Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
STRUCTURES OF A CELL
PLASMA MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS
• Physical isolation
• Sensitivity to environment
• Structural support
• Proteins perform most other functions - The cell membrane of the cell is a
phospholipid bilayer containing many
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
different molecular components, including
Phospholipid Structure proteins and cholesterol, some with
A phospholipid molecule consists of a carbohydrate groups attached.
polar phosphate “head,” which is FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF MEMBRANE
hydrophilic and a non-polar lipid “tail,” PROTEINS
which is hydrophobic. Unsaturated fatty ANCHORING PROTEINS attach the plasma
membrane to other structures and
acids result in kinks in the hydrophobic
stabilize its position, inside the cell,
tails.
membrane proteins are bound to the
cytoskeleton.
RECOGNITION PROTEINS are detected by
cells of the immune system. Enzymes in
plasma membranes may be integral or
peripheral proteins.
ENZYMES in plasma membranes may
be integral or peripheral proteins.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS bind to specific
extracellular molecules called ligands.
PHOSPOLIPID BILAYER A ligand can be anything from a small
ion like calcium, to a relatively large
The phospholipid bilayer consists of two
and complex hormone.
adjacent sheets of phospholipids, CARRIER PROTEINS bind solutes and
arranged tail to tail. The hydrophobic tails transport them across the plasma
associate with one another, forming the CHANNELS are integral proteins
interior of the membrane. The polar containing a central pore (channel) that
heads contact the fluid inside and outside forms a passageway completely
of the cell. across the plasma membrane. The
channel permits the passage of water
and small solutes that cannot
otherwise cross the lipid layers of the
plasma membrane.
the cell membrane, down their
concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
TONICITY
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
VESICULAR TRANSPORT – ENDOCYTOSIS
- Endocytosis is a form of active transport
in which a cell envelopes extracellular
materials using its cell membrane.
CELLULAR ORGANELLES
MITOCHONDRIA
• Produce energy (ATP) for cells
CYTOSKELETON
- The cytoskeleton consists of (a)
CILIA
microtubules, (b) microfilaments, and (c)
intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton
plays an important role in maintaining cell
shape and structure, promoting cellular
movement, and aiding cell division.
RIBOSOMES
• Responsible for protein synthesis
• Free ribosomes
DNA MACROSTRUCTURE
• Throughout cytoplasm
- Strands of DNA are wrapped around
• Manufactured proteins enter cytosol
supporting histones. These proteins are
• Bound or fixed ribosomes increasingly bundled and condensed into
chromatin, which is packed tightly into
• Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
chromosomes when the cell is ready to
• Synthesize proteins for export out of cell divide.
NUCLEUS
• Usually, largest cellular structure
Exceptions:
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
CYTOKINESIS
- During cytokinesis a cleavage furrow
MITOSIS: METAPHASE forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the
- During metaphase centromeres of parent cell fully splits. When this is
chromosomes line up at the metaphase complete, interphase begins
plate
CONTROL OF CELL DESTINY
3 POSSIBLE DESTINIES:
• Die