University

Essay type questions

Yearly Examinations in the BDS Programme:

FIRST YEAR EXAM MARKS

Papers Subjects Theory Practical

III IBMS (Practical)

IV Dental Material Science 100 50

SECOND YEAR EXAM MARKS

Papers Subject Theory Practical

VIII Oral Anatomy 50 50

THIRD YEAR EXAM MARKS

Papers Subjects Theory Practical ~

IX General Medicine 100 100

X General Surgery+Anaesthesiology 100(80+20) 150(100+50)

XI Oral & Maxillo-facial Pathology+Oral 100(50+50) 150(1 00+50)

XII Forensic Dentistry+Community Dentistry 100(20+80) 100(20+80)

XIII Paediatric Dentistry 100 100

XIV Periodontology 100 100

FOURTH YEAR EXAM MARKS

Papers Subjects Theory Practical

XV Prosthodontics 100 200

XVI Conservative Dentistry (including 100 200

XVII Otihodontics 100 100

XVIII Oral Surgery 100 200

NB: Pass mark: Theory 50% Practical 50%

Pass 50% marks

Anatomy 232 hours

Year III & IV

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology/Oral 230 hours

Discipline Areas Total Hours Total Marks

Integrated Basic Medical Sciences 1072 1150

Total 4673* 3800

(*Not included the hours of the Compulsory Rotating Internship.)

Students will be able to:

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