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a mon g t h e c l as s ic s o f t h e s ubj e c t .

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a pr e fa tory c h a pt e r d e a l s g e n e r a l ly w i th e a rl i e r typ e s o f fo rt ifi c a

t ion i n B ri t a i n a n d t h e c ri t ic a l p e ri od o f S a xon a nd D a n i s h
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wa r fa r e is t r e a t e d i n t h e s e con d c h a pt e r wi th s o m e d e t a i l Th i s .

l e ad s us to th e e a rly N or m a n c a s t l e o f e a rth wor k a nd t i m b e r ;

a nd th e s to n e fort i fi c a t i on s to wh i ch th i s g a v e pl a c e a re i n t ro

d uce d by a bri e f a c c ou n t o f th e progr e ss o f s i e g e c r a ft a n d s i e g e

e n gi n e s . Th e N or m a n c a s tl e a n d its k e e p or gr e a t to we r a re
th e n d e s cr i b e d Th e d e v e l op m e n t s o f th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e
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wh i c h r e pr e se n t th e h igh e s t e ffort o f m i l i t a ry pl a n n i n g In .

t h e l as t t wo c h a pt e r s is r e l a t e d th e progr e s s o f th e tr a n s i t ion
fro m t h e c a s tl e to th e forti fi e d m a n or hou se w h i c h fol l o we d -

t h e i n trod u c t ion o f fi re a r m s i n to wa r fa r e a nd pr e c e d e d th e
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a re con s t a n tly d r a wn fro m wa l l e d to wn s wh i ch a re i n fa c t th e , , ,

c as tl e s o f c o m m u n i ti e s a nd i n th e e l e v e n th ch a pt e r e x t e n d e d
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t h e e v id e n c e a n d th e fo r m u l a t io n o f a s ou n d e r th e ory
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pr e s e n t wr i t e r h a s d e vot e d m uc h t i m e to th e s tudy o f th e
origi n a l a u thori t i e s fo r S a xon a nd N or m a n m i l i t a ry h i s tory a n d ,

i t is h is c on vi c t i on th a t th e we igh t o f d ocu m e n t a ry e v id e n c e is
e n ti r e l y u pon t h e s id e o f th e v i e ws u ph e l d w i th s o m u ch a b i l ty i
a n d o rigin a l i ty by th e s e r e c e n t i n v e s t ig a tor s A t th e s a m e t i m e .
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r C l a rk s th e o ry h as ’

fa l l e n is a wa rn i n g a g a i n s t th e too c on fid e n t a c c e pt a t io n o f t h e
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forc i n g e x c e pt ion s i n to th e s e rvic e o f th e ru l e .

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m e thod s o f R o m a n wa r fa r e : a n d t h e m a i n poi n t s o f t wo o f t h e
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th e m e thod s o f m i l i t a ry
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th e m o s t p a rt th e i r e x a c t prototyp e s i n R o m a n a nd B y z a n t i n e
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h i s tory T h e s t ud e n t o f t h e s i e ge c a m p a ign s o f Ph i l i p A ugu s tu s

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w i l l b e con s t an tly r e m i nd e d fo r e x a m pl e o f th e r e l a t io n by
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e mp ha s i s c a n n ot b e l a i d on t h e i m port a n c e fi r s t o f t h e con t a c t , ,

o f th e N orth m e n wh o o ve rr a n E ngl a n d a nd Fr a nc e w i th th e
tr a d i t ion a l e x p e d i e n t s o f R o m a n s i e g e c r a ft as th e y e x i s t e d i n ,

th e e as t e rn e m p i r e a n d se con d l y o f t h e i n flu e n c e o f t h e C ru sa d e s
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u pon th e d e ve l op m e n t o f m e d i e v a l fort i fi c at ion T h e c on d i ti on s .

o f ou r m i l i t a ry a rch i t e c tu r e i n t h e m i dd l e a g e s we r e n a tu r a l ly

gov e rn e d by t h e m e thod s O f a tt a c k e m pl oy e d by a b e s i e gi n g
fo r c e. A s th e s e h ad b e e n b rough t to a h igh s t a t e o f p e r fe c t ion
i n th e e as t a n a d v a n c e u pon wh i c h wa s h a rd ly po s s ibl e th e
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t h e g e n e r a l a d opt ion O f fi re a r m s i n wa rfa r e is th a t O f a progr e s s

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fa r b e h i n d t h e ol d e r c e n t r e s o f c i vi l i s a t i on .

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c a s tl e a n d th e fort i fi c a t i on s o f to wn s n a tu r a l ly took its sh a r e

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i n th e for m a l progr e s s o f oth i c a rt th e l a ws u n d e r w h ich ,

i t was e vol v e d b e a r n o r e s e m bl a nc e to th e prin c i pl e s o f c o n

s t ruct ion i n ob e d i e n c e to wh i ch t h e m e d i e v a l c a th e d r a l as s um e d

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o f a m e d i e v a l c a s tl e a s th e y d o to tho s e o f a c hu rch ; bu t th e y
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a re m e r e ly i n c id e n t a l to a typ e o f c on s tru ct i on t o w h ich t h e

s ol id a n d i m pr e gn a bl e wa l l is a l l i m port a n t Th e c ase s a re
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r a re i n wh ic h th e bu i l d e r s o f c as tl e s p a i d m u ch a tt e n t ion to
e l a bo r a t e d e t a i l i n th e m i n o r p a rt s o f th e i r bu i ld i n g th e i r d e cor
a t i v e work is u s e d w i th t h e e con o m y a n d s i m pl i c i ty a ppropri a t e

to th e m ass i v e con s t ru c t ion wh i ch th e i r for t r e ss e s d e m a n d e d .

A v as t a m ou n t o f w ork s t i l l r e m a i n s to b e d on e i n th e e x
pl or at i on o f ou r m i l i t a ry bu i l d in g s a n d th e r e con s tru ct i on o f
th e i r h i s tory ; a nd un t i l th a t is acco m pl i s h e d n o t horough ly
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s a ti s fa c tory g e n e r a l h a n d boo k can-

b e w ri tt e n N e v e rth e l e s s .
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i t is hop e d th a t th e r e is roo m fo r book s w h ich m ay se rv e a s

g e n e r a l i n d i c a tor s to wh a t h a s b e e n d on e u p to th e p re se n t ,

t i m e i n th i s d i r e c t ion Th e b i bl i ogr a phy w h i ch w i l l b e fou n d

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 P RE A E F C
pr e c e d i ng th e t e x t o f th i s vo l u m e i n c l ud e s a se l e c t e d l i s t of
m on ogr a ph s or a rt i cl e s u pon i n d i vid u a l c a s t l e s m a ny o f wh i ch ,

h av e a pp e a r e d i n th e tr a n s act ion s o f v a ri ou s a rch ae ol ogic a l

s oc i e t i e s T h e se v a ry c on s id e r a bl y in v a l u e ; bu t t a k e n as a -

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whol e th e y s e rv e to e n l a rg e ou r k n o wl e dg e O f th e h i s tory a nd
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a r c h i t e c tu r e o f t h e bu i l d in g s w i th wh ich th e y a re con c e rn e d .

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w i thou t wh o s e c on s t a n t h e l p i n th e pr e p a r a t ion o f th e book a nd

i n th e provi s i on o f d r a wi ng s a n d pl a n s to i l l u s tr a t e its p a g e s i t
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c ou l d h a rd ly h a v e b e e n w ri t t e n r Fr a n c i s B on d th e e d i tor .
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g e n e r a l for m o f th e book a nd a rr a n gi n g fo r its ad e qu a t e i l l u s ,

t ra t io n . T O th e fol l o wi n g wh o h a v e k i nd ly a l l o we d th e u se ,

o f photogr a ph s s p e c i a l th a n k s s hou l d b e r e t u rn e d : Mrs J e s s i e

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r A H a d ri a n A ll c ro ft a nd .e ss rs ac m i l l a n h a v e M M
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M r A l l c ro ft s E a rt/z ze or/z of E ng l a n d P e r m i s s ion to foun d
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t h e pl a n o f C h e p s to w c as tl e o n o ne i n t h e O ffi c i a l G u id e to t h a t
bu i l d in g wa s k i n d ly gi v e n by h is r a c e th e D u k e o f B e a u fort G
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th rou gh r N o e l H l S o m e rse t C a m i l l e E nl a rt a nd
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C h at e a u a i l l a rd fou n d e d on th a t i n E n l a rt s J s uel
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h as a u thor i s e d a s i m i l a r u se o f i l l u s t r a t i on s
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fou n d e d on tho s e o f D r B ru c e s R o m a n Wa ll T h a n k s a re a l s o
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d ue t o th e e d i tor o f t h e Yo rk s fi z re A rc/za ol og zm l jo u rn a l for th e

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pl a n o f S a nd a l c a s tl e a nd to r W W a t k i n s j u n fo r h is
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pl a n o f Li n col n c as tl e S p e c i a l a ck n o wl e d g m e n t s a re d ue to
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r od fr e y L C l a rk fo r h is l i b e r a l ity i n pu tt i n g a t t h e d i s po s a l
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o f th e writ e r v a l u a bl e pl a n s a n d d r aw i n g s fro m h is fa th e r s work

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Th e a uthor m uc h r e gr e t s th a t qu e s t i on s o f s p a c e an d co s t h a v e
pr e v e n t e d h i m from t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f m o r e th a n a l i m i t e d
n u m b e r o f th e g e n e rou s o ffe r s o f i l l u s t r a t i on wh i c h r e a ch e d h im
d uri n g th e pr e p a r a t ion o f th e book for th e pr e s s .
 T A B LE O F CO NTE NTS

C H A PT E R AG
P E

P RE F AC E
B I B I G RA P Y
L O H

E AR Y E ART W R K
L R MA
H S ATI N
O S A ND O N T O S

II . T H E SA X N D
O I P ER I D
A ND A N SH O

III . T HE E NG I CA T E A FTER
L SH C N UE T
S L TH E O Q S

IV T PR G RE A TTACK D EFE CE
OF A ND N
“

. HE O SS

T HE B EG INNIN G ST N E CA T E OF TH E O S L

VI . T HE K EEP N R M A CA T E
OF T H E O N S L

VI I T HE P ER I D TRA ITI
O OFC Y I D R I CA T WER
NS ON : L N L O

K EEP
.

VIII . T HE D W E IN G H U ELL CA E
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O S IN TH E ST L

IX CA T E
S L S T I RTEENT CE TU R Y T
OF TH E H F H N : HE OR

C U RTA IN
.

T I FI CA T I O N O F TH E 2 1 2

T H E E D WAR DI AN CA T E C N C ENTR I C P A
S L A ND TH E O L N

XI MI ITARY A R C I ECTU RE
L H T L ATER MIDD E IN TH E L

A GE F RTI F I ED T WN CA T E
.

S : O O S A ND S L S

XII T HE A GE TRAN ITI

OF T F RTI F I ED D W
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H U E
.

I NG - O S

I ND E X P ER N
OF P AC E SO S A ND L S

I ND E X R ER U M
 B I B LI O G R A PH Y
1 . C h ie f O rig i nal A uth o r itie s c i te d .

A BB O ,
D e B e llo P aris iac o l ibr i tr es ( M i gn e, P a tro /ogz a e
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Ca m us
Co mp/e l m vol 1 3 1 pp 7 2 2

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A miE N s, C ar me n d e
GUY OF ( Chron que s A n glo
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C H RO L E e d C P l um m e r 2 vol s O for d 1 8 9 2 9 —

xi L ip i
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A N NA C O M N E N A A l e as e d A R e ifi e rsc h e id 2 vol s
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e z g 1 884

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C O R TO T H O AS R om an R o ad s n B ri a n , ondon 1 9 0 3 . .
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NEI N G E R G E T h m o t i n Nor m n S o t l nd ( S
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d X xx v ii
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R UND J H RAC E L L D Th C t l f h Con qu t ( A /

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C n t ri ( w d i t ion ) London 9 9
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 xvi B BL O I I GR A P H Y

WE STR O P P ,
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I r sh i mot e s a nd a ll e ge d Nor m an c as il e s ( P roe R o ya l .

So r A . ntio . I rel a nd , x iv .
3 3 45, 1 -
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40 2

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D EN B IG A y H rto n , W ( Clzester A rc/zit e tc Soc , 11 49

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, . . . . S o c , ix . .

1 1 8
D U N STA N BU R G H Ba t e s, B o rd er H o ld s

pt
. .

Co m on C H ( jo urn al n e w se r ,
'

B ritt s/z A rc/za eo l A ssoc

ix
. . .
,
.
,

1 1 1

D UR AM ii , xxx i x
.

H . Cl ark ,
.
32 5
-
, a nd A rc za eo / l .
j o urna l . 1 -
2 2 .

G ee ,
H .
,
D D . .
,
FS A . . .
( P roc . So c . A n tia , 2 nd se r , . xx . 1 7
-
1 8,
a nd Tra ns D u rlza m a n d N o r t/zu m b A rc b aeo l
X ETER Cl rk i i
. . .

E a 44 7
-

FA AI E R p i h R ob r t V P ri 8 6
. .
.
,

L S u rc -
e a s, 1 4
GI IN G B i l on J ( Y b A / l j l i 5
. , . .

LL s or s rc za o o u rn a x x 1 0

GUI D F R D Cl rk 5 3 7
.
.
, .
,
.

L O a 11 -
1

M ld n H E ( S
. . .
,

a A b l S i 8
e urrey rc a eo oc xv 2

HADD N Ch t h m F H H d don H ll L ndon d M

. . . . .
, ,

O ee a a a o an an

h t r 9
. . .
,
.

c es e 1 0 4
HA AT N D ibbin H A ( P r vi i 3 6
.
,

LL O S A i d roc oc nt a, 2 n se 1

HAR E C Ch p m n F G W ( j
,
. . . .
,
. . .

l B i / A / l A
'

L H a a o ur n a r tts z rc I d eo sso c

xxx iv 5 9
. . . .
, . .

Cl rk ii 7 8
.

a 2 -
1

HA TIN G Cl rk i i 8 8 8
. .
,

S S a 2 -

H i t ory f H t in g C tl
. .
, .

D w on C FS A a s vol s o as s as e 2 s

L ondon 9 9
.
, ,
. . . . .

1 0

HA AR D E Cl rk i i 8 8 9 9
.
,

W N a

HE M EY Cl rk ii
-
. .
, .

L SL 8 a 1 0 0 -

K ENI W R Cl rk i i 3 5 3
. . .

L O TH a 1 0 -

Knowl E H T h C t l f K n i l wort h W rwi k 8 7

.
,
. .

e s, e as e o e a c 1 2

KENTI CA T E S nd H rold So m K n t i h C t l ( Al i l
. . . .
,

SH S L S . a s, a . e e s as es enzo r a s

f Ol d K
o en t,

KID WE Y Cl rk i i 5 3 6 LL a 1 -
2

KNARE B R U G Cl r k ii 8 7 6
.
, . .

S O O H a 1 6 -

L AN CA I RE CA T E F i h wi k H L n hir t l ( L
. .
, .

SH d S L S . s c , . a c as e cas es a n cs . an

Cl l A ig S i
zes z
5 nt oc x x 4
LAN CA ER Co x E W ( II i S L
. . .
, .

ST d Cl / i
.
w , . . st . oc . a ncs . an zes z re , ne se r .
,

ii 9 5x

L AN G EY B t C J ( A / l gi E l i
.

38
L . a e s, . . rc za co o a A a na, x .
 I
B BL O I G RA P H Y

L EE D Cl r k
S 8 a 11 1 76
-

F V ( A / l gi C i p p x l i x l ii i )
. .
.
,

J m a e s, rc za eo o a a n t a no xxv -

L EI C E TER Cl rk i i 8 8
. . .
. .
,

S a 1 2 -

Tho m p n J m L i t r C tl L i t r 8 5 9
. . .
,

so a es e ce s e as e e ce s e 1

L E E C l rk ( S x xiv 5 7
.
,
. .
,

W S A / l C ll i
a ussex rc za eo o ec/ o n s, x

LIN C N Cl k 8 9
. . .

OL ar 11 1 -
2 0 1

Sym p on E M n ] M D Lin oln hi tori l d t o p o

.
,
. .

s a se c a s ca an

i t C it L
.
,
.
,
.
,

r
g p h la o n f h y ca ondon 9 6 a cc u o t e 1 0

L AN E P AN Wi ll i m S i John ( A / l gi C mb
.
,
.

L ST H . i 6 h a s, r rc za eo o a a re n s s, t se r .
,

VII 8 1 0

L D T ER
.

ON O N, Cl rk ii 3 OW OF a 20 -

72
L ondon 9 8
. .
,
.

S nd H a F S A ( l lI i l
s, f Ol d L d .
,
. . .
/
cnzo r a s o on o n, ,
1 0 ,

vol i 7 2

LUD W Cl rk ii 2 7 3
. .

LO a -

90
Ho p W H S J ohn ( A l l gi l i 5 8
. . .
,

e, t rc zceo o a, x 2

LU M E Y D odd J ( j l B i / A / l A x ii 5
. . .

'

L o u rn a r tt s z rc za eo sso c x 4
MAN RB I ER D k tt S i J ( A / / gi C b i h
,
.
,
.
.
, .

O uc e r rc za eo o a a /u rens s , 4t se r ,

x i i i 66
.
.
, .

xi 3 5 86 1 4
-
1 4 2 -

9 1 , 1

MIDD E A M Cl rk ii 9 3 3
.
.
,

L H a 2 -
00

MIT F R D Cl rk ii
,
. . .

O 3 a 30 0
-

M NTG M ER Y Cl rk i i 3 3
,
. . .

O O a 0 -
1 2

M T S MI C E Corroy r E D r ipt ion d l bb y d M ont

.
.
,
.

’
ON -
T— H L e e sc e a a e u

S int M i h l bor d
.
,
.

a d -
P ri 877 c e et e se s a s a s, 1

M é H J L J A hor t h i tory d d cr ipt ion

. .

a ss s s an es

M on t S M i h l L ondon 9
. . . .
,

c e 1 0 2

NE WA K TRENT B l gg T M P S A A G i d to N w rk
.
,
. .

R -
ON -
d . a ,
. .
,
. . . u e e a ,
2 n

d e 9 1 1 1

NE CA T E T Y N E B t C J ( A / l gi E l
.
”

i
'

W S L -
O N- . a e s, . . rc za eo o a za na , x . 1 20

H e slo p ,
R . O .
,
FS A . . .
( ibid .
,
xxv .
9 1 -
1 0
5 ; j o urna l f
o B ritislz
A rc/za eo l A sso c n e w se r , x ii 1 3 7 8,
-
2 1 4
t t td ipt i
. .
.
,

C as l e o f N e wcas l e a shor e sc r ive gu d e N e wc astl e

T he , .
,

1 9 0 6 ( 4 th

NOR H A M
B a e s C J A rc/zaeo l ogia E l ia n a v 5 2 t '

i
. .
.
, , .

C l ark i 3 2 2 3 5 -

t
. .
,

J e rn in gh am S ir H E H Norh a m C as l e E di n b urgh 1 8 8 3
'

T M PT N
. . .
, .
,
.

NOR H A O H art shorn e C H ( A rcb a eol jo urna l i ii 3 0 9

T UM I N d d
.
.
, . .
, .

N O R H BR A CAST L ES B at e s C a wal l ad e r J T h e B or e r H o ld s
t
, .

O f North um b e rl a nd ( A rc/zaeol o ia
g E l ia n a [N e wc as l e o u Tyn e ] - -
,

xv 1

F d it t it t
.

H C H e u al an d m il a ry an iq u i e s o f Nor h um
artsh o m e ,

tt
. .

b e rl and and th e Sc o i sh B o rd e rs ( M emoirs of B rit A rc/za eo l I nst

t
. . .
,

N e wcas l e vol 2 ,
.
,
X X B BL O I I G RAPH Y

NORW I C H rt horn A F S A ( A / l j l x lv i 6
H a s e, rc za eo o urna 2 0

f Nor wi h ( r p or t f r p or t i n ) Nor wi h
. . .
. .
, . .
,

T h W ll e a s o c e o co a o c 1 9 10

N TTIN G A M G r n E m n l E S A lvi i i 3 6 5
.
.
,

O H ee a ue

O K AM
. . .
,
. .
,

A H H rt horn C H ( A / l j l v a s e, rc zaeo o u rn a 1 2 4
Tho m p n A H m il t on F S A (R l d M g i v 8
. .
. . .
,

so a ut a n a a z n e, 0

O DI A M Cl rk ii 3 3 6 5
. . . .
,
.
,

H a 4
-

SAR U M
. .
.
,

O LD Cl rk ii 7 5 a 44
-
4 8
Ho p W H S John d H wl y L Col W i n P
. .
,
.

e, S t an a e t -
roc oc

x i ii 9
,
. . . .
,
. .
.
,

A ia d
nt d 5 7 zu se r x 1 0 -
2 0 0 an 0 1 -
1

OR F RD H r t horn C H (A / l gi xx i x 6
. .
,
.
,

O a s e, rc z a e o o a, 0

R d t on
. . .
.

V B (T
e S fi lb A /
s l I e,5 r a ns u o rc za eo ns t x 20

OX F RD H r t horn C H ( A h l j l ) vi i i 3 5
. . . . . , .

O a s e, rc aeo o u rn a 4
Ho p W H S John ( ibid l
.
. .
,
. .

e, 63 t x vn 3
L yn m Ch rl Th C rypt f h Ch r h f S P t r in h
.
. .
,
.

a a es e s o t e u c es o t e e t e

t d f S G org wi thin h C t l Ox for d (ibid l x vi i i

.
,

E as ,
an o t e e t e as e, .
,
.

3 20

P EA K CA E H r t horn C H ST L . v 7 a s e, . . . 20

Hop W H S John ( D by b i A l l S e, i t er s re rc za eo oc x 1 20

xxvi ii
. . . . .
,

K irk H nry ( D by l i A / l e, d N Hi Se er s z re rc zaeo . an at . st . oc .

,
.

3 6)
1 4 4
-

P E M BR K Cl rk ( A b l gi C b
O E i 3 d ri 3a rc a eo o a a nz re n s s, r se e s, V 1 -
1 e tc ;
v ii 8 5
. .
,
.

vi 1 -
1 1 e tc 1

ri
. .
,

Cobb J R ( ibid h i 96 6 4t se e s, x v 1 2 2 0 2 4
P E V N EY
-
. . .
, ,
.
,

E Cl rk i i 3 5 9 6 7
S a -

S l m nn L F ( S xlix 3
. . .
,
'

a z A b l C ll i
a ussex rc a eo o ect o ns, 1 -
0

P I CK ER I G
, . . . .
,

Cl rk i i 3 6 8 7 5
N a -

P NT E F RAC Cl r k i i 3 7 5 8 8
.
,
. .

O T a -

H r t horn C H j
. .
,
.

'

a l B i / A /
s l A 36 e, ou rn a r tts z rc za eo sso c xx 1

Cl r k i i 3 8 8
,
. . .
, .

I
’
O R C H E ST E R a -

40 0

P R UD E B t B d H ld
. .
,
.

HO a e s, o r er o s

R AB Y S o tt 0 S R by i C t l L ord B rn rd C t l
. .

. c d i ,
. .
,
a ,
ts as e an ts s . a a as e,

9 8 1 0

R A G AN B tti ix
.

L W (j A / l A ea
5 3 ) e, o ur rc za eo ssoc 2 1 -
0

B r d n y J A (B i l
. . . . .
,

a d Gl A / e l S 76 r sto an o uc rc za eo oc xx

R I C M ND
. .
,
.
,
. .

H Cl rk ( Y b b i A / l /
O . l i 33 a or s re rc id o . o u rn a , x .

C u rwe n , J . F , Cumberl a n d
. a nd Wes t/no rl a nd A n tio a n d . A rc za eol l .

(
So c , 32 6
. vi .

Yo rks A rclzce o l j o u rna l , x x

3 1 32
-

I ING B lo E
. . .

R S E S A
. e e, . M .
, . . .
( N o rfo lk A rc b a co l og v, x ii . 1 64
Cl rk i 3 6 7 7 a 4
-

R C E TER B tt i
. .
,

O H W (j
S ea e, o u rna l A rcl za eo l A ssoc ix 2 1 5
Cl rk ii
. . .
, .

5 3 a 40 2
-
.
,
.
 B BL O I I G RA P H Y

RO C E TER H r t horn C H (A / l j l
H S .
5 a s e, . . rc za eo . o urna ,
xx . 20 -
2

P yn G (A b l gi C
a i 7 e, rc aeo o a a n t a no x x vn 1 7
R CK IN G A M B i gg H J ( A
.
, .

O HA /i S R p i . e, . . sso c . rc z t
. oc e o rts, x . 1 0 9
Cl rk 3 6 a 11 4 2 -

4
H r t horn C H ( A / l j l i 356 7 )
. .
,

a s d priv t ly e, rc za eo o urna -
8 an a e

p rin t d O for d 5
. . . .
,

e x 1 8 2

C R o k in gh m C t l d h W t on L ondon 8 9
, .
,

Wi se , c a as e an t e a s s 1 1

SANDA l iii
. .
.
,

W lk r J W E S
L (Y k A / l j 5 a e A or s rc I a o o u rna x 1 4
S CA B R U G Cl rk ii 5 8 7
.
.
, . .
, . . .
,
.

R O O H a 4
-
6
S t v n on W H ( E
. . .
,

e R id i g A i S
e i 3 s a st n n/ g oc x v 1

S K EN F R IT
.
,
. . . .
,

g n ll O k l E ( B iH l d G l .A b l S Ba a -
a e e y, . r sto an o uc rc a eo . oc .
,

xx .
93
Cl ark 1 1 4 6 7 7 2 -

U MP N t
. .
,

SO T H A TO ( o wn wall s) Cl ark ii 4 7 2 8 1 -

X II
. . .
,

Ho pe W H St John ( P roc S oc A n tia z ud se ri e s V 2 2 1

K Y G xx iv
.
, ,
. . . .
,

ST O ES A D e l a Tou c h e ( jo ur na l B ritt s/z A rc/I a eo l

'

. A ,
. . sso c ,
.

8 2 3
J G D ( A / l g i C m b i i 9 rc zaeo o a a rens s, x v 2 9
S U FF K CA E R d ton V B S ffolk C t l ( S f l k A / ]
. . .
.

f
OL ST L S e s e, u as es u o rc l o co

Xi 3
. . . .

I ns t 0 1

S U E X CA T
. .
,

SS Bl w W H R oy l l i n
S LE Sto forti fy to wn aau a ce ce s s

x (S A l l C l l i ii
. .
.
,

d hou
an S se s I n usse ussex rc za eo o ectio ns, x 1 0 4
SWAN EA C pp r C ( A l ri i i i 3
. .

S l g C m i 5 h a e rc za eo o za a bre n s s, t se e s, 0 2

TA M RT
. .
.
,

WO C l rk ii 8 8 H a 4 1 -

TATTER A Sym p on E M n l ( M m i l
. .
,
.

SH LL f Ol d L i l l i
. s ,
. a se e or a s o nco ns z re ,

9 1 PR 7 9 7)
1 1 1 9
-

T I CK I
,

H LL Cl rk ii 9 a 4 4 9
-

TRE WER Cl rk i i 9 9 5 3
. . .
,

TO a 4
-
0

T UT B U R Y Cl rk ii 5 5 8
.
,
. .

a 0 -

WAR K B t
. . .
,

B d H ld a e s, o r er o s

WAR K W R t B d H d
.
.

O TH Ba e s, or er ol s

i p i
. .

WE L LS ( b ho p l c ) D v Cs E ( j l B i i l A
’
/ s l a a e a s, o urna r t s z rc za eo

xiii 7 7
. . . .

A sso c 1

WIN G F I E D C ii
.
,

J C L ( D b l i A b l S v i 6 5 o x, er ys z re rc ae o oc

E d m nd W H G i d t o Wi gfi ld M nor
. .
. .
,
. .

u s, u e n e a

Y R K C l rk ii 5 3 8 ( Th D f n f York )
. . .

O a 4 4
-
e e e ce s o

Coo p r T P York Th S t ory f i W ll

. . .
,

d C tl
'

e e o ts a s an as es

L on d on 9
. .
,
.
,

1 0 4
h C tl f Yor k L ondon 9
.
,

T e as e o 1 1 2

Y R K I RE C H m i l t on C tl
. .
,

O SH Tho mp on h A S TL E s s A a T e as es of

York h i r ( M m i l f Ol Y b l i
. . .
,

s ppe e or a s o d or s z re , 1 90 9, . 2 36
MILITA R Y A R C H ITE C TU R E I N E NG LA ND
D U R ING TH E MID D LE AG E S

C H A PTE R I

E AR L Y E AR T H WO R KS A ND RO MA N STA TIONS

TH E h i s to ry o f m i l i t a ry forti fi c a t ion i n E ngl a n d b e gi n s wi th

t ho se s tron gh old s wh i ch at v a s t e x p e n se O f l a bou r t h e e a rly
, ,

i n h a bi t a n t s o f B r i t a i n h e we d ou t o f th e s o i l s u rrou n d i n g ,

d e fe n s ibl e po s i t ion s w it h r a m p a rt s o f e a rth d i vid e d by d e e p,

fo s s e s. T h e a pprox i m a t e d a t e of th e se e a rth work s c a n b e

d e t e rm i n e d on ly by e xc a v a t ion a nd a v as t a m ou n t of wor k
,

r e m a i n s to b e do ne i n t h i s d i r e ct ion T h e n u mb e r ho we v e r o f
.
, ,

tho se wh ic h can b e prov e d to b e e arl i e r th a n th e R o m a n o cc u

at io n is v e ry l a rg e ; a nd o f th i s n u m b e r a con s id e r abl e port i on
p , , ,

i n cl ud i ng s o m e o f th e m o s t s tup e n dou s e x a m pl e s o f fort i fi e d

h i l l c a m p s m ay h a v e b e e n th e wor k O f n e ol ith i c m a n s om e two
-
,

thou sa n d y e a r s be for e th e C h ri s t i a n e ra R e l a t iv e d a t e s i n th i s
.

con n e c ti on con c e rn us l e s s th a n pr i nc i pl e s of forti fi c a ti on Th e .

h i l l c a m p s O f p re R o m a n B ri t a i n m ay b e d i vi d e d rough l y i n to
- -

t wo c l a sse s I n th e fi r s t pl a c e th e r e a re t ho s e wh ic h occu py
.
,

th e s u m m i t o f a pro m on tory o f h igh l a n d w h ich s l op e s so ,

s t e e ply o n a ll s id e s bu t o n e th a t a rti fi c i a l d e fe n c e is n e c e ssa ry

o n th a t s id e a l on e Th e s e con d c l as s is t h a t o f th e S O c a l l e d
.
-

“
con tou r fort s i n w h ich th e s u m m i t o f a h i l l is u t i l i s e d for th e
,
”

c a m p an d e n c i rc l e d by tr e n ch e s fol lo wi n g th e con tou r o f th e

,

grou n d .

I n e ac h c ase th e d e fe n c e s prov i d e d by th e i n h ab i t a n t s
con s i s t o f e a rth e n b a n k s th e m a t e ri a l s o f wh ich h a v e b e e n d ug
,

fro m th e fo ss e s or d i tch e s wh i c h s u rrou n d th e i r ou t e r fa c e A n .

e a rth e n b a n k a n d fo s s e th ro wn a c ro ss t h e n e c k O f l a n d b e t we e n
,
2 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

th e pro m on tory a nd th e pl a t e a u b e yon d c on v e rt th e e x tr e m i ty ,

o f th e pro m on tory i n to a fort i fi e d e n c l o s u r e We l l k n o w n .

-

e x a m pl e s o f s uch fortr e s se s a re th e th r e e c a m p s o ne o n th e ,

e a s t a n d t wo on t h e we s t s id e o f th e r i v e r wh ic h gu ard e d th e ,

v a l l e y o f th e A von a t C l i fton T h e l a bou r n e c e s sa ry fo r th e

.

con s tr uct ion o f th e se was n a tu r a l ly fa r l e ss th a n th a t wh i c h

we n t to th e m a k in g of t h e gr e a t con tou r fortr e sse s o f wh i ch s o ,

m a n y s pl e n d id e x a m pl e s r e m a i n i n S o m e r se t VVil tsh ire D or s e t

C
, , ,

a n d i n th e h a l k d i s tri ct s g e n e r a l ly I n th e s e c ase s th e whol e

.
,

are a ,
o r a t a ny r a t e th e gr e a t e r p a r t o f i t s tood i n n e e d o f ,

e n tr e n ch m e n t T h e r e a re poi n t s a t wh ic h th e s l op e is so pre
.

c ip ito u s th a t th e b a n k a n d d i tch we r e d i s p e n s e d w i th or a s i n , ,

p a rt O f Cis sb u ry c a m p n e a r W orth i n g on ly a s in gl e b a n k or ,

d i tch wa s n e c e ssa ry 1
A l s o th e s t e e p e r th e grou n d th e l e ss
.
, ,

wa s th e l abou r r e qu i r e d i n con s truc ti n g th e e n tr e n ch m e n t s .

I l l “.

Ma id C t l
en as e

B ut th e se po s i t ion s o ft e n too k th e for m o f e n c l o s u r e s s ur

ro un d e d by d oubl e or tr i pl e l i n e s o f d e fe n c e oft e n o f s tu p e n d ,

o us s i z e For th e gr e a t e r p a rt o f its e x t e n t th e va ll u m or
.
,

b a n k o f th e ov a l c a m p o f Cissb ury is d oubl e a nd a l on g th e ,

out e r e dg e o f th e e n c i rc l i n g fo s s e is a for m i d a bl e cou n t e r s c a rp

or p a r a p e t P o un d b ury wh i ch l i e s on th e h igh grou n d we s t
.
,

of D orch e s t e r h as a s i n gl e b a n k a nd d i tc h on its e as t a nd
,

s ou th s id e s O n th e we s t s id e th e b a n k is d oubl e d ; bu t t h e
.

n orth s id e wh e r e th e h i l l fa l l s a l mo s t p e rp e nd i cu l a rly to th e
,

Fro m e was l e ft w ithou t a r ti fi c i a l d e fe n c e T h e s u p e rb fort r e s s

M
.
,

of a id e n C as tl e wh i c h c ro wn s a n i s ol a t e d h i l l 4 3 2 fe e t h igh , ,

s o uth o f D orch e s t e r s h o ws a b e wi ld e ri n g co m pl ic a t io n o f pl a n
, .

1
P l an in
A l l c ro ft, E a rt/iwo rb f E ng l a n d , 90 8 , p 64 7 Th e sam e
tr in p r it h in hr p hir
o 1 . .

fe a u is we ll se e n th e fi n e c a m of B u y D (6) S be
t nC n ihp C t
e c es o s e,
we e l u and B s o s a s l e .
 EAR L Y EAR T H WO R K S A ND RO M A N T A TI N
S O S 3

Th e ov a l c e n tr a l s p ac e is ri n g e d by a n u m b e r o f b a n k s a nd
d i t c h e s wh ich v a ri e s fro m th r e e on th e n orth s i d e to a s m a n y
,

a s e igh t a bou t t h e we s t e rn e n tr a n c e .

Th e s e e a rly c a m p s for m m e r e ly t h e pr e fa c e t o ou r s u bj e ct ,

a n d a tt e n t io n n e e d b e c a l l e d on ly to s o m e g e n e r a l fe a t u r e s .

Th e i r ch a r a ct e r l i k e th a t o f th e m e d i e v a l to w n or c a s tl e was
, ,

s tric tly d e fe n s iv e Th e y we r e th e s tron ghol d s o f r a c e s who s e

.

we a pon s we r e o f a v e ry pri m i t iv e d e s c ript i on a nd cou l d c a rry ,

to n o gr e a t r a n g e W h at th e i r i n h abi t a nt s n e e d e d was a n
.

i m pre gn a bl e fortr e ss wi th i n wh i c h th e y a nd th e i r h e rd s cou l d

,

b e we l l s h e l t e r e d fro m a tt ac k T h e y b e l on g to a d ay b e for e
.

s i e g e O p e r a t i on s we r e po s s i bl e T o c a rry th e m a d e t e r m i n e d
.
,

on se t a n d a h a n d to h a n d fi gh t we r e n e c e ss a ry T h e i r s tr e n gth .

N ew

55
Ma id n C t l p l n
e as e ; a

th e r e for e d e p e n d e d o n t h e co m pl e x i ty o f th e i r d e fe nc e s
M
.

e n e my cou l d hop e to s c a l e th e fl a n k in g b a n k s o f a id e n C as t l e ,

o ne by o ne . Th e e n tr a n c e s to th e c a m p a t its e as t e rn a nd ,

we s t e rn e nd s we r e s o e l a bor a t e l y c on c e a l e d by th e ov e r
l a ppi n g r a m p a rt s th a t e v e n on a grou n d pl a n th e y are far fro m
,

obviou s ; a nd i t wa s a l m o s t i n e vi t a bl e th a t a n a tt a c k i n g for c e ,

w i thou t a gu id e a cqu a i n t e d w it h th e grou n d wou l d b e d e coy e d ,

i n to a cul d e sa c a n d ov e r wh e l m e d by th e m i ss i l e s o f th e d e fe n d e r s
—

o n th e r a m p a rt s.

Th e s t e e pn e ss o f th e b an k i t se l f con s ti tu t e d a form id abl e

m e a n s o f d e fe n c e . At M
a id e n C a s tl e th e gr e a t n orth e rn b a n k s

ri se to a h e igh t o f 6 0 fe e t or m or e Th e top o f th e ou t e r b a n k
.

o f O ld S a ru m ( 4 ) is 1 0 6 fe e t a bov e th e l e v e l o f th e d i tc h
M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H
 EA R L Y EA R T H WO R K S A ND ROM A N T A TI N
S O S 5

1
be l ow .I n m a n y c a s e s a nd p rob a bly i n a l l t h e i n n e r b a n k
, ,

wa s c ro wn e d by a s to c k a d e con s i s t in g o f a s e r i e s o f u prigh t,

s t a k e s b e t we e n a n d rou n d w h ich w as t wi n e d a n i m p e n e tr a bl e
,

h e dg e o f thorn s T h e pl a t e a u o r b e r m wh ich was s om e t i m e s

.

l e ft b e h i n d th e p a r a p e t o f th e b a n k wh e r e th e r e was m or e th a n ,

a s in gl e b a n k a n d d itch was a v a l u a bl e as s e t to th e d e fe n d e r s o f
,

pr e h i s tor ic s tron gho ld s form i n g a n a d v a n c e po s t fro m wh i ch

,

th e y we r e a b l e to wi e l d th e i r m i s s i l e s fr e e l y ; wh i l e s o m e t i m e s
t h e s u m m i t o f o ne or m or e o f th e ou t e r b a n k s was m a d e for
t h e s a m e pu rpo s e i n to a bro a d pl a t for m wh ich a l l o we d gr e a t e r ,

fr e e do m o f m ov e m e n t T h e p a r a p e t or c ou n t e r s c a rp o f th e
.

ou t e r d i tch was prob a bly d e fe n d e d by a s tock a d e a nd i t is ,

k n o wn th a t i n s o m e c as e s s h a rp e n e d s t a k e s o r s ton e s we r e
fi x e d fi r m l y i n th e bot to m o f th e d i tch e s .

Th e i m pr e gn a bl e ch a r a ct e r o f th e e nceinte was th u s e n s u r e d .

B ut fu rth e r s k i l l was n e c e ss a ry to d e fe n d th e e n tr a n c e s o f t h e
c a m p O f t h e s e th e r e wa s u s u a l ly m or e th a n o ne a nd th e se we r e
.
,

n e c e ssa ri ly for m e d by cu tt i n g s th rough th e b an k s A s i n th e

M i
.

c ase o f a d e n C as tl e th e p a th o f e n try cou l d b e con v e rt e d i n to

,

a l a byr i n th by m u l t iply i n g t h e b a n k s a n d d i tch e s E v e ry i n ch .

o f th i s c i rcu i tou s p a th is gu a rd e d by t a l l r a m p a rt s : t h e r e are

s e v e n o r e igh t po i n t s i n its cou r se a t wh ich fa t a l e rror was
po ss i bl e a nd o ne at a ny r a t e wh e r e a n a tt a c k in g a r my cou l d
,

h a rd ly fa i l to ru s h s e cu r e ly u pon d e s t ruc t i on T h e e as t e rn .

e n tr a n c e is so g u a rd e d by t r a n s v e r se b a n k s th a t th e p a th is

a l m o s t e qu a l ly d i ffi cu l t to fi n d I t was s e l do m ho we v e r th a t .
, ,

e n t r a n c e s we r e s o e l a bor a t e ly p rot e ct e d A t O l d S a ru m th e .

we s t e rn e n tr a n c e is cov e r e d by a se m i ci rcu l a r ou t work on th e ,

fl a n k s o f wh ich a re th e two i n l e t s to th e p assa g e th rough

th e ou t e r o a l l u m O n th e e as t s id e th e e n tr a n c e is through a
.

n a rro w p assag e wh i ch ru n s fo r s o m e d i s t a n c e b e t we e n th e
p a r a p e t of th e ou t e r d i tch a n d an o u t wor k a nd is at righ t a ngl e s ,

to th e a c tua l p ass ag e through th e b a n k T h e mo s t co m mon .

m e thod o f d e fe n d i n g th e e n tr a n c e was to m a k e a d i a gon a l p a th ,

u s u a l ly from righ t to l e ft th rough th e b a n k s E ac h b a n k wou l d

, .

thu s ov e rl a p th e n e x t : th e s u m m i t s a bov e th e p a th wou l d b e

bro ad e n e d ou t i n to pl a t for m s c a p a bl e o f occu p a tion by bod i e s ,

o f d e fe n d e r s a n d th e r igh t fl a n k O f th e e n e my u n prot e ct e d by ,

s h i e ld s wou l d b e e x po se d to t h e i r m i s s i l e s
,
The e n t ran c e h o w .
,

e v e r m igh t b e s ub s t a n t i a l ly prot e ct e d by g ivi n g a n i n wa rd c u rv e

,

to th e i n n e r b a n k o n e a ch s id e of th e p a th ; a nd th i s is a pl a n
1
d
T h e e fe nc e s o f O l d S a um a re n o w r
o ce s s o f e c a a o n a n d th e in pr x v ti
p n
l a o f th e m e e a l cas l e , di v t in
th e ce n e o f th e e a ly c am , h a s tr r p b ,

r vrd ri xxiii pp
een
e co e e S e e P roceed ing s S o c A ntiqu a ries , z ud se e s, vo l
. .
,
. . .

1 9 0 2 0 0 a n d 50 1 1 8
- -
.
6 M I IT A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

v e ry fre qu e n tly e m pl oy e d W h e r e o ut work s we r e s p e c i a l ly

.
1

c on s truc t e d th e i r for m d i ffe r s con s i d e r a bl y : we h a v e s e e n th e m

,

e m pl oy e d i n t wo way s a t O l d S a ru m a s a k i n d o f horn w or k — -

thro wn ou t i n fron t O f a p a ss ag e a nd as a s p u r proj e ct i n g a t r igh t ,

a n gl e s i n fron t o f a n e n tr a n c e I n both c a se s a n a b s ol u t e ly .

s tr a igh t a ppro a ch is pr e cl ud e d O c c a s ion a l l y wh e r e a n a pp ro x i .

,

m a t e ly d i r e ct a ppro a c h wa s p e r m i tt e d i t is gu a rd e d on o ne S id e ,

by a s pu r thro wn ou t a t r igh t a ngl e s to th e b a n k A t B l ac kb ury .

c as tl e a n e a rly e a rth wor k i n s ou th D e von th e m a i n e n tr a n c e h a s

, ,

a s tr a igh t a ppro a c h gu a rd e d o n e i th e r s id e by a t ri a n gu l a r o u t

w ork w h ich is for m e d by a m o s t i n g e n iou s a rr a n g e m e n t o f b a n k s

,

I I I
,

’
I
\

u“
‘
“t o “
m fl"
5
"l l n n n

"H u n t un

Bu ry it h D c es

a nd by prol ong a t ion s o f th e m a i n d i tch A t t h e a c tu a l

e n tr a n c e t h e m a i n b a n k is cu rv e d ou t wa rd s w i th bro a d pl a t for m s ,

a t th e top T h e h ol l o w i n t e ri or s o f th e ou t work s m i gh t se rv e as
.

gu a rd h ou se s o r th e a tt ac k i n g forc e co u l d b e d r iv e n i n to th e m
-

fro m th e g a t e way of t h e fort a n d p e n n e d i n a po s i t i on fro m ,

wh i c h e s c ap e was i m po ss i bl e S o m e t i m e s hol l o ws we r e m a d e i n
.

t h e b a n k or i n a proj e c t i n g ou t wor k n e a r t h e g a t e wa y t o s e rv e
a s gu a rd hou se s -
O n e i th e r s i d e o f th e m a i n e n tr a n c e th e b a n k
.
,

ti w
1
I n ry dit h hr
el l Bu w th e di n l ntr n is
tr th t id mp t id
s se e at c es e e ag o a e a ce

l fe a u e o f th e we s of t h e ca a nd th e we s of
C r C r d b t n C l d K i ht n
a so a so u -
s e on s e
,

ae a a o c, e we e un an n g o .
 L
E A R Y EA R T H WO R K S A ND ROM A N TAT I N S O S 7

was oft e n s l ightly r a i se d A t l e as t o ne i n s t a n c e is k n o wn i n wh i ch

.

t h e m a i n g a t e wa s con c e a l e d by m a k i n g a br e a k i n a n oth e r p a rt
o f th e r a m p a rt a nd r a i s i n g th e b a n k o n e i th e r s i d e T h e e n e m y
, .
,

m a k in g fo r th i s po in t wo ul d m i s s th e r e a l e n tr a nc e a nd r u n th e
, ,

r i s k O f l o s i n g h is l i fe i n a cul d e sac pu rpo s e l y con s tru ct e d wi th i n

- -

th e r a m p a r t .

I n th e s e fortr e sse s th e d e fe n c e s o f wh i c h we r e d ue to instin c

,

t iv e s k i l l i n th e fa c e o f con s t a n t d a n g e r i t is i m po s s i bl e n ot to
,

B l a ck b ury C tl
as e

( Fr M r ri n
m H ad A l l cro ft
’
E a rtlz wo rb
f o E ng /a nd )
by kind p r i i r M ill n
o a s

e m ss o n o f M e ss s ac m a Co )
.

r e cogn i se h o w m a n y o f th e m o s t s c i e n ti fi c fe a tu r e s o f m e d i e v a l
fort i fi c a t ion we r e a n t i c ip a t e d T h e con c e n tr i c pl a n o f C ae rph i l ly
.

c ast l e w i t h its e a s y prov i s i on s o f e gr e s s a n d its d i ffi c u l ty o f

,

a c c e ss th e s pu r s wh ic h gu a rd th e a ppro a ch e s to B e a u m a r i s ( 2 7 7 )
a n d C on wa y c as tl e s ; th e b a rb i c a n s wh i c h for m s o p ro m i n e n t a

d e fe n c e o f A l n w i c k c as t l e a nd t h e g a t e wa y s o f or k h a v e Y
prototyp e s o f wh i ch th e i r e ngi n e e r s we r e p rob a bl y un con s c iou s
, ,

i n th e hu g e e a rth work s o f pr e h i s tori c B ri t a i n Th rough a l on g .

i n t e rv a l in wh ic h m i l i t a ry a rt pu r s u e d a v e ry gr a d u a l e vol ut ion
, ,
8 M IL I T A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

th e c a m e ful l c i rc l e T h e d e vi c e s o f th e e a rth wor k bu i l d e r s

wh e e l .

we r e tr a n s l at e d i n to s ton e w i th fa r gr e a t e r e con o my o f l a bo ur .

A l though th e mo s t con s pi cuou s e x a m pl e s o f e a rl y e a rth

work a re fou n d i n h i l l fortr e sse s c a m p s we r e n ot con fi n e d t o ,

h i l ly s i t e s n or we r e th e i r d e fe n c e s a l wa y s co m po se d O f e a rth
,

work .T h e r e a re d i s trict s wh e r e th e h a rd n a t ur e o f th e s oi l
forb a d e th e con s tru ct ion o f e a rth e n b a n k s and fo s s e s ; a nd con
s e qu e n tl y th e r e a re m a n y c a m p s wh ich are s u rrou n d e d by wa l l s

o f rough u n c e m e n t e d s ton e o ri gi n a l ly k e p t i n p l a c e by fa c i ng s ,

a n d bon d i n g s O f l a rg e r a n d s mooth e r s ton e s

1
T h e s e c a m p s a re .

u s u a l ly n ot l a rg e T h e y occ u r v e ry com m on ly i n th e n orth o f

.

E ngl a n d : a good e x am p l e is th a t k n o w n as t h e C as t l e s i n th e ,

v a l l e y o f th e B e d bu rn s e v e n or e igh t m i l e s we s t o f B i s hop
,

A u ck l a n d T h e e n c l o s u r e s i tu at e d on a boggy s l op e is s ur
.
, ,

roun d e d by S h a p e l e ss m ass e s o f d eb ris th e ru in s o f th e d ry , _

bu i l t ri n g wa l l wh ich h a s l o s t its fa c i n g a nd s o h as fa l l e n to
,

p i e c e s S ton e was a l s o u se d i n th e r a m p a rt s o f s om e o f th e
.

c a m p s o n th e roc ky h i l l s o f S o m e r s e t a s i n th e c a m p s on ,

e i th e r s i d e of th e A von a t C l i fton Th e gr e a t fortr e ss o f

M
.

VV o rl e b ury a bov e VV e s to n s up e r
,
are was s u rroun d e d by a n - -
,

i m m e n s e wa l l O f u n c e m e n t e d s ton e brough t to gr e a t t h i ck n e s s ,

by bu i l d i n g se v e r a l wa l l s e a ch w ith its o wn s e t O f fac i n g s ton e s

, ,

u p ag a i n s t e a ch oth e r O n its e as t e rn fron t s e p a r a t e d fro m th e

.
,

m a i n r a m p a rt by a d e e p d i tch c u t i n th e s o l i d roc k wa s a n oth e r , ,

wa l l o f s ton e ; a nd th i s a g a i n was p rot e ct e d by a s e ri e s o f ou t e r

e a rth work s D o l e b ury at th e we s t e rn e x tr e m i ty o f t h e
M
,

e n d i ps is s u rrou n d e d by a d oubl e wa l l o f l oo se l i m e s ton e

,
2
.

I n th e se c ase s as i n th e We l s h s tron ghol d s o f P e nm ae n m awr

,

a n d T r e r Ce iri g e ol ogic a l con d i t i on s m a d e th e e a rth e n b a n k a n

’

i m po ss ibi l i ty a nd th e s ton e o f th e n e ighbou rh ood too k its p l ac e

, .

I t h a s o ft e n b e e n a rgu e d th a t th e s e pr e h i s tori c fort r e ss e s we r e

m e r e l y pl a c e s o f r e fug e to wh ich i n t i m e o f war t h e d we l l e r s i n
, , ,

th e l e v e l s b e l o w b e took th e m se l v e s a n d th e i r floc k s B ut i t is .

m uch m or e prob a bl e th a t t h e y we r e th e p e r m a n e n t h a bi t a t ion s

o f co m m un i ti e s n ot m e r e ly c a m p s bu t fi x e d s e ttl e m e n t s ho se n
, , ,
C
fo r h a bi t a t i on o n a c cou n t o f th e i r s tron g po s i tion a n d gr a d u a l ly ,

fort i fi e d by l a bou r w h ic h m ay h a v e b e e n th e wor k i n t h e mor e ,

e l a bor a t e e x a m pl e s o f m a n y g e n e r a t ion s, T h e n e e d o f pe r .

m a n e n t prot e c ti on fo r th e m se l v e s a nd th e i r floc k s a n d h e rd s
s e e m s to h av e be e n fe l t by th e e a rl y i n h a b i t a n t s o f B ri t a i n to

s uch a n e x t e n t th a t th e i r r e gul a r s e ttl e m e n t s n a tu r a l l y too k th e

1
The ef
fe c t i mil r nditi
of s n tr ti rly N r m on o f ea
tl n t i d l t r h pt r th e co
a co o ns o n s uc o an
.

Wl ll b e
n p mp i d rib d ll y P
cas es o ce In a a e c a e .

2
Pla in A ll c ro ft,p o . cit ,
. 6 86 ; th e ca s e sc e fu P
68 2 9 7
-
.
 IO M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

se m bl a n c e o f forti fi e d c a m p s T h i s is v e ry e vi d e n t i n th e c ase
.

o f tho s e c a m p s wh i c h a re fou n d i n po s i t ion s wh e r e th e n a t ur a l

a d v a nt a g e s a re v e ry s m a l l po s i ti on s wh ic h m i gh t b e ho se n C
C
—

by p e opl e i n se a rc h o f a n a bod e bu t wou l d h a rd ly b e ho se n ,

m e r e ly a s a r e fug e C a m p s i n th e se po s i t ion s are n e v e r so

.

i m po s i n g as tho s e wh i ch c ro wn h i l l top s : th e l a bou r o f e x c a -

v a t ing t h e d i tch e s a n d h e a pi n g u p th e b a n k s w as n o t a id e d by

t h e n a tu r a l s l op e o f a h i l l a n d th e e a rth work s b e in g s l i gh t e r
, ,

a n d n e a r e r t h e m or e r e c e n t h a u n t s o f m e n a re m or e l i a bl e to ,

d e s truct ion . B ut th e d e fe n s iv e n at u r e O f s uc h se ttl e m e n t s is

u n m i s t a k a bl e .

Th e R o m a n i n v a d e r s brough t to E n gl a n d n e w m e thod s o f
m i l i t a ry c on s truct ion a n d th e tr a d i t io n o f a n a rch i t e ct u r e o f
d r e sse d a nd c e m e n t e d s ton e Th e i r whol e s y s t e m O f w a r fa r e
.

w a s fa r i n a dv a n c e o f th a t pu r s u e d by th e B ri ti s h tr i b e s They .

h a d d e v e l op e d th e art o f s i e g e to a h igh p i tch T h e i r op e r a t ion s .

i n O p e n fi e l d we r e ord e rly a n d s c i e n t i fi c T h e i r wa l l e d s tron g .

hol d s we r e con s tr u c t e d wi th a vi e w wh i ch took i n to a ccou n t n ot ,

on l y th e m e r e s t r e n gth o f th e r a m p a r t s b ut a l s o th e c a p a c i ty ,

o f t h e d e fe n d e r s to m a n th e m Me n n ot fortr e ss e s we r e th e
.
, ,

m a i n as se t O f R o m a n w a r fa r e ; a n d con se q u e n tly th e i r e a rth

work was far l e s s i m po s i n g th a n th a t of th e B ri ton s of th e p re
h is t o ric a ge .T h e i r c a m p s a nd p e rm an e n t s t a t ion s we r e u s u a l ly
s u rrou nd e d by a s i ngl e fo ss e o f n o gr e a t d e pth : th e r a r e c as e s

i n w h ich tr a c e s r e m a i n o f m or e th a n a s i n gl e fo sse are c a m p s

u p on th e e x po se d n orth e rn fron t i e r o f R o m a n B ri t a i n wh e r e ,

t h e on ru s h o f th e b a rb a ri a n e n e m y wa s s t ay e d by a s e ri e s o f
t r e n ch e s e i th e r cov e r e d w i th b ru s h wood o r fi l l e d wi th s h a rp
,

s to n e s o r s t a k e s C a m p s we r e h as ti ly con s tru ct e d o f e a rth wor k

.

b a n k d i t c h a nd p a r a p e t pl ay i n g th e i r p a r t
, ,
B ut wh e r e a .

c a m p b e c a m e a p e r m a n e n t s t a ti on a s ton e wa l l took th e p l a c e o f
th e e a rth e n b a n k Th e m o s t i m port a n t r e l i c o f t h e R o m a n
.

occu p a t ion i n B ri t a i n th e gr e a t fron t i e r wa l l fro m th e Tyn e to

,

th e S ol wa y was pr e c e d e d by a v a l/um o f t u r f a t e m por a ry

, ,

d e fe n c e w h i ch was s u p e r se d e d by p e r m a n e n t m as on ry .

N o s y s t e m o f con n e ct e d op e r a t i on s c a n b e t r a c e d b e t we e n
p r e h i s tori c fort s E a ch o f th e s e wa s p rob ably a n i s ol a t e d
.

s tronghol d . R o m a n s t a t i on s on t h e oth e r h a n d we r e m i l i t a ry
, ,

po s t s m a n n e d by d e t a ch m e n t s o f o ne a r m y a nd con n e c t e d by ,

s tr a t e g ic ro a d s T h i s is s e e n v e ry c l e a rly i n th e c ase o f t h e
.

gr e a t wa l l a l r e a dy m e n t ion e d Th e wa l l ca n b e tr a c e d for a bou t

.

7 3 m i l e s fro m W a l l se n d ( S e ge d un um ) on th e Tyn e to B o w n e s s
,

on th e S ol wa y I t is bu i l t i n th e u s u a l R o m a n m e thod w i th
.
,

a cor e o f c e m e n t e d r ubbl e b e t we e n as h l a r fa c i ng s I ts br e a d th .

v a ri e s b e t we e n 7 a nd 9 A fe e t : th e h e igh t a pp e a r s to h av e b e e n
 E AR Y E A RL T H WO R K S A ND ROM A N T A TI N
S O S II
o rigi n a l ly fro m 1 6 to 1 8 fe e t I t s n orth e r n fac e is d e fe n d e d .
1

by a d i t c h m a rk e d a i n th e se c t ion b e l o w ; bu t a s i t fol l o ws th e
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h igh e s t grou n d i n its c our s e a n d ru n s fo r s o m e d i s t a n c e a l on g ,

th e e dg e o f b asa l t i c c l i ffs wh i ch d i p n orth wa rd t h e d itc h a t ,

th e se poi n t s b e co m e s u n n e c e s sa ry a n d is d i s p e n se d wi t h T h e r e .

we r e t we n ty th r e e s t a t i on s i n its l e n gth e a ch g a rr i s on e d by
-
,

a c ohor t o f i n fa n try o r s qu a d ron o f c a v a l ry cho se n fro m th e

G M
,

R o m a n a u x i l i a ry t roop s o f a u l s S p a n i a rd s oor s & C 2

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.

we r e c on n e c t e d by a p a v e d m i l it a ry ro a d ( c) a l on g th e s ou th s id e o f
th e wa l l A t d i s t a n c e s o f a R o m a n m i l e fro m o ne a n oth e r we r e
.

pl a c e d r e ct a n gul a r fort s n o w k n o wn as m i l e c a s t l e s bu i l t a g a i n s t
,
-

th e wa l l upon its s outh s id e ; a nd th e i n t e rv a l be t we e n e a c h o f

t h e s e wa s s t r e n gth e n e d fu rth e r by t urr e t s a pp a r e n t ly two i n ,

n u m b e r wh i c h a l s o p roj e ct e d s outh wa rd bu t e n c ro ac h e d S l ight ly

, ,

u pon th e th ic k n e s s o f th e wa l l T h e s out h s id e o f th e m i l i t a ry .

3
ro a d was d e fe n d e d by a n e a rth e n v a l/u m m a r k e d d th e co ur se o f , ,

wh ic h is n ot d i r e c tl y p a r a l l e l to th e wa l l bu t is i n pl a c e s as m u ch ,

a s h a l f a m i l e d i s t a n t k e e p i n g to l o we r grou n d W h e r e th e wa l l
,

Sec ti n
o of R oma nW all a n d Va l /u m .

pr e fe r s th e s u m m i t o f th e b asa l t r i dg e T h i s b a n k h a s a d i tch ( e ) .

o n its s outh e rn s id e d ivi d e d fro m i t by a l e v e l s p a c e or b e rm : th e

,

d i tc h h as a s outh e rn p a r a p e t (f ) a n d a n oth e r b a n k b e yon d ( g ) , .

I n c e rt a i n pl a c e s th e d i tch h as a l s o a n orth e rn p a r a p e t ; bu t
t h e g e n e r a l a rr a n g e m e n t o f t h e e a rth e n r a m p a rt s is a s d e s cr i b e d .

O f t he con t rov e r s y as to th e r e l a t i v e d a t e o f t h e w a l l a nd its

fl a n k i n g e a rth work s n oth in g n e e d b e s a i d h e r e I ts m i l i t a ry
pu rpo s e is a bun d a n tl y C l e a r I t provid e d n ot on ly a s tron g
.

m e a n s o f d e fe n c e a g a i n s t t h e a tt a c k s O f th e n orth e rn t ri b e s ,

bu t a b a s e O f O p e r a t ion s fo r O ffe n s iv e wa r fa r e E a c h o f th e .

s t a t ion s a nd m i l e c as tl e s h as a n orth e rn g a t e way i n a dd it i on

-

to its oth e r e n tr a n c e s ; a nd two o f th e R o m a n ro a d s wh i c h m e t

t h e wa l l a t i nt e rv a l s fro m th e s out h p a s s e d th rough i t on th e i r
way to th e S cott i s h bord e r .

1
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S e e B uce H a nd B o o b to tlze R o m a n Wa l l sth e d 1 9 0 7 ( e d R B l a ) ir
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li t r m iv n pp
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Th e obj e ct of gr e a t sy s t e m o f R o m a n ro ad s was pu r e ly
th e
m i l i t a ry 1 A l o ng t h e se bro a d p a v e d s tr e e t s th e troop s fro m
.
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th e v a ri ou s s t a t ion s cou l d b e mob i l i s e d w i th gr e a t qu i ck n e ss .

T h e y k e p t as a ru l e to h igh grou n d choo s i n g a c o nv e n i e n t r i dg e , ,

l i k e t h a t wh i ch ru n s fro m e n d to e nd o f Li ncol n s h ir e a nd ,

p r e s e rv i n g a s s tr a igh t a l i n e a s po ss ibl e T h e m o s t i m port a n t .

s t a t i on s we r e pl a c e d a t t h e c ro ss i n g O f r i v e r s or a t th e j u ncti on

o f ro a d s I n t h e e a r ly d ay s o f th e R o m a n occu p a ti on th e
.
,

O p e r a t ion s o f th e a r m y w e r e d i r e ct e d e n t i r e ly a g a i n s t t h e n a t iv e

t ri b e s N 0 sy s t e m o f co as t d e fe n c e was a dopt e d Th e n e c e ss i ty
. .

fo r th i s c am e l a t e r w h e n B r i t a i n u n d e r R o m a n d o m i n ion wa s
, , ,

a tt a ck e d by bod i e s o f S a x on pi r a t e s A c h a i n o f fort r e s se s .

was th e n con s t ruct e d a l on g wh a t wa s k n o w n a s t he S a x on

S hor e fro m B ra n o d u n u m ( B r a n c a s t e r ) i n n orth N or fol k to P ortu s
,

A d u rn i i n S u sse x or H a m p s h i r e Th e r e m a i n s o f t h e wa l l s
.

of G aria nn o nu m ( B u rgh C as t l e i n S u ffol k ) R u tu pi a e ( R i ch

K
,

borough i n e n t ) A n d e rid a ( P e v e n s e y i n S u s se x ) a nd P ort u s

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a gnu s ( P orch e s t e r i n H a m p s h i r e ) a re n e x t to th e gr e a t wa l l
, , ,

p e rh ap s th e m o s t i n t e r e s t in g r e l i c s o f th e R o m a n e poch wh i c h
we po ss e s s T h e fort s of th e S a xon s hor e we r e pl a c e d fo r th e
.
,

m o s t p a rt a t th e m ou th s o f e s tu a r i e s for wh i ch th e for e ign

, ,

p i r a t e s wou l d n a tu r a l ly m a k e .

I n s e v e r a l c ase s a R o m a n s t a ti on wa s fo u n d e d on th e s i t e o f a
B ri t i s h se tt l e m e n t I t was h o we v e r m or e co m p ac t i n pl a n a nd
.
, , ,

occu p i e d on l y a porti on o f th e s i t e T h e e a rth work s d e fe n d i n g .

th e we s t s id e o f th e s e tt l e m e n t w h ich pr e c e d e d C a m u l od u nu m

( C olch e s t e r ) are t wo to thr e e m i l e s b e yon d th e R om a n wa l l of

t h e c i ty w h ich occ upi e d m e r e l y th e n orth e a s t a ngl e o f a v e ry
,
-

l a rg e a nd s tr aggl in g e n c l o su r e Th e orig i n a l R o m a n s t a t ion a t

.

L i n co l n m ay b e t a k e n as a typ i c a l e x a m pl e o f a wa l l e d to wn
2
o f th i s e poch I t was a r e ct a n gu l a r e n c lo s u r e wi th its l on g e r
.
,

a x i s fro m e as t to we s t occu py i n g th e s ou th we s t a n gl e O f t h e
,
-

h igh ri dg e a bov e th e v a l l e y o f th e W i th a m I n e a ch O f th e four .

w a l l s was a g a t e way T h e i n n e r a rch a n d th e po s t e r n w i th

.
,

p a rt of th e s id e wa l l s o f th e n orth e rn g a t e way s t i l l r e m a in a nd
, ,

o f th e s outh e rn g a t e way t h e r e a re s t i l l s u b s t a n t i a l fr a g m e n t s ;

th e l i n e o f t h e s tr e e t wh i c h l e d fro m o ne to t h e oth e r is s ti l l
fa i rly though n ot a ccu r a t e l y pr e s e rv e d
,
Th e po s i t ion s o f th e
, .

e as t a n d we s t g a t e wa y s a re k n o wn : th e l i n e o f t h e s t r e e t fro m

C
t h e e a s t g a t e to th e c e n t r e o f th e i ty was d e fl e ct e d i n th e

l r vi ll
1
T h e a ge n riti h l nd wn r
as o f R o m a o B i n r ( x) B g S us s e
Ch d rt ( G l t r hir ) rk t ( Lin l n hir ) r ithin y
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m id d l e a ge s bu t its con t i n u a t ion to th e we s t g a t e is r e pr e se n t e d

,

by th e c ou r se o f a s tr e e t m u ch wid e n e d i n m od e rn t i m e s C l o s e
,
.

to th e m e e t in g o f th e fou r s tr e e t s wa s th e m a r k e t pl ac e o r fo ru m -
.

T h i s i n th e e a rly d ays o f R o m a n Li n col n was t h e p ra e to riu m

, , ,

or m i l it ary h e a dqu a rt e r s o f th e c a m p B ut th e l e gion qu a rt e r e d

Y
.

a t Li n col n was r e m ov e d to or k a s i t s e e m s i n th e t i m e o f
V
, ,

e s p as i a n a n d th e c i ty s e ttl e d d o wn to a c ivi l a n d c o m m e rc ia l
,

e x i ste n ce . R ou n d th e f o ru m we r e c l u s t e r e d th e ch i e f p ubl i c
bu i l d in g s o f th e c i ty a n d th e foun d a t ion s o f a l arg e colon n ad e d
,

bu i ld i ng a re s til l to b e se e n b e l o w th e p r e se n t groun d l e v e l A t
G
.

l ouc e s t e r Ch ich e s t e r a nd C h e s t e r th e cour se O f th e fou r m a i n

, , ,

s tr e e t s h as b e e n l i tt l e i f a t al l d i s t u rb e d a nd th e i r pr e s e n t
, , ,

B o rco v ic us

m e e t i n g pl a c e n e a rly r e pr e se n t s th e c e n tr e o f th e R o m a n i ty
-
C .

T h e a rr a n ge m e n t s o f t h e fo ru m o f a R o m a n o B ri t i s h to wn -

h a v e b e e n m a d e ou t v e ry c l e arl y by th e e xc a v at ion s a t
Ca l l e va A tre b a tu m ( S i l ch e s t e r ) i n H a m p s h i r e 1
I t wa s a .

c l o se d r e ct an gl e e n t e r e d by a g a t e way a nd s u rrou n d e d by
,

publ ic bu i l d i n g s i n fron t o f wh ic h we r e col on n a d e s ; o ne s id e

,

a t S i l ch e s t e r wa s occ up i e d by a gr e a t b as i l ic a w h i ch s e rv e d ,

th e pu rpo se s of a h al l o f j u s t ic e a n d m e r c a n t i l e e x ch a n g e .

Th e s t a t i on s on th e R o m a n wa l l we r e o f a m or e pu r e ly m i l i t a ry
ch a r a ct e r th a n th e to wn s wh ich h a v e b e e n m e n ti on e d Th e y .

h a ve th e g e n e r a l ch a r a ct e ri s t i c of a r e ct a n gu l a r pl a n w ith th e ,

a n gl e s rou n d e d O ff a n d w i th a g a t e wa y fl a n k e d by gu a rd hou s e s -

iii pp
, , ,

1
S e e A rc/za o l og ia vo l l , 5 39 7 3 . .
, .
-
.
 EA R L Y EA R T H WO R K S A ND R O MA N TAT I NS O S 1 5

in ea ch f th e fou r s id e s
o I n th e t wo l a rg e s t s t a t i on s , ho we v e r ,
.

A m b o g l a n n a ( B ird o s wa l d ) a nd Cil urnu m ( C h e s t e r s ) , th e r e we r e ,

i n a dd i t ion to th e m a i n g a t e wa y s, two s m a l l e r g a t e way s i n th e
e as t a nd we s t wa l l s r e s p e c ti v e ly T h e w a l l s o f th e s t a t ion s a re
1
.

g e n e r a l ly 5 fe e t th i c k , a nd a re bu i l t , l i k e th e wa l l i t se l f, o f a cor e
o f c e m e n t e d r ubbl e , w i th fa c in g s o f d r e ss e d s ton e Th e m a i n .

g a t e way s h a v e a d oubl e p assag e , d i vi d e d by a l ongi tu d i n a l wa l l ,

w h ich is p i e rc e d by a n a rro w p a s s ag e i n th e c e n t r e T he i r i n n e r
C
.

a n d ou t e r op e n i n g s we r e s p a n n e d by a rch e s , a n d l o se d by g a t e s
wh ich we r e h un g on i ron pi vot s fi x e d i n th e j a m b o f e a c h op e n
i n g n e x t th e wa l l A t B o rc o vic us ( H o use s te a d s) th e r e wa s n o
.

d i vi d i ng wa l l th rough th e p a s sa g e b e t we e n th e ou t e r a nd i n n e r
O p e n i ng s o f th e g a t e wa y ; bu t e a ch o f th e s e O p e n i n g s is c o m

po s e d O f t wo a rch e s d iv id e d by a s qu a r e pi e r , E ach
g a t e way h a d a s ton e s i l l , r a i s e d a bov e t h e l e v e l O f th e s ton e p a v e
men t . T h e i n t e r io r p a ssag e wa s fl a n k e d by r e ct a n gu l a r gu a rd
hou se s T h e g a t e way s o f B o rco v ic us S ho w i n t e r e s ti n g s ign s
.

O f r e con s tru ct ion , w h ich poi n t to th e fa c t th at , n ot l on g a ft e r

its con s tru ct ion , th e s t a ti on was s e i z e d by a n e n e m y At a .

s u b s e qu e n t t i m e its ,

R om a n occu p a n t s re
d uce d th e w id th o f th e
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. t t
T h i s wa s d on e a p
are n tl a t d i ffe r e n t t i m e s t h e e as t g a t e wa y b e a ri n g s ign s o f
p y ,

b e i n g tr e a t e d i n th i s way at a n e a rl i e r p e ri od th a n th e oth e r s .

T h e we s t g a t e way was wa l l e d u p w i th gr e a t i ng e n u i ty O f its .

ou t e r e n tr a n c e s th e n orth e rn a nd o f its i n n e r e n tr a n c e s th e
, , ,

s ou th e rn we r e bl oc k e d ; s o th a t a fo e
,
choo s i n g th i s fac e o f th e ,

s t a t ion fo r a tt a c k h a d to pr e ss h is wa y t h rough a n e l bo w
,

s h a p e d i n s t e a d o f a s tr a ight p assa g e
,
.

Th e wa l l O f a R om a n s t a t ion b e t we e n t h e g a t e wa y s was , ,

o ft e n fl a n k e d by a s e ri e s o f to we r s e a c h proj e c t in g fro m th e wa l l ,

i n t h e for m o f a s e m i c i r c l e o r r a th e r m or e th a n a se m i ci rc l e
G
.

Th i s was t h e c as e i n s o m e o f th e l a rg e a l l o R o m a n c i ti e s -
,

l i k e A u tu n 3
W h i l e th e rou n d e d for m o f th e se to we r s m ad e
.

1
Se e bl e o w as b l kin
to th e m in t i m tr o f th e ga e ways a t C l urnu af e

b i l di r t ll m ll in l t y
oc g a

th e ng o f th e g e a wa mThe w a t C il urn u

th id w ll b th t y r th
u s e a e a s a re
. s a g g
of
on th e s o u s e o f th e a m . At A b o g l a nn a o g a e wa s we e s o u
th e wa ll
d rib d by r pp 6
.

B o rc o v ic us is B
n in ni r n rth t rth
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,
. 1 4 0 -
0 .

3
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1 6 MIL IT AR Y AR C IT E CT U R E
H

th e m d i ffi c ul t to un d e r m i n e or b a t t e r d o wn th e i r s u m m i t s s e rv e d ,

a s s t a n d i ng groun d for th e l a rg e ba l l is ta e or c a t a pu l t s fro m wh ic h

-
,

j a v e l i n s or s ton e s cou l d b e hu r l e d u pon th e a tt a ck i n g forc e T h e i r .

proj e ct ion a t r e gu l a r i n t e rv a l s m a d e i t po ss ibl e for th e d e fe n d e r s

to co m m a n d th e whol e l i n e o f wa l l b e t we e n e a ch p a i r o f to we r s
so th a t t h e b e s i e g e r s a tt a c k wou l d n e c e ss a ri ly b e con c e n t r a t e d
’

upon th e to we r s th e m se l v e s A t P e ve n se y wh e r e th e
.

e n c l os u re o f th e s t a t ion is a l m o s t ov a l a nd n ot a s u s u a l , , ,

r e c t a n gu l a r i n s h a p e t h e r e a re r e m a i n s o f t we l v e s ol i d rou n d
, ,

to we r s i n cl ud i ng th o s e wh ich fl a n k th e s ou th we s t e rn g a t e
,
-

wa y . A t B urgh C as tl e th e r e are fou r to we r s i n th e e as t

1
wa l l two o f wh i ch a re a n gl e to we r s
, O wi n g to th e s c a rc ity
-
.

o f good bu i l d i n g s ton e i n th e d i s tri ct t h e wa l l s a t B urgh C as tl e ,

a re u n fa c e d a n d a re bu i l t o f fl i n t wi th bon d i n g c ou r se s o f t i l e s ;
,

Pe vn e se y

o n ly th e u pp e r port i on s o f th e to we r s we r e bon d e d i n to t h e
wa l l s A b e d o f con cr e t e w i th a p l at for m o f o a k p l a n k s a bov e
.
, ,

for m e d th e fou n d a t io n o f th e to we rs f T h e a ngl e s o f th e wa l l ’:

Y
o f R o m a n or k we r e s t r e n gth e n e d by l a rg e polygon a l to we r s .

A l a rg e port io n o f o n e of t h e se a m a gn i fi c e n t e x a m pl e o f ,

R om a n m as on ry r e m a i n s ; i t for m e d t h e n orth we s t e rn a n gl e
,
-

o f th e c i ty a nd was hol l o w wi th a n i n t e rn a l as we l l as a n
, ,

e x t e rn a l proj e ct ion
(I N o o u t wa rd proj e ct ion s a pp e a r to occu r
1
in
P l an p
A l l c ro ft u srhC t A s Bu g t
a s l e h a d th e se a o n its we s

id it p ib t th r t r
32 2
t id
. .
, .
,

ly h ad n o we s wall A no e o we o n th e e as s e o f th e
n rth t r
s e , o ss .
,

g a e way h as fa ll e n a way f o m th e wa ll
vn h k flint v r d in
o , .

2
A t P e e sey th e fo und atio n o f th e wall is o f c a l an d
p rt b pp r r rt p d b dd d in t r
co e e ,

y an u e l aye o f c o nc e e co m o se o f flints e e mor a

d ti r p dd d hi h t k r
o ne a .
,

B e l o w th e fo un a o n is a l aye o f u l e c l ay in w c o ak s a e s we e
fi x d v rti it v
ca lly at L F
n e r al s nnS ee S al z m a E x ca va t io ns a t
,

i
e e . . .
,
P e v ensey 1 90 6 7 in S us sex A rcliaro l Co l l ectio ns vo l l
,
-
, .
,
. .
 E AR L Y EA R T H WO R K S A ND R O MA N TAT I N
S O S I 7

u pon th e R om a n wa l l o r i n th e wa l l s o f its s t a t i on s T h e .

“
m i l e c a s t l e s a s a l r e a d y n o t e d a re bu i l t ag a i n s t t h e i n n e r
-
,
”

s id e o f th e wa l l A t C il urnum ( 1 3 ) a n d B o rc o v ic u s th e r e a re
.

fou n d a t ion s o f s qu a re to we r s a g a in s t a nd i n s i d e th e c on t a i n i n g
wa l l s W,
h i l e t h e a n gl e s o f th e s t a t ion s a re s i m pl y rou n d e d off .

T h e we s t e rn p a r t o f th e n orth wa l l o f B o rco v ic us h as a l s o b e e n
doubl e d i n th i ck n e s s a pp a r e n tly to gi v e a sa fe fou n d a t io n for a
,

l a rg e c a t a pu l t pl a n t e d o n th e to p o f th e wa l l Th e th ic k e n i ng .

wa s acco m p l i s h e d a t a d a t e l a t e r th a n th e origi n a l bu i l d i n g
, ,

by con s t ru ct i n g a n i n n e r wa l l a nd fi l l in g u p th e s p a c e b e t we e n
,

Yo rk M ul t ang u a l r T o we r
th i s a nd th e out e r r a m p a rt with c l a y A t C il urnu m w h i c h A
.
,

a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n i n e x i s t e n c e b e for e th e gr e a t fron t i e r wa l l

was m a d e th e or igi n a l e a s t a n d we s t g a t e way s we r e l e ft on th e

,

n ort h s id e o f th e wa l l wh i ch i n t e r s e ct s th e s t a t ion A s th e y we r e
,
.

th u s i n s u ffi c i e n tly prot e c t e d th e y we r e fi l l e d u p s ol i d w i th m ass e s

,

O f rubbl e a n d we r e p rob a bl y u se d as pl a t for m s for c a t a pu l t s

1
, ,

s m a l l e r g a t e way s b e in g m a d e o n th e s ou th s id e of th e wa l l .

1
d rib d
C il urnum is e s c b y B r uc e a s 8 6 1 19 w la S e e al s o pp ith p n
d ripti n p
e ,
. .
,
.
-
,
.

th e and l an in A n A cco un t of tb e R o m a n A n tiquities P reser ved

pp
e sc o
in tlze M u s e um at C/zes ters , 1 90 3, . 87 -
120 .
1 8 MIL IT A R Y AR C IT E CT U R E
H

In th e i n t e ri or
t t ion a s a t Li n co l n
o f th e ork a n d
s a , , Y ,

B o rc o vic us t h e m a i n s tr e e t o r v ia p rin cipa l is l e d d i r e ctly fro m

, , ,

th e n orth to t h e s ou th g a t e
1
T h e c e n t r e o f th e s t a t i on w e s t o f
.
,

o f t h e v ia p rincipa l is was occ u pi e d by th e p ra e to riu m t h e h e a d

, ,

qu a rt e r s o f t h e co m m a n d e r o f th e l e gi on a n s we ri n g t o th e s p a c e ,

wh e r e i n a t e m por a ry c a m p t h e t e n t s of th e g e n e r a l a n d h is
, ,

s t a ff w e r e p i tch e d A s we h a v e se e n t h e pl a c e o f th e pra e to riu m

.
,

was t a k e n i n co m m e rc i a l to wn s by t h e fo ru m Th e pra eto riu uz .

a t B o rc o vic us con s i s t e d o f two r e c t a n gul a r c ou rt s O p e n to t h e ,

s k y i n th e c e n t r e T h e ou t e r cou r t w i th its m a i n e n tr a nc e fa c i n g
.
,

mm E N TR M I C E .

B o rco v ic us P r t ri
ae o um

th e t rn s tr e e t o r v ia pra eto ria was s u rrou n d e d 0 11 th r e e s i d e s by

e as e ,

a colon n a d e A d oor wa y i m m e d i a t e ly oppo s i t e th e m a i n e n t r a n c e

.
, ,

O p e n e d i n to th e e as t e rn col on n ad e o f th e i n n e r cou rt T h i s h ad .

n o n orth e rn o r s ou th e rn col o n n a d e s bu t h a d d oor way s to n orth ,

and s ou th its we s t e rn s id e was occu p i e d by a l i n e o f fi ve

r e ct a n gu l a r ch a m b e r s th e c e n tr a l o ne o f w h i ch was th e ch a p e l
,

wh e r e th e s t a nd a rd s wi th th e oth e r sa c r e d tr e as u r e s b e l on gi n g to
,

th e cohort we r e k e pt
2
, T h e p ra eto riu m fa c e d th e e a s t e rn s tr e e t o f
.

1
This was no t n a a l e i v ri b
A t C il urnum th e m a e e wa s f o m e as to in tr t r t
t th i C brid n
. s
we s a n d s wa s a l s o t h e ca s e a t C o rs to itum ( or ge o n T y e )
th i fi r t h rt p
- -
, .

In s c a se , th e s co o o f th e T ung ri .
 E A R Y EA R L T H WO R K S A ND RO MA N T AT I N
S O S 19

th e s a t tionwh ic h l e d to th e e as t g at e or p o rta pra eto ria

, T he .

g a t e at th e e n d o f th e we s t e rn s t r e e t was c a l l e d p o rta d ecu m a na 1

.

T h e r e m a i n i n g bu i l d i n g s o f th e s t a t ion con s i s t e d o f s tr a igh t

bloc k s, i n t e r s e c t e d by l an e s : the m aj or i ty O f th e s e bu i l d i n g s wou l d
b e u se d a s b a rr ac k s I t s hou l d b e n ot e d th a t , i n th e pl a n n i n g
.

O f a R o m a n s t a t ion or wa l l e d to wn , t h e p rae to riu m o r fo ru m was

t a k e n a s th e c e n tr a l poi n t : th e v ia p rincip a l is , i n ord e r to ru n

c le a r fro m g a t e to g a t e , wa s thu s o n o n e s i d e o f a n a x i s of t h e

r e ct a n gl e , a nd th e n orth a n d s ou th g a t e s we r e n ot i n th e c e n tr e
2

o f th e i r r e s p e c t iv e wa l l s

C
.

I t is l e a r th a t a s t i m e we n t o n a nd th e po we r o f R o m e i n
,

B ri t a i n gr e w we a k e r , th e d e fe n s i v e ch a r a ct e r o f th e gr e a t wa l l
a n d th a t o f th e s t a t ion s w h i ch i t con n e c t e d we r e e m ph as i s e d a t

th e e x p e n s e of th e i r ch a r a c t e r a s b as e s o f a c t i v e wa rfa r e B ut i t .

m us t b e r e p e a t e d th a t R o m a n s t a t ion s i n B ri t a i n we re n o t
pl a n n e d to for m i mpr e gn abl e S h e l t e r s fo r c o m m u n i ti e s m a i n l y
p as tor a l T h e y we r e c e n tr e s for bod i e s o f fi gh t i n g m e n, l i n k e d
.

to e a c h oth e r by a s pl e n d i d sy s t e m o f ro a d s T h e R om a n .

s t a t i on a t D orch e s t e r , t h e l i n e s o f wh i c h a re s o we l l pr e s e rv e d

to d ay, wa s fou n d e d , n ot wi th i n th e r a m p a rt s o f a id e n C as tl e
-
M
or P o und b ury, bu t on th e l o we r S l op e s n e a r th e p a ss ag e o f th e
Fro m e T h e s in gl e r a m p a rt a nd s i n gl e d i tc h o f a R o m a n to wn
.

we r e a l mo s t i n v a ri a bl e Fr e e e gr e s s as we l l as e n tr a n c e , p ro
.

v i s ion s fo r a t t ac k as we l l as d e fe n c e , we r e n e c e ssa ry ; a n d , wi th
th e s e O bj e ct s i n v i e w, i m m e n se e a rth e n d e fe n c e s s uch a s tho s e
M
,

of a i d e n C as t l e , wou l d b e c u m b e r s o m e B od i e s of R o m a n .

troop s ,
as Li n co l n or Co l c h e s t e r occ as ion a l l y occ u pi e d p a r t
at ,

o f t h e ence in te o f a B r i t i s h se ttl e m e n t ; bu t i t is v e ry r a r e l y
th a t as i n th e c ase o f O l d S a ru m we fi n d a B r i t i s h h i l l fort
, ,

wh i ch a l s o prob a bly s e rv e d as a R o m a n s t a t ion I n th i s i n s t a n c e .

,

t h e occ up a t ion o f th e fort was d ue d oubtl e ss to its n e i ghbou r

"

, ,

hood to th e m i l i t a ry ro ad th e ro a d wou l d n ot h av e b e e n brough t

ou t o f its way to i n c l ud e th e for t i n its cou r s e R o m a n s t a t i on s .
,

a l though th e y d i ffe r e d i n s i z e we r e s m a l l an d co m p a c t wh e n , ,

con tr as t e d w i th th e l a rg e a nd s t r a ggl in g a r e as occ up i e d by th e

B ri t i s h s e t tl e r s S ubu rb s n a tu r a l ly gr e w u p ou t s id e th e i r wa l l s
.
,

a nd s o m e t i m e s a l though n ot v e ry o ft e n
,
th e wa l l e d e n cl o s u r e ,

was e x t e n d e d to i n cl ud e a gro w i n g ou t e r d i s tr ic t T h i s is sup .

po se d by m an y a n ti qu a ri e s to h a v e h a pp e n e d a t Li n col n wh e r e ,

th e origi n a l R om a n s t a t i on occu p i e d t h e s u m m i t O f th e h i l l

1
t nth h rt f l i n i rt r h r h n
The e m th e h ad th e n a
t w t tw l r dy n t d
co o o eg o ts q ua e s e e e ce e .

2
O r th e and i m o e , a t C l u rn u Th e
pi d ntr r m in b l k ga e ays a s a e a
e as es , .

f m i m m
th e o f C l u rn u h e ra e to riu fo of
b i l din t ntr fi r t in p
dr , t
o ru o ccu e ce e g a oc
o f th e c e w Th e s w g o r s q ua o n o f th e A s ture s a s
t ti n d
u gs e as e .

s a o e m at C il urn u .
20 M I ITARY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

n orth o f th e gre a t b e n d O f th e W i th am wh i c h h e r e tu rn s fro m ,

its n orth e rly cour se d ue e a s t wa rd A ft e r th e c i ty o f Li n c ol n h a d

.

s e ttl e d d o w n to c i vi l l i fe pr a ct ic a l l y th e whol e s l op e o f t h e h i l l
,

s ou th o f th e fi r s t en ce in te was i n c l ud e d w i th i n th e c i ty a n d
e n c irc l e d by a wa l l P a rt o f th e e as t wa ll o f th i s l a t e r e n c l o s u r e
.

is s ti l l vi s i bl e : th e S ton e bo w th e m e d i e v a l s ou th g a t e o f th e
,

c i ty a bou t a h u n d r e d y a rd s fro m th e r i v e r a nd th e bri dg e

, ,

a pp e a r s to b e on t h e s i t e o f t h e l a t e r s ou th g a t e wa y o f R om a n

L i n col n : 1

1
r P of H av e rfi e l dh ld th e vi th t thi
ew th rn xt n i n i p t
m n l xvi 5
. o s a s so u e e e s o s os
Ro a S e e A rc/ne o l .
jo u rna l , .
3 0 .
 C H A PTE R II

TH E SA XON A ND DA N IS H PE R I OD

T H E S a xon i nv as ion s we r e a rud e d i s t urb an c e to th e progr e ss

o f E ngl i s h c i vi l i s a t ion . T h e R o m an i s e d B ri ton s l ay m or e a n d
m or e a t th e m e rcy o f t h e i n v a d e r s , a s t h e s ol d i e ry we r e c a l l e d
a wa y to t a k e p a rt i n t h e l a s t s t ruggl e s o f t h e we s t e rn E m pi r e

i n I t a ly B arb a r i a n s fro m th e cou n t ry n ort h o f t h e wa l l , S a xo n

.

a n d J u t i s h pi r a t e s fro m a cro s s t h e se a sa w i n th e m on u m e n t s
,

o f th e R o m a n occu p a t ion fa i r grou n d for pi l l a g e .I t is d ifl ‘

ic ul t
t o e st i m a t e th e d e s truct ion c a u se d by th e i n v a d e r s B ut, a p a rt
.

fro m th e h a voc wrough t by th e T e u ton i c i m m igr a n t s a n d th e

n orth e rn t r i b e s i t is c e rt a i n t h a t th e wa l l e d c i ty o f R o m a n
,

t i m e s d i d n ot co m m e n d i t se l f as a h ab i t a ti on to th e n e w s e t tl e r s .

T h e fa c t th a t t h e i r s e tt l e m e n t s fl a n k R o m a n ro ad s , l i k e E r m in e
s tr e e t o r t h e Fo s s e way , a t d i s t a n c e s o f a m i l e o r s o fro m t h e

m a i n thorough fa r e , p rov e s l i t tl e i n i t se l f ; fo r th e v i l l a s o f th e
R o m a n p e riod , wh ich prob abl y i n c l ud e d , l i k e th e l a ti f und ia of
I t al y a con s id e r a bl e popu l a ti on O f l a bou r e r s o n e ac h e s t a t e ,
,

l ay a t s o m e d i s t a n c e fro m th e m a i n ro ad s . Th e fr e qu e n t
v i l l a g e s h a m s , t u n s a n d worth s we r e ho we v e r , a n e w fe a t u r e
—
,
—
,

a nd t h e l i fe o f e a ch vi l l a g e fo r wh ic h a c l e a r in g w as m a d e i n
,

th e wood e d c ou n try S i d e , wa s p as to r a l , n ot m i l it a ry
-
T h i s fa c t
.

is o f i m port a nc e w i th r e g a rd t o th e s c a n ty t r a c e s o f d e fe n s i v e
fort i fi c a t ion s con s t ruct e d d uri n g th e S a xon occ u p a t ion H e re
.

a n d th e r e n a tu r a l opportu n i t i e s pro m pt e d th e S a xon i n v a d e r s to

fou n d se ttl e m e n t s o n s i t e s o f R o m a n c i t i e s . Th e g e ogr a ph i c a l

po s i t ion o f Lon d on o r E x e t e r , a t th e h e a d o f a bro a d e s tu a ry ,
m ad e s uch pl a c e s n a tu r a l c e n tr e s o f tr a ffi c , of h igh i m port a n c e
to t r a d e rou t e s O n th e oth e r h an d wh i l e s o m e o f th e l a rg e r
. ,

p rovi nc i a l c a p i t a l s pr e s e rv e d th e i r l i fe i n p a rt , oth e r u rbes a n d

th e s m al l e r opp id a or wa l l e d to wn s , we r e l e ft d e s o l a t e
,
Pon s.

A e l ii n e a r t h e e a s t e n d o f th e R o m a n wa l l , was a b a n don e d u n t i l
,

i n th e t e n th c e n t u ry a s m a l l m on a s t e ry was fou n d e d 0 11 th e s i t e ,
and th e c l u s t e r o f hou se s wh ic h g a th e r e d ro u n d i t r e c e i v e d
t h e n a m e o f Mu nc a n c e as te r ( Mo n k c h e s te r) . Th e pl a c e , h o w
e v e r , d i d n ot r e cov e r its i m port a n c e o r b e co m e a p e r m a n e n t
22 LT
M I I A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

se ttl e m e n t u n t i l th e C o nqu e ro r fou n d e d th e r e h is Ne w C a s tl e

on th e Tyn e wh i c h b e c a m e th e n u cl e u s o f th e c i ty o f th e m id d l e
,

a g e s a nd m od e rn t i m e s T h e m i l i t a ry s t a t i on s o f th e S a xo n
.

s hor e we r e ru i n e d a nd a b a n don e d W e k n o w o f th e s a c k o f .

A n d e rid a i n 4 9 2 A D : t h e wa l l s o f th e s t a tio n we r e l e ft s t a n d in g
. .
,

bu t th e l a t e r s e tt l e m e n t o f P e v e n se y gr e w u p i n th e op e n
c ou n try ou t s i d e th e wa l l s R i c hborough O th o n a at th e m ou th
.
,

o f t h e B l a c k wa t e r B u rgh C a s tl e ,
s h e l t e r e d n o n e w s e ttl e m e n t s :
,

t h e ne w vi l l a g e s or to w n s S a n d wi ch B r a d we l l B u rgh we r e a l l
, , , ,

at a d i s t a n c e fro m th e R o m a n wa l l s or ou t s i d e th e i r a r e a .

O th o n a ( Y th a nc e as te r) wa s d e se rt e d wh e n Ce d d m a d e i t a
m i ss ion a ry c e n tr e i n th e s e v e n th c e n tu ry a nd th e l i tt l e chu r c h ,

wh i c h e x i s t s to d a y a n d m ay h a v e b e e n Ce d d s o wn ch u rch was
’
-
,

bu i l t a cro ss th e s i t e o f th e e as t g a t e o f th e s t a t i on I n L e i c e s t e r .
,

wh ich b e c a m e a n i m port a n t D a n i s h c e n tr e t h e to p ogr a phy o f ,

t h e R o m a n s t a t ion wa s m uch d i s tu rb e d a n d t h e chu rch o f S t ,

N i chol as th e n a v e of w h i ch is p rob ably a l i ttl e e a rl i e r th an th e

,

N or m a n c on qu e s t wa s bu i l t w i th i n th e wa l l s d i r e c tly i n fron t o f
G
,

th e bl o c k e d we s t g a t e o f th e c i ty To wn s l i k e C h e s t e r l ouc e s t e r
.
, ,

o r Ch ich e s t e r wh i ch h av e pr e se rv e d th e l i n e o f th e i r R o m a n
,

s t r e e t s w i th l i ttl e a l t e r a t ion a re r a r e ; a n d th e con t i n u i ty o f pl a n

,

d o e s n ot n e c e ssa ri ly p rov e th a t th e r e wa s a s i m i l a r co n t i n u i ty i n
t h e l i fe o f th e pl a c e s O n th e con tr a ry th e pr e se n t l a y ou t o f
.
,
-

e i th e r to wn s ho ws fou r s tr e e t s m e e ti n g a t a n op e n s p a c e or C a r fa x

i n th e c e n tr e o f th e c i ty : n o t r ac e r e m a i n s a bov e groun d o f th e
c l o s e d fo ru m wh ich a t S i l c h e s t e r a nd Co rsto pit um for m e d th e
,

c e n tr e o f th e p l a n a nd d i r e ct e d th e cou r se o f t h e s t r e e t s .

S i l ch e s t e r l a i d was t e by S a x on i n v a d e r s h a s s h a r e d th e fa t e
, ,

O f A n d e rid a O th o n a a n d m a n y oth e r on c e p ro s p e rou s R o m a n o

, ,

B r i ti s h to wn s .

I n Fr e n c h h i s tory th e r e was n o s u ch i n t e rru pt ion a s th e ‘

S a x on i n v as ion c a u se d i n ou r o wn T h e con se q u e n c e is th a t .

th e c h i e f prov i n c i a l c a p i t a l s o f to d ay t h e c e n t r e s o f l o c a l -

gov e rn m e n t a n d r e l igi on a re a nd a l wa y s h a v e b e e n c i t i e s o f
,

R o m a n origi n wh i ch a l thou gh th e i r L a ti n n a m e h as n o t
G
, ,

a l way s b e e n k e pt pr e s e rv e t h e n a m e s o f t h e
,
a l l i c t r i b e s a m id

wh ich th e y w e r e fou n d e d R e i m s P a r i s A m i e n s B e a uv a i s
M
.
, , , ,

B ou rg e s L e , a n s T ou r s R ou e n ,
S e n s T roy e s C h a rtr e s c i t i e s
, , , , ,

wh i ch h a v e t a k e n a m o s t pro m i n e n t pl a c e i n Fr e n ch h i s tory ,

a nd con t a i n th e m o s t n obl e m on u m e n t s o f Fr e n c h r e l igiou s

a rch i t e ctu r e h a v e a n u n brok e n h i s tory fro m R o m a n t i m e s a n d

G
,

e v e n e a rl i e r Th e c a th e d r a l s o f C hri s t i a n i se d
. a u l ro s e i n t h e

c e n tr e o f t h e c i t i e s : o ut s i d e th e wa l l s a s t i m e we n t on ro se , ,

a bb e y s l i k e tho se of S a i n t O u e n a t R ou e n S a i n t T a u ri n a t - -

M
,

E vr e u x L a Co u tu r e a nd L e P ré a t L e
, an s T h e fort r e s se s o f .
 TH E S AX O N A ND D A NI SH P ER I OD 2 3

th e e el v e n th a n d t we l fth c e n tur i e s l i k e t h e o ld e r c a s t l e o f ,

R ou e n we r e foun d e d i n a corn e r o f t h e c i ty po s s i bly on th e S i t e

o f t h e R o m a n a m: o r C i t a d e l o f wh i c h we h a v e s u b s t a n ti a l re
, ,

m a i n s i n th e a b a n don e d R o m a n s t a t ion o f J u b l a in s ( N ae o d u num

D iab l int um ) I n t i m e t h e c i ty gre w e xt e nd i n g i n to s ubu rb s fa r
.
,

ou t s id e th e origi n a l wa l l s : a s u bu rb s pr a n g u p roun d th e
n e ighbou ri ng m on a s t e ry T h e c i rc u i t o f th e w a l l s was e x t e n d e d
.

b e y on d th e i r ol d l i m i t Th e e as t e rn R o m a n w a l l m igh t b e
M
, .

brok e n d o w n a s a t L e ,
an s wh e r e th e c a th e d r a l w a s i n a ,

corn e r o f th e c i ty t o m a k e wa y fo r th e th i rt e e n th c e n t ury q u i r e
,
-

1
o f th e p ri nc i p a l c hu rch : th e d e fe nc e s O f th e c i ty we re h e r e
t r a n s fe rr e d to a ne w ou t e r ri n g o f wa l l th e l i n e o f wh ich ca n ,

b e se e n on t h e b an k o f th e S a rth e W i th i n t h e pr e se n t e x t e n t
C
.

o f s uch i t i e s th e pl a n o f t h e R o m a n s t a t i on c a n fr e qu e n t l y b e
t r a c e d : wh a t e v e r th e vi c i s s i tud e s o f th e p l a c e m a y h a v e be e n
n o y e a r h as p ass e d i n wh i ch th e ch a tt e r o f th e i e u x a rc h e V M
G
-

h a s b e e n s i l e n t o r th e r a nd e R u e h a s b e e n u n t rod d e n d a i ly by
,
-

bu s y foot s t e p s B u t i n E n gl i s h to wn s o f corr e s pon d in g i m por

.

t a n c e th e c a se is d i ffe r e n t I f t h e c i ti e s we r e p r e s e rv e d fro m
.

p i l l a ge t r a c e s o f C hri s t i a n i ty a n d c iv i l i sa t i on we r e obl i t e r a t e d
Y
.
,

I f ork k e pt its po s i t i on a s a n i n h a bi t e d to wn its po pu l a t ion ,

m u s t h a ve b e e n s m a l l a n d poor : t h e A ngl i a n s ov e r e ign s o f

N orthu m bri a d we l t n ot i n th e ol d R o m a n c a p it a l bu t a t coun try
G Y
, ,

se ttl e m e n t s l i k e ood m a n h a m T h e h i s tory o f ork b e gi n s .

a g a i n w i th th e m i ss ion o f P a u l i n u s a n d th e foun d a t ion O f t h e

fi r s t S a xo n c a th e d r a l th e re \V e a l s o h e a r o f Li ncol n i n c o n
C
.

n e c t io n w i th P a u l i n u s wh o con s e c r a t e d a hu rch t h e re ; a nd
Y
,

t h i s c i ty l i k e ork was l a rg e a nd i m port a n t a t th e t i m e o f th e

, ,

C on qu e s t B ut i n both th e s e c a se s t h e A ngl i a n i nv as ion fi r s t

.
, , ,

a n d t h e D a n i s h i n v as ion l a t e r c a u se d a s e ri ou s d i s t urb a n c e to ,

c i vi c a n d re l igiou s l i fe A l though t h e r e is e vid e n c e th a t t h e

.

S a x on bi s hop s wh o ru l e d a t D orch e s t e r ( O xon ) i n th e t e n th ’

.

a n d e l e v e n th c e n tu r i e s l o o k e d u p o n Li n col n as t h e re a l se a t
o f th e i r a uthori ty i t d i d n ot r e cov e r it s po s i t ion as a n e cc l e s i a s
,

t ic a l c a p i t a l u n t i l a N or m a n b i s hop r a i s e d h is c a th e d r a l i n th e
s ou th e a s t e rn corn e r o f t h e h i l l
-
i ty E v e n th e n th e c a th e d r a l C
M
.

s tood n ot w i th it s fron t to t h e v ia p rin cipa l is a s a t L e

,
an s , ,

n or w i th its fac e to th e fo ru m a s a t C ou t a n c e s bu t i n a n , ,

e nc l o s u r e o f its o w n a p a rt fro m th e m a i n l i fe o f th e c i ty
,
Wh e n .

w e th i n k o f th e gr e a t e cc l e s i a s ti c a l c e n tr e s O f E n gl a n d th e r e a re ,

s o m e n a m e s wh i ch r e c a l l th e R o m a n occu p a t ion ; bu t o f th e s e

C h i c h e s t e r E x e t e r L i n c ol n d i d n ot b e co m e s e e s o f b i sh op s
C
, , ,

u n t i l th e t i m e o f th e N o r m a n on qu e s t ; C h e s t e r a l though ,

1
thin h pp d Lin
Th e s a m e hr l w h w a ll o f th e c y t rn it
d in v r db t r tr pt th dr
g a e n e a t co n e e t e e a s e ,

fo ll o we a l e no w c o e e y th e e as e n an s e o f th e ca e al .
2 4 M I L I A RY A R T C IT E CT U R E
H

r e g a rd e d t o f th e i r a u thor i ty by th e m e d i e v a l bi s hop s
a s o ne s e a

o f L ic h fi e l d wa s n e v e r th e r e a l c a pi t a l o f th e i r d i oc e s e
,
B a th .

a n d O l d S a ru m we r e g i v e n e p i s cop a l r a n k by N or m a n pr e l a t e s .

T h e tru e S a xon c a th e d r a l to wn s we r e vi l l a g e s o f po s t R o m a n -

or igi n L ic h fi e l d We l l s S h e rborn e D u rh a m R i pon E l m h a m

—
, , , , , ,

T h e t ford T h e fac t is s ign i fi c a n t ; fo r u pon th e c on ti n e n t o f

.
,

E u rop e t h e e c cl e s i a s t ic a l i m port a n c e o f a c i ty wa s th e r e s u l t
,

o f it s p ro m i n e n t po s i t io n as t h e c i vi l m e tropo l i s of a d i s t ric t .

T h e c hoi c e o f th e s e O b s c u r e vi l l a g e s fo r t h e se e s o f S a xo n
p r e l a t e s is a t e s ti m on y to th e pr a c ti c a l a b an don m e n t o f R o m a n
c i t i e s by t h e i n v a d e r s .

A s a m a tt e r o f fa c t th e S a x on s t ru s t e d l i ttl e t o wa l l s : th e i r
,

s tr e n gth a ft e r th e y h a d s e ttl e d in th e cou n try l a y n e i th e r i n

'

, ,

e a rth work n or i n s ton e wor k bu t i n th e bou n d a ry o f wood o r

, ,

m a r s h th a t e xt e n d e d rou n d th e i r s e t tl e m e n t s C on se qu e n tl y .
,

d u ri n g th e s ix c e n tu ri e s a nd a h a l f b e t we e n th e fi n a l d e p a rtu r e
o f t h e R o m a n l e gion s a n d t h e N or m a n con qu e s t th e h i s tory o f ,

m i l i t a ry con s t ruc t ion i n E n gl a n d is v e ry ob s c u r e W ork i n s ton e .

,

w h ich c a n b e d i s t ingu i s h e d as S a x on is p r a c t i c a l ly con fi n e d to

C h u rch e s S u c h fort i fi c a t i on s o f th i s l on g p e ri od a s ca n b e
,

i d e n t i fi e d a re e n t ir e l y i n e a rth work I n on ly a fe w c a se s we .

h e a r o f a s ton e wa l l o f e nce in te b e i n g bu i l t o r a n ol d R o m a n ,
"

to wn wa l l b e i n g r e p a i r e d Fu rt h e r i t m a y s a fe ly b e s a id th a t .
,

t h e s e fort i fi c a t i on s a t a ny r a t e un ti l th e e n d o f th e p e riod
, ,

w h e th e r th e i r bu i l d e r s we r e S a x on s or D a n e s we r e i n t e n d e d ,

to prot e c t n ot p ri v a t e i n d iv id u a l s bu t a co m m u n i ty O f th e
, ,
.

pri v a t e c i t a d e l o r c as t l e we h e a r n oth i n g u n t i l th e p e rio d im

m e d i a t e ly b e for e th e C on q u e s t a n d th e n i t is h e a rd o f on ly as a ,

for e ign i m port a t ion .

Th e m o s t for m i d a bl e e a rth wor k s o f th e S a xon p e r iod a re th e

gr e a t dyk e s k n o wn a s \V a n sd y k e a nd O ffa s dy k e w i th th e ’

s ub s i d i a ry wo rk s O f t h e B o k e rl e
y dyk e a n d W a t s dyk e O ffa s
’ ’

i
.

dyk e w h c h ra n from th e D e e i n th e n orth t o th e Wy e i n th e

,

s ou th w i th a d i t c h a l on g its w e s t e rn s id e a n d th e p a r a l l e l l i n e
, ,

o f W a t s dyk e
’
1
a re g e n e r a l ly a c k n o w l e dg e d to h a v e for m e d t h e

M
,

bou n d a ry l i n e b e t we e n th e e r c i a n k i n gdo m o f O ffa ( 7 57 9 6 ) -

a n d t h e t e rr i tory o f t h e co n qu e r e d B ri ton s T h e obj e c t a nd d a t e

'

B o k e rl e y dyk e is n o t s o C l e a r
.

o f VV a ns d y k e a n d th e Th e .

V Va ns d y k e ra n fro m t h e B r i s to l C h a n n e l n e a r P ort i s h e a d a c ro s s ,

n ort h S o m e r se t a n d a l on g th e d o wn s s ou th a n d s outh we s t o f -

B a th p ass e d th rough V Vil ts h ire n orth o f D e v i z e s a nd s ou th o f

M
, ,

a rl borough a nd l e a vi n g V Vil ts h ire e as t o f S a v e rn a k e p a rk

, , ,

t u rn e d s ou th wa rd s i n t h e d i r e c t ion o f A n d ov e r T h e B o k e rl e y .

1
Wa t dk
’
e, o f w hi h r m i be tr d th of VV re x h am and
r try t dk
s y c e a ns c a n ace so u
ne a O s we s ,
was to th e e as of O ffa
’
s y e .
 TH E S AX O N A ND D N
A I SH P E R I OD

dyk e i n its p r e se n t s t a t e is on l y s o m e four m i l e s l on g a nd

, , ,

for m s t h e bou nd a ry b e t we e n W i l t s a n d D or s e t o n th e ro a d ,

fro m S a l i s b ury to C r a n born e I n both c a se s th e d i tc h is u pon

C
.

t h e n orth o r n orth e a s t S i d e o f th e b a n k or dyk e wh i c h is l e a r

-
,

proo f th a t t h e d e fe n c e w a s p rov i d e d a g a i n s t a tt a c k fro m th a t

qu a rt e r T h e Wa n s dyk e is obv iou s ly a l a t e R o m a n or po s t
.

R o m a n wor k fo r i t e n c ro ach e s i n p l a c e s u pon th e a dj a c e n t

,

R om a n ro ad T h e s y s t e m on wh i c h i t is pl an n e d r e se m bl e s
.

th a t o f th e R o m a n wa ll i n th a t its c ou r s e i n c l ud e s a s e ri e s
,

o f fo rt s pr e s u m a bl y o f e a rl i e r d a t e T h e c on c l u s i on wh i c h
G
, .

s e e m s i rr e s i s ti bl e is th a t propoun d e d by th e l a t e e n e r a l P i tt

R i v e r s th a t t h e W a n s dy k e wa s r a i se d by t h e R o m a n B ri ton s
, ,

t o d e fe n d th e i r l as t r e fug e i n th e s outh we s t a g a i n s t th e in va d -

i n g S a xon s I f th i s is r e a l ly th e c ase o n e c a n on l y won d e r

.
,

a t th e e n e rgy o f d e s p a i r w h i ch con s tru c t e d th i s h ug e r a m p a r t ,

’
a nd a t t h e u s e l e ss n e ss o f its bu i ld e r s a tt e m pt to wa rd O ff
a n i n v a s i on fro m th e i n l a n d cou n t ry a l on e Ce a wl in s v i c tory
’

G
.

a t Dyrh a m i n 5 7 7 brought l ou c e s t e r C i r e n c e s t e r a nd B a th , ,

i n to th e h a nd s o f th e S a x on s a n d c u t o ff th e co m m u n i c a t ion ,

b e t we e n th e B ri ton s o f th e s ou th we s t a n d tho se o f W a l e s -
.

W h a t e v e r p a r t th e W a n sdyk e on th e h i l l s n orth o f wh i c h ,

th e b a ttl e was fough t m ay h a v e p l a y e d d u r i n g th e c e n tu ry

,

b e for e th e fi gh t at Dy rh a m its h i s tory m u s t h a v e c l o s e d w i th,

Ce aw lin s c onqu e s t
’
.

Th e fi r s t wor k o f fort i fi c a t i on by th e T e u ton ic i n v a d e r s o f ,

wh i c h we h a v e a ny a c c ou n t is t h e roy a l c i ty o f B e b b a n b u rh ,

o r B a m bu rgh i n N orth u m b e rl a n d w h i c h I d a ( 5 4 7 king o f ,

N orth u m br i a c a l l e d a ft e r h is w i fe B e b b a T h i s s a y s th e A n gl o
, .
,

S a x on C hron ic l e w as fi r s t gi rt by a h e dge a n d a ft e r wa rd s
1
, ,

p rob a bl y l on g a ft e r th e d a y s o f I d a b y a wa l l O n e o f th e —
.

m o s t n obl e o f E n gl i s h c a s tl e s s t a n d s u po n th e b asa l t ic roc k o f

B a m bu rgh a n d its w a l l s e m br a c e th e s i t e o f I d a s c a pi t a l
’

, B ut .

th e l a t e r s t ron ghol d m u s t n o t b e c on fou n d e d w i th t h e e a rl i e r .

T h e bu r/z o f I d a wh i ch P e n d a s ough t t o bu rn i n
, wa s n ot
th e pri v a t e c as tl e w h i c h W i l l i a m R u fu s a ft e r wa rd s b e s i e g e d .

T h e n a m e o f B e b b a n b u rh is s ign i fi c a n t B u rn or bu rg wa s a .

t e r m a ppl i e d by S a xon s t o fort i fi e d pl a c e s C is s b ury i n S u ss e x .

,

B a d b ury a n d P o u n d b u ry i n D or s e t B a tt l e s b u ry a nd S cr a tch ,

bu ry i n W i l t s C a db ury D o l e b u ry a nd Wo rl e b u ry i n S o m e r s e t
, , , ,

a re e a rl y c a m p s to wh i c h S a xo n s g a v e th e n a m e o f b u r/z .

S e a ro b y rig th e l a t e r S a l i s b u ry wa s t h e n a m e gi v e n by th e m
, ,

to th e gr e a t fortr e ss o f O ld S a ru m P e t e rborou gh a n d B u ry S t .

E d m u n d s b e a r n a m e s d e riv e d fro m b u r/z a nd it s d a t i v e by rzg ,

1
A S Cb ro n , nn
d iii 54 7
.
-
. . a o .

B e e , H is t E . cc , . 1 6 .
26 M I IT A R Y
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

a nd we r e
to wn s e n c l o s e d by a r a m p ar t A nd a l th ough by a .
1
, ,

n ot v e ry sa t i s fa ctory m e thod o f a rgu m e n t th e S a xon bu r/z ,

h as b e e n t a k e n v e ry g e n e r a l ly as th e prototyp e o f th e c as tl e ,

th e v e ry c a se s on w h ich th i s a rgu m e n t c h i e fly r e s t s S ho w th a t
t h e b u rn w as a fort i fi e d t o wn an d n ot th e fortr e s s o f a n ,

i nd i vi d u a l l ord I t is t ru e th a t a t a ny r a t e u nt i l t h e t i m e o f
G
.
,

A l fr e d th e r e a t th e word b u r/z i m pl i e s a forti fi e d hou se as we l l

,

as a fort i fi e d col l e c t ion o f d we l l i n g s ; bu t th e bu rb s o f wh i c h

we r e a d i n con n e ct ion w i th th e D a n i s h wa r s we r e to wn s a n d
v i l l ag e s T h e t e r m is e q u i v a l e n t to th e R o m a n opp id u m
G
.

th e Fr e n c h b o u rg or th e e r m an b u rg T h e fi r s t o f th e
“

.
,

S a x on e m p e ror s H e n ry th e Fo w l e r m a d e t h e fou n d i n g O f
M
, ,
2
b u rl zs a l e a d i n g p a rt o f h is pol icy : e r s e bu rg B r a n d e nbu rg
'

, ,

Wtirz b urg al l b e a r th e fa m i l i a r s u ffi x A n d h ad n ot a l a t e r
,
.
,

a ge ch o s e n p e rv e r se l y to c a l l th e gr e a t e s t o f ou r pr e h i s tori c
c am p s a id e n MC as t l e we s hou l d h a v e h a d a Ma id e nb ury o f
G
,

ou r o wn t o S ho w fa r m or e a n c i e n t th a n t h e e r m a n Magd e
,

3
bu rg .

S o m e u n c e rt a i n ty a tt ach e s to th e r a r e r e m a in s o f fort i fi c a t ion s

O f bu r/2 s wrough t “
by S a xon s a n d D a n e s I t wou l d se e m .

th a t t h e y c a n n ot h a v e b e e n v e ry s t ron g T h e d e fe n c e s con s i s t e d .

o f t h e u s u a l e a rth e n b a n k wi th a s toc k a d e on th e top a n d a n

ou t e r d itch ; bu t o n e m ay s a fe ly a ss u m e th a t t h e s tr e ngth o f th e
d e fe n c e l ay m a i n ly i n th e a c tu a l s toc k ad e a n d th a t th e b a n k ,

a nd d i tch n e v e r r e a c h e d for m id a b l e proport ion s T h e l wa l l n e a r .

,

W a rri n gton t a k e s its n a m e fro m th e wood e n s tock a d e th e wa l l

, ,

o f th i l l s or u prigh t p a l i sa d e s w i th wh i ch E d wa rd th e E l d e r
s u rrou n d e d t h e v i l l ag e in T h e r e a re e xc e pti on a l c ase s
i n wh i ch we h e a r o f a s ton e wa l l ; bu t i n t h e se i n s t a n c e s th e
b u r/z was a R o m a n i ty or s t a t i on a n d th e wa l l was a R o m a n C ,

wa l l . T hi s m ay b e fa i rl y a ss u m e d wi th r e g a rd to t h e wall o f
E d wa rd t h e E l d e r s b urn a t T o wc e s t e r I t wa s c e rt a i n ly
’

t h e c a se a t Co lch e s t e r wh e r e th e D a n i s h d e fe n d e r s we r e wor s t e d
K
,

i n th e s a m e y e a r by t h e fy rd o f e n t a n d E s se x Wh e n A l fr e d
G
.

th e r e a t r e p a i r e d L und e nb urh i n h e u n d ou bt e d ly m ad e

It m
1
t d th t
b e no e m in b r h d
n o t a ll n a u y
“ ”
br
d riv d r m m r ly d riv d r m
aya es o o ug an a re
fo b ur/z a n by rz
d g m S o e are fo beo rl z o r beo rg
hi ll ( d tiv
e e e e e e .

e beo rg e
)
m n p
—
a a .

2
S e e O a , A rt o ” f a r,
f
I n G rm n y rd pp l i d it d l t
1 20 . .

3
th e w o l
b u rg is a s o a t o th e c a e o f a o wn o r
tl n l d F r m r r l di ri m in ti d
e a e
I n E g an a n d o e c a e fu a o n was m a e
bt tp tr n h l d
to a cas e . a nc e sc
e we e n th e t wo y es of s o g o
r r ht by d rd itr
.

1
R e fe e nce s to b u r/is w o ug E wa a n d h is s s e tE th e l flae d wil l

nd in
b e fo u C
A S nd r d t m nti n d in t xt
lzro n u th e th e e e e is Th r
m v r i ty pini n ith r rd x t r y th dt
e .
-
. a es e o e . .

ofo w to th e e ac a cc u ac o f
nn
so e a e o e ga e se a es .

5
A S Cb ro n , s ub a
.
-
. o . .
 TH E S AX O N A ND D A NI SH P ER I OD 2 7

good th e we a k pl a ce s i n th e s ton e wa l l wh i c h t he R o m a n s h a d
m a d e rou n d th e i r c ity o f Lon don .

T h e bu r/z th e forti fi e d s tronghol d o f a S a xon co m m u n i ty

,
.

c o m e s i n to pro m i n e n c e a s th e r e s u l t o f t h e D a n i s h i nv as ion s o f

t h e n i n th c e n tu ry T h e m e thod o f t h e i n v a d e r s was i n a l m o s t
.

e v e ry c as e th e s a m e S e a m e n b e fore e v e ryth i ng e l s e t h e y
.
,

s ought i n th e i r l on g s h i p s t h e e s t u a ri e s o f r i v e r s a n d proc e e d e d ,

to pe n e t r a t e i n l a n d a s fa r a s th e s tr e a m w ou l d t a k e th e m Fro m .

a b a s e o f op e r a t ion s pre fe r a bly a n i s l a n d i n t h e r i v e r wh e r e

, ,

th e y coul d h a rbou r th e i r bo a t s s a fe ly th e y rod e i n to th e s ur ,

rou n d in g co un t ry burn i ng a nd pi l l agi n g I n 8 3 5 a l l i e d w i t h

,
.
,

t h e B ri ton s o f C orn wa l l th e y c a m e u p t h e T a m a r a nd fough t , ,

a b a ttl e w i th E gb e rt a t H i n g s ton d o w n we s t o f T a vi s toc k i n , ,

w h i c h t h e y s u ffe r e d d e fe a t 1 I n 8 4 3 th e y e ffe ct e d th e i r fi r s t .
,

p e r m a n e n t s e ttl e m e n t i n Fr a nc e on t h e i s l a n d O f N o i r m o ut i e r , ,

s ou th o f th e e s t u a ry o f t h e Loi r e : th e y i n v a d e d t h e b a n k s o f

t h e r i v e r s a ck i n g N a n t e s a nd k i l l i ng t h e bi s hop a n d a ft e r th e i r
, , ,

s u m m e r c a m p a ign w a s ov e r s e tt l e d d o w n to bu i l d hou s e s fo r ,

w i n t e r qu a rt e r s on th e i r is l a n d fi E a c h o f t h e gr e a t Fr e nch
’

r i v e r s was i n fe s t e d d u ri n g th e n e x t fe w y e a r s by b a n d s o f
n o rth e rn pi r a t e s N orth m e n i n 8 4 5 sa il e d u p th e a ron n e to
. G
Tou lou se a nd u p th e S e in e to P a ri s wh e r e d e s tru c t ion wa s
, ,

a vo id e d on ly by buyin g t h e m o ff To w n s w h ich l ay n e a r th e .

r i v e r s o r s e a co as t we re i n v a ri a bl y s a c k e d S o m e ti m e s t h e .

p i r a t e s gro wi n g bol d e r l e ft th e i r S h i p s a nd rod e fo r s o m e

, ,

d i s t a n c e i n l a n d I n 8 5 1 s t a rt i n g fro m R ou e n th e y p i l l a g e d
.
, ,

B e a uv a i s .I n 8 5 5 a ft e r bu rn i n g A n g e r s th e y t oo k to th e l a n d
, ,

a n d s a c k e d Poi t i e r s I n both c ase s ho we v e r th e i r r e tu rn j ourn e y

.
, ,

wa s s ucc e s s fu l l y c ut o ff by a Fr e n ch a r m y I n 8 5 6 th e D a n e s .

o f t h e S e i n e m a d e th e i r w i n t e r q u a rt e r s a t J e u fo s se on th e b e n d

V M
,

o f th e ri v e r b e t w e e n e rn on a nd a n t e s a nd w i th i n n o gr e a t ,

d i s t a n c e o f P a ri s W i th i n th e n e x t fe w y e ar s th e y e s t a bl i s h e d
M
.
,

th e m s e l ve s i n s tron g po s t s a t O i sse l a bov e R ou e n a n d a t e l u n , , ,

a bov e P a ri s T h e gre a t e r p a r t o f th e l a s t s i x t e e n y e a r s o f
.

C h a rl e s th e B al d ( d 8 7 7 ) was occu p i e d i n d e fe n d i n g P a ri s a g a i n s t
.

th e i r a n n u a l for a y s r e p a i r i n g th e bridg e s th e y h ad d e s t roy e d

M
, ,

a n d so c utt in g o ff th e i r r e tu rn fro m e x p e d i t i on s u p th e a rn e

a nd O i se B ut a l though t h e y we re con s t a n tl y ch e c k e d t h e y
.
, ,

a l way s r e t u rn e d T h e y a b a n d on e d th e s i e g e o f P a ri s i n 8 8 5 6
.
,

but on ly a ft e r C h a rl e s th e Fa t h a d p a id th e m off T h e l a s t .

gr e a t i n v a s ion of Fr a n c e by th e N orth m e n w as i n 9 1 1 wh e n , ,

1
A S C /z ro n , s ub a Th e nn tr d t m 8 b e 8 37 38
hi th rit r inv i n N rth m n in F r n
.
-
. . o ue . a e se e s to or .

2
T h e c e f a u o y fo r th e e a ly f th e
hi h p rti n r m i ttrib t d
as o s o o e a ce
is th e A nn a l es B er tin e n s es , o f w c th e fo 8 3 6 to 86 1
r d nti bi h p Tr
o o s a u e
to P u e us , s o of o ye s .
2 8 M IL IT A RY AR C IT E CT UR E
H

by th e t r e a ty O f S a i n t C l a i r s ur E pt e C h a rl e s th e S i m pl e c e d e d
- - -
,

t h e d u chy o f N or m a n dy to R ol l o .

T h e a c tu a l s e tt l e m e n t o f th e N orth m e n i n E ngl a n d b e g a n
i n 8 5 1 e igh t y e a r s a ft e r th e occu p a t io n o f N oi r m o ut i e r T h e y
,
,

w i n t e r e d i n T h a n e t a n d s a i l e d th e n c e u p th e S tou r a n d T h a m e s
, ,

t a k i n g C a n t e rbu ry a nd Lon don A s i n Fr a n c e th e i r l a n d wa rd .

,

e xc u r s ion s fro m th e i r bo a t s we r e l e ss s ucc e s s fu l a nd t h e y ,

we r e s e r iou s l y b e a t e n by fE th e l wulf a t O c k l e y i n S urr e y B ut .

fa i l u r e d i d n ot h i n d e r th e m fro m r e tu r n i n g A s i n Fr a n c e th e .
,

s y s t e m o f buyi n g off th e i r a tt a c k s wa s a d opt e d a r e a dy i n d u c e —

m e n t to r e p e a t e d pl un d e r I n 8 8 7 th e y we r e i n th e H u m b e r
.
,

a n d d e a l t a fi n a l bl o w to t h e d e c ay in g po we r o f N orth u m bri a

at Y or k N e x t y e a r th e y i n v a d e d
. e rc i a u p t h e T r e n t a nd M ,

e s t a bl i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s a t N ott i ngh am Th e y e a r s 8 7 0 a n d 8 7 1 .

we r e r e m a rk a bl e for th e i r l a n d op e r a t i on s T h e d e fe a t o f th e E as t
M
.

A n gl i a n k i n g E d m un d i n S u ffol k l a i d e rc i a a n d Li n d s e y O p e n

to th e i r r a v a g e s a nd so e s t a bl i s h e d th e i r po we r i n wh a t wa s to
,

b e co m e th e D a n e l a w ; wh i l e i n 8 7 1 wi th i n r e ac h o f th e D a n i s h ,

c a m p on t h e T h a m e s a t R e a d i n g occu rr e d th e gre a t se ri e s o f ,

b attl e s i n B e r k s h i r e a n d W i l t s h i re i n wh ich A l fr e d s br a v e ry wa s ,
’

p rov e d Th e d e t a i l s o f A l fr e d s d e fe n c e of W e sse x a g a i n s t th e
.
’

N o rth m e n a re wel l k n o wn : th e co m pro m i se e ffe c t e d a t VV e d m o re

i n 8 7 8 pr e s e rv e d th e s out h o f E n gl a n d to E n gl i s h m e n bu t ,

e s t a b l i s h e d th e D a n e s n or th o f a l i n e wh i ch m a
y rough l y b e

r e pr e se n t e d by th e cou r s e o f th e We l l a n d S o a r u pp e r T r e n t
M
, , ,

and e r se y .

E n gl a n d ho we v e r h ad to e n d ur e a l on g i n t e s t i n e wa r fa r e
, ,

fo r y e a r s a ft e r th e d e a th O f A l fr e d T h e s tr e n uou s e ffo rt s o f h is.

c h i l d r e n E d wa rd th e E ld e r a nd l E th e l fl
, ae d pr e v e n t e d th e m e n ,

o f t h e D a n e l a w fro m e xt e n d in g th e i r po we r s ou th wa rd s B ut .

t h e N orth m e n u s e d p e r se v e ri n g t a ct i c s a nd n ot m e r e l y th e e n e m y ,

w i th i n bu t fr e s h i n v as i on s fro m w i tho u t d i s turb e d th e p e a c e

, ,

o f th e m on a rch s o f W e ss e x d u ri n g th e l a t e r p a rt of t h e t e n th

c e n tu ry A ft e r th e d i s as trou s r e ign o f E th e l r e d th e R e d e l e s s
.

c a m e a p e riod o f D a n i s h ru l e ov e r th e wh ol e o f E ngl a n d wh i l e
t h e r e ign s o f th e l as t S a x on k i n g s for m e d th e pr e l ud e to th e
fi n a l i n v a s ion of th e N o rth m e n th e N or m a n con qu e s t ,
.

Th e m o s t i n t e r e s t in g fe a tu r e fro m a m i l i t a ry poi n t o f vi e w , ,

O f th e con t e s t b e t we e n W e sse x a nd th e D a n e l aw is th e
M
,

s y s t e m a t ic d e fe n c e o f th e i d l a n d r i v e r s by bu rb s d urin g th e
“

r e ign o f E d wa rd th e E l d e r e ith e r b y h i m se l f or h is s i s t e r
,
'

l E th e l fl aed E th e l fl
. ae d w h o fi x e d h e r ch i e f r e s i d e n c e a t T a m
,

worth o u th e e dg e o f S t a fford sh i r e a n d W a r w i ck s h i r e ru l e d
M
, ,

ov e r e rc i a a n d fort i fi e d h e r fron t i e r
,
b e t we e n 9 0 9 a n d h e r
d ea th i n 9 2 1 H e r broth e r d i e d i n 9 2 5 : h is act i vi ty i n con
.
 TH E S AX O N A ND D N
A I SH P ER I OD 29

s t ru c t ing bu r/2s b e g a n a bout 9 1 3 O f t h e con s tructi on o f th e se .

fortr e s s e s t wo ph r a s e s a re u s e d th e i r bu i ld e r s e i th e r wrough t
”

o r t i m b e r e d th e m
“
B oth word s prob abl y m e a n t h e s a m e
.

th i n g : th e to wn or vi l l ag e to b e fort i fi e d was e n cl o s e d wi th i n th e
u s u a l wood e n s to c k a d e 1
T h e i d e n t i ty o f a fe w o f th e bu rb s is
C
.

u n c e rt a i n ; bu t th e r e m a i n d e r m ay b e l a ss i fi e d a s
B u rb s w rough t by [ E th e l fl aad on t h e r i v e r b a n k s o f h e r fron t i e r :

t h e se i n c l ud e R u n corn a nd po ss ibly W a rbu rton o n t h e e r se y , M

B ridgn orth a n d po s s i bl y S hr e ws bu ry on t h e S e v e rn , T a m w orth
a n d S t a fford on tr i but a ri e s o f t h e T r e n t a n d \V a rwic k o n t h e ,

A von Fron t i r r/t s t a k e n by fE t h e l fl zE d fro m th e D a n e s

( )
2. e b u

we r e D e rby a n d L e i c e s t e r , both on tr i but a r i e s o f t h e Tr e n t ( 3) .

E dd i s bury i n C h e s hi r e , a n e a rly h i l l fort r e s s , was th e s i t e o f o n e

o f [E t h e l fl
’
ae d s b u r/1 s h e r e th e i n fe r e n c e is th a t th e e x i s t i n g h i l l
fort was p a l i s a d e d by h e r ord e r s a n d g a rr i s on e d as a c a m p o f
M
,

r e fug e O f E d wa rd s b u r/1 s W i th a m an d a l don on th e E sse x

.
’

B l a c k wa t e r , o f w h ic h s o m e prob abl e t r a c e s r e m a in , b e l on g to
C l as s ( I ) a s a l s o d o e s T h e l wa l l , h is fort i fi e d po s t on th e e r s e y
,
M .

To c l as s ( 2 ) b e l on g Col ch e s t e r , H u n t i n gdon , a nd T e m p s ford ,

t h e fi r s t on th e Col n e , t h e t wo l a tt e r o n t h e r e a t O u s e N on e G .

o f E d wa rd s w ork s b e a r a n y a n a logy to c l as s u n l e s s h is l a s t
’

b ur/z , B a k e we l l i n D e rby s h i r e , m ay b e t a k e n i n to a ccou n t B ut .

a k e we l l r e pr e se n t s a pu s h n orth wa rd a l on g a ho s t i l e bord e r ,
( )
4 B
a n d m ay b e c l a i m e d , w i th To wc e s t e r , a s b e l on gi n g to a fou rth

c l a s s o f bu rn u n con n e ct e d w ith a n a vig a bl e r i v e r , bu t provid i n g

,

a con s t a n t m e n a c e to th e e n e m y ( 5 ) To wc e s t e r m ay , ho we v e r , .

a l s o b e c l a ss e d w i th Colc h e s t e r a s a R o m a n b ur/z w i th s ton e

wa l l s .A s i xth c l a s s o f bu rl t wa s r iv e ri n e l i k e c l as s ( ) , bu t w i th ,
I
th i s d iffe re nce , th at i t wa s d oubl e T h e r e wa s o ne bu r/z on o ne
.
.

s id e , th e oth e r on th e op po s i t e s id e o f t h e r i v e r T h e c a se s a re .

H e rt ford o n th e L e a B uc k i n gh a m a n d B e d ford on th e O u s e ,
,

S t a m ford on t h e We l l a n d , a nd N ott i ngh a m on th e Tr e n t At .

H e rt ford a nd B u c k i n gh a m bot h bu r/2s we r e th e work o f E d wa rd .

A t B e d ford , S t a m ford , a n d N ott i ngh a m th e n orth e rn bu r/c wa s ,

i n th e h a n d s o f th e e n e m y , a n d E d wa rd too k i t by con v e rt in g
th e s ou th e rn s u bu rb i n to a fort i fi e d a n d g a rri s on e d po s t H is .

proc e e d i ng s we r e e x a c t ly a n a l ogou s to tho s e o f C h a rl e s th e B a l d

i n 8 6 2 H e g a i n e d c on tro l o f th e n a vig a bl e r i ve r s by pl ac i n g
.

g a rri son s o n both t h e i r b a n k s th e n a tu r a l pl a c e s w h ic h h e c ho se

we r e t h e e x i s t in g to wn s on th e r i v e r a n d t h e g a rr i s on , a s a t ,

N ott i ngh a m wa s for m e d o ut o f th e i n h a b it a n t s

,
.

S o m e o f th e se b u rb s as we h a v e s e e n , we r e i n th e occ up a t i on
,

o f th e N orth m e n ; a n d a t a l a te r d a t e , wh e n t h e fron t i e r o f t h e
~

1
Tim bria n is th e o rdi ry n A g l o S a o wo x n rd f “
b i ld b ut it indi
t pr v t t ri l d
na -
or to u ,

ca e s th e e al e n m a e a u se fo r b uil d I n g .
30 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

we s t S a x on k i n gd o m h ad b e e n pu s h e d b a c k , a n d E n gl i s h k i n g s
w e r e ag a i n p l a c e d on t h e d e fe n s iv e , L i n col n N ott i n gh a m D e rby , , ,

S t a m ford a n d L e i c e s t e r b e c a m e k n o w n as th e fi ve bu r/is , t h e
M
,

c e n t r e o f D a n i s h po we r i n th e i d l a n d s Th e r e is n o r e a son .

to s u ppo se th a t th e r e wa s a ny e sse n t i a l d i ffe r e n c e b e t we e n t h e

b urb s o f D a n e s a nd S a x on s th a t th e b u r/z w h i ch l E th e l fl —
ae d

took a t D e rby wa s i n a ny way d i ffe r e n t fro m h e r o w n bu r/i a t

T am w o rth W h e n th e D a n e s fi r s t l a nd e d on a r i v e r b a n k or
.

i s l a n d a nd b e a ch e d th e i r s h i p s th e y con s truct e d wh a t is c a l l e d ,

i n t h e C h ron ic l e a g ew eo rc, i e , a th in g w rou gh t T h i s prob a bly . . .

con s i s t e d o f a s l igh t b a n k a nd d i tch e n c l o s i n g th e l a n d wa rd s id e

o f th e i r po s i t ion W h e r e th e y r a i se d p e r m a n e n t d we l l i ng s w i th i n
.

t h e e nce in te , th e b ur/z gr e w ou t o f t h e g ezveorc j u s t a s a R o m a n ,

s t a t ion d e v e l op e d o ut o f a m e r e c a m p H o we v e r , i t is u n s a fe .

to pu s h th e phr a s e ol ogy o f t h e C hron ic l e too fa r, or to fa s t e n

a too t e ch n ic a l m e a n in g u pon its word s ; a n d th e fa c t r e m a i n s

th a t th e t e r m g e weo rc m ay b e v e ry we l l a ppl i e d to a w rough t

b ur/z Th e D a n i s h bu r/7 s at H u n t i n gd o n a n d T e m p s ford t h e
.
,

l a n d m a rk s o f th e i r progr e s s u p th e O u se to r e cov e r B e d ford i n

9 2 1 , a re c a l l e d i nd i s cr i m i n a t e ly bu r/z a n d g e we o rc
M
a ny o f t h e b u r/is w rough t or t a k e n d u ri n g t h e D a n i s h w a r

b e c a m e , a ft e r th e N or m a n con q u e s t s i t e s o f c a s t l e s ; a n d th e ,

pr e se n c e o f a N or m a n c a s t l e a t s uch p l a c e s h a s l e d to th e s t i l l
popul a r i n fe r e n c e th a t th e c as tl e S i m pl y u s u rp e d th e e a rth work s
o f t h e e a rl i e r s tronghol d , a n d th a t th e r e for e th e b u r/t w a s e q uiva
1
l e n t to th e l a t e r c as tl e I t is n ot s u rpri s i n g th a t a l l th e fi v e
.

pl ac e s wh e r e we h e a r o f a b ur/z o n e i th e r s id e o f th e ri v e r s hou l d
h a v e b e e n cho se n fo r th e fo u n d a t ion o f l a t e r c a s tl e s B ut th e .

c as tl e e a rth work s o f H e rt ford a nd B e d ford , th e c as tl e s o f w h i c h

th e r e is r e cord a t B uc k i ngh a m a n d S t a m ford , we r e pri v a t e s tron g
hold s wh ich for m e d p a rt o f th e d e fe n c e s o f o ne o f th e b u rb s , bu t
we r e n ot i d e n t i c a l w i th e i th e r Th e C on qu e ror s c as tl e o f N ot
’
.

t ingh am , gr e a tly t r a n s for m e d i n its pr e se n t s t a t e , l ook e d d o w n

fro m its sa n d s ton e c l i ff u pon t h e n o rth e rn b ur/z wh e r e E d wa rd
we l d e d tog e th e r E n gl i s h m a n an d D an e i n o ne co m m n w or k o f o
d e fe n c e a n d bon d o f c i t i z e n s h i p 2
B ut e v e n we r e i t n ot s e l f .

e v i d e n t t h a t th e b u rlt is i d e n t ic a l w i t h t h e b u rg us or b u rg u m o f

D o m e s d ay a nd th e borough w ho s e org a n i s a t ion p l ay s s o l a rg e

“ ”

a p a rt i n E n gl i s h h i s tory th e r e is o ne fac t wh i ch m a k e s its

,

hi i m in nt ti n
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th e l a te T and e n th e fP o fe s s o

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. . a , o se au o o ee an .

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it x hi h m r l id nti l ith
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f the S a o n b ur/z, w c wa s w th e E
b r h f m idd l w t r p rt N tti h m b in
s e o o e or -
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th e e a g e s, t h e of g k n o wn
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 TH E S AX O N A ND D A NI SH P ER I OD

M ap of Sa xno a nd D a ni hs B urh s

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to th e
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32 M I L I A RY A R T C IT E CT U R E
H

i d e n t i fi c a t ion w i th th e c a s tl e i m po ss ibl e A t H e rt ford B uc k in g .

,

h a m B e d ford S t am ford N ott i n gh a m t h e r e we r e t wo bu r/2s but

V
, , , , ,

t h e r e n e v e r h a s b e e n m or e th a n o n e c ast l e \/ h e n th e C on qu e ror
Y
.

w rough t a c a s t l e on e ith e r s id e o f th e r i v e r a t or k h e d i d n ot ,

r e p e a t E d wa rd th e E l d e r s t act i c s l i t e r a l ly : h e a pp l i e d th e m to a
’

for m o f fort i fi c a t ion O f wh ich E d wa rd k n e w n oth i n g I f th e t e s t .

by wh i c h th e N or m a n c as t l e is id e n t i fi e d w i th th e S a xon b u r/z
fa i l s i n th e se i n s t a n c e s we a re O bviou s ly forbi d d e n to m a k e th e
,

id e n t i fi c a t i on i n th e c ase s o f s i n gl e b u r/2s l i k e W a r wic k or

T a m worth T h e gr e a t e a rth e n m ou n t a n d c u rt a i n wa l l w h i ch
.

s t a n d i n t h e s outh we s t corn e r o f T a m w orth b e s i d e t h e T a m e

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wo a t T e m s fo p rd we r e th e c i t i z e n s
.
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.

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s u ffi c i e n tly i n d ic a t e d th e art o f fort i fi c a t ion w as m or e a d v a n c e d

, .

R o m a n t r a d i t ion s s u rv i v e d th e r e wi thou t th at a brupt br e a k w h i c h

t h e h i s toric a l con t i n u i ty O f E n gl a n d h a d s u ffe r e d NO fortr e ss .

o f s ton e a n d w ood s u ch a s th a t w h ich Ch a rl e s t h e B a l d i n 8 6 9

, , ,

bu i l t w i th i n th e e nceinte o f th e a bb e y o f S t D e n i s is h e a rd o f ,

i n S a x on E n gl a n d Th e s t a t e o f s oc i e ty i n wh i ch a s e a rly a s
.
,

8 6 4 C h a rl e s fou n d i t n e c e s s a ry by th e e d i ct o f P i s t e s to forb i d
, , ,

h is v as s a l s to r a i s e pr i v a t e fort r e ss e s w ithou t roy a l a uthor ity d i d ,

n ot e x i s t i n E n gl a n d a nd was on l y b e gi n n in g to e x i s t th e r e two
,

c e n tu ri e s l a t e r I n both c e n t u ri e s we h a v e to d e a l w i th t h e s a m e
.

i n v a d e r s bu t w i th d e fe n d e r s who se s t at e o f s oc i a l d e v e l op m e n t
,

was qu i t e d i ffe r e n t .
 TH E S AX O N A ND D N
A ISH P E RIOD 33

l tho ugh th e pri v a t e fortr e ss o r c as tl e wa s i n trod uc e d i n to

A
E n gl a n d by th e N or m a n s a n d a l though th e typ e o f e a rth work ,

a ss oc i a t e d w i th i t wa s d e v e l op e d to its h igh e s t e xt e n t by N orth

m e n n ot on ly i n N or m a n dy a n d E n gl a n d bu t a l s o i n D e n m a rk
, , ,

i t is n e v e rth e l e ss prob a bl e th at th e e a rl i e s t d e v e l op m e n t o f t h a t
for m o f e a rth work too k pl a ce o n Fr a n k i s h s oi l The D an i sh .

g e weo rc or b u rb w h e r e i t c a n b e tr ac e d wi th a ny c e rt a i n ty and —
,

th i s is i n v e ry fe w c ase s s u ppl i e d a ccom m od a t ion fo r th e forc e

—
,

a nd prob ably a h a rbou r fo r its v e s s e l s bu t n o p ri v a t e s t rong ,

hol d b e l on gi n g to a pro m i n e n t l e ad e r T h e e a rth work c a l l e d .

G ann o c k s c a s t l e
’
c l o se t o t h e O u se n e a r T e m p s ford is ,

s o m e t i m e s s uppo s e d to b e th e g ezo eo rc w rough t by th e D a n e s

in 92 1 I n pl a n i t v e ry l o se ly r e se m bl e s a ra th e r s m a l l
.
,
C
m ou n t a n d b a i l e y c as tl e o f th e u s u a l e a rly N or m a n typ e a n d
- -

cou l d h av e a cco m m od a t e d on ly a v e ry s m al l body o f d e fe n d e r s .

B ut th e po in t i n wh ich i t d i ffe r s fro m th e o rd i n a ry m ou n t

a nd b a i l e y pl a n
-
th e s m a l l n e ss o f th e m ou n t wh ich is a m e r e
—
,

th i c k e n i n g o f th e e a rth e n b a n k a nd th e a b se n c e o f a m o a t ,

rou n d its b ase m ay s ho w th a t h e re th e D a n e s a n t i c i p a t e d

—

th e i r N o r m a n s u cc e s s or s w i th a pl a n w i th wh ich s o m e o f th e m
m ay h av e g a i n e d a cqu a i n t a n c e du ri n g m a r a u d in g e x p e d it ion s
i n Fr a n c e T h i s ho we v e r is m e r e conj e ctu r e a nd t h e u t i l i ty
.
, , ,

o f s u ch a fort r e ss fo r th e i m m e d i a t e pu rpo s e s o f th e D a n e s

m ay we l l b e qu e s t ion e d 1
O f th e pr i v a t e d we l l i n g s o f th e
.

D a n i s h l e a d e r s a nd h o w fa r th e y m ay h a v e a pprox i m at e d to
M
,

th e l a t e r typ e o f t h e c a s t l e we kn o w n ot h i n g St a ry s
’

Y
, .

a bb e y a t ork is o n th e s i t e o f G a l m a n h o th e re s id e n c e o f ,

th e D a n i s h e a rl s ou t s id e th e we s t e rn wa l l o f th e R o m a n c ity ,

bu t n oth i n g o f its e a rth wo rk s r e m a i n I f t h e y we r e a t a ll .

-

con s id e r a bl e l i k e tho se o f a mou n t a nd b a i l e y c ast l e o f N or m a n

,
- -

t i m e s i t se e m s s t r a n g e th a t n o t r ac e o f th e m s hou l d b e l e ft
, .

Th e d e t a i l s o f th e do i n g s o f t h e D a n i s h a r m y d u ri n g th e ,

r e ign o f E th e l r e d th e R e d e l e ss ( 9 7 9 a re r e cord e d a t gr e a t

l e n gth i n th e Ch ron i cl e T h e y S ho w th e ol d t a ct ic s fa m i l i a r fo r
.
,

t wo h un d r e d y e a r s : th e l ong s h i p s a re brough t to th e n e a r e s t
poi n t con ve n i e n t fo r a c a m p a i gn o f p i l l ag e ; t h e r e t h e a r m y is “

a hor s e d
-
a n d th e y r id e at th e i r w i l l i n l a n d l ight i n g th e i r wa r ,

b e acon s th e bl az i n g vi l l a g e s o f th e cou n try s id e as th e y go -

Y
, , .

e a r a ft e r y e a r r e cord s its t a l e o f d i sas t e r u n t i l t h e p a rt i t ion o f ,

E ngl a n d i n 1 0 1 6 b e t we e n C n u t a n d E d m u n d I ron s id e The .

whol e s tory o f r iv e r a n d l a n d wa r fa r e o f pl u nd e ri n g a n d bu rn i n g , ,

o f th e p ayi n g o f D a n e g e l d as a t e m por a ry so p to th e a r m y is ,

1
Th e D in mp rd d i
we r Te sfo in f th e rth rk iwo
C n q t d t it m r l ik ly h v b n thr w d rin
ane s e a ga at 10 10 ,
an ,
ea s
f pre is g th e
r l i r th d rin l t r
o -
o ue s a e, o e e to a e ee o n up u
ea e an u g th e a e v is I t .
34 T
M IL I ARY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

i n n o way d i ffe re n t fro m th e r e cord o f th e D a n i s h o pe r a t ion s i n

Fr a n c e d u ri n g t h e n i n th c e n tu ry I n Fr a n c e th e D a n i s h con qu e s t
.

wa s qu ic k e r b e c a u se th e i n v a d e r s h ad to d e a l fro m t h e b e gi n n i ng
,

w i th a worn ou t c i vi l i s a t i on : th e p a rt it ion O f Fr a n c e o w in g to
-
,

t h e s u pe riori ty o f th e D a n e s to t h e i r oppon e n t s was e ffe ct e d ,

w i th i n s e v e n ty y e a r s o f th e i r fi r s t s e ttl e m e n t Th e po we r o f
.

N or m a n dy ho we v e r wa s ch e c k e d by th e ri se o f th e C a pe t i a n
, ,

dyn a s ty i n th e l at e r p a rt o f th e t e n t h c e n t ury : th e N orth m e n

we r e k e pt s t ri c tl y to th e i r D a n e l aw a n d th e i r s u b se qu e n t e x p a n
,

s ion took pl a c e n ot i n Fr a n c e bu t i n E n gl a n d
, , O n th e ot h e r
.

h a n d i n E n gl a nd th e D a n i s h i nv a d e r s o f t h e n i n th c e n tu ry h a d
, ,

to con t e n d w i th th e r i s i n g po we r o f W e sse x a n d a r a c e you n g e r

a nd m or e v igorou s th a n t h e con t e m por a ry G
a u l s o f N e u s tri a .

T h e i r i n ro a d s we r e th e r e for e ch e ck e d a n d th e i r con qu e s t was

d e l ay e d u n t i l th e hou se o f We sse x h a d ru n its n a t u r a l cou r se ,

and E ngl i sh m e n a n d D a n e s h ad h ad t i m e t o b e pr a ct i ca l ly
a m a l g a m a t e d i n to o n e n a t ion Th e gl ory o f W e s se x c e a se s
.

w i th E d m u n d I ron s id e th e gl ory O f th e D a n e s wi th C n ut
, .

B e for e C n u t d i e d t h e ch i l d W i l l i a m a l r e ady h ad s ucc e e d e d to

,

h is fa th e r s d uchy o f N or m a n dy a n d th i rty o n e y e a r s a ft e r th e
’
-
,

d e a th o f C n u t W i l l i a m was k i n g o f E n gl a n d a n d fo r a l l
, , ,

pr a c t ic a l purpo se s t h e i n ro a d s o f th e N orth m e n fro m S c a n d i n a vi a

,

we r e ov e r .
 C H A PTE R III

TH E E G
N L I S H CA ST LE A FT E R TH E C O N QU E S T

A C T A S L E is a pri v a t e fortr e ss , bu i l t by a n i n d i vid u a l l ord a s a

m i l i t a ry s t ronghol d , a nd a l s o a s a n occ a s io n a l r e s id e n c e In .

E n gl a n d a t t h e t i m e o f t h e N or m a n con qu e s t , t h i s typ e o f
m i l i t a ry w or k was k n o wn a s ca s tel , a word wh i ch is obviou s ly
th e same as th e L a t i n ca s te/l u m Ca s tru m m u n itio a n d
.
, ,

m un icip iu m a re n a m e s wh ich a re fr e qu e n tl y giv e n to i t by

c h ron ic l e r s o f t h e e l e v e n t h a n d t we l fth c e n tu ri e s l ts e x i s t e n c e
.

wa s th e d i r e c t r e s u l t o f th e con s ol i d a t io n o f th e fe ud a l s y s t e m
‘

T h e l ord s e p a r a t e d h is d we l l i n g fro m t ho s e o f h is v a ss a l s : h e
d e fe nd e d i t a g a i n s t th e a tt a c k s o f oth e r i nd i vi d u a l l ord s wh o
n a tu r a l l y w ou l d se e k to a ggr a n d i s e t h e m se l v e s a t h is e x p e n se :
h e a l s o n e e d e d a s t ronghold w h ich m igh t b e i m pr e gn a bl e on
o c c as ion a g a i n s t tho s e v a ssa l s t h e m s e l v e s a nd m igh t b e a
,

p e rp e t u a l r e m i n d e r to th e m o f th e i r s ubj e ct po s i t i on T h e c a s tl e
.

ro se w i th i n or as a n a dd i t ion to th e bu r/z, th e i nd e p e n d e n t
s t ron ghol d o f o ne p e r s on W i th i n t h e wa l l e d o r s to c k a d e d to w n

o f th e m a n y . T hu s a t o ne a n d th e sa m e t i m e i t prot e ct e d a n d
, ,

ov e r a we d th e b ur/z O r i t ro se by i t se l f l i k e th e P e a k c as tl e i n
.
,

D e rby s h i r e , on a s pot wh e re n o b u rn e x i s t e d , a nd so i n m a n y
c a s e s d r e w a s m a l l co m m un i ty to se e k its prot e ct ion .

A n u n l i m it e d n u m b e r o f c a s t l e s i m pl i e s a n u n l i m i t e d n u m b e r
o f i n d e p e n d e n t m a gn a t e s , u ncon t rol l e d by a s u pr e m e a uthor i ty ,

a n d e a ch r e a dy to fly a t t h e oth e r s thro a t Th e fe ud a l l ord ,

’
.

h o wé ve r w a s th e k i n g s m a n, a nd h is c a s t l e was th e r e for e
’

th e or e ti c a l ly th e k i n g s W e h a v e a l r e a dy n ot i c e d th e e d i c t
’
.

o f P i ste s wh ich ord e r e d th e d e s t ru c t ion O f a l l c a s t l e s

bu i l t w i thou t roy a l l ic e n c e ; a nd s a v e i n p e riod s o f tot a l a n a rchy
, ,

l e gi s l a t ion o f th i s typ e s a fe gu a rd i n g fe ud a l ord e r , wa s i n op e r a

,

t ion d ur i n g th e m i d d l e ag e s w h e r e v e r th e fe ud a l sy s t e m w as
a t th e b a s e of t h e con s t i tu t ion . Th e k i n g wa s d e ju re , if n ot
d e fa cto , th e o w n e r o f th e c a s tl e s o f h is r e a l m .

Th e c a s t l e or pr i v a t e fortr e ss was a fe a t ur e i n Fr e n c h s oc i a l
l i fe a n d wa r fa r e fro m a t a ny r a t e th e m i dd l e o f th e n i n th c e n t u ry .

B ut i n E n gl a n d i t wa s c e rt a i n ly a n u n fa m i l i a r a nd a l m o s t a s
36 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

c e rt a in l y a n u n k n o wn fe a t ur e u n t i l th e m id d l e o f th e e l e v e n th
D a n i s h p i r a t e s wh o u p to th i s t i m e h ad Vi s i t e d
,

c e n tu ry .

E n gl a n d h a d co m e fro m t h e n ort h a n d e a s t a n d p asse d on to

, ,

Fr a n c e Th e r e i n con t a c t w i th th e fe ud a l sy s t e m a s i t e x i s t e d
.
,

u n d e r th e l a t e r C a rol in gi a n m on a rch s th e y m ay h a v e l e a rn e d ,

t h e us e o f t h e pr i v a t e fortr e ss A t a ny r a t e w h e n th e N orth .

m e n c a m e b a c k u pon E n gl a n d fro m th e i r con t i n e n t a l d uc hy ,

th e y brought w i th th e m th e ful ly o rg a n i se d s oc i a l sy s t e m o f
t h e Con t i n e n t a n d its m o s t po we r fu l s y m bol th e c as t l e
, ,
.

We h av e s e e n th a t t h roughout th e S a xon a n d D a n i s h p e r iod

, ,

t h e b u r/z th e ho m e o f th e co m m u n i ty for m e d t h e u n i t i f th e
, , ,

e x pr e s s ion m ay b e u s e d o f m i l i t a ry d e fe n c e by fort i fi c at ion

,
.

Th e E n gl i s h o r D a n i s h n obl e m a n l i v e d i t m ay s a fe ly b e ,

H r l
a o d ’
s a ul a , r
f o m B a ye u x p tryTa es

a ss u m e d in hou s e s l i k e th e two s tori e d hou s e i n t h e B ay e u x

,
- -

t a p e s try W h e r e H a rol d a n d h is fri e n d s are fe as t i ng on th e

,

u pp e r floor w h i l e th e grou n d floor a p p a r e n t ly for m s a c e l l a r

,

o r s tor e roo m -
I t is po ss i bl e th a t s uch a hou se th e ,

p rototyp e o f th e l a rg e r m e d i e v a l d we l l i n g hou s e m ay s o m e ti m e s -
,

h a v e b e e n prot e ct e d by its e nc irc l i n g thorn h e d g e o r p a l i sa d e ;

but i t w a s n ot a c a s tl e I n th e e l e v e n th a nd t we l ft h c e n tu ri e s
.
,

a c a s t l e m e a n t to a n E n gl i s h m a n a s p e c i a l typ e o f fort r e s s o f ,

a con s truct ion a n d pl a n o f a ch a r a ct e r m or e or l e ss fi x e d Th e .

l oo se ph r ase ol ogy wh ic h i n l a t e r t i m e s a ppl i e d th e t i t l e o f c a s tl e

, ,

1
t ry ( C
The b 5 5) AS l iro n , s u rd r f C y
o f th e mu n e wu l f an d its
n n m nti n 7
M r ith t h
s o . . an . e o
s th e b u r/t burg o f w its g a e th e
in hi h kin m rd r d ithi ll d b r
co se q ue c e s, e o or e to n o use
w th e g was w n th e b i u r/z bu r o we
priv t h m b r)
c u e e s ca e ,

a e c a e .
 TH E N
E GLISH CA T S L E A FT E R TH E C N QU E T
O S 37

i nd i s c ri m i n a t e ly to pr e h i s tori c c a m p s a nd m e d i e v a l m a n or
hou s e s wa s n ot y e t c u s to m a ry
, .

T h e fi r s t c a s t l e s on E n gl i s h s o i l a pp e a r to h av e b e e n r a i se d
by N or m a n fa vou r i t e s o f E d wa rd th e Con fe s s o r b e for e th e
Con qu e s t a nd to h a v e e xc i t e d a l a r m a m on g th e E n gl i s h p o pu l a
,

t i on I n 1 0 4 8 so m e for e ign e r s or We l s h m e n as th e E n gl i s h
.
“
,
”

c a l l e d th e m e n c ro a ch e d o n th e t e rri tory o f S we yn G o d wins so n

,

i n H e r e ford s h i r e con s t ru c t e d a cas tel th e fi r s t m e n t ion of s u ch

,
—

a th i n g i n t h e C h ron i cl e a n d w rou gh t h a r m to a l l t h e coun try

—

rou nd T h a t th e y we r e Fr e n ch m e n a pp e a r s fro m th e e v e n t s o f
G G
.

1 0 5 2 : o ne o f od wi n s d e m a n d s to th e k i n g a t lou c e s t e r was
’

th a t th e Fr e n ch m e n o f th e c as t l e s hou l d b e giv e n u p a nd i n
“ ”

th e s a m e y e a r th e Fr e n ch m e n of th e c as t l e h e l p e d to d e fe n d
“ ”

t h e bord e r s a g a i n s t a W e l s h i n ro ad Th e v e ry fa c t th a t th e .

’
Fr e nch m e n s s tron ghol d wa s k n o wn a s t/ze c a s t l e prov e s th a t ”

i t wa s a t a ny r a t e a n u n fa m i l i a r typ e o f fort r e s s B ut i f i t wa s
G
.
,

th e fi r s t oth e r s we r e s oon con s t ruct e d

,
W h e n od w i n r e tu rn e d .

fro m h is ou tl a wry i n 1 0 5 2 a n d forc e d h i m se l f b a c k i n to E d wa rd s

’

good gr a c e s th e Fr e n ch m e n i n Lon d on l e ft th e c i ty Th e
, .

a rchbi s hop o f C a n t e rbu ry R ob e rt o f J u m i eg e s m a d e h is way , ,

to th e e as t co a s t : s o m e fl e d we s t wa rd to P e n t e co s t s c a s tl e
’

wh i ch is prob a bl y id e n t i c a l w i th th e H e r e ford s h i r e fort r e s s ,

oth e r s n orth wa rd to R ob e rt s c as t l e wh ic h is n o w id e n ti fi e d
’

w i th C l a v e ri n g i n E s s e x T h e H e r e ford s h i r e c as tl e is s u ppo s e d
.

to h a v e b e e n a t E wias H a rol d s o m e t we l v e m i l e s s outh o f ,

H e re ford wh e r e t h e r e is s t i l l th e gr e a t m ou n t o f a N or m a n
,

s tron ghol d on t h e n orth we s t s i d e o f t h e v i l l a g e

1 -
.

T h e s e t wo m ay n ot h a v e b e e n th e on ly c a s tl e s i n E n gl a n d
b e for e th e C on q u e s t T h e r e fe re n c e to A ru n d e l i n D o m e s d a y
.

B ook fo r e x a m pl e s e e m s to i m ply a n or igi n a l m o s t as e a rly

V
, ,

fo r th e c as tl e th e r e ?
O rd e ric us i t a l i s s p e a k s o f D ov e r as
though th e r e we r e a l r e ady a c as tl e th e r e wh e n W i l l i a m th e ,

C on qu e ror s tor m e d th e to wn a ft e r H as t i ng s 3
B ut O rd e ric us .

is ou r a u thori ty fo r th e i m port a n t a n d e x pl ic i t s t a t e m e n t th a t
G
,

i n 1 0 6 8 th e fortr e sse s wh i ch th e a u l s c a l l ca stel l a h a d b e e n

,
“
, ,

1
J D nd F
H R ou p int phr
eud a l E n l a n a , 1 9 0 9 , p 3 2 4 , s to th e

in m d n ti indi tiv
r o as e
.
,
.
g . .

fi m
b o o ca stel l u m re r a v era t th e D o c e o f E wia s , as

xi t n t l b r C n t d iv th r r n
e s ay o ca e

o f th e e s e c e o f th e ca s e e fo e t h e
id nti fi ti n
o q ue s , a n g es o e e as o s

fo r t h e
m d y C tr m mp r i w i
e ca o .

2
D o e s a , i,
f H a run d e l T e R e g s E d a rd
m m l in x l l id C tr m
23 ; as. u . o e
H arund e l , h o w
”
d e q uo d a
”
re d d e b a t

v r ppl i t n tl it d th t
o o so o s, e tc as u .

e s to th e ll
o w , n o t th e c as e ; a n d o e s n o t fo o w th e
iv t b r Cn t
e e , a a
m e was g e n to th e o wn e fo e th e

rd V it iii id t l l m i m in ti i m
na o q ue s .

3 “
0 f il s t E ccl ,

r p m ri ti phr m d r lly d rib it

, . . 14 ; . cas e u s tu
. e st a c u ss
. a
”
Th e a y b e us e

hi h i b m m tl
u e a c o n g ua ase .
g e ne a to e sc e a s e
’
w c , n O rd e ric us o n d ay, h ad e co e fa o us fo r its cas e
w .
38 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

v e ry fe w i n th e provi n c e s o f E ngl a n d a n d on t h i s a c coun t th e

E n gl i s h a l though wa rl i k e a n d d a ri n g h ad n e v e rth e l e s s s ho wn
, ,

t h e m se lv e s too fe e bl e to wi th s t a n d th e i r e n e m i e s 1
A st ate .
”

m e n t o f t h i s k i n d a t on c e d i s po s e s o f th e t h e ory th a t th e b u rb s
o f t h e D a n i s h wa r s we r e c as t l e s i t cou l d h a rd ly b e a rgu e d th a t
s uch b u rl zs we r e v e ry fe w or th a t t h e E n gl i s h h a d n ot t a k e n
,

a dv a n t a g e o f t h e m A s a m a tt e r o f fa ct w h e n W i l l i a m c a m e
.
,

to E n gl a n d h is m i l i t a ry pol icy con s i s t e d i n th e fou n d i ng o f

,

c as t l e s a nd m a ny o f th e s e i n pl a c e s wh i ch h ad b e e n a n d we r e
,

b u r/2s wh e r e if th e b u r/z a n d c as tl e we r e o n e a nd th e s a m e
, ,

th i ng t h e foun d a t ion o f a c as tl e wa s qu i t e u n n e c e s s a ry A rce m

,
.

co n d id it cas tell u m co ns trux it m un itio n e m t r m u se d

, fi rm a,
v it a re e s ,

ov e r a n d ov e r a g a i n to d e s c ri b e th e m a k i ng o f th e se n e w s tron g
hol d s T O W i l l i a m th e s tr e n gth o f a m on a rc h l ay i n th e c as t l e s
.
,

H as tin C t l gs as e fr om B a ye u x p tr Ta es y

r
wh i ch h e con t ol l e d ; i n wa r fa r e th e c a s tl e fo r m e d h is n a t u r a l
b as e o f op e r a t i on s H is fi r s t work on l a n d i n g a t H a s t i n g s wa s
.

to th ro w u p a c a s tl e H a rold , on th e oth e r h a n d a l though , ,

a s th e B ay e u x t a p e s try s ho ws u s , h e h a d s e e n s o m e th in g o f
c a s tl e s a n d s i e g e wa r fa r e i n W i l l i a m s co m p a ny t ru s t e d fo r h is
’

d e fe n c e to th e s h i e l d wa l l o f h is m e n, a n d th e p rot e ct ion o f th e
-

b a n k s a nd d i tch e s o f a n ol d e a rth wor k i n a d v a n c e o f h is po s it i on .

I n 1 0 6 7 , a ft e r h is c oron at ion W i l l i a m s t ay e d a t B a rk i n g c l o s e
, ,

to th e wa l l s o f Lon d on , wh i l e th e c i ty , th e L u nd e nb u rh who s e
wa l l s A l fr e d h a d r e s tor e d , wa s b e i n g ov e r a we d by t h e c on s t ru e
ti on o f c e rt a i n fi rm a uze n ta o ne o f th e m , n o do ubt , th e W h i t e
—

To we r , th e oth e r prob a bly B ay n a rd s c as tl e , n e a r th e pr e se n t ’

1
O rd . V it .
,
l iis t E
. col . iv .
4 .
 TH E N
E G L ISH C A TL E A FT E R
S TH E C NQUE T
O S 39

B l a c k fri a r s A g a in , we fi n d h im a t W i n ch e s t e r bu i l d in g a
.
1
,

s tron g fort r e s s w i t h i n th e wa l l s o f th e c i ty a c as t l e w i th i n —

a b u rn .

Wi l l i a m s O p e r a t ion s i n 1 0 6 8 a nd 1 0 6 9 we r e o f gr e a t m i l i t a ry
’

i m port a n c e I n 1 0 6 8 h e q u e l l e d th e r e s i s t a n c e o f E x e t e r T h e
. .

c ity wa s s ti l l s u rroun d e d by its R o m a n wa l l s , to wh i c h th e

i n h a bi t a n t s no w a d d e d n e w b attl e m e n t s a n d to we r s T he y .

m a n n e d th e r a m p a rt wa l k s a n d th e proj e c t ion s o f th e wa l l 2
,

w h i c h fo r e ight e e n d ay s W i l l i a m e nd e a vo ur e d to u n d e r m i n e .

Wh e n a t l as t th e k e y s o f th e c ity we r e s u rr e n d e r e d to h im , h is
fi r s t wor k wa s t o choo se w i th i n t h e wa l l s a pl a c e w h e r e a c as tl e
m igh t b e r a i se d ; a nd , on d e p a rtin g h e l e ft a s a t W i n c h e s t e r , , ,

a c on s t a bl e i n ch a rg e o f th e c a s t l e t h e k i n g s l i e u t e n a n t ch a rg e d
’

wi th t h e t a s k O f k e e p i n g th e bu rn u n d e r Fro m E x e t e r a
Y
.

r e b e l l ion i n th e n orth c a l l e d W i l l i a m to ork T h e i n s urg e n t s ,

"

r
.

a n i r e gu l a r b a n d o f fr e e b oot e r s , h a d th ro w n u p d e fe nc e s i n
r e m ot e pl a c e s i n wood s a n d by th e m ou th s o f r i v e r s ; s o m e
we r e h a rbou r e d i n t h e l a rg e r to wn s , wh i c h t h e y k e pt i n a s t a t e
O f fort i fic a t ion A s W i l l i a m t r a v e l l e d n orth wa rd s , h e fou n d e d
.

c a s tl e s at W a r wic k a n d Nott in gh a m H e con s truct e d a fortr e ss

Y
.

i n th e c i ty o f ork , a nd on h is way ho m e fou n d e d c as tl e s a t

Li n c ol n H u n ti n gd on , a n d C a m br id g e NO s oon e r h ad h e l e ft
Y
, .

'

ork th a n th e r e b e l s a g a i n b e g a n to s t i r ; a m ov e m e n t wa s
m ad e on b e h a l f o f t h e ae th e l i n g E dg a r a nd D a n i s h a id was
M Y
,

c a l l e d in Wi l l i a m a l e t th e gov e rn or o f ork c a s tl e , wa s h a rd
.
,

pr e s se d by th e e n e m y T h e C on qu e ror c a m e to h is r e l i e f, a nd
Y
.
,

as a re s ul t o f th i s vi s i t , fou nd e d a s e con d c as t l e i n ork B oth .

c a s t l e s , ho we v e r , we re o f l i ttl e use wh e n th e D a n e s c a m e Th e .

g a rri s on o f o ne or both r as h ly ad v a n c e d to fi gh t th e i n v a d e r s
w i th i n th e C
i ty i t se l f, a n d we r e m as sa cr e d I t is a s ign i fi c a n t .

fa c t that th e c as tl e s we r e l e ft op e n a n d d e se rt e d ; n e i th e r t h e
me n o f Y
ork n or th e D a n e s h a d a ny us e fo r t h e m W h e n .

W i l l i a m c a m e n orth a g a i n on h is c a m p a ign o f v e n ge a n c e h e
r e p a i r e d both th e c a s t l e s S hortl y a ft e r , on h is e x p e d i t io n to
.

Wa l e s h e fou n d e d c as tl e s at C h e s t e r and S h r e ws bu ry
,
3
.

W h at d o we fi n d to d ay at th e se pl ac e s wh e r e W i l l i a m
C
-

fou n d e d h is fi r s t E n gl i s h c a s tl e s ? A t H a s t i n g s , on th e l i ff
wh i c h d ivi d e s th e O ld to wn fro m th e m od e rn wa t e r i n g pl a c e , -

th e r e a re i m port a n t r e m a i n s o f a l a t e r s ton e c a s tl e w ith i n l i n e s

1
T h e T o we o f o wa s r t id L nd nt ll m di v l it y e th e e as wa o f th e
tl p int wh r w t ll ppr h d
o ou s e e a c .

’
B a yn a rd s c as e was a t t h e th e wa th e
Th m
o e e es a o ac e

V it p iv pinn in m m dd
a es .

2
O rd cit , un i e n t is
b nt rt in
,
. o . . .
4; as ac t urre s a e

v e l re s tau rab a n t m d Po ee o ffi r turb ae

t t m m ri m i m
a a tae e ran t e n s ae q ue pro
p ug na c ul is e t p e r o u b tu b
d ti th tl t d by V it
u a p ro s t a a n t:
3
T h e fo un a o n o f e se cas 5 es is no e O rd . .
,
iv 4 ,
. .
40 LT
MI I ARY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

f e a rth work wh ich a re , n o d oubt W i l l i a m s T h e m ou n t

’

o ,
.

r e m a i n s at th e n orth e a s t corn e r o f th e e n c l o s u r e : th e l a t e r
-

c u rt a i n wa l l h as b e e n c arr i e d u p its s id e a n d ov e r i t Th e .

pr e s e n t r e m a in s o f th e c a st l e o f W i n ch e s t e r a re l a t e r th a n
W i l l i a m s d ay A t E x e t e r th e g at e hou se and m u ch o f t h e
’
.

adj ac e n t m a s on ry o f th e c a s tl e a re u n qu e s t i on a bl y o f a v e ry e a rl y
“
N or m a n d a t e I n Lon d on we h a v e th e W h i t e to we r , pro
”
.

b a bly m u c h e x t e nd e d fro m W i l l i a m s e a rly pl an , an d n ot c o m

’

e d t i l l h is s on s r e ign B ut th e s ton e fort r e s s e s o f Lon don

’

p l e t .

P L A N o r L I N C O L N C A S T L S

Lin l n
co P lan

and E x e te r x c e pt ion a l W h e n we c o m e to h is n orth e rn

we r e e

Y
.

c as tl e s we fi n d th at a t W a r w ic k
, o rk Li n col n H u n t i n gdon
, , , ,

C a m bridg e and S h r e ws bu ry th e pl a n o f th e c a s tl e c on s i s t s o f a
, ,

b a i l e y or e n cl o se d S p a c e w i th a ta ll m ou n t on th e l i n e o f its
1
,

ou t e r d e fe n c e s a nd on a S i d e or at a n a n gl e o f th e e nce in te r e m ot e
,

1
rd b i
T h e wo it r
a ley
“
( ba l l iu m ) l e a lly m e a n s a a l s a e e nc l o s u e p i dd r
n rd ppli d v ri d divi i n di v
.

t o th e a o us e n c l o s e s o s o f a me e al
”
T h e s yno ym wa “

t rd d n r tr b t
a e ,

c a s l e m e ans a e cl o su e as e co ur ( ba ss e co u r) is
“ ”
Th e e m
pp i d bi g ua e - -
, .

a l so a l e to th e a l e y .
 TH E N I
E GL SH CA T S L E A FT E R TH E C N QU E T
O S 4 1

fro m t h e m a i n n t r a n c e A t N otti n g ha m th e pl a n o f th e e a rl y
e

B ut i n t h e oth e r c a se s a l though
.

c a s t l e is n ot s o e a s y to m a k e ou t .
, , ,

a t v a riou s d a t e s d u rin g t h e m i dd l e a g e s a dd i t ion s we r e m ad e i n ,

s ton e t h e n uc l e u s o f t h e pl a n is a c ol l e c t ion o f e a rth w ork s wh ich

, ,

t a k e s th i s for m a m o tte or m oun t w i th a b a i l e y a tt a ch e d A t

—

Y
.

Li n col n th e re a re two m oun t s A t ork th e re a re t wo c as tl e s .

,

o n e on e ith e r s id e o f t h e r i v e r bu t e a c h w i th its m ou n t O n th e
,
.

m ou n t o f t h e c as t l e n orth e as t o f th e r iv e r is a l a t e r s ton e k e e p
-

th e m ou n t o f t h e s o uth we s t e rn c a s t l e h a s n e v e r c a rr i e d s ton e
-

work a nd its b a i l e y is n o w a l m o s t fi l l e d u p w i th m od e rn hou s e s

Y
.
,

T h e pr e s e n c e o f th e d oubl e c as tl e a t or k h a s b e e n a gr e a t
t e m pt a t i on to tho s e wh o wou l d id e n t i fy th e c a s t l e w i t h th e bu r/z .

T h e fort i fic a t ion o f both b a n k s o f th e r i v e r is on t h e fa c e O f i t

Y
, ,

so l i k e t h e s y s t e m a dopt e d by E d wa rd t h e E l d e r th a t th e or k ,
’
c a s t l e s h a v e be e n O ft e n quot e d a s b u r/is o f E d wa rd t h e E l d e r s
d a t e a nd i t h as b e e n c on c l u d e d t h a t S i m i l a r e a rth work s m u s t
,

h a v e e x i s t e d a t N ott in gh a m S t a m ford a n d S O on T h i s id e a , , .

is qu it e u n t e n a bl e H a d W i l l i a m fol l o we d t h e e x a m pl e o f
.

E d wa rd a n d fE th e l fl zE d h e w ou ld s i m ply h a v e r e p a i r e d o r
Y
,
1
r e n e we d t h e d e fe n c e s o f t h e t wo d i vi s ion s o f th e bu r/z a t ork .

B ut wh a t h e h a d to prov id e a g a i n s t was t h e s pi ri t o f r e b e l l ion

i n th e b u r/z i t se l f a s we l l a s th e po s s i bl e us e o f th e wa t e r wa y by
Y
-
,

D a n i s h p i r at e s \Vh ic h c as tl e h e fi r s t fou n d e d a t ork we d o

.

n ot k n o w O n th e ton gu e o f l a n d wh i c h ru n s ou t b e t we e n th e
.

O u se a n d Fo s s ou t s id e t h e b u r/z a n d b e t we e n i t a n d t h e r iv e r
, ,

a pp ro a c h to t h e c i ty o n e c a s tl e ro se ,
T h e oth e r a fortr e ss k n o w n .
,

i n l a t e r t i m e s a s th e O l d B a i l e was po s s i bl y fro m th e b e gi n n i n g ,

p a rtly w i th i n th e r a m p a rt s o f t h e s outh e rn b ur/z L at e r a t a n y .

,

r a t e th e c i ty wa l l wa s bu i l t a cro s s th e foot O f th e o ut e r s id e o f its

,

m oun t a n d e n c lo se d t h e b a i l e y on t wo s id e s
,
E l s e wh e r e th e .
,

d i s t i n c t ion b e t we e n W i l l i a m s c a s tl e s a n d th e b u rb s w i th i n w h i ch
’

th e y ro se is v e ry n ot i c e abl e A t Li n c ol n th e c a s tl e fi l l e d u p a n
.

a n gl e o f t h e R o m a n c i ty A t C a m brid g e th e m ou n t ri s e s on t h e
.
,

h igh e s t poi n t o f a l a rg e e n c l o s ur e th e or igi n a l b u rlz s u rrou n d e d — —

by e a rth work s o f e a rl y d a t e Fu rth e r if a ny docu m e n t a ry proo f.

,

is n e e d e d o f a nyth in g s o s e l f e vid e n t a s t h e d i s t in c t n a tu r e O f -

t h e c a s tl e a nd th e b u r/z D o m e s d a y is cl e a r upon t h e po i n t
,
.

A p a rt fro m th e e vi d e n c e w h i c h i t g i v e s us wi th r e s p e ct to th e
borough or bu r/z i t s p e a k s i n o ne pl a c e o f th e b u rg u m circa
,

ca s te l l u m th e bu r/z a bou t t h e c a s t l e
—
T h e c as e i n po i n t is t h e .

c a s t l e o f T u tbu ry i n S t a fford s h i r e a fi ne e x a m pl e o f th e m oun t ,

1
t h ld
I be n t d th t Y rk th r r di ti t we e n o t two b u r/1 s
rti fi d t n h nd in rli r riv r p d
s ou o e a at o e e s nc or

fo ow fo u th e Th e
thr h bi td hi h rr nd d by rth n b nk
e s , s uc as a re ea e ca se s . e ass e

and t h e b u r/1 , w wa s s u
v p int h r F r m d b nd ry C ity
o ug se c e c ou e an ea e a ,

sa e at th e o w e e th e o s s fo e th e ou a of th e .

6
4 2 MIL IT A R Y AR C IT E CT U R E
H

a nd -
b a i l e y s t ron ghol d O n e i m port a n t fe a tu r e h e r e is th a t t h e
.
1

c a s tl e v e ry l a rg e i n a r e a a n d w i th a d itch o f gr e a t d e pth o n t wo
, ,

s id e s wa s a pp a r e n tl y r a i s e d on t h e s i t e o f a n e a rly h i l l for t o r
-

b ur/1 a n d th a t th e a ct u a l b ur/z a bou t t h e c a s tl e th e m od e rn

, ,

vi l l a g e o f T u tbu ry h as gro wn u p u n d e r its prot e c t i on on th e

,

s l op e to w a rd s th e D ov e .

T h e c a s tl e th e n w a s a N or m a n i m port a tion i n to E n gl a n d
, ,
.

I t wa s a s tronghol d w i th a d e fi n i t e p l a n s o th a t th e word ca s te l ,

h a d n o v a gu e m e an i n g to E n gl i sh e a r s
. I t is foun d i n m a ny .

c ase s i n cl o s e pro x i m i ty to a bu r/z o r fort i fi e d d we l l i n g o f a ,

co m m un i ty ; bu t i t wa s a roy a l s t ron gh ol d i n c h a rg e o f a n ,

i nd iv id u a l a nd its i n t e n t ion wa s a t on c e to prot e ct a nd to k e e p

,

t h e b u rn i n s ubj e ct ion O r a g a i n i t m ay occu py a s a t T u tbu ry

.
, , ,

or C on i s brou gh th e w hol e ,

s i t e o f a n e a rly b u r/z ; bu t
i n s u ch c as e s th e c h a r a c t e r
o f th e bu r/z is e n ti r e ly
c h a n g e d by t h e pr e s e n c e

o f th e c ast l e a nd th e ,

d we l l i n g pl a c e o f th e c o m -

m u n i ty is s h i ft e d to t h e
o ut s k i rt s o f t h e e n c l o s u r e
Y
.

At or k Li n col n a nd , ,

oth e r pl ac e s wh e r e a c a s t l e
wa s con s tru ct e d w i th i n
p a r t o f a bu r/1 D o m e s d a y ,

t e l l s us th a t t h e s i t e wa s
v a s ta ta in ca s te l l zls

th a t hou s e s we r e t a k e n
d o w n to m a k e roo m fo r
Be rkh p t d
am s e a t h e n e w e a rth w ork s .

A fi gu r e o f e igh t w i th ,

t h e l o we r port i on e l on g a t e d a nd w id e n e d t o for m t h e b a i l e y m a
y ,

b e t a k e n a s th e n or m a l for m o f th e c as tl e p l a n O ft e n a s a t .
,

B e rkh a m p s t e a d wh e r e th e m ou n t a n d b a i l e y we r e s ur
rou n d e d by a bro a d we t d i t c h a n d out e r e a rth work s th e b a i l e y ,

is m u c h th e l a rg e r port i on o f th e fi gu r e on pl a n ; a n d i t wa s
on ly i n s m a l l a nd u n i m port a n t s t ron ghold s th a t th e b a i l e y
for m e d a s a t , e xborou hM g a m e r e for e c ou rt to t h e m ou n t
, .

A t A l n w i c k ( 1 1 5 ) th e m ou n t s tood a s p a rt o f th e o ut e r d e
fe n c e s O f t h e e n cl o s u r e on th e m pe to th e r iv e r ; bu t i t
,

wa s s o pl a c e d th a t i t d ivid e d a we s t e rn o r ou t e r fro m an
e as t e rn or i n n e r wa rd or b a i l e y a n d a l m o s t fi l l e d u p th e s p a c e
,

b e t we e n th e m T h e a rr a ng e m e n t a t B e rk e l e y ( 1 8 6 ) is s o m e wh a t
d i
.

D o m e s ay 1
2 48 b ,
. .
 TH E E GL N I SH CA T S L E A FT E R TH E C NQU E T
O S 43

s i m i l a r I f th e l a rg e r m oun t at Li n c ol n ( 4 0 ) we re r e m ov e d to
.

t h e c e n tr e o f t h e pr e s e n t e n c l o s u r e a nd t h e l i n e s o f th e c u rt a i n ,

wa l l r e tu rn e d i n wa rd s to m e e t i t th e pl a n o f A l n wi c k wou l d b e ,

obt a i n e d Po s s i bly ho we v e r bot h a t A l n wic k a nd B e rk e l e y th e

.
, , ,

out e r wa rd m ay for m a n e x t e n s ion o f t h e e a rl i e r pl a n or may ,

h a ve b e e n m e re ly a cov e ri n g pl a t for m l i k e th e out e r e a rth wo rk s ,

a t H a s t i ng s T h e l a t e r s ton e d e fe n c e s h a v e ob s cu r e d t h e origi n a l
.

d e s ign s i n bot h c a s e s .

A l though t h e p l a n fol lo we d fi x e d a n d fa m i l i a r l in e s th e r e ,

we r e n o fi x e d d i m e n s ion s to th e c a s tl e T h e m o u n t was i n t e n d e d .

to be a r th e s trong to we r or d onj on wi th i n th e b a i l e y we r e th e
ord i n a ry lodgi n g s
o f t h e g a rri s on a n d ,

su ch d o me st i c
bu i l d in g s a s m igh t
b e nee de d Th e .

b a i l e y wh ic h in ,

c l in e d o n th e ,

wh ol e to b e ov a l ,

i n for m wa s s u r ,

rou n d e d by a l o w
e a rth e n b a n k ou t ,

s id e wh i ch was a

d ry d it c h o f m or e
or l e ss d e pth w i th ,

a p a r a p e t o r cou n

te rs c a rp on th e
furth e r s id e The .

m ou n t wa s s ur
rou n d e d by its o wn
d i t c h wh i ch wa s
C n
,

j o i n e d a t two po i n t s l u P l an
by th e m a i n d i tch
on th e s id e n e x t th e b a i l e y T h e e n t r a n c e to th e c a s tl e was a t th e
.

e n d o f t h e b a i l e y oppo s it e t h e m ou n t Th e s e d i s po s i t ion s m i gh t
,
.

v a ry : th e m ou n t m ight b e w i th i n th e e n c l o s ur e e v e n a s a t P i ck e r , ,

i n g i n its c e n t re a nd th e po s i t ion o f th e e n tr a n c e m igh t b e d if

, ,

fe re n t if th e s i t e r e qu i r e d i t
,
T h e r e m igh t b e m or e th a n o ne .

b a i l e y a nd t h e s e m ight b e s e t S id e by s id e d i vid e d by a n i n t e r
, ,

m e d i a t e d i tc h a s o n th e fa i rly l e v e l s it e a t C l u n o r e n d 0 11
M
,

e n d a s on t h e r idg e a t
,
on tgo m e ry o r a s m a l l b a i l e y m i gh t pro ,
1
m m m a nd b a i l e y a l i k e
j e c t a s a k i n d o f o u t w ork co on to ou n t .

x m pl thi i fi rth w rk
1
Li l b r n in N o rth a m p
r b il y C l
An e of s th e
Th r m ny th r in t n
e a s ne ea o at ou e,

l e sse
o

to n sh ire a nd th e at

p rt k thi Ch r t r
. e e a re a o e s a ce s , a e un
a a es o f s a ac e .
44 M IL IT ARY AR C IT E CT U R E
H

Th e u s u a l a rr a n g e m e n t , ho we v e r , wa s a s d e s c ri b e d Th e m ou nt .

m ight b e o f a ny h e igh t o f e n or m ou s pro port ion s a s a t T h e t ford

, , ,

or o f m or e m od e s t s i z e a s a t B r e con or T r e c a s t l e I t was u s u a l ly
C
.
,

e n t i r e ly a rti fi c i a l bu t po s i ti on s we r e s o m e t i m e s ho se n i n wh i c h
th e grou n d a fford e d n a tu r a l h e l p T h e m ou n t fo r e x a m pl e a t .
, ,

H e d i n gh a m i n E ss e x on th e l e v e l l e d top o f wh i c h t h e l a t e r
,

s qu a r e donj on wa s bu i l t a pp e a r s to b e p a rt ly n a tu r a l w h i l e th e
M
,

gr e a t m ou n t at ou n t B u r e s , n ot m a ny m i l e s a way is w hol ly ,

a rt i fi c i a l
. T h e b a i l e y a g a i n m igh t v a ry m u ch i n s i z e
,
I t m igh t ,
.

h a v e a v e ry l a rg e a r e a a s a t L i n c ol n a n d T u tbu ry a m od e r a t e
, ,

a r e a a s a t VVa rk wo rth ( 4 9 ) or D u rh a m
,
or i t m igh t b e s m a l l
a n d co m p a ct a s a t T r e c a s t l e
,
Th e r e a re m a n y c a se s a s at ,

l fl fl i f
'

( ( l l l il
xiii " u m
m “, “ .

3 1
‘
m
l
n

f o u n d/1 7 1 1 1 1 “
l" it w " ”
n AW
U i
! ”

f 11 1 f
:
i
l l il l it a “11 121 1
I 1 1
11
minm awn
. I 1

J "I '
. -
4 : W?” 1 ’

ft
-

R e e o n
.

T r e cas tl e Pl a n

C l i fford s h i l l n e a r N orth a m pton wh e r e th e m ou n t is fou n d by

’

, ,

i t se l f : i n s uch i n s t a n c e s th e b a i l e y m ay h a v e d i sa pp e a r e d as t h e
,

r e s u l t o f l oc a l c u l t i v a t i on a nd on ly th e m or e i m po rt a n t p a rt o f
,

t h e e a rth work s m ay h a v e b e e n l e ft B ut i t is a l so prob abl e th a t .

h e r e a nd th e r e th e forti fi e d m ou n t w i th t h e to we r on its s u m m i t
wou l d b e a l l th a t was n e e d e d a nd th a t th e a b se nc e o f a l a rg e ,

g a rri s on wou l d r e n d e r a b a i l e y u n n e c e ss a ry T h e s i z e o f th e .

b a i l e y i n a n y c as e wou l d d e p e n d u pon th e i m port a n c e o f th e

, ,

po s i t ion a n d th e s i z e o f th e g a rr i s on r e qu i r e d .

Th e m ou n t a t a ny r a t e wa s t h e e sse n t i a l fe a tu r e o f th i s typ e
, ,

o f fortr e s s . Th e B ay e u x t a p e s try g i v e s us pi ct ur e s o f s o m e o f
th e se m oun t s th e fid e l i ty o f wh ich is d e m on s t r a t e d by th e
,
 TH E N I
E GL SH CA T S L E A FT E R TH E C NQUE TO S 45

r e m a i n s wh i c h we po ss e s s o f s u c h c ast l e s a nd by s o m e p i e c e s ,

o f d oc u m e n t a ry e vi d e n c e T wo po i n t s a re n ot ic e a bl e :
( I ) T h e m oun t s port r aye d a re a ll e i th e r i n N or m a n dy a n d ”
B ri tt a n y o r l i k e th e ca s tel l u m a t H e s té n gac e a s te r a re t h e
“
, , ,

wo rk o f N o r m a n h a n d s ( 2 ) T h e fort i fi c a t i on s s ho w n i n co n
.

n e c tio n w i th th e s e m ou n t s a re o f t i m b e r n o t s ton e T he , .

a c c u r ac y o f t h e t a p e s t ry is n ot ab s ol ut e l y photogr a ph ic bu t t h e ,

work e r s k n e w we l l t h e typ e o f s truct u r e wh ich th e y wa n t e d to

r e pr e se n t T h e i r wor k i n fac t w h e th e r t h e c a s tl e r e pr e se n t e d
.
, ,

b e D O l o r D i n a n o r B ay e u x o r H as t i n g s giv e s us a r e p e a t e d ,

p i ctu r e o f th e r e c ogn i s e d typ e o f c a s tl e m oun t A nd th e two .

poi n t s j u s t n ot e d l e a d us to th e c on c l u s ion s ( 1 ) th a t th e c a s tl e ,

wa s for e ign to E n gl a n d a n d E n gl i s h m e n a n d ( 2 ) t h a t th e ti m e ,

hon ou re d n ot ion th a t t h e E ngl i s h m a n r a i s e d th e e a rth work s a n d 1

,

C tlas e of Re nn es : f r om Ba ye u Ta x p try es

th e N or m a n b u i l t s ton e c a s t l e s u pon t h e m is O p e n to obj e ct ion ,

th e fa c t b e i ng th a t th e s ton e c a s tl e w a s a n e xc e pt ion i n N orm a n dy

i t se l f T h e p i ctu re o f th e B r e ton c as tl e o f D i n a n ( 4 6 ) s ho ws
.
,

a s i n a s e c tion a l a rg e pud d i n g s h a p e d m ou n t s u rrou n d e d by

r
-
,

a d i tch w i th a l o w b a n k o f e a rt h on t h e s i d e to wa d s t h e b a i l e y
, .

O n t h e to p o f th e m ou n t is a to we r c l e a rly O f ti m b e r R ou n d , .

t h e e dg e o f t h e m oun t e n c i rc l i n g t h e to we r is a s toc k a d e for m e d

o f u pri ght s w ith s to u t h u rd l e s b e t we e n * a w ork to wh ic h C ae s a r s
, ,
’

Th r
1
r hi h iv f w ri p rp l xity Th
rl rt n in N rth m pt n hir C n t Ch r h t r
e e a re c as e s, o c o u se , c g e se to e e . us at
E Ba m th e fa o we
t nd it hi h pp r ithin ri in l l i m it dit h
o us
a s o o a o s e, p re o q ue s u c
-
,

w be w th e o f th e of
dj nt tl m nt I t d bt l h v r h th r m t
s a s on a s e c a e a s to g a o c
th e a is fu we w th e o un wa s
v r dit h d thi id h rh d r h p
ac e c as e ou . ou ,
o e ,
e e

; a nd th e u o n th e
t
e e c e on s s e c u c oes n o t e nc o ac

m o un .
46 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

d e s c ri pt ion O f h is br e a s t work s at A l e s i a m i gh t we l l b e a ppl i e d .

1

A cc e s s to t h e m ou n t is g a i n e d by a s t e e p l a d d e r , prob a b ly
for m e d o f pl an k s w i th p roj e ct i n g p i e c e s O f wood n a i l e d to th e m
fo r foot hold s w h i c h s p a n s th e d i t c h a n d h as it s foot w i th i n
-
, ,

th e b a i l e y Th e m oun t i t s e l f a n d th i s m ay b e prov e d by m a ny
.
—

s u rvivi n g e x a m pl e s is too s t e e p to b e s e a l e d w i th a n y e a s e ;
—

a nd th e l ad d e r a l though a fford i n g th e d e fe n d e r s a n e x c e l l e n t
C
,

c o m m u n ic a t ion wi t h t h e b a i l e y is h a rd ly to b e l i m b e d wi th
,

i m pun i ty by th e O ppo s i ng forc e Th e l ad d e r e nd s i n a wood e n

.

pl a t for m a t th e e dg e o f t h e m ou n t wh i c h s e rv e s a s a p ropug na ,

c ul u m fo r th e g a rri s on i n fron t of th e s to c k a d e
, I II t h e p ict u r e .

o f th e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e c a s t l e a t H as t in g s a t i m b e r to we r a n d ,

s toc k a d e are i n c ou r s e o f e r e cti on T h e p i on e e r s a re bu sy .

C tlas e o fD in n r
a f om B a ye u x p try
Ta es

d iggi n g e a rth fro m th e fo sse fo r th e i r n e a rl y com pl e t e d m ou n t ,

a n d co m p act i n g t h e s ur fa c e w i th bl o w s fro m t h e fl a t o f th e i r

s p ad e s ( 3 8
)
I n Fr a n c e th e m ou n t wa s u s u a l ly k n o wn a s th e m o tto fro m
t h e tu rf o f wh i ch i t w a s co m po se d a n d t h e occ u rr e n c e o f th e ,

word L a m ott e a s p a rt o f a pl a c e n a m e is a s t e l l t a l e as a n a m e
M
- -

l i ke ou n t B u r e s i n E n gl a n d B ut a c o m m on n a m e fo r th e
.

m o tte e m pl oy e d by m e d i e v a l wr i t e r s was t h e L at i n d a n io or
, ,

d o mg io a d e b a s e d for m o f th e word d o m in io
,
Th i s b e c a m e i n .

Fr e n c h d o njo n a nd i n E n gl i s h d u ng eo n T h e m o tte a t C a n t e rbu ry

, .

is s t i l l k n o wn by th e corru pt e d n a m e O f t h e D a n e J ohn The .

1
C r D B el l
G a l l , v ii 7 3 ;
“
hi v
u c [ a ll o ] l o ric am p inn a s q ue a d ie c it,
t
'

en s a ,
e . .

ran d ib us ce rv is e m in e n tib us a d c o m m is s ura s

p l ute o rum a que a gge ris, q ui
g
a sc e n s um h o s t um ta rd are n t
i ”
Se e 60 e o w
. p bl . .
 TH E E GLN I SH CA T
S L E A FT E R TH E C N QU E T
O S 47

m ou n t t h e s y m bol o f th e d o m i n ion o f th e fe ud a l l ord a nd th e

, ,

c e n tr e o f h is d o m in iu m or d e m e s n e bor e h is s t ron g to we r ; a n d
,

to th i s to we r t h e n a m e o f t h e m ou n t wa s tr a n s fe rr e d W h e n .

t h e to we r on th e m oun t w as s u p e r s e d e d by t h e h e a vy a nd l o fty
r e ct a ngu l a r or c y l i n d ric a l to we r o f l a t e r t i m e s , th e ne w to we r
k e pt th e O ld n a m e B y a s t r a n g e t r a n s fe r e n c e o f m e a n i n g ou r
i
.
,

E n gl s h d u ng eo n fr e qu e n t ly a p pl i e d to t h e c h i e f to we r o f a
,

c as t l e u n t i l t h e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry , b e c a m e con n e ct e d w i t h t h e

v a ul t s or s tor e roo m s i n t h e b as e m e n t o f s u ch a to we r , a nd n o w
-

r e m in d s us l e s s o f t h e d o m i n i on o f th e c as tl e bu i l d e r s t h a n o f
t h e c ru e l ty w i th wh i c h t h e y a re s u ppo se d to h a v e e x e rc i se d th a t
do m in ion .

I t m ay s a fe ly b e a s s u m e d th a t th e v e ry l a rg e m aj ori ty o f c a s t le s

C l h t r C tl
o c es e as e g r tt r k p
ea o we or ee .

o f th e l v e n th a n d e a rly t we l fth c e n tu ry we r e con s tru c t e d 0 11

e e

th i s p l a n Th e r e we r e e x c e pt ion s a nd c e rt a i n ly s e v e ra l E n gl i s h
.
,

c as t l e s h a v e s ton e work o f th e p e r iod o f th e C on qu e s t Lon d on .

a nd C ol ch e s t e r ( 4 7 ) h a d r e ct a n gu l a r d onj on s fro m th e fi r s t .

A t R i c h m on d ( 9 3 ) th e s ton e work o f p a rt O f th e c u rt a i n a n d
o f t h e l o we r
p a rt o f t h e r e c t a n gu l a r to we r k e e p is u nq u e s ti on
-

a bl y O f t h e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry w h e n t h e c a s t l e wa s con s t ruc t e d
,

by A l a n o f B ri tt a ny I n s e v e r a l oth e r pl a c e s i n th e cu rt a in
.
,

a t T a m worth
( 4 8 ) a nd i n p a rt o f th e c u rt a i n a t Li n col n th e r e ,

is e l e v e n th c e n t u ry s ton e w ork B ut m or e w i l l b e s a i d of th e se
.

c ase s l a t e r I t is e n ough to say h e r e th a t i n m o s t c a s e s s ton e

.
, ,

work for m s a l a t e N or m a n or P l a n t ag e n e t a d d i t ion to e a r ly

N or m a n e a rth wo rk A t N e wc astl e p a rt o f th e e a r ly m ou n t
.
48 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

r e m a i n e d s id e by s id e w i th th e l a t e t we l fth c e n t u ry to we r
,

k e e p u n t i l w i th i n t h e l a s t h und r e d ye a r s W a rk worth m o s t
,
.
,

i n s tru c t i v e o f E n gl i s h c a s t l e s pre s e rv e s th e b a se o f its m ou n t

,

a n d t h e a r e a o f it s or igi n a l b a i l e y : t h e m ou n t b e a r s a s t ron g

to we r hou se o f th e e a rly fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry ; on th e l i n e o f th e
-

b a n k o f th e b a i l e y is a s ton e c u rt a i n o f a bou t t h e y e a r 1 2 0 0 ;
w i th i n th e a r e a is a s e ri e s o f e l a bor a t e a n d b e a u t i fu l bu i l d i n g s
o f t wo o r th r e e d a t e s W a rk worth is th e e p i to m e of th e

T am wo rth E le v nth C nt r t n rk
e e u y S o e wo

h i s tory o f th e c a s t l e fro m its N or m a n origi n to its pr a c ti c a l

,

id e n t i fi c a t ion i n th e l a t e r m i dd l e a g e s w i th th e l a rg e m a n or
, ,

hou s e ; a nd to W a rk worth we s h a l l r e t u rn m or e t h a n on c e .

T h e r e are e xc e pt ion a l c ase s i n wh i c h two m o un t s occ u r .

A t Li n c ol n th e s m a l l e r m ou n t is a t th e s outh e a s t -

corn e r o f th e e n c l o s u r e a n d prob a bl y m a y h a v e c a rri e d th e

,

origi n a l d onj on T h e l a rg e r m ou n t o f for m id a bl e h e igh t a n d

.
,

s t e e pn e ss is we s t o f t h e c e n tr e O f t h e s ou th s id e
,
B oth m ou n t s .
,
 TH E N
E G L ISH CA T S L E A FT E R TH E C N QU E T
O S 49

as is u s u a l , a re h a l f w i th i n a n d h a l f w i thou t th e l i n e o f th e
r a m p a rt Th e s ton e c u rt a i n wa l l h a s b e e n brought u p th e i r
.
-

s id e s a n d t h e l a rg e r m ou n t is c ro wn e d by a s ton e she l l kee p

“ ”

o f t h e l a t e t we l fth c e n t u ry Th e prov i s ion o f th i s s e cond m ou n t

.

wa s po s s i bl y d ue to t h e e x po s e d po s it ion o f th e c a s t l e , w h ic h
for m e d t h e out e r d e fe n c e o f t h e c ity on t h e we s t a n d s o ut h we s t , -

a n d n e e d e d its gr e a t e s t s tr e n gth 0 11 th a t s i d e A t Pon t e fr a ct .

a n d L e we s , a g a i n th e re we re two m ou n t s o ne a t e ac h e n d o f
, ,

th e e n c l o s u r e A t both pl ac e s t h e l a t e r s ton e k e e p w a s bu i l t i n
.
,

con n e c t ion w i th th e we s t e rn m oun t a t t h e e nd n e a r e s t th e to wn ,

a n d t h e s l op e o f t h e ridg e on w h i c h i t w a s bu i l t T h e s i t e s a re .

r a th e r s i m i l a r , a nd , i n e ith e r c a se , t h e e a s t e rn m ou n t ov e rl ook e d
th e r i v e r v a l l e y d e fe n d e d by t h e c a s tl e
-
I t is n ot c e rt a i n t h a t
.

two m ou n t s e v e r for m e d p a rt o f a n orig i n a l pl a n T h e n at u ra l .

t e n d e ncy wou l d b e to th ro w u p th e m ou n t a t fi r s t on th e s id e
n e a r e r t h e v a l l e y wh e r e ,

t h e S l o pe w a s s t e e p e r ,

a n d t h e l a bou r r e q u i r e d

i n con s tructi on w ou l d
b e l e ss . A n a tt a c k ,

ho we v e r 0 11 th e to w n
,

a nd c as t l e w ou l d c o m e

m o s t n a tu r a l l y fro m th e
h igh e r groun d to th e
w e s t , wh i c h co m m a n d e d
t h e c a s t l e a n d its d e
fe n c e s . A n e w m ou n t
wou l d , in p roc e ss o f
t i m e , b e con s t ru ct e d o n Wa wo Pl a rk rth n
th i s s id e a nd t h e ol d
o
,

m ou n t w u l d b e co m e o f s e cond a ry i m port a n c e A t L e we s
i
.

w h e r e t h e s l op e O f t h e h i l l is a br upt , t h e we s t e rn m ou n t r se s
fro m a h igh e r l e v e l , an d co m m a n d s a m uch w id e r s tr e tc h o f
cou n t ry th a n th e m ou n t a t th e n orth e as t an gl e o f th e e u -

c l o s ure A t L i n col n , wh e r e a n e n e m y s for c e h ad n o a d v a n t age

.
’

o f h igh e r grou n d th e l a rg e r m oun t s i m ply occ up i e s t h e m o s t

a d v a n t ag e ou s po s it ion , prot e ct i n g th e m o s t e x po se d s id e o f
th e e n c l o s u r e a nd co m m a nd i n g o ne o f th e m o s t e x t e n s i v e
,

v i e ws i n E ngl a n d Th e foot o f o n e m ou n t is l ittl e m or e th a n

.

t wo h u n d r e d fe e t d i s t a n t fro m th e foot o f t h e oth e r ; w h i l e a t ,

L e we s a nd Pon t e fr act th e l e n gth o f th e w hol e b a i l e y l ay b e t we e n

,

t h e m ou n t s T h u s wh i l e i t is po s s i bl e th a t , a t L e we s a nd
. .

P on t e fr act bot h m ou n t s m ay b e origi n a l , w i th th e i d e a o f

,

s t r e n gth e n i n g th e e n cl o s u r e a t e ith e r e n d w i th a d onj on , t wo

or igi n a l mou n t s at Li n col n wou l d n ot h av e th i s e x cu s e ; a nd

50 M ILIT A R Y AR C I E CT U R E
H T

w e m ay i n fe r th a t ,

at s o m e d a t e l at e r

th a n th e fo un d a
t ion o f L i n col n
c as t l e , th e N or
m a n l ord s o f th e
fort r e s s th r e w up
a n e w m oun t a t a

poi n t fro m wh ich

th e s l op e o f th e
h i l l a n d th e a p
p ro ac h e s fro m th e
v aHe y o f th e
um
T r e n t cou l d b e
L n
.

e we s ; Pla co m m a n d e d m or e
t horough l y .

T h e provi s i on o f m or e th a n o ne b a i l e y a s a t C l u n ,

wh e r e t wo s m a l l b a i l e y s s e p a r a t e d by d i tch e s cov e r t h e s outh a n d

, ,

we s t s id e s o f t h e m ou n t wa s d ue p a rtl y to t h e i rr e gu l a r n a t u r e
, ,

o f th e s i t e an d
,
p a rtl y to th e n e e d fo r t h e m u l t i pl i c a t ion o f
d e fe n c e s S u ch a n a rr a ng e m e n t i n con ve n i e n t i n t i m e o f p e a c e
.
, ,

woul d b e a con s id e r a bl e
a d v a n t ag e i n c ase o f
S i e ge ,
w h e n e a ch b a i l e y
wou l d provid e a s e p a r a t e
d i ffi c ul ty to th e a s sa i l
an t s,
and a se p arat e

r a l lyi n g po i n t to th e
d e fe n d e r s .A t B u i l th
( 50 ) wh e r e th e whol e
a r e a o f t h e c as tl e e a rth

w ork s is s m a l l a n d t h e ,

d i t c h e s o f m ou n t a nd
b a i l e y a re o f c on s id e r
a bl e s tr e n gth th e m a i n
,

b a i l e y is a n a rro w s e g
m e n t a l pl a t for m cov e r
i n g th e s outh s id e o f th e
m ou n t . O n th e we s t
s id e O f th e m ou n t is a

sm al l e r a nd n a rro we r
pl a t for m b e t we e n wh ich
,

a n d t h e m a i n b a i l e y is a

bro ad d i tch for m i ng a

i th
,

cro ss cu t or tr av e r se b e
-
Bu l ; P l an
 TH E E G I SHN L C A TL E A FT E
S R TH E C N QU E T
O S 51

t we e n th e d itch e s o f th e m ou n t a n d b a i l e y A s th e e n cl o s u r e is .

v e ry n e a rly c i rcu l a r wi th th e m ou n t n orth we s t o f th e c e n t r e th i s

,
-
,

s e cond pl a t for m is s o m e wh a t s qu e e z e d i n to t h e s p a c e a nd t h e ,

d i tch be t we e n i t a n d th e cou n t e r s c a rp wh i ch ru n s con t i n uou s l y

roun d both m oun t an d b a i l e y is v e ry n a rro w I n th e m or e u s u a l .

i n s t a n c e s wh e r e th e m oun t a n d its d i t c h for m a r e gu l a r c i r c l e

, ,

wh i c h i n t e r s e ct s w i th t h e b a i l e y a n d it s d i tch a se con d a ry pl a t ,

for m a s h a s b e e n n ot e d occu r s ou t s id e t h e l i n e o f both d it c h e s

, , ,

a n d is s u rrou nd e d by a d itch O f it s o wn c o m m u n i c a t i n g w i th both ,

.

T h i s is th e c a se w i th th e v e ry sy m m e tri c a l e x a m pl e o f a m ou n t
a n d b a i l e y c as t l e a t
-
M
e xborough a t Li l bou rn e i n N o rth a n ts H a l
, ,

l a ton i n L e ic e s t e r s h i re a n d oth e r c a s e s H e r e th e se c on d a ry .

pl a t for m is a n e x c re s
c e n c e on o ne s id e o f
t h e m e e t i ng o f t h e
t wo c i r c l e s Such
.

pl a t for m s we r e m e r e
out work s wh e r e a dd i
t io n a l d e fe n c e wa s n e c
e s s a ry ; i t is po ss i bl e

th a t on th e m s ton e
th rowi ng e ngi nes
m igh t b e pl a n t e d by
t h e d e fe n d e r s a s t h e ,

n a rro w n e ss o f t h e
d i tch wou l d a t th e se
poi n t s bri n g th e ass a i l
a n t s m or e n e a rly wi th

i n r a n g e th a n at a ny
b a l l:
oth e r poi n t w i th i n t h e ffi O cd

e n cl o s u r e .S u ch e n H a ll a o ; P l a tn n
g i n e s wou l d e n cu m be r
t h e l a rg e r b a i l e y wh ich wou l d n e c e ss a ri ly b e k e pt a s c l e a r as
,

po ss i bl e fo r th e O p e r a t ion s o f th e m a i n body o f th e g a rri son .

T h e m ou n t a nd b a i l e y c as tl e h a s be e n d e riv e d by s o m e fro m
- -

a T e uton ic origi n
1
bu t i t is d i ffi cu l t to t r a c e i t w i th any c e rt a i n ty
,

a t a n e a rly p e riod o ut s id e Fr a n c e a n d N or m a n dy T h e r e are .

m a n y r e m a i n s o f th e se c a s t l e s i n N or m a n dy i t s e l f Th e fa m ou s
G
.

c a s tl e o f D o m fron t ( O rn e ) fou n d e d o rigi n a l ly by , u i l l au m e

T a l va s ( d . a n c e s to r o f t h e hou s e o f B e l l em e po ss i bly took ,

th i s for m : a s a t N e wc as t l e a r e ct a n gu l ar to we r o f s ton e too k th e

,
?
pl ac e i n th e t we l fth c e n tu ry o f th e to we r on th e m ou n t
, , T he
1
rt ii
S e e B ul a
r th vr 49 4
r ky i t i k i h m nd h v b n
. .
,
2
m ay, l
0

D omf on o we e , o n its R
rr nd d by t n r fir t
,
oc s e, e c o , a e ee
su ou e a s o e wa ll f o m th e s .
52 M I LI A RY A R T C IT E CT U R E
H

wr i t e r o f a m on ogr a ph on th e c as t l e o f D o m fron t e n u m e r a t e s
fi ve s u c h m oun t s wh i ch e x i s t or a re k n o wn to h a v e e x i s t e d .

w i th i n t h e l o c a l a rro rza zlrs e m e /zt

’ }
T wo , a t S e pt Forg e s a n d -

Luc e r e m a i n i n t ac t cov e r e d by pl a n t a t ion s o f t r e e s A t S e pt

, ,
.

Forg e s th e c h u rch a n d c a s tl e we r e s id e by s i d e , as m ay s t i l l b e
s e e n a t E a rl s B a rton i n N orth a m pton s h i r e
2
A t Lu c e t h e r e a re ,

t r a c e s o f a b a i l e y O n t h e oth e r h a n d , a t L a B a roch e , a l a rg e
.

m ou n t s e e m s to h a v e born e t h e whol e c a s t l e : o n e m ay co m p a r e
w i th th i s th e gr e a t m oun t o f R e s to rm e l i n Corn wa l l , wh ich is
t h e n a tu r a l s u m m i t o f a h i l l a rt i fi c i a l ly s c a rp e d a n d s u rrou n d e d ,

b y a fo s s e l i k e a con tou r fort o f e a rly t i m e s

,
I t is i m port a n t .

to n ot ic e th a t on th e s e a rt i fi c i a l m ou n t s o f s ou th e rn N or m a n dy
th e r e a pp e a r s n o ru i n , n o t r a c e o f con st ruct i on i n m a s on ry
“
.

T h e i n fe r e n c e is obviou s T h e b u i ld i n g s wh ich th e y c a rr i e d we r e
.

o f w ood a n d h a v e yi e l d e d to t h e a c t ion o f fi re or t h e we a th e r
,
.

O n n o oth e r hypoth e s i s c a n th e s p e e d w i th wh i c h c a s tl e s we r e
c on s t ru c t e d i n E n gl a n d a ft e r t h e Con qu e s t , or t h e e a s e w ith wh i ch

th e y we re d e s troy e d b e e x pl a i n e d W i l l i a ms s u bj e ct s i n N or
,
.
’

m a n d y th r e w u p fort i fic a t ion s a g a i n s t h i m wi t h a s p e e d wh i ch
po s i t i ve ly forbi d s us to i m agi n e th a t th e y procu r e d m a son s to
w ork i n s ton e I n 1 0 6 1 R ob e rt , s o n o f G iro ie , o ne o f th e po we r
.
,

ful n obl e s o f t h e A l e n co n n a is j o i n e d forc e s w i th th e A n g e v i n s ,

a g a i n s t W i l l i a m a n d fo rt i fi e d h is c a s tl e s o f L a R o c h e s u r I e a n d
g
- - -
,

S a i n t C en er i
-
H is c ou s i n A rn ol d s o n o f R ob e rt d r i v e n fro m
.
, , ,

3
t h e c as tl e o f E ch a u ffou r , r e t u rn e d s e c r e t ly a n d bu rn e d it The
Y
.

qu ic k n e ss w i th wh ic h th e t wo c a s tl e s a t or k we r e con s tru ct e d ,

d e s troy e d , a nd r e p a i r e d , a l l o we d n o t i m e fo r d re ss i n g s ton e .

T h e po i n t s wh i c h ou r e vi d e n c e l e ad s u s to a cc e pt m ay b e re
c a pi tu l a t e d as fol l o ws
( I ) T h e c as t l e was a for e ign i m port a tion—

i n to E n gl a n d o f th e p e ri od o f th e N or m a n con qu e s t ( 2 ) I t
, .

c on s i s t e d i n its s i m pl e s t form o f a m o a t e d m oun t o r m atte , w i th

, ,

a b a i l e y or b as e cou r t a tt a ch e d
( 3 ) I ts e arl i e s t forti fi c a t i on s
-
.

we r e e n t i r e ly o f t i m b er s a v e i n r a r e i n s t a n c e s , .

W e m ay n o w e x a m i n e th e e vid e nc e wh i ch i n d e fa u l t o f ,

a ctu a l r e m a i n s s u rvi v e s w i th r e g a rd to t h e t i m b e r con s t ruct i on s

,

o f th e s e c as t l e s a n d th e i r u s e Th e to we r on th e m ou n t fi r s t .

d e m a n d s ou r a tt e n t i on A p a rt fro m t h e p i ctu r e s o f th e B ay e u x
.

t a p e s t ry , c e rt a i n e a rly t we l fth c e n tu ry ch ron ic l e s o f n orth e rn

Fr a n c e h av e pr e s e rv e d fo r u s a c c ou n t s o f th e m a i n fe atu r e s o f
th i t ructu r e a d it e7zce zflfe 4
J e a n d e Co l m ie u d e s c r i b e s th e
'

s s n s .

1
L ie
B l an c h e t Le D j Ch i/m u fé o d a l
'
D o m ro n t
f ( Or )
pp
. re , o n on o z: d e ne ,

89 3,
nt bv p 5
1 . 29, 30 .

2
Se e
rd V it iii 5 4
o e a o e, . .

3
0
nti l p rti n th t xt t d by ii
. .
,
. .

4
The e s se a o o s o f e se e s a re q uo e E n l a rt, .
49 7 9
-
.
 TH E E G N LI SH CA T S L E A FT E R TH E C NQU E T
O S 53

c as t l e f Me rc h e m cl o s e by t h e ch u rch , a s m m zz tzo qued a m qua m ’

’ ’
‘

o ,

ca s t/ u m ve l I t is th e c u s to m , h e
'

d zce re poss u m us
”
.

s ay s w i th t h e ri ch m e n a nd n obl e s o f th i s d i s t ric t , be c a u s e th e y
“
,

s p e n d th e i r t i m e i n e n m i ty a n d s l a ught e r , a n d i n ord e r th a t th e y

m ay t h e r e by b e s a fe r fro m th e i r e n e m i e s , a n d by th e i r s u p e ri or
po we r e i th e r c onq u e r th e i r e qu a l s o r oppre s s th e i r i n fe rior s to ,

h e a p u p a m ou n t o f e a rth a s h igh as th e y c a n, a nd to d ig
roun d i t a d i tch o f s o m e br e a d th a nd gr e at d e pth , and , i n s t e a d
o f a w a l l , to for ti fy t h e top m o s t e dg e o f t h e m ou n t rou n d a bou t

w i th a r a m p a rt ( v a l /o ) v e ry s t ron gly co m p a ct e d o f pl a n k s o f
t i m b e r , a nd h a vi n g to we r s, a s far a s po ss i bl e a rr a n g e d a l on g ,

its c i rc u i t W ith i n th e r a m p a rt t h e y bu i l d i n th e m i d s t a hou se

.

o r a c i t ad e l
( a m ) co m m a nd i n g th e whol e s i t e T h e g at e o f
‘
-
.

e n t ry to t h e pl a c e th e word u se d is v il l a , i m plyi ng a pl a c e
—

o f h a bi t a t ion r a th e r th a n a s t ronghol d c a n b e a ppro a ch e d

on ly by a bridg e wh i ch r i s i n g a t fi r s t fro m t h e out e r l i p o f t h e

i
, ,

d it c h , is gr a d u a l ly r a i se d h gh e r S u pport e d by u pright s i n .

p a i r s , o r i n se t s o f th r e e , wh ic h a re fi x e d b e n e a t h i t a t con v e n i e n t
i n t e rv a l s i t r i s e s by a gr ad u a t e d s l op e a c ro s s t h e br e a dth o f th e
,

d i t c h s o th a t i t r e ach e s t h e m ou n t on a l e v e l w i th its s u m m i t an d
,

a t it s o ut e r e d g e a n d touch e s t h e th r e s hol d o f t h e e n cl o s u r e
,
.

I t w i l l b e n ot ic e d th a t th e m o a t e d m oun t d e s c ri b e d h e r e h a d n o
b a i l e y I t wa s a l s o obviou s ly n ot m e re ly a forti fi e d s tron ghol d
.
,

a pl a c e o f r e fug e i n t i m e o f wa r bu t a d e fi n i t e r e s id e n c e o f t h e ,

l o c a l l ord T h e t u rr e t s rou n d th e t i m b e r r a m p a rt o f th e m oun t

.

a re m e n t i on e d as occ as ion a l , n ot i n v a ri a bl e fe a tu r e s o f th e d e s ign .

T h e h a b i t a t io n w i th i n t h e r a m p a rt m ay b e a s t ron g to we r o r
a m e r e hou s e T h e se n s e o f t h e p as s ag e s h o ws c l e a rly th a t
.

th e r e was a door wa y i n t h e r a m p a rt by wh i ch th e hou s e wa s ,

a ppro a ch e d fro m t h e br idg e Fi n a l ly th e d e s c ri pt i on is n ot

.
,

a ppl i c a bl e m e r e ly to a s in gl e c a s tl e bu t is a g e n e ri c d es c ri pt ion ,

o f s t ron ghold s i n a p a rt icu l a r n e igh bourhood .

T h e d o m e s t i c , a p a rt fro m th e m i l it a ry ch a r act e r o f t h e ,

bu i l d i n g , is e m ph as i se d i n t h e s tory wh ich fol l o ws th e d e sc rip

t ion joh n o f W a rn e ton th e s a i n t e d b i s hop o f T h erou a n n e
.
,

(d .
_
w as e n t e rt a i n e d h e r e , wh e n h e c a m e to h ol d a c o n
fi rm a t io n i n Me rc h e m c hu r c h A ft e r t h e con fi rm a t i on wa s .

ov e r h e we n t b a c k to t h e c as tl e to c h a ng e h is v e s t m e n t s b e for e
,

proc e e d i n g to bl e ss th e c hu rchy a rd A s h e r e tu rn e d a c ro ss th e .

m pi n g b ridg e wh ich at it s m idd l e poi n t wa s abou t 3 5 fe e t

,

a bov e t h e d i tch t h e pr e ss o f t h e p e opl e wh o c ro wd e d to s e e t h e

,

hol y m a n was so gr e a t , and t h e ol d e n e m y s a y s th e ch ron i c l e r , ,

so a l i ve to th e opportun i ty th a t th e brid g e brok e a nd th e , ,

bi s hop a n d h is a d m i r e r s a m id a t e rri bl e n oi se o f fa l l i n g j o i s t s
, ,

bo a rd s a nd s p a r s we r e th ro wn to th e botto m o f th e d itch
, ,
.
54 M I IT A RY
L A R CH I T E CT U R E

T h e c a s tl e wa s i n fa c t , t h e p ri v a t e r e s id e n c e o f a m an wh o
, ,

if h e cou l d i n d ul g e i n t h e p e a c e fu l pl e a s u r e o f e n t e rt a i n i n g h is
bi s hop cou l d not a fford to l i v e i n a n u n fo rtifi e d hou s e P ri v a t e
,
.

wa r fa r e w i th h is n e ighbou r s wa s th e bu s i n e ss o f h is l i fe a n d h e ,

h ad to m a k e h i m se l f a s co m fort a bl e as h e cou l d w i th i n h is
p a l i sad e J e a n d e C o l m ie u d o e s n ot t e l l us wh e th e r th e c a s t l e
.

s tron ghol d a t Me rc h e m took t h e s h a p e o f a to we r or n ot ; bu t

L a m b e rt o f A rd r e s h as l e ft a d e s cri pt ion o f th e gr e a t wood e n

to we r o f thr e e s tori e s w h i c h th e c a rp e n t e r Lou i s d e B ou rbou rg
con s truct e d about 1 0 9 9 fo r A rn ou ld , l ord o f A rd r e s Th e .

e l a bor a t e n e s s o f its d e s ign and pl a n is r e m a rk a bl e a nd th e ,

m atte wh ich bor e i t m u s t h a v e b e e n o f c on s id e r a bl e s i z e .

Th e grou n d fl o o r con t a i n e d c e l l a r s
-
s tor e roo m s a n d gr a n a ri e s
,
-
,
.

T h e fi r s t floor c on t a i n e d th e ch i e f l iv i n g roo m s th e co m m on - —

h a l l , th e p a n t ry an d bu tt e ry , th e gr e a t ch a m b e r wh e r e A rn ou l d
a n d h is w i fe s l e pt , w i th t wo oth e r roo m s , o n e t h e s l e e p i n g pl a c e -

o f th e body s e rv a n t s O ut o f th e gr e a t ch a m b e r op e n e d a roo m
-
.

or r e c e s s w i th a fi re pl ac e , wh e r e th e fol k o f th e c a s t l e we r e bl e d ,
-

t h e s e rv a n t s w a r m e d th e m s e l v e s or th e ch i l d r e n we r e t a k e n i n
,

col d we a th e r to b e wa r m e d O ne m ay as s u m e t h a t th e gr e a t
.

ch am b e r was a t th e e n d o f th e h al l oppo s i t e to th e p a n t ry a nd
bu tt e ry T h e k i tch e n wa s prob a bly r e ach e d as i n t h e l a rg e r
.
,

d we l l i n g hou se s o f l at e r d ay s by a p a s s ag e b e t we e n th e se o ffi c e s
-
,

i t was on th e sa m e fl oor as th e h a l l bu t occ u pi e d a two s tori e d ,

-

e xt e n s ion o f th e donj on on o n e s id e B e l o w t h e k i tch e n we r e th e

1
.

p ig sty , fo wl hou se , and oth e r l i k e o ffi c e s Th e t h i rd s t a ge o f th e

- -
.

donj on con t a i n e d th e b e d ch a m b e r s o f th e d a ught e r s o f th e h ou s e :

-

th e s on s a l s o cou l d s l e e p o n t h i s floor if th e y cho s e , a n d h e r e s l e pt ,

t h e gu a rd o f th e c as tl e , wh o r e l i e v e d o ne a n oth e r a t i n t e rv a l s i n
th e work o f k e e p i n g wa tch O n th e e a s t e rn s id e o f t h e fi r s t
.

floor was a proj e ct i n g bu i l d i n g , c a l l e d th e l ag z z mz or p a r l ou r,

'

a n d a bov e th i s on th e top fl oor was t h e ch a p e l o f th e h ou s e ,

“
m ad e l i k e i n c a rvi n g a n d p a i n t i n g to th e t a be rn a c l e ( s ic) o f
S ol omon L a m b e rt s p e a k s o f th e s t a i r way s an d p a s s ag e s o f th e
.

donj on , bu t h is d e s cr i pt ion o f th e proj e ct i n g p a rl ou r an d ch a p e l

is n ot s u ffi c i e n tly e x pl ic i t a n d h is a d m i r a t ion m ay h av e m a gn i fi e d
,

th e proport ion s o f th e bu i ld i n g H is d e s cri pt ion h o we v e r , is

.
,

o f gr e a t s e rvi c e wh e n a ppl i e d to t h e to we r d onj on o f s ton e , th e

a rr a ng e m e n t s o f wh i ch i t s e rv e s to e x pl a i n H e r e a g a i n , th e .
,

fortr e ss wa s c l e a rl y d e s ign e d as a d we l l i n g hou se : t h e s u ppl y

o f room s, if i t is n ot e x a gg e r a t e d wa s qu i t e r e m a rk a bl e fo r t h e ,

a ge . Th e m atte or d onj on L a m b e rt giv e s i t th e se a l t e rn a t i v e

—

n a m e s ro se i n th e m id d l e o f a m a r s h , wh ich A rn ou l d con v e rt e d
—

1
Th e “
l e sse r d nj F l i hi h w t in d r t h mb r
th e g e a
tn r pr j ti t ri r m r t d nj n
o on at a a se , c co n a e c a e ,
15 a re c a g ul a o ec o n o f two s o es f o th e g ea o o .
 TH E E N G L I S II CA TS L E A FT E R TH E C N QU E T
O S 55

i n to a l a k e or m o a t by for m i n g s l u ic e s : h is m i l l was n e a r th e
fi rst s l u i ce .

N o d e fi n i t e d e s c ri pt ion is l e ft o f th e d e fe n c e s o f t h e b a i l e y i n
a c a s tl e o f th i s d a t e Th e r e is n o d oubt ho we v e r th a t th e s c a rp
.
, , ,

or e n c i r c l i n g b a n k o f e a rth wa s prot e c t e d l i k e th e s u m m i t o f th e
, ,

m ou n t by a h e dg e or p a l i s a d e o f t h e t r ad i t ion a l typ e
,
S uch .

h e dg e s we r e th e n or m a l d e fe n c e o f a ny k i n d o f s tron ghol d th e
e d i c t o f P i s t e s ord e r e d t h e d e s truct ion o f a l l u n l i c e n se d ca s te l /a ,

b c as tl e s s tron g d we l l i n g s a n d h e dg e s I n
fi
'

rzl z z ta tes e t a th s
,
—
, ,
.

1 2 2 5 H e n ry I I I ord e r e d th e for e s t e r o f G a l t re s to s u pply th e

Y
.

s h e ri ff o f ork s h i r e wi th t i mb e r fo r r e p a i ri n g a nd m a k i n g good
t h e br e a ch e s o f th e p a l i sa d e of ork c a s tl e The Y .

“
hou s e s a n d bridg e o f th e s a m e c a s tl e th a t is th e bu i l d
” “ ”
—

i ng s w ith i n th e b a i l e y a nd th e d r awbr i dg e by wh i c h th e b a i l e y
,

w a s e n t e r e d a cro ss t h e d i tch we r e a l s o o f t i m b e r A s l ate as ,

.

1 3 2 4 t h e s tock a d e on t h e m ou n t wa s s ti l l o f w ood s u rrou n d i ng ,

t h e s ton e d on jon o f t h e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry Th i s is a n i n t e r e s t
1
.

i n g e x a m pl e o f th e s u rvi v a l u n t i l a l a t e d a t e o f pri m i t i v e fo rt ifi c a
, ,

t i on i n a s tron g a nd i m port a n t c a s tl e T h e r e is a bu n d a n t .

e vi d e n c e i n fa ct th a t th e N orm a n e ng i n e e r pu t h is t ru s t n o t
i n s ton e but i n h is e a rth e n r a mp a rt a nd its p a l i s a d e s W h e n
, , ,

G
,
.
,

a bou t 1 0 9 0 t h e fr e e boot e r A s c e l i n
,
o el got po ss e s s ion o f th e
2 ”
c as tl e o f I vry h e e n c l o s e d i t ,
wi th d i tch e s a n d th ic k h e dg e s “
.

I n 1 0 9 3 P h i l i p I o f Fr a n c e a n d R o be rt o f N o r m a n dy too k th e
,
.

p a rt o f Wi l l i a m o f B r e t e u i l th e d i s po sse ss e d l ord o f I vry a n d l a id

, ,

s i e g e to t h e fort i fi e d to wn a n d c as tl e o f B r ev a l ( S e i n e e t O i s e ) - -
.

W it h th e a id o f a s i e ge e n gi n e con s tru ct e d by R ob e rt o f B e l l em e , ,

3
th e y we r e a bl e to d e s troy th e r a m p a rt a n d e n c i rc l i n g h e d g e s .

B r ev a l wa s i n a wood e d a n d r e m ot e d i s tri ct w h e r e s ton e wou l d ,

h a v e b e e n h a rd to obt a i n i n a ny c ase Th e gr a n d n e c e ss i ty i n .
,

pl a c e s wh i c h we r e i n d a n g e r o f con s t an t a tt ac k was to provid e ,

th e m w i th a d e qu a t e d e fe n c e s wh i c h cou l d b e c on s truct e d i n th e
s hort e s t t i m e po ss ibl e .

O f t h e n a tu r e o f th e hou s e s w it h i n th e b a i l e y l i tt l e ca n b e ,

sa id . T h e y doubtl e s s i n c l ud e d s h e l t e r s fo r th e g a rr i s on o f th e
c as tl e s t abl e s fo r th e i r hor s e s a nd v a r iou s s h e d s or s tor e hou s e s
, ,
-
.

Th e h a l l or bu i l d i n g wh ic h wa s th e c e n tr e o f t h e d o m e s t ic
‘

, ,

l i fe o f th e c as tl e wa s fro m th e e a rl i e s t t i m e s th e c h i e f bu i l d
, , ,
~

i n g w i th i n t h e c i rcu m fe r e n c e o f t h e b a i l e y We r e a d o f th e .

1
r it g
Mrs A m w xix E l fz s t R e e w ,
V it vi ii
a e 1n ng . .
4 43 7 . .

O rd f0 5 5 1 s e t d e n s is s e pib us
m viii m hin ntr ti
.
,
12 .

a m un im e n t um ho s l e
. .

3 “
[ a /4 H ic
p rr t l x i n ppid m
4 . 2 ac a s c o n s trux it, co

u a s e g it, in ge ntia s a a e t o ppid an o s p roje c it, b e l l a to re s

dr ib v ll m
su e o o u .

as s ul tus i a e d o c u t, q u e t s e pe s c ircum c in g e nte s d iruit, et

l m in p ri i
us a u

cu m a m d o o ru je
su e n h ab tan te s d e c it . _
56 M IL IT A RY AR C IT E CT U R E
H

d e stru c t ion of t h e p rz flt zpa l zs a l t /a o f th e c a s t l e o f B r ion n e i n

' ' '

1 0 9 0 by th e re d hot d a rt s wh ich we r e h u rl e d u pon it s s h i n gl e d

,
-

roo f ; a n d s ton e h a l l s a s a t C h e p s to w a n d R i ch m on d we r e
1
, ,

bu i l t b e for e th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry B ut i t is .

c e rt a i n on th e oth e r h a n d th a t th e donj on wa s no w a nd l a t e r
i
, , , ,

a d a pt e d to d o m e s t i c a s we l l a s pu r e l y m i l i t a ry u s e s ; a nd t
s e e m s l i k e l y t h a t t h e o wn e r o f t h e c as tl e i n c e rt a i n c a s e s w a s , ,

c on t e n t w i th h is d we l l i n g u pon t h e m ou n t u n t i l a t a l a t e r d a t e , , ,

t h e s tr e ngth e n i n g o f t h e whol e e n c l o s u r e w i th a s ton e c urt a i n

m a d e i t po s s i bl e fo r h im to r a i s e a m or e conv e n i e n t d we l l i n g
hou s e w i th i n th e m or e a m pl e s p a c e o f th e b a i l e y I n t h e l a rg e r .

c a s tl e s ho w e v e r w h e r e th e r e w as a s t ron g p e r m a n e n t g a rr i s on a
, , ,

h a l l w a s a n cc e s s ity fo r th e i r e n t e rt a i n m e n t .

W h e r e m ou n t an d b a i l e y c astl e s a re fou n d w i thou t a t r ac e

- -

o f s ton e w ork i t d o e s n ot fol l o w th a t th e y a re n e c e s s a ri ly o f a

M
,

d at e i m m e d i a t e ly s ub s e qu e n t to th e C on qu e s t a ny o f th e s e .

c a s tl e s fou nd e d by th e C on qu e ro r a nd h is fol l o we r s b e c a m e
, ,
-

p e r m a n e n t s t ron ghol d s a n d i n d ue cou r s e o f t i m e we r e fort i fi e d

,

w i th s ton e wa l l s a n d to we r s O th e r s we r e prob a bly fou n d e d as .

a n i m m e d i a t e con se qu e nc e o f t h e C on qu e s t a n d we r e a b a nd on e d ,

i n fa vou r o f oth e r s i t e s T h u s i t h as b e e n tho ugh t th a t th e .

e a rth work s a t B a r w i c k in E l m e t n e a r L e e d s we r e a b a n d on e d
- -
, ,

by I l b e rt d e L a cy wh e n h e fi x e d u pon P on t e fr ac t a s t h e h e a d
,

o f h is hon ou r T r e c as tl e m ay h av e b e e n d e s e rt e d by B e rn a rd
‘
3
.

o f Ne w m a rc h fo r B r e con o r i t m a h a v e b e e n h e ld by a smal l
y ,

g a rri s on as th e we s t e rn ou tpo s t o f h is b a ron y B ut i t is we l l .

k n o wn th a t fo r a l ong t i m e a ft e r th e C on qu e s t i n th e p e ri od of
, ,

con s t a n t s tri fe b e t we e n th e N or m a n k i ng s a nd th e i r b a ron s a ,

l a rg e n u m b e r o f c as tl e s c a m e i n to e x i s t e n c e i n d e fi a n c e o f roy a l
e d i ct s . We k n o w th a t d u r i n g th e r e ign o f S t e ph e n w h e n e v e ry
, ,

m a n d id w h a t w as right i n h is o wn e y e s a n a l m o s t i n cr e d ibl e ,

n u m b e r o f u n l ic e n se d o r a d u l t e ri n e 3
c a s t l e s w e r e con s truct e d
“ ”
.

A s a r e s u l t o f t h e a gr e e m e n t be t we e n S t e ph e n a n d H e n ry I I .
,

m a ny o f th e s e we r e d e s t roy e d a n d th e n u m b e r o f E ngl i s h ,

c a s tl e s wa s m a t e ri a l ly l e s s e n e d L a t e r on wh e n th e r e vol t o f
M
,
.

th e o wbr ay s a g a i n s t H e n ry I I took pl a c e th e vi c tory o f th e

M
.
,
’
k i n g s p a rty wa s fol l o we d by th e d e st ru ct io n o f th e o wbr ay
c as tl e s at T h i r s k M K
i rk by a l z e a rd a n d i n n a rd s F e rry i n t h e
, ,
K '

i s l e o f A x h o l m e a n d o f B i s hop P u d se y s c a s tl e a t N orth a l l e rton ’

it viii C lidi ni in rn
, .

1
O1 d V al m o b se s s o re s fa b ril i fo
rr m m pr
. 1 3 ; .
, e . ac e q uze ,
i m fue ra t, fe is s il ium c al l e fac ie b an t, s ub ito que s u e
t ti m prin ip li
p tu
l in m m rr dn
n p ro s truc ta u
un i e n tis j a c ie b a n t , e t s ic fe um c a m e s
m tq pi l r m rid i t ti
ec u c a s a u ae
ta ru in a v e te rum l a nug ne im b ric um o s n is ib us
; é
ag a ue o u a
’
ant
ge
3
eJSe H nd f R ou Cas t/es a t/ze Co nques t ( A rc/zee al a l viii
t r it g za,
.
, .

3
A d u l ter
m us = sp urio us, co un e fe .
 TH E N L
E G I SH C A TL E A FT E R
S TH E C N QU E T
O S 57

Of th e s e fou r c a s tl e s e a rth work s o r t r a c e s o f e a rth work s but n o ,

s ton e work r e m a i n
, . I t is r e a s on a bl e to s uppo s e th a t th e m at e ri a l
o f th e i r fort i fi c a t ion s was t i m b e r ; H ast e i n th e c on s t ru c t ion o f
c a s tl e s s p e e d i n th e i r d e s t ruct ion d u rin g th e c e n t u ry fol l o w i n g
, ,

t h e C on qu e s t a re e a s i ly e x pl a i n e d if th e i r w ork s we r e m e r e ly o f
,

e a rth an d wood . A n d i t is thu s po s s ibl e th a t wh e n we m e e t

,

wi th a m ou n t a n d b a i l e y fortr e ss u n n a m e d i n h i s tory a n d u n
- -
,

touch e d by m e d i e v a l s ton e m ason s i t m ay b e n e ith e r on a s it e

,

cho s e n a n d th e n a b a nd on e d by a n e a rly N or m a n l ord n or a m e r e ,

out po s t o f s o m e gr e a t e r c a s tl e but a s t ronghold h a s t i ly e n t re n c h e d

,

a n d h e a p e d u p i n t i m e o f r e b e l l ion by s o m e n obl e o f th e t i m e o f
,

S t e ph e n o r H e n ry I I a n d d i s m a n t l e d wh e n p e a c e w a s r e s tor e d
.
, ,

a n d th e a uthori ty o f t h e s ov e r e ign r e cogn i s e d .

 C H A PTE V
R I

TH E PR O GR E SS OF A TTA C K A ND D E FE N C E

TH rth work fort i fi c a t ion s th e p ro g re s s o f wh i ch we h a v e

'

E ea ,

t r ac e d u p to th e N or m a n con qu e s t we r e o f a v e ry s i m pl e k i n d
, .

I t is obv iou s th a t i n th e h i s tory o f m i l i t a ry a rch it e ctu r e a ny

, ,

i m prov e m e n t i n d e fe n c e is th e con s e q u e n c e o f i m prov e d m e thod s

o f a tt a c k T h e s ton e wa l l e d to wn o f th e m id d l e ag e s t h e c a s tl e
.
-
,

or pr i v a t e c i t a d e l w i t h its cu rt a i n wa l l a n d th e s u bd i vi s ion o f its

,

e n cl o s u r e i n to m or e t h a n o n e b a i l e y s ucc e e d e d th e p a l i s a d e d
,

e a rth wor k a s a n a tu r a l r e s u l t o f th e d e v e l op m e n t o f t h e art o f

s i e ge . A g a in s t a n e n e m y wh o s e a rt i l l e ry was co m p a r a t i v e l y
fe e bl e th e s toc k ad e d e n c lo s u r e wa s e ffe ct i v e e n ough : s l i n g e r s
a nd bo wm e n w ork in g a t c l o s e q u a rt e r s m igh t d o d a m ag e to th e
, ,

d e fe n d e r s bu t th e p a l i sa d e o n th e b a n k d i vi d e d fro m th e b e s i e g e r s
, ,

by a for m i d a bl e d i tch was proo f a g a i n s t m i s s i l e s l a un ch e d a g a i n s t

,

i t by i n d iv id u a l s a n d c ou l d b e c a rri e d on ly by a d e t e r m i n e d
M
,

ru s h or if i t we r e n ot s u ffic i e n tl y prot e ct e d a g a i n s t fi re
,
od e rn .

wa r fa r e a g a i n s t u n c i vi l i se d t r i b e s h as s h o wn th a t a s tron ghol d
d e fe n d e d by a th ic k h e dg e is a s e ri ou s p robl e m to a b e s i e gi n g
forc e . I f u n d e r mod e rn con d i t i on s th e s toc k a d e is a b a rri e r t o
, ,

t roop s e qu i pp e d w i th po we rfu l fi r e a rm s t h e d i ffi cu l ty wh i ch i t ,

a fford e d to th e e a r ly m e d i e v a l wa rr i or is obvi ou s .

Th e age o f fi r e a r m s ho we v e r wh ic h brough t t h e d e a th bl o w
, ,
-

to m e d i e v a l s i e g e c r a ft was l ong i n com i n g ; an d m e a n wh i l e th e

,

progr e ss o f th e s c i e n c e o f a tt a c k d e p e nd e d u pon th e i m p rov e

m e n t i n m e thod s wh ich cou l d b e e m pl oy e d on ly i n c l o s e prox
im ity to th e b e s i e g e d s tron ghol d o r w i th i n a v e ry l i m i t e d r a n ge
, .

E n gi n e s fo r h u rl i n g s ton e s or j a v e l i n s i n c r e ase d i n s i z e a n d
s tr e ngth D e vi c e s we r e brough t i n to pl a y fo r s c a l i n g o r u n d e r
.

m i n i n g th e d e fe n c e s o f t he to wn o r c a s t l e T h e a tt ac k wa s .

d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t th e d e fe n c e s r a th e r t h a n a g a i n s t th e d e fe n d e r s .

A c as u a l s ton e m igh t d o i nj u ry to th e m e d i e v a l s ol d i e r or a n ,

a rro w m igh t p i e rc e b e t we e n th e j o in t s o f h is h a rn e ss
; bu t h is
a r m ou r wh ich b e c a m e m or e h e a vy a n d m or e c a r e fu l ly prot e c t e d
,

as th e ch a n c e o f ri s k fro m s u c h m i s i l e s i n c r e as e d m a d e l o s s o f
s
,

l i fe i n th e cou r s e o f a s i e g e a m i s fortu n e r a th e r t h a n a n ine v it

.
 TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 59

a bl e con t in g e n cy H is fi r s t a n x i e ty t h e r e for e wa s to m a k e
.
, ,

t h e d e fe n s i v e wor k s wh ich s h e l t e r e d h im i m pr e gn a bl e A s th e .

e n e m y m u l t i pl i e d h is d e s ign s ag a i n s t th e p a l i s a d e d e n cl o s u r e ,

th e p a l i sa d e g a v e pl a c e to t h e s ton e wa l l as th e e n e m y s m e a n s
’

fo r pro se cut in g h is a tt e m pt s i n c r e a s e d i n po we r t h e wa l l in ,

c r e a s e d in h e i gh t a n d s t r e ngth ; a n d a t l a s t d u ri ng t h e tr a n s i ,

t io n a l e poch i n wh ich fi r e a r m s gr a d u a l ly s u p e r s e d e d th e o l d e r
a n d m or e pri m i t iv e we a pon s o f a tt a c k t h e w a l l pr e se n t e d to t h e ,

b e s i e g e r a thorough ly gu a rd e d fron t wh ic h r e n d e r e d h is m e d i e v a l
s i e g e t a c t ic s ob s ol e t e a n d c a l l e d for ne w d e v e l op m e n t s i n h is
,

c r a ft
.

T h e progr e ss o f fort i fi c a t i on u nd e r th e s e con d i t i on s w i l l b e

t h e s u bj e c t o f t h e r e m a i n i n g c h a pt e r s o f th i s boo k w i th s p e c i a l ,

r e fe re nc e to th e c a s tl e i n t h e d e fe n c e s o f wh ic h th e m i l i t a ry
,

e ngi n e e r s o f t h e m i dd l e a g e s d i s pl a y e d th e e pi to m e o f th e i r
sc i e n ce . B e for e we p roc e e d ho we v e r to t h e gro w th o f th e s ton e
, ,

wa l l e d c as t l e s o m e d e s c r i pt ion is n e c e s s a ry o f th e i m prov e m e n t
, ,

i n s i e g e e n gi n e s a nd m e thod s o f a tt a c k by w h i c h its d e v e l op
-

m e n t wa s gove rn e d I t m u s t b e k e p t i n m i n d th a t th e s i e g e
.

c r a ft o f t he m idd l e a g e s a d v a nc e d upon l i n e s th a t we r e by n o
m e a n s n e w I ts e n gi n e s it s d e vic e s fo r br e a k i n g d o w n o r sc a l i ng
.
,

wa l l s a n d to we r s we r e n o t n e w i n v e n t ion s bu t r e l ic s o f R o m a n
, ,

m i l it a ry s c i e n c e W i th t h e d e c a y o f t h e R o m a n po we r i n
.

we s t e rn E u rop e th e s e m a t e r i a l s o f w a r fa r e u n k n o wn to t h e
, ,

T e uton i c co nqu e ror s o f B ri t a i n h ad fa l l e n i n to d i s u se ,

P re .

s e rv e d in th e e as t by th e B y z a n ti n e e m p i r e t h e i n h e ritor o f ,

R o m a n c i vi l i s a t ion th e y b e c a m e fa m i l i a r to th e b a rb a ri a n s wh o
,

ov e rr a n E urop e i n th e d a rk a g e s ; a nd th e i r r e vi v a l i n th e
p a rt s o f E u rop e m o s t r e m ot e fro m th e h i s tor i c c e n tr e s o f R o m a n
i n fl u e n c e was d ue i n n o s m a l l m e as u r e to th e a d o pt ion o f
t r a d i t ion a l s i e g e c r a ft by th e i nv a d i n g t ri b e s wh ic h h a d c o m e
i n to con fl ic t w i th B y z a n t i n e s tr a t e gy S o fa r a s E n gl an d .

conc e rn e d th e fi r s t a d v a n c e i n th e a rt o f a tt ac k wa s th e d i r e ct
,

r e s u l t o f th e N or m a n con qu e s t ; wh i l e s ub se qu e n t i m prov e m e n t
i n we s t e rn E u rop e g e n e r a l ly was pr i m a ri ly d ue to th e k n o wl e d g e
o f e as t e rn wa rfa r e g a i n e d d u ri n g t h e Cru s a d e s A s l igh t r e tro .

s p e ct,
u n d e r th e se con d i t ion s is d e s i r a bl e wh ich wi l l g i v e us
, ,

s om e i n s igh t i n to th e m e t hod s o f s i e g e cr a ft d u ri n g th e p e riod o f

who s e s tronghol d s a nd art o f forti fi c a t i on we a l r e a dy h a v e s e e n

s om e th i n g

M
.

a n y c l a ss ic a l t e x t s fro m th e ti m e o f C aes a r to th e l a t e s t
,

d ay s o f th e we s t e rn E m pi r e s u pply us w i th a u thor i ty for ,

R om a n m i l i t a ry m e thod s N o p as sag e th ro ws fu l l e r l igh t on

.

th e i r s i e g e pract ic e th a n Cwsar s d e s c ri pt ion o f h is s i e g e o f ’

A l e s i a i n B urgun dy th e h i l l fortr e ss occu pi e d by V e rc inge

,
60 M I I T A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

t o rix . T h e l i n e s wh ich w e r e fi r s t d r a w n ro u n d th e s tron gh ol d

l

by C ae s a r we r e e l e v e n m i l e s i n c i rcu i t , a nd co m m u n ic a t e d w i th
thr e e c a m p s , on h i l l s o f a h e igh t e qu a l to th a t o f th e h i l l o f A l e s i a .

A l on g th e l in e s th e r e we r e t we n ty th r e e ca ste/l a , s m a l l fort s to -

hol d pi c k e t s , a n d t e m por a ry e x a m pl e s o f th e typ e o f w h i c h t h e

m i l e c as tl e s o f th e R o m a n wa l l we r e p e r m a n e n t i n s t a n c e s
”

V
- .

Th e s t ubborn r e s i s t a n c e o f e rc i ng e tori x a n d th e pro s p e c t o f

t h e a rri v a l o f a r e l i e vi ng a r m y h o we v e r g a v e C ae sa r occ a s i o n to
, ,

e l a bo r a t e h is l i n e s th e c h a r a c t e r o f w h i ch is v e ry m i n u t e l y
,

d e s c ri b e d T h e y con s i s t e d o f a n e a rth e n b a n k w i th a d i tch

.

2 0 fe e t bro a d , 4 0 0 fe e t i n fron t o f i t on th e s id e to wa rd s t h e
b e s i e g e d s t ron ghol d Th e d i tch was d ug w i th p e rp e nd i cu l a r
.

s id e s : its d i s t a n c e fro m t h e b a n k w as a pr e c a u t ion a g a i n s t

s u dd e n a tt a c k s o f t h e e n e m y , a n d pl a c e d th e b a n k ou t o f th e

r a n g e o f c a s u a l m i ss i l e s T h e s p a c e b e t we e n t h e b a n k a n d
.

d i t c h was n ot a l e v e l b e r m , bu t was fu rro we d by t wo d i tch e s,

“ ”

1 5 fe e t i n br e a d th a n d d e pth , o f wh i ch th e i n n e r w a s we t, th e
wa t e r o f th e n e ighbour i n g s tr e a m s b e i n g d i v e rt e d i n to i t .

B e h i n d t h e i n n e r d i tc h ro se th e e a rth e n agg e r or b a n k to t h e ,

h e igh t o f 1 2 fe e t Th e aa ll zz m , th e r a m p a rt o n th e top o f th e
.

e r, was o f a typ e co m m on i n e a rly w a r fa r e a nd for m a ny

a
g g
c e n t u ri e s l a t e r co n s i s t in g o f a b r e as t wor k o f i n t e rl a c e d t w g s
,
i
s t i ffe n e d by a ro w o f p a l i s a d e s T h e h u rd l e s o f th e br e as t wor k .

we r e fi n i s h e d o ff w i th b a ttl e m e n t l i k e proj e c ti on s : a t i n t e rv a l s -

th e r e we r e t a l l u pr igh t s w i th fork e d top s, w h ich we r e c a l l e d eer vz

'

or s t ag s a n d a c t e d as ek ea a ux d e fi zse a l on g th e whol e
'
“ f
— —
,

r a m p a rt T h e r e we r e a l s o to we r s , obvi ou s ly t e m po r a ry con
.

s t ruc tio n s o f t i m b e r , a t d i s t a n c e s o f 8 0 fe e t fro m o ne a n oth e r .

T h i s, ho we v e r , was n ot e n ough C aesa r a i m e d a t h ol d i n g h is .

l i n e s w i th as fe w m e n as po ss i bl e , s o as to a l l o w th e r e s t t o d o
t h e n e c e ssa ry for a gin g a t a d i s t a n c e H e t h e r e for e p roc e e d e d .

to s o w th e a ppro ac h to t h e l i n e s w i th pi t fa l l s F i v e d i t c h e s .
,

5 fe e t d e e p we r e du g ou t a nd fi l l e d w i th u prigh t s t a k e s s h a rpe n e d
,

t o a poi n t a nd fa s t e n e d tog e th e r a t th e botto m by con t i n uou s

c ro ss p i e c e s I n fron t o f th e se we r e thr e e ro ws o f p i t s, 3 fe e t
.

d e e p , a rr a n g e d i n a s e r i e s o f guz ncunees or s a l ti r e s : i n th e se
’

we r e pl a c e d s m ooth s h a rp e n e d s t a k e s , s o th a t l i ttl e m or e th a n
th e i r poi n t s s tu c k ou t o f th e grou n d a nd t h e p i t s we r e th e n ,

cov e r e d ov e r w i th t wi g s a n d bru s h woo d T h e e igh t ro ws for m e d .

by th e se ob s t ruct i on s we r e e a ch 3 fe e t a p a rt T h e wh ol e .

a rr a n g e m e n t , prod u c i n g th e e ffe c t o f a ro w o f fl e u r s d e l s was

y
- -
,

c a l l e d Z zl zzm z to th e s t a k e s th e s ol d i e r s g a v e th e n a m e o f czpp z
' ' ' '

C r
1
B el l vi 68 i
A les r th e mo e d rn vi l l of
in Ct d p r tm nt il N W
ae s a , . 1 . s eg . a, ne a a ge

li
g
se -
la R e -
e , is in t h e o e d Or
’
e a e ,
so me 36 m es . . of

no n .
 TH E P R OG R ESS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 61

or gr a v e s ton e s O n t h e oppo s i t e s i d e o f th e va l /u m wh e r e a n
-
.
,

a tt a c k fro m a r e l i e vi n g a r m y wa s e x p e c t e d a s i m i l a r a rr a n g e ,

m e n t was m a d e A l s o i n fron t o f t h e l i/iu m wood e n c ub e s

.
, ,

w i th hook s fa s t e n e d i n to t h e m we r e h id d e n i n th e grou nd be a r ,

i n g th e a ppropri a t e n a m e o f s tim ul i .

C ae s a r s m e thod o f b e s i e gi n g A l e s i a wa s d i c t a t e d by th e
’

prob a bi l i ty th a t w i t h a n e n e m y on both s id e s h e wou l d h a v e

G
, ,

to s t a n d a s i e g e h i m s e l f A ft e r a d ou bt fu l b a ttl e t h e a l l i c
.
,

a r m y o f r e l i e f m a d e a n ight a t t a c k on th e l i n e s i n w h ich th e y ,

fou n d to th e i r co s t th e e ffe c t iv e n e s s o f C ae s a r s d e a th tr a p s
’
-
.

T h e y brought w i th th e m h u rd l e s wi th w h i ch to h e l p th e m se l v e s ,

a c ro s s t h e d it c h e s a nd s c a l i n g l ad d e r s a n d
,
gr a ppl i n g hoo k s ,

w i t h t h e h e l p o f wh ich th e y m igh t c l i m b o r pu l l d o w n th e
r a m p a rt T h e i r we a pon s we r e s l in g s a rro ws a n d s ton e s to
.
, , ,

w h ich t h e R o m a n s r e pl i e d w i th e x t e m pori se d s l i n g s a nd s p e a r s .

Th e y s u ffe r e d two r e p u l se s a nd th e n tu rn e d th e i r a tt e n tion to

V
,

t h e we a k e s t o f Cze sa r s c a m p s wh i l e e rc i n g e tor i x l e ft A l e s i a
’

to a tt a c k th e r a m p a rt H is forc e brough t h u rd l e s w i th l on g
.

b a l k s o f t i m b e r to for m a foot wa y a cro ss th e m m a n t l e t s o r , ,

cov e ri n g s u n d e r wh i ch a n a tt a c k i n g p a rty s h e l t e re d fro m ,

R o m a n m i s s i l e s cou l d un d e r m i n e o r m a k e a br e a ch i n C ae s a r s
’

e a rth work by th e u s e o f a bor e a nd h ook s w i th wh i c h to c ut ,

d o wn th e r a m p a rt on th e top o f th e e a rth e n b a n k T he a tt ac k
G
.

w as l on g a nd d e t e r m in e d The a l l i c pi on e e r s fi l l e d u p C ae sa r s
’
.

fo s se s s o fa r as th e y c ou l d w i th e a rth a nd th e m s e l v e s r a i se d
, , ,

a m oun d fro m w h ich h is d e v i c e s o f d e fe n c e we r e e as i ly s e e n .

W h e re h is l in e s we r e on l e v e l grou n d th e y we r e too form id abl e ,

to a tt a c k on th e s t e e p s l op e s o f th e h i l l s on th e top s o f wh i ch ,

h is c a m p s we r e pi tch e d th e r e wa s m or e ch an c e for a n e n e m y
,
.

H e r e th e fi e rc e s t fi gh t in g too k pl a c e : th e to we r s o f th e va l /u m
we r e a ssa i l e d wi th j a v e l i n s th e d i tc h was fi l l e d a nd a n a tt e m pt
, ,

was m ad e to t e a r d o w n t h e p a l i sa d e a nd br e as t wor k L ab ie n us .
,

u n a bl e to hol d th e l i n e s s e n t a m e ssag e to C ze sar w ho se i n t e r

, ,

v e nt io n w i th h is c a v a l ry tu rn e d th e d ay a n d brough t a bo u t th e

G
tot a l d e fe a t o f th e a l l i c a r m y a nd th e s u rr e n d e r of V e rc inge
to r1 x
M G
.

Th e c c ou n t o f th e s i e g e o f a r se i l l e s by a i u s T r e bon i u s
a

i n B C 4 9 gi v e s u s m a ny o f th e m e thod s e m pl oy e d by t h e
. .

R o m a n s a n d by B y z a n ti n e a nd m e d i e v a l e n gi n e e r s a ft e r th e m
M
, ,

i n th e s i e g e o f a wa l l e d to wn a r s e i l l e s w as n o m e r e h i l l
1
.

s tron ghol d l i k e A l e s i a : i t w a s a s t ron gl y fort i fi e d s e a port to wn ,

we l l e qu i pp e d fo r war w i th e n gi n e s wh i ch h url e d poi n t e d s t a k e s

1 2 fe e t l on g a g a i n s t th e b e s i e g e r s a s th e y th r e w u p th e i r ,

e a rth e n b a n k ro u n d th e l a n d wa rd s id e of t h e c i ty T r e bon i u s
C r ii
.

1
ae sa ,
D e B el l . Civ .
,
. I seq .
 62 M I IT A R Y
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

h ad to m a k e th e l i n e o f p e n thou se s ( v inew) by wh i ch h is ,

p ion e e r s we r e prot e c t e d o f m or e th a n ord i n a ry t h i c k n e s s to

,

w i th s t a n d th e s e m i ss i l e s I n a d v a n c e o f th e b a n k a body o f
.
,

m e n s h e l t e r e d by a l a rg e p e n thou s e ( tes tu d a) l e v e l l e d t h e s oi l
,
.

W h i l e th i s l e agu e r wa s e s t a bl i s h e d on th e l a n d wa rd s i d e B ru tu s ,

g a i n e d a n a v a l v ictory ov e r th e Ma ss il io te s w h o n e v e rth e l e s s ,

con t i n u e d to hol d o u t a g a i n s t t h e b e s i e g e r s Th e righ t w i n g o f .

t h e R o m a n a rmy W as e s p e c i a l ly op e n to a tt a c k fro m th e c i ty ;

a n d on th i s s i d e th e b e s i e g e r s bu i l t a to we r o f bri c k to s e rv e as ,

a b ase o f op e r a t ion s an d a r e fug e fro m a tt a c k T h i s to we r .

,

wh i ch was r a i s e d to a h e igh t o f s ix s tori e s wa s bu i l t by work ,

m e n w h o we r e s h e l t e r e d by h a n gi n g m a n t l e t s o f rop e A roo f .

was m a d e o f t i m b e r cov e r e d w i th a l ay e r o f br ic k s a n d p ud d l e d
,

c l ay to prot e c t i t a g a i n s t fi re a nd w i th ra w h i d e s to m a k e i t
, , ,

proo f aga i n s t d a rt s a n d s ton e s A s th e to we r gr e w th i s roo f .

, ,

fro m wh i c h th e rop e m a n t l e t s d e p e n d e d was r a i s e d by l e v e r s ,

a nd s c r e we d d o wn a s a cov e r i n g to e a ch s tory i n s u cc e s s i on .

W h e n i t wa s n e a r ly co m p l e t e d a wood e n p e n thou se k n o wn a s ,

th e m ou se ( m us e u l us ) was con s truc t e d con s i s t i n g o f a g a l l e ry ,

6 0 fe e t l on g w i th a g a b l e d roo f wh i c h wa s cov e r e d l i k e th a t o f
, , ,

t h e to we r w i th bri c k s c l a y a nd h id e
, , T h i s wa s m o ve d for wa rd
,
.

on rol l e r s to th e n e a r e s t po i n t i n th e c i ty wa l l I t w i th s tood th e -
.

h ug e s ton e s wh ich we r e c a s t u po n i t ; l i gh t e d b a rr e l s o f p i tch

a n d r e s i n h u rl e d fro m th e wa l l rol l e d o ff its s l op in g roo f a n d
, ,

w e r e pu s h e d to a s a fe d i s t a n c e by t h e m e n i n s i d e a r m e d wi th ,

pol e s a nd p i tch fork s C ov e r e d by th e i r fr i e n d s fi re fro m t h e

.
’

bri c k to we r th e s ol d i e r s i n th e m ou se we r e a bl e to s a p w i th th e i r
,

l e v e r s a nd we dg e s th e fou n d a t ion s o f th e to we r on th e wa l l a nd ,

m a n ag e d to e ffe c t a br e a ch T h e d e fe n d e r s s u bm i tt e d a n d
.
,

a s k e d for a t ruc e u n t i l C aes a r a rri v e d bu t t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f ,

t h e i n t e rv a l th e y m a d e a tr e a ch e ro u s sa l l y fro m th e c i ty a n d
, , ,

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T h i s q u ic k ly brou gh t .

t h e d e fe n d e r s to th e i r s e n s e s a n d t h e y r e v e rt e d to th e i r ol d c o n
,

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l i n e s o f cou n t e rv a l l a t ion th e s ucc e ss fu l s a ppi n g op e r a t ion

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a pp e a r ,
fo r e x a m pl e i n th e t a c t ic s o f P h i l i p A ugu s t u s : t h e
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c as tl e a t B a mbu rgh th e e ngi ne s o f wa r a nd th e prot e ct e d p e n t

hou se s are co m m on pl a c e s of m e d i e v a l wa r fa r e .
 TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 63

T heb a r e r e cord o f th e A ngl o S a xon C h ron icl e th ro ws l i tt l e -

l i ght to s pe a k o f u pon th e s tr a t e gy or m i l i t a ry s k i l l O f th e D a n e s .

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B ru n a n burh a nd t h e b a tt l e O f a l don a l l o w o f th a t d e fi n ite ne ss M
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,

a l l l i n e s o f c o m m u n ic a t ion to t h e d e fe n d e r s T h e y c a m e u p to .

t h e to we r w i th th e i r s h i p s wh i c h we r e s e v e n h u n d r e d i n n u m b e r
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n ot coun t i n g s a i l l e s s bo a t s b a tt e r e d i t wi th th e i r e ngi n e s a n d , ,

h u rl e d d a rt s a t it s d e fe n d e r s T h e to we r was s h a k e n bu t its .
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fou n d a t i on s s tood fi rm wh e r e t h e w a l l s th r e a t e n e d to giv e th e y ,

we r e r e p a i r e d w it h pl a n k s o f t i m b e r a nd th e to we r wa s r a i s e d ,

by th e se wood e n a d d i t ion s d u ri n g a n igh t to o ne a nd a h a l f

t i m e s its for m e r h e igh t A t d a ybr e a k th e N orth m e n a g a i n .

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.

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c e n t r e th e y c ru e l ly r a v a g e d t h e s u rrou n d i n g cou n try d u r i n g t h e

r e m a i nd e r O f th e s i e g e H a vi n g th u s e st a bl i s h e d th e i r b a s e o f
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op e r a t i on s th e y r e tu rn e d to th e a tt a c k o f th e to we r T h e i r
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n a tu r a l ly wou l d r e co m m e n d th e m s e l v e s to th e a ss a i l a n t s o f th e
dyi n g R o m a n c i vi l i s a t ion We h e a r o f th e t hr e e gr e a t b a tt e rin g
.

r a m s wh ich th e y pr e p a re d a n d m ov e d u p a g a i n s t th e wa l l s ,

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u n d e r th e s h e l t e r o f wood e n p e n thou s e s on wh e e l s o f th e ,

bor e s brough t up to u nd e r m i n e th e to we r by m e n m ovi n g u n d e r

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.

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a rro ws a t th e m fro m th e wa l l s an d a ch a n c e d a rt k i l l e d th e i r ,

p i l ot For a t i m e th e i r on wa rd cou r s e wa s ch e ck e d bu t a s e ri e s
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o f s uch a ss a u l t s cou l d n ot b e s u s t a i n e d by t h e Fr e n ch E ud e s .
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b e t we e n th e i r t wo a r m i e s .

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h e l p to th e qu e st i on O f D a n i s h s t r a t e gy Lon d on brid g e l i k e th e .
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t o m a k e e n tr e n ch m e n t s a bou t th e c i ty th e i r h e a d qu a rt e r s b e i n g ,

th u s r e m ov e d a bov e brid g e T h e r e is n o r e a s on to d oubt th a t

.

th e Lon don wh i ch th e y th u s b e se t was a s ton e wa l l e d c ity th e -

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,

a n d so we r e a l a rg e n u m b e r o f t h e to wn s of Fr a n c e who s e wa l l s ,
 TH E P R OG R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 65

h ad b ee n se t i n r e p a i r by th e i r b i s hop s or l ay l ord s We r e a d .

o f S a i n t D i d i e r , bi s hop O f C a hor s 6 3 0 5 5 t h a t h e e n l a rg e d ,
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bu i l t , a nd m a d e s t ron g C a hor s w i th a bu nd a n t l ab ou r, a n d a
n ot a bl e work o f d e fe n c e , fort i fyi n g g a t e s a n d to we r s with a
gi rd l e o f wa l l s co m p a c t e d O f s qu a r e d s ton e s I n th e n e x t .
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c e n tu ry t h e S a r a c e n i n v a d e r s o f s outh e rn Fr a n c e r e s tor e d t h e

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t h e wa r fa r e O f th i s t roubl e d e poch , th e r e a re fe w i n E ngl a n d .

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Lon don , To wc e s t e r Co lch e s t e r , a n d a fe w m or e n ot s ton e
, ,

wa l l e d c i t i e s o f R o m a n fou n d at ion s uch as t ho s e wh ich i n ,

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m o s t p a rt s i n c e th e S a xon con qu e s t a n d o we d th e i r s tr e n gth ,

to wa l l s o f t i m b e r I n Fr a n c e m i l i t a ry a rt as r e g a rd s bot h
.
,

fort i fi ca t ion a n d S i e g e c r a ft was a l tog e th e r on a h igh e r pl a n e

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c ivi l i s a t ion i n E n gl a n d prod uc e d a s t a g e i n t h e d e v e l op m e n t O f

a tt a c k a n d d e fe n c e to w h ich con t e m por a ry Fr e n c h h i s tory a fford s

n o p a r a l l e l I t is n ot t i l l a l a t e r p e r iod th a t t h e fi n i s h e d m e thod s
.

e m pl oy e d by both s id e s i n th e s i e g e o f P a r i s we r e u se d i n
E ngl i s h wa r fa r e .

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we h a v e s e e n , th e c a s tl e or pr iv a t e fortr e ss wh i ch pl ay s s o p ro
m i n e n t a p a rt i n m e d i e v a l s t r a t e gy wa s th e r e s ul t o f th e gro wt h
o f t h e fe ud a l s y s t e m a nd t a k e s it s pl a c e i n h i s tory a t a c o m
,

p a r a t iv e l y l a t e p e riod A f
. ort i fi e d to wn o f R om a n origi n p o s

s e ss e d its a rx o r c i t ad e l : th i s wa s a s i t we r e , t h e k e e p o f t h e,

wa l l e d e n c l o s u r e , to wh ic h th e d e fe n d e r s co ul d r e t i r e if th e ou t e r
d e fe n c e s o f th e to w n we r e t a k e n A c as t l e h o we v e r , wa s a
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,

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c a s t l e s tood b e c a m e o f s e con d a ry i n t e r e s t W e u s u a l ly fi n d .

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wa l l e d to wn th e c as tl e h a s b e e n s u rrou n d e d w ith a wa l l an d
,

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rou n d th e to w n i n pl a c e o f t h e e a rl i e r p a l i sad e I n s p i t e , h o w .

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th e bj e ct O f a tt ac k was s t i l l a fort i fi e d e n cl o s u r e Th e m e thod s

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to th e c a s tl e we r e t ho s e wh i ch on a m or e e x t e n d e d s c a l e we r e , ,

a ppl ic a b l e to th e to wn .

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gr e a t e xt e n t a s ucc e ss i on o f s i e g e s o f c ast l e s by d i r e c t a tt a c k ,

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,

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on th e s id e o f H ub e rt so th a t e v e n tu a l ly th e N or m a n a r m y , ,

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a m e thod e m pl oy e d u pon m or e th a n o n e oc c a s ion by W i l l i a m

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.

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.

g a i n e d by a r u s h and h a n d to h a n d figh t i n g ; wh i l e fi re w ou l d - -

a l way s b e fa t a l to a w ood e n s tron ghol d i l l provi d e d a g a i n s t i t .

T h e B ay e u x t a p e s try s ho ws us n on e o f tho se s i e g e m a ch i n e s -

wh i ch we r e e m pl oy e d m or e a n d m or e fr e qu e n tly ag a i n s t s ton e

O rd V
1
it vii
ni ipi in v
. .10 , . .

a ll e B e ug ic i co n s trux it
3 “
l aid R e x ita q ue q uo d d am m u c um
pi b t
.

ib iq ue m agh am m il itu m co a m a d a rc e n d um o s e m c o n s tI t uI t ”
viii
.

3
l aid ,
viii nd v r r
2 . .

4
Mini, R o ge O f W e
h nr in r ith L i nd t d b k d b
23 . o e .

5
T us H e y I , h is wa s w o u s V I , co lo c a e y
b i din t hi h n d d ri iv i
. uc e o ne .

u l g t wo c a s l e s, w c th e e e my c a ll e e ly M al a s s s a n d G é te
Li vr it xii xii t t
e s
e e s ( O rd V , S O a l so 2 2 ) h is c a s l e O f M a e
t in n r n n th r i t i ht n d
a ux -
. . . .

Pu a e a R o ue M a y o e n s ance s m g b e am e
. .
 TH E P ROG R ESS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 67

c as tl e s d u ri n g th e n e x t c e nt ury ; a nd a l though th e Con qu e ror s ,

’

a r m y s e e m to h a v e e m pl oy e d a n e l e m e n t a ry for m o f s ton e
thro w i n g m ac h i n e h a n d l e d l i k e th e l a t e r c ro ss b o w by i nd i vi d u a l
, ,
-

s ol d i e r s a nd oth e r d e vic e s m ore fa m i l i a r i n l a t e r t i m e s s u c h 1

, ,

m ach i n e s c an h a rd ly h av e be e n co m m on I t wa s n o d oubt .
, ,

th e i r gro wi n g fr e qu e n cy a t th e b e gi n n i n g O f th e t we l fth c e n tury

w h ich m a d e s ton e wa l l s i m p e r a t iv e fo r t h e prot e c t ion o f a c as tl e .

\V e h a v e s e e n ba l l is ta e a nd oth e r s i e g e e ngi n e s o f R o m a n or igi n -

u se d by th e N orth m e n a t th e gre a t s i e g e O f P a ri s i n 8 8 5 ; bu t
suc h e n gi n e s we r e c e rt a i n ly n ot i n c o m m on u s e i n we s t e rn
E u rop e b e for e th e pe riod o f d i r e c t c on t a c t w i th B y z an t i n e
c ivi l i s a t ion O rd e ric u s . V
i t a l i s m e n t ion s th e con s truct ion o f s u c h
m ac h i n e s a be l fry on wh e e l s a nd d e v i c e s fo r h url in g l a rg e
“ ”
,

s ton e s by R ob e rt o f B e l l é m e s e n gi n e e r a t B r eva l i n 1 0 9 3 a s
,
’

though th e y we r e a n ov e l ty a nd s ay s o f th e e ngi n e e r h i m se l f ,

th a t h is s ag a c iou s i ng e n u i ty h ad be e n O f profi t to t h e C h r i s t i a n s
a t t h e s i e g e o f J e ru s a l e m
2

V
.

S uge r s d e t a i l e d a ccoun t o f th e a tt ac k m a d e by Lou i s I

’

u pon t h e c as tl e O f L e P u i s e t i n 1 1 1 1 m ay b e t a k e n a s a fa i r
d e s cr i pt ion o f th e m e thod s e m pl oy e d by th e b e s i e g e r s a nd
d e fe nd e r s O f a n ord i n a ry c as tl e o f e a rth work a nd t i m be r Th e .

k i n g brough t n u m e rou s ba l /is ta e to th e a tt a c k bu t we h a v e n o ,

i nd i c a t ion as to th e i r pre c i s e n a t ur e : th e m a i n we a pon s e m pl oy e d

we r e th e b o w s word a n d s h i e l d ,
T h e b e s i e g e d c a m e ou t O f th e
,
.

c a s tl e to m e e t th e k i n g ; bu t a m i d a h a i l o f a rro ws fro m both ,

s id e s w e r e d ri v e n b a c k through t h e m a i n g a t e w a y
,
w h i c h wa s ,

po s s i bl y as a t T i c k h i l l th e on ly s ton e d e fe n c e O f th e e n cl o s ur e
,
3
,
.

Fro m th e r a m p a rt o f th e i r s tron ghol d th e y hu rl e d do w n wood e n ,

’
pl a n k s a n d s t a k e s u pon th e k i n g s k n igh t s T h e be s i e g e r s .
,

th ro w i n g a w a y th e i r brok e n s h i e ld s m ad e us e O f th e m i ss i l e s to ,

prot e c t th e m se l v e s a nd forc e th e g a t e wa y C a rt s l a d e n w i t h .

d ry wood s m e a r e d w i t h fa t w e r e brough t u p to th e d oor s a nd ,

a s t ruggl e took pl a c e t h e roy a l i s t s t ry i n g to s e t th e w ood o n

M
,

fi re th e d e fe nd e r s try i n g to put t h e fi re ou t
,
e a n wh i l e .

Th e ob a l d o f C h a rtr e s m a d e a n a tt ac k on th e c as tl e fro m a n oth e r

’

q u a rt e r a tt e m pt i n g to c l i m b th e s t e e p s c a rp o f th e b a i l e y H is
,
.

fol l o we r s ho we v e r w e r e too h a s ty : m a n y fe l l b ac k i n to th e
, ,

d i tch wh i l e oth e r s we r e s u rpri s e d a nd k i l l e d by ho r se m e n O f

,

1
n O ma
f W pp i th rit y
A rti m in h G uy o f A
h p ti l rh t ri h v r m lt th r rt m
5 o a r, . 1 3 ,
1 39 : s au o s e s,
,

w o we be
d ripti n
o se oe ca e o c, e ay no t a o ge e a ccu a e
,

V it viii f viii 6 h r b rt N rm ndy th r

e sc o .

3
O rd C w e e Ro e of
r t Cr d r b i i C r iv d r t d
. 2 4 . 1 ,
o a , ano e
,
. . .

o u c y s ur D e s in 1 0 9 g e a wo o e n
t r b l ry ( / m ) b i l t hi h b r d by d f d r
ea usa e s e g ng 1 ca us e a
g e - -

, ,

o we f be r red z to b e w c was th e
b rt ll m l pr nt thi i
or e z u ,
u ne e en e s .

Ro Of Be e wa s
bl p
e e a so e se at s s e ge .

3
See e o w, .
99 .
68 M LI I T A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

th e n e m y w h o g a l l op e d rou n d th e d e fe n c e s of th e c a s t l e to
e ,

k e e p o ut i n trud e r s T h e roy a l i s t s h a d a l m o s t g iv e n u p hop e

.
,

w h e n a pri e s t b a r e h e ad e d a n d hol d i n g be for e h im a pi e c e O f

,
-

wood as a n e x t e m pori se d m a n tl e t r e a ch e d th e p a l i sa d e a n d , ,

b e g a n to t e a r a way th e pl a n k s w h ich cov e r e d th e s p ac e s b e t we e n

t h e u pright s H e wa s s oon j oi n e d by oth e r s wh o c ut a wa y t h e
.
,

p a l i s a d e w i th a x e s a nd i ron tool s T h e roy a l a r m y pour e d i n to .

th e c a s tl e a n d th e d e fe n d e r s t a k e n b e t we e n th e e n t e r i n g forc e
, ,

a nd Th e ob a l d s m e n r e t i r e d i n to th e t i m b e r to we r on th e m oun t
’

, ,

bu t s u rr e n d e r e d i n fe a r T h e k i n g bu rn e d th e c a s tl e but s p a r e d .
,
1
t h e d onj on .

Th e assa ul t u pon a s ton e c a s t l e O r wa l l e d to wn wa s con d u c t e d _

by d i r e ct a tt e m pt s u pon th e wa l l s th e m se l v e s fo r wh i c h m ov a bl e ,

m ach i n e s we r e n e c e ss a ry a n d by th ro w i n g s ton e s or i n fl a m m a bl e ,

m a t e ri a l s i n to th e b e s i e g e d e n c l o s u r e fro m s t a t ion a ry m a c h i n e s .

Th e ch i e f e ngi n e u se d d i r e c tly a g a i n s t th e wa l l s wa s th e b a tt e r
i n g ra m a n e n or m ou s pol e furn i s h e d wi th a n i ron h e a d H un g
-

, ,
.

by ch a i n s w i th i n a wood e n fr a m e wor k pl a c e d on wh e e l s i t wa s ,

brough t u p to th e wa l l a n d d r iv e n a g a i n s t i t a g a i n a nd a g a i n ,
.

Th e m e n wh o w ork e d th e ra m we r e prot e ct e d by a p e n t hou s e -

wi th a round e d or g a bl e d top c a l l e d th e torto i se ,

“

wh i ch cov e r e d t h e m a c h i n e a n d its fr a m e wor k Th e roo f o f th e .

“
torto i se was m a d e v e ry s ol id ly to r e s i s t m i ss i l e s thro w n fro m
”

t h e r a m p a rt s a nd th e w hol e w as cov e r e d w i th ra w h id e s o r s o m e
,

oth e r i n co m bu s t i bl e m a t e ri a l a s a pr e c a ut io n ag a i n s t fi re th ro wn ,

by th e d e fe nd e r s
W h i l e th e ra m d e l iv e r e d its bl o ws u pon th e fa c e O f th e wa l l ,

s a pp e r s a n d m i n e r s s h e l t e r e d by a s m a l l e r p e n t hou s e
,
k n o wn -

m ou se o r so w m a d e t h e i r a tt a c k u pon th e
”
a s th e
“ “ “ ”
c at , , ,

fou n d a t ion s wi th t h e bor e ( te re b ra ) a h e a vy pol e w i th a s h a rp i ron

.
,

h e a d wh i ch s l o wly brok e u p th e s ton e wor k a nd hol l o we d ou t a

,

c a vi ty a t th e fou n d a t ion o f th e wa l l s T h i s work wa s a s s i s t e d

by s a pp e rs wh o a d v a n c i n g to th e wa l l b e n e a t h th e s h e l t e r o f
, ,

i n cl i n e d fr a m e s o f t i m b e r or w i ck e r work k n o w n as m a n tl e t s -
, ,

wh i ch th e y wh e e l e d i n fron t O f th e m h ac k e d away t h e s ton e

'

work wi th pi ck s Wh e n a s u ffi c i e n t hol l o w h ad b e e n m ad e th e
.
,

m i n e r s u n d e rpi n n e d th e wa l l wi th l og s se t fi re to th e m a nd , ,

r e t i r e d T h i s d e vi c e wa s c on s t a n tly u se d th rou ghou t th e m id d l e

G
.

a g e s to e ffe ct a br e a ch a n d was s u cc e ss ful a t C h at e a u a i l l a rd

,
-

1
S uge r pp
G é S /d L u d o v ici G ras si ( e d Mo l in ie r, 63
r nt h
ti b r t d nd d h J invi
’

, . .

o use s we e so m e m e s e l a o a e ly ll e
3
Pe e fe T us
d rib r t d b L i i r pr t t
-
e o .

e s th e l a g e y S t o u s e ng ne e s to o e c th e
“ ”
ma e ’

di r r kin r i n r
e sc ca s
so l e s wh o we e m a
g a c a use way ac o s s a n a rm o f th e N l e
n rh h t r ith r ith v r d rd
ea
M a su a ( 1 2 49 T e se h a d o we s a t e e nd , w
h b hind t r d g ua
e co e e
o use s e th e o we r s , an d we e c a ll e c/z a ts e/zd te a u x -
.
TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D F NC E
E E 69

Ba tt rin
e g
-
ra m pr t t d p nt h
o ec e by e -
o use a n d ma nt l t
e s
70 M I IT A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

in on oth e r occ as ion s ; bu t i t O bviou s l y m u s t h a v e

a nd

t a k e n m uch t i m e a nd m u s t O ft e n h a v e fa i l e d O f its pu rpo se

, .

B e for e ho we v e r t h e m ov a bl e e ngi n e s cou l d b e brought to

, ,

pl ay u pon th e s ton e work i t wa s n e c e s s a ry to fi l l u p th e d i t c h ,

i n fron t o f t h e w a l l s Th i s w or k wa s don e by s ol d i e r s wh o .
, ,

u n d e r th e prot e ct ion o f m a n tl e t s fl un g i n to th e d it c h a ll th e ,

l oo s e m a t e ri a l on w h i c h t h e y c ou l d l ay h a n d s W h e n th e D a n e s .

u s e d t h e i r b a tt e ri n g r a m s a g a i n s t th e n orth e rn tete d a pan t a t - — -

P a ri s th e fi r s t th in g wh ic h th e y a tt e m pt e d to d o wa s to fi l l th e
,

d i t c h u s i n g e v e n th e d e a d bod i e s o f th e i r c a pt i v e s w h e n oth e r
,

m a t e ri a l fa i l e d 3
A t J e ru sa l e m i n 1 0 9 9 b e for e R ay m on d o f
'

.
,

To ul ou se cou l d bri n g u p h is t i m b e r c a s tl e 3 to th e wa l l s a “ ”

d e e p n a tu r a l hol l o w h ad to b e fi l l e d T h e work too k th r e e d ay s .

a nd n i ght s e v e ry m a n wh o pu t th r e e s ton e s i n to t h e hol l o w wa s

}
pro m i s e d a p e n ny P h i l i p A u gu s t u s i n F e bru a ry 1 2 0 3 4 b e g a n -

h is op e r a t ion s u pon
C h at e a u a i l l a rd by -
G
fi l l i n g t h e d i t c h
b e t we e n th e out e r
w a rd a n d h is l i n e s ,

w h i l e h is c a t a pu l t s
p l aye d u p o n the
m as on ry fro m a d is
t a n c e a n d prot e c t e d
th e w or k e r s b e t we e n
B o re o ec e y ma le s pr t t d b
t h e m a n d th e w a l l 5
nt t .

W h i l e th e b att e r
i ng ra m th e bor e a nd th e m i n e th r e a t e n e d th e s t a bi l i ty o f th e
-
, ,

wa l l s p a rt i e s o f t h e b e s i e g e r s a tt e m pt e d to fo rc e a n e n try i n to th e
,

s tronghol d Th e s i m pl e m e thod O f bri n gi n g u p fu e l to th e m a i n

.

g a t e wa y a n d bu rn in g d o wn th e d oor wa s fru s tr a t e d i n proc e s s o f

, , ,

t i m e by gr e a t e r a tt e n t ion to th e d e fe n c e s o f th e g a t e way a nd t h e
, ,

r e i n forc e m e n t o f its d oor s by h e r s e s or portc ul l i se s

6
S cal i n g .

1
S e e th e a cc o unt i v
O f th e s e g e s O f B o e s a n d Ch t i rd by
a e a u G a ll a
il rtn b k ii vii i r
-

G u l aum e l e B e o , Ph il ipp a, o o s an d A t th e s e g e o f Z
in rth Cr d t r d r it t n thr in
. . a a

th e fo u us a e , a f e fi ve ays o f f u l e s s ow th e
Cr d r b n nd r in t r hi h rr d r
s o e g,
-

e m o we w c l e d to th e s u e n e o f th e
ity ( V ill h rd in )
us a e s e ga to u e a

bb nt f i ri b v
c e a ou .

3
A se e th e a c c o u th e s e ge o f Pa
d V it ix 5 M i m m m p
o o s a o e .

3 “
Or m i a ch na l ig n e u
t ll m I t tri t ly b l ry ( b l )
. .
, . 1 : , q ua o ss u us vo c ta re
”
ca s e u . wa s s c a e f se e e ow .

1
l aid
nt p r ti n i M r i ll ( C
.

5
C th e a c co u
f o f th e O e a o s a t th e s e g e o f r D
ii t rri i i i t li
. a se es ae sa ,
e
B e l l Cia ,
. M
. l
us c u us e x u
. l a te r c a a n o s tr s m e s to r e n tis q ue
d e fe n d itur ”

l it r lly l idi d r t r b r fi tt d i t
.

6
The arte eau l is is
‘

p I ts o u
r v in w ll ith r id pp
e a a s ng -
oo . e a s e n o

g oo es th e a s on e e s e See 2 27, 2 29 . . .
 TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A CK A ND D F NC E
E E 7 1

l a dd e r s we re mov e d u p a g a i n s t th e wa l l s : th e d a ri n g s pi ri t s wh o
cl i m b e d th e se d r e w u p wi th t h e m oth e r l a dd e r s by wh ich th e y ,

cou l d d e s c e n d i n to t h e e n c l o s u r e A n oth e r m e thod O fs c a l i n g wa l l s .

wa s by th e m ov abl e b e l fry a to we r o f se v e r a l s tor i e s i n e a c h “ ”

, ,

o f wh i ch a n u m b e r o f m e n cou l d b e s h e l t e r e d T h e floor o f t h e .

u pp e r m o s t s t ag e o f th e to we r wa s a pprox i m a t e ly on a l e v e l w i t h
t h e top o f t h e r a m p a rt s a n d a d r a wbridg e th ro wn out fro m i t , ,

wh e n i t was wh e e l e d c l o s e to th e wa l l for m e d a p a s sa g e fo r t h e ,

be s i e g e r s T h e occup a n t s o f t h e l o we r s t a g e s cou l d m ou n t by
.

s t a i r s to t h e top floor a nd th u s a con s id e r a bl e body O f m e n c ou l d ,

co m e to cl o se qu a rt e r s with th e d e fe n d e r s T h e se m ov a bl e
to we r s cou l d b e q u ic kly c o n st ruc te d wh e r e wood O f s u ffi c i e n t
'

G
,

s c a n tl i n g was procu r a bl e P h i l i p s b e l fri e s a t C h at e a u a i l l a rd ’

-
.

we r e co m po se d o f t r e e t ru n k s u n touch e d by th e pl a n e : a l l th a t -
,

th e c a rp e n t e r s h ad d on e to s mooth th e m was to c ut O ff t h e
3
br a n ch e s wi th a n a x e I n e a rly i n st a n c e s O f th e e m pl oy m e n t.

o f s uch to we r s th e y s e e m to h a v e be e n ch i e fly u s e d fo r bri ngi n g

M
,

t h e s m a l l a rt i l l e ry o f t h e be s i e g e r s c l o s e to th e wa l l s At a rr a h .

i n 1 0 9 8 th e C ru sa d e r R ay m on d o f Tou l ou se h ad a v e ry l o fty
,

wood e n be l fry O f a h e ight e qu a l to th a t o f t h e to we r s on t h e

”

to w n wa l l m ad e u pon fou r wh ee l s H ug e s ton e s we r e hu rl e d

,
.

a n d a rro w s s hot fro m i t u pon th e d e fe n d e r s o f th e wa l l s and ,

gr a ppl i ng i ron s we r e t hru s t ou t to c a tch u n wa ry p e r s on s w i th

-

th e i r hook s T h e wa l l s we r e e v e n tu a l ly c l i m be d by s c a l i n g
.

l add e r s O f th e ord i n a ry k i n d : if th e r e wa s a d r awbrid g e i n con

n e c t io n w i th th e m a ch i n e i t d o e s n ot s e e m to h a v e b e e n u s e d
3
, .

A n t ioch e a rl i e r i n t h e s a m e y e a r was e n t e r e d by s c a l i n g l a d d e r s
,
4
, .

T h e be l fry u se d by H e n ry I a t P o n ta ud e m e r i n 1 1 2 3 was a .

m ov abl e to we r bu t was n ot u s e d fo r pu rpo se s o f s c a l i n g

,
It .

w a s a ctu al ly 2 4 fe e t h igh e r th a n t h e r a m p a rt : b o w m e n a nd -

a rb a l as te rs d i r e c t e d th e i r a rro ws a nd bol t s fro m i t u pon th e

d e fe nd e r s wh i l e oth e r s th r e w s ton e s d o w n fro m it 5
N ot e v e n
G
.
,

at C h at e a u a i l l a rd is th e r e m u ch r e as on to s u ppo s e th a t P h i l i p
-

u se d h is b e l fr i e s to s c a l e th e wa l l s Th e m i n e r s a nd c a t a pu l t s .

d id th e c h i e f work by op e n i n g br e a ch e s in th e m as on ry o f th e ,

out e r a nd i n n e r wa rd s : th e m id d l e wa rd a l on e wa s g a i n e d by
a n e s c a l a d e a n d th i s was e ffe ct e d by a s m a l l body O f m e n wh o
, ,

1itr vi
V x m nti n m n
D m n l in A rch ite ctu ral , g Ro
m hi in l in d p l n d m r m pl n
u us , e .
3, 1 3, e o s a o a s ca g
m m m q a s ce n d e n te a c h ina

p d tr it p t
ac ne s , a n c e a e, ua a u u a o
”

G i ll m r t n /pp b k v ii hi p m i i m p rt nt
e e a ns us e s s e o s se .

3
le B P fii i is , T
r in rm ti n r hi l ip t i
u au e e o ,
oo . s oe s an o a

s o u ce o f fo fo r th e wa s of P A ug us us, an d fo r th e s e ge o f

Ch t G il l rd in p r ti l r
a o

a e au
d V it ix
-
a a a cu a .

3
Or
ix
. .
,
. I 3 .

M1
id
xii ,
. 1 1 .

5
l aid , .
36 .
7 2 M IL I T A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

i r
Be s e ge s sc a l in g w ll fr m m v b l b l r
a s o o a e e fy
 TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 73

c l i mb e d through ungu a rd e d op e n ing s i n th e s ub s t ru c tur e o f th e

c h a p e l a nd so we r e a bl e to u n b a r t h e g a t e s o f t h e wa rd to t h e
,

m a i n bod y o f th e a r m y .

Th e gr e a t s i e g e e ngi n e s c a p a bl e o f s hoot i ng s ton e s or bol t s

-
, ,

wh i c h we r e O ft e n h e a t e d re d hot i n a n ov e n b e for e d e l i v e ry fro m -

,

a con s id e r a bl e d i s t a n ce d id t h e i r work fro m th e b a c kgrou n d .

,

T h e m e n wh o l ook e d a ft e r th e m w e r e prot e c t e d by a p a l i s a d e ,

pl ac e d i n fron t o f th e e ngi n e s ; th i s wa s th e c a se w i th P h i l i p s ’

e n gi n e e r s a t C h at e a u a i l l a rd G
T h e se m a ch i n e s a re O ft e n in
-
.

d i s c ri m i n a t e ly c a l l e d s ton e thro we r s ( pe tra ria e p ie rrié res ) o r

“
-
”
,

c a t a pu l t s ; a n d ac c oun t s o f th e m d i ffe r v e ry c on s id e r a bly I t is .

c l e a r th a t i n R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e wa r fa r e t h e t wo m a i n typ e s
, ,

O f e n gi n e we r e th e s ton e th ro w i n g m ac h i n e k n o w n l a t e r a s t h e
-
,

m a n gon or m a n gon e l a nd th e m ac h i n e fo r s hoot i n g j a v e l i n s

, ,

k n o wn a s ba t/is m 1
Th e fi r s t c on s i s t e d o f a n u prigh t fl e x ibl e
.

b e a m b e t we e n t wo s ol id u pr igh t po s t s C ord s we r e s tr e tch e d .

fro m po s t to po s t a nd w ou n d roun d t h e b e a m T h e b e a m wa s .

t h e n d r a w n b a c k w i th th e a id o f w i n ch e s a nd a s ton e pl a c e d i n
a hol lo w i n it s h e a d ; i t w a s th e n s ud d e n ly l e t go s o th a t t h e ,

t wi s t e d c ord s s l a c k e n e d a nd th e s ton e fl e w to w a rd s it s m a rk
, ,

d e s c ri bi n g a h igh e l l i p se i n its fl ight T h e for c e by w h i c h th e .

ba l l is ta wa s wor k e d d e p e n d e d n ot on t w i s t e d c ord s bu t on t h e
, , ,

t e n s ion O f th e cord wh ich j o i n e d th e two e x tr e m i t i e s O f a gr e a t

b o w a nd wa s a tt a ch e d to th e m ov a bl e groov e d pi e c e i n w h i c h
,

th e j a v e l i n wa s pl a c e d Th e t e n s ion r e l e a s e d t h e j a v e l i n wa s
.
,

d i s ch a rg e d W h i l e th e ba l l is ta coul d b e d i s ch a rg e d w i th a
.

d e fi n i t e a im th e a im o f th e s ton e thro w i n g m ach i n e c ou l d b e

,
-

on ly g e n e r a l a nd its ch i e f use w a s to c a s t s ton e s wh i c h by

, ,

th e i r e l l i pt i c fl igh t d ropp e d i n s id e th e w a l l s o f th e b e s i e g e d
,

pl a c e 3
.

T h e ba l l is ta w h ic h w as s i m ply a h ug e b o w c a p a bl e o f s hoot i n g
,_ ,

e n or m ou s bol t s by th e t e n s ion o f a hori z on t a l cord w a s d e v e l op e d ,

u pon a s m a l l s c a l e i n to th e cro s s b o w o r a rb al a s t w h i c h c ou l d b e -
,

c a rr i e d a nd m a n ag e d by o ne m a n T h e cro s s b o w wa s i n v e n t e d .
-
,

o r a t a ny r a t e re i nv e n t e d i n n orth e rn E u rop e to wa rd s th e e nd
-

1
hi T l di tin ti n
is th e B ut th e us e O f th e am e s n v ri I n
Vit r vi ( p x hin h t
s us ua s c o a es . .

cit , ) mpth e ca y /ta o r s earp ia is a m ac e fo r s o o

rr hil d thr in t n p int d

u us o 10, 1 1. .

in g a o ws w m
e th e ba l l is is us e fo r ow The
tk i M r i ll ( C r ii r ht r
, g s o es o e .

s a e s at th e s e e o f D e B e l t Civ , 2 ) we e s o f om
Vitr vi indi t v r l m th d rkin by
g a se es ae s a , . . .

ba l l is ta e o s o f wo g th e ba l l is ta
tri li ni m l v r in h
. u us ca e s se e a e
v e c t ib us e t s uc ul is ( e e s a n d w c e s) , n o nn ul l ae

(p ll y ) ( ind l d ti t p n r
o s on : a ac e

p o l ys pa s tis i
u e s , a l ae e rga t is w as se s) , q ua e am e a m ym a o um
( h l )
w e e s to rq ue n tur ra tio n ib us ”

inj ri i fli t d by t thr i hi V i ll
.

F
3
o r th e o w ng m ac
m nti n ndin G i ll Ch p l itt
u es n c e s o ne n e s, s e e e -

h a r o uin s
d u a um e de am
’
o f th e wo u g of at

C t ntin p l i rr r i x dri n p l
e o e
o ns a o e , a nd o f P e e d e B ac e u at A a o e .

I O
74 MIL IT A RY AR C IT E CT U R E
H

o f th e
l v e n th c e n
e e

tu ry ; i t wa s e m pl oy e d
i n th e fi r s t C ru sa d e ,

a nd s truck th e B y
z a n t in e s a s a n ov e l ty
1
.

T h e d e v e l op m e n t o f
th e l a rg e r e n gi n e s
se e m s to h av e pro
ce e d e d w i th a vi e w
to s ton e th ro w i n g ,

a nd co m bi n a t i on s o f
th e m a ch i n e s m e n
t io n e d a bov e m ay
h a v e b e e n e m pl oy e d
fo r t h i s p u r p o s e 3
.

V io ll e t l e D uc i n h is
- -

e l aborate re con
E n in
g e fo r s h tin j v in
oo g a el s s t ru c t io n s o f s i e ge

m a ch i n e s S ho w s fo r , ,

e x a m pl e ,
a m a n gon w i th a c e n tr a l u pr igh t po s t w ork i n g on ,

S t n thr in n in
o e- ow g e g e

a pi vot i n a s l ot n e a r th e top o f wh i ch is fi x e d a j a v e l i n
,
.

Th i s po s t is s tr e ngth e n e d by two d i agon a l b e a m s fi x e d to th e

1
O ma n p cit
3 9 , q uo e s A t
a C o m n e na to nn
fe c
s ef thi t
t n thr in n in ik r p d by
,
o .
,
1 .

g e g e s a nd aa l /z s ta e a l e we e e m l o ye
3
S o e ow th e
'

r n rh h r in k t r
-

a t Ma s u a u l
Sa fo r g G re e fi re a t th e o we
tr t d b L i pr t t k r J invi
ace ns s co n
s uc e y S t o u s to o e c h is c ause way m a e s ( o ll e ) -
.
 TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D F NC E
E E 75

b ac k o f th e fr a m e wor k wh ich m ov e s 0 11 th e sa m e p i vot a t th e

, ,

foot o f th e m ac h i n e B e t we e n th e s e th e fl e x i bl e b e a m wh i c h
.

p rop e l s th e j a ve l i n is fa s t e n e d by a c ord w ork in g through a

pul l e y to a wi n c h tu rn e d by a m a n a nd a bu n d l e O f c o rd s is
,

t igh tly t w i s t e d rou n d th e c e n t r a l po s t a n d t h e be a m

H e a l s o s ho ws a l a rg e s ton e th ro w i n g e n gi n e on a wh e e l e d
—

Tr b h t’

e uc e or S lin in
g g m ac hin e

ca rri a ge w h i c h i n a dd it i on to a n a pp a r a tu s o f t wi s t e d c ord s
, ,

h e l d i n pl a c e by a sy s te m o f r a t c h e t wh e e l s a n d boun d rou nd
'

th e m ov a bl e b e a m h as a cord s tr e t c h e d rou n d t h e b a c k o f t h e
,

b e a m a nd c on n e ct e d w i th two hug e s pri n g s for m i n g a b o w

,
.

T h e c e n tr e o f t h e b o w is a m as s iv e u prigh t fr a m e work o f wood ,

wh i c h a ct s a s a bu ffe r to t h e b e a m wh e n i t is a l lo we d to fly
,
76 LT
M I I ARY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

for wa rd a n d d i s ch a rg e th e s ton
e M i n ut
e a s th e s e r e c on

s t ruc t io n s a re , th e y s e e m to i m prov e upon t h e d a t a s u ppl i e d

by m e d i e v a l w ri t e r s a nd th e p i c t u r e s i n M S S . G
u i l l au m e le
B r e ton th e p a n e gyr i s t o f P h i l i p A ugu s tu s , d e s crib e s t h e s ton e
,

thro wi n g m a ch i n e u s e d a t th e s i e g e o f B ov e s i n I 1 8 5 as a gr e a t ,

S l i n g w ork e d by se v e r a l m e n , w h ic h th r e w i m m e n s e ro c k s o f
gr e a t we igh t T h e b e a m to w h ich th e proj e c t i l e wa s a tt a c h e d
.

w ork e d 0 11 an a x i s , a nd w a s d r a gg e d b ac k wa rd s to th e grou n d
w ith rop e s , a nd th e n S e t fr e e .

T h i s d e s cri pt ion s ugg e s t s th a t th e b e a m , b a l an c e d on an

a x i s , a n d n e e d in g s e v e r a l p e opl e to a tt e n d t o t h e d i s ch a rg e a t

o n e e n d , w as w ork e d by a cou n t e rpoi s e a t t h e oth e r T h i s wa s

.

th e c as e w i th th e d e v e l op e d s l i ngi n g m a ch i n e , k n o w n as
A pol e , w ork i n g on a
p ivot b e t we e n two
u prigh t s t a n d s, was
we ight e d a t o n e e nd
w i th a h e a vy w ood e n
ch e s t , fi l l e d wi th e a rth ,
w h ich k e pt th e pol e ,
w h e n n ot i n u s e , i n a
v e rt i c a l po s i t ion To .

th e oth e r e n d wa s a t
ta c h e d a l on g s l i n g ,

c a p a bl e o f c on t a i n i n g

l a rg e s ton e s Whe n
.

th e t e n s ion o f th e rop e s
wh ic h d r agg e d th e pol e
b a c k wa rd s a nd l i ft e d
th e cou n t e rpo i se w as
Tr b h t ith r p tt h d
é uc e w o e s a ac e t o co u ent rp i
o se r e l e ase d th e coun t e r
,

p o i s e fe l l h e a v i l y ,

brin gi n g th e pol e a bru ptly b a c k i n to po s i t i on a nd th e s l i n g

, ,

d e s cri bin g a c i rcl e i n th e a ir l e t fly th e s ton e wh e n i t r e a c h e d

V
,

th e s u m m i t o f t h e a re a ri a t ion s o f th i s for m o f c a t a pu l t ,

w h i c h b e c a m e g e n e r a l i n th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry a re fou n d
,

th e m ac h i n e k n o wn a s m aul us wh ich P h i l i p A ugu s tu s u s e d w i th

e x c e l l e n t e ffe ct a g a i n s t th e s tron g i n n e r wa l l o f C h at e a u G
a i l l a rd
-

wa s po ss ibly w ork e d u pon th e p ri n c i pl e O f cou n t e rpo i s e .

A g a i n s t th e se m od e s a nd m ach i n e s o f a tt a c k th e d e fe n d e r s o f
a c a s tl e h ad to con t e n d . T h e obviou s me a n s o f d e fe n c e was to
oppo se to th e e n e m y a th i c k n e ss o f wa l l wh i ch wou l d b e proo f
ag a i n s t th e bl o ws o f th e ram or t h e s l o w l a bou r o f t h e p ic k

G
.

B ut e v e n th e v e ry s tron g i n n e r wa l l a t C h at e a u -
a i l l a rd w h i ch ,

was con s truct e d w i th th e s p e c i a l obj e ct o f r e s i s t i n g th e s e e ngi n e s ,

 TH E P R OG R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 77

yi e l d e d to th e m i n e r s r e i n for c e d by th e gr e a t s l in gi n g m a c h i n e
, .

I n th i s i n s t a n c e th e c as tl e h ad u n d e rgon e a l on g bl o c k ad e ; its
co m m u n ic a t ion s h ad b e e n c ut O ff s o m e m on th s b e for e h a n d a nd
t h e g a rri s on wa s gr e a tl y r e d uc e d i n n u m b e r s Th e l e s s on o f .

th e s i e g e was t h a t ag a i n s t a p e r s i s t e n t a n d we l l c on d uct e d -

bl oc k ad e m e r e p a ss iv e s t r e n gth was of l i ttl e a v a i l H e r e too .

, ,

t h e d e fe nd e r s d ri v e n b a c k fro m o ne b a i l e y to a n oth e r s e e m to
, ,

h a v e r e n ou n c e d th e O pportun i ty o f fi n a l s h e l t e r a fford e d th e m by
th e k e e p a nd to h a v e m a d e a n a tt e m pt to e v a cu a t e t h e c as tl e by
,

a po s t e rn b e for e th e y fe l l i n to th e h a n d s O f th e e n e m y

G
.

C h at e a u a i l l a rd h o we v e r a nd th e c a s tl e s o f its p e riod w i l l
-
, ,

i
A g ue s -
Mo rt es

be d i s cu ss e d i n d e t a i l i n th e s e qu e l A t pr e se n t we are con .
,

c e rn e d w i t h th e d i r e ct m e thod s e m pl oy e d to m e e t th e a tt a c k
o f s i e g e e n gi n e s a nd
—
a tt e m pt s a t e sc a l a d e A g a i n s t th e gr e a t .

c a t a pu l t s th e b e s i e g e d w e r e pr a ct i c a l ly po we rl e s s T h e us e o f .

s uch m a ch i n e s u pon t h e wa l l s th e m s e l v e s wa s a s d a ng e rou s to

th e s t a bi l i ty o f t h e m as on ry a s th e i r u s e by t h e e n e m y a nd ,

h as t e n e d th e ch an c e o f a br e a ch : th e y cou ld n ot b e e m pl oy e d
fro m th e i n t e rior o f th e e n c lo s u r e w i thou t e n d a n g e rin g t h e
,

d e fe nd e r s on th e r a m p a rt 1
Th e s u m m i t O f th e r e ct a n gu l a r
.

1
h in
T th e fir t i of C t tin p l by Cr d r th e
V i ll h rd i m ph i n mb r i m hin d by
us, s s e ge o n s an o e us a e s

e a ou n e as s e s th e u e of s e ge - ac es use th e
78 T
M I LI AR Y A R C I T E CT U R E
H .

kee p Of t we l fth c e n t u ry was n e v e r c on s tr uct e d as a pl a t for m

th e
fo r a rt i l l e ry : h e r e a g a i n e ngi n e e r s prob a bly fe a r e d t h e e ffe ct
, ,

o f t h e con s t a n t vibr a t i on u pon a fl a t w ood e n roo f a nd we r e ,

c on t e n t to con c e a l th e i r r i dg e d roo fs w i th i n h ig h t ra m p a rt s Th e .

m a in a rm O f d e fe n c e wh i c h c ou l d b e e m pl oy e d by th e d e fe n d e r s
w as th e c ro s s b o w T h e i r s u p e rior po s i t ion u pon th e r a m p a rt s
-
.

e n a bl e d t h e m to th ro w d o w n s ton e s a n d burn i n g m a t e ri a l u pon

Cr
a cas so nn e

th e a ss a i l a n t s e n g a g e d a t th e foot o f th e wa l l ,
a nd th e w h e e l e d
b e l fri e s for m e d a d i r e c t t a rg e t fo r th e i r a rro ws . Th e ra m c ou l d
b i r p n hipb rd l nd iv nt th ir a nd b ut g e s n o ac co u of

by d nd r Th y w r m pl d h v r by d n
e s e ge s u o s oa on a ,
e us e
th e e fe o we e , th e e fe c e , a s we

h v n M r il l l Ch pt r bv p ib l tr
e s . e e e e o ye ,

I a o e , fo r o ss ac e s o f
th ir in t ti n n ll p i l p l t rm m i ht in
a e se e at a se e s ; s e e a so a e . e
th e o s O f th e R o m a wa A s ec a a fo

n tr t d th m h ld b k r m p rt
e us e s a ,
.
g
m be fo r a nd w e e e to th e o f th e

lk
so e c a se s co s uc e e ac a a
wa .
 TH E P R O G R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 79

a s l o b e p a r a ly se d by l e tt i n g d o wn gr a ppl in g i ron s or be a m s w i th -

fork e d h e a d s w h i c h gri pp e d a n d d i s a bl e d i t ; o r s a ck s o f w ool

,

or e a rth c oul d b e l o we r e d to m e e t its s t rok e s T h e as s a i l a n t s .

,

ho we v e r work e d u n d e r th e i r d e fe n c e s o f p e n t hou s e s a nd m a n tl e t s
i
-
, ,

t h e s ol id top s a n d s l opi n g s u r fac e s o f w h c h we r e s p e c i a l ly d e vi s e d

a g a i n s t t h e s ho c k O f s ton e s a n d a rro ws w h i l e a s we h a v e s e e n , ,

th e i r c ov e ri ng s we re s o prot e c t e d th a t i t wa s d i ffi c u l t fo r th e m
to c a tch fi re .

T h e fi r s t i m prov e m e n t s i n
d e fe n c e d e s ign e d to m e e t a n
i
,

i m prov e d a tt ac k con s s t e d i n ,

t h e p rot e c t ion o f t h e r a m p a rt s
i
.

B e h nd t h e out e r p a r a p e t o f t h e
wa l l w a s t h e r a m p a rt wa l k a -
,

l e v e l p a t h a l on g t h e to p o f t h e
w a l l w h i c h wa s s o m e t i m e s pro
,

te c te d by a p a r a p e t i n t h e r e a r .

Fro m a n e a rl y d a t e i n s ton e fo r
t ifi c a t io n i t w a s c u s to m a ry to
,

bre a k t h e u pp e r port ion o f th e

p a r a p e t a t i n t e rv a l s by op e n in g s
cal le d c r e n e l l a t ion s th rough ,

w h ic h i t w as po s s ibl e fo r a n
a rch e r to c o m m a n d a l i m i t e d
p a rt O f th e fi e l d a t r ight a n gl e s
to t h e wa l l 1
Th e c r e n e l l a t ion s
.
,

ho we ve r we r e n a rro w c o m p a r e d
,

w ith t h e u n brok e n p a r a p e t s b e
t we e n th e m a n d e v e n i n a d , ,

v a n c e d e x a m pl e s o f fort i fi c a t ion

l i k e th e r a m p a rt s o f A ig ue S
M pa a e e fe b r p t d nd d h rdin
hthr inh v t i n ti n
e oa
ort e s ( 7 7 ) a n d C a rc a ss on n e y g ,

s ow g e le a o se c o ,

th e s e un brok e n p l e Ce S a re fi aura an d t aurs iere

’

th d n tr ti
o ug ,

S t i l l v e ry bro a d a l tho u gh t h e y a nd m e
,
o o f co s uc o n

a re p i e rc e d by a rro w s l i t s E ve n -
.

a l l o w i n g fo r a n a rro w s l i t be t w e e n e ac h c r e n e l l a t ion t h e foot o f

-

th e w a l l c ou ld n ot b e c o m m a n d e d fro m b e h i n d t h e p a r a p e t In .

t i m e o f s i e g e th e n i t be c a m e cu s to m a ry to s u pply th e w a l l s w i th
, ,

proj e c t in g wood e n g a l l e ri e s k n o wn a s ho a rd i n g s or br a tt ic e s ,

( lz au m s are tét k es ) w h i ch coul d b e e n t e r e d th rough th e c r e n e l l a

’
, ,

t ion s T h e j oi s t s o f th e floor i ng p as s e d th rough hol e s a t th e foot

.

1
S uc h r ll ti n indi t d v n i ti m b r d l i n th e e fe nce s a t A
Tr b ni nd r m p rt M r i ll Th y m i l i r t r
c e ne a o s are ca e e e e es a
’
an d fa fe a u es o f
ri nt l rtifi ti n r t ll Ch i n t
e o us s e co a a at a se es . e a re a

fo ll d of th e g e a wa of th e wa
l hi
o e a ca o e a or s an ga es
, g
. .
,

o fD e .
80 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

Of th e p a r a p e t a nd we r e o ft e n c o m m on to th e out e r g a l l e ry a n d
,

i n n r g l l ry ) ov ri n g h r m p rt w l k B oth
’

an e a e ( aau rs ie re c e t e a a a -
.

g a l l e ri e s h ad a co m m on roo f 1
I n th e fl oor o f th e ou t e r g a l l e ry
.
,

b e t we e n th e j oi s t s w e r e hol e s through w h i c h m i ss i l e s cou l d b e

, ,

d i r e ct e d u pon th e b e s i e g e r s a t th e foot o f th e wa l l w h i l e s l i t s i n

Lv a a l

th e fac e we r e s t i l l a v a i l a bl e fo r s tr a igh t fi r i n g
ou t e r T h e d e fe n .

d e r s o f th e r a m p a rt s we r e th u s a bl e to w ork u n d e r s h e l t e r , w i th
s o m e co m m a n d both o f t h e fi e l d a n d th e foot o f th e w a l l The .

1 Thi r oof so m e tim bl d th e ti m b r in d nj

th e o n at C y
C pi
wa s o uc

r tin p prpt
e s, a s o
s es ga e , ,

fo l l o wm g an d es g on th e s o l e of th e o ng O f th e a a e .
 TH E P R OG R E SS OF A TT A C K A ND D E E F NC E 81

d e fe n s i v e a d v a n t a g e s O f th i s s ch e m e are O bviou s bu t t h e g a l l e r i e s
we r e a l s o l i a bl e a l though th e u s u a l pr e c a ut ion s fo r t h e i r cov e ri ng
,

we r e t a k e n to d e s truct i on by fi re w h e th e r fro m a rro ws t i ppe d

, ,

w i th bu rn i ng to w o r t h e m or e for m id a bl e re d hot s ton e s fl un g

,
-

by c a t a pul t s I n a ny c ase th e c a t a pu l t s we re a se riou s m e n ac e

.
,

to th e i r s ol id i ty .

Th e d onj o n a nd t h e to we r s o f th e enee iute we r e a l s o br a tt ic e d

a t t h e r a m p a rt l e v e l
1
-
I n d i c a t i on s o f th i s pr a ct i c e a re c o m m on
.

C o ucy; prpt d j
a a e o f o n on

in m i l i t a ryrch it e ctu r e a bro a d Th e cy l i nd r ic a l donj on o f L a v a l

a .

a w or k o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry is cov e r e d w i t h ho a rd i n g
,

w h i ch is s u ppo se d to b e con t e m por a ry w i th t h e to we r T he .

s ton e corb e l s w h ic h c a rr i e d t h e ho a rd i n g o f t h e gr e a t th i rt e e n th

c e n tu ry to we r O f Cou c y re m a i n ; a nd a ro w o f pl a i n a r c h e s
p i e rc e d i n th e t a l l p a r a p e t s ho w h o w t h e g a l l e ry wa s e n t e r e d
1
ti
S o m e m e s as a t o leC t ntin p in
1 20 4 ( ill e a o u ) o we s we e V h rd in t r r
h i ht n d b dditi r t d
,
o ns a ,

y th e a o n o f o ne o r m o e s age s o f wo o C] : th e
h i ht ni fi ihd ri
e g e e .

tete nu Pa 88 6
’
e g e ng o f th e un n s e fi - -
au t a t s5 in .
82 MIL IT A R Y AR C IT E CT U R E
H

fro m th e roo f Th e s o m e wh a t e a rl i e r roun d to we r a t R ou e n

wa s r e s tor e d by V io ll e t l e D u c on th e l i n e s o f Coucy w i th a
- -
,

con ic a l roo f a n d ho a rd i n g T h e i n n e r w a l l a t C a rc asson n e a nd

.

t h e cu rt a i n o f Loch e s , a m on g oth e r e x a m pl e s , k e e p th e hol e s

‘

i n w h i ch th e j oi s t s o f th e ho a rd i n g we r e fi x e d ; an d th e w a l l s
’

O f N ur e m be rg a re s t i l l c ov e r e d w i t h i n n e r g a l l e ri e s or cau rs ie res .

T h e p r a c t ic e O f s uppl e m e n t i n g s ton e w a l l s w i t h t i m be r d e fe n c e s
l as t e d t i l l a l a t e p e r iod bu t , e v e n be for e th e e nd of th e t we l fth
c e n tu ry , corb e l l e d ou t p a r a p e t s w i th m ach i col a t ion s a pp e a r e d i n
-

i s ol a t e d i n s t a n c e s I n s ub se qu e n t c h a pt e r s we s h a l l se e h o w
.

m i l i t a ry m as on s a nd e n g i n e e r s a ppl i e d th e i r a rch i t e ct u r a l s k i l l to
m e e t th e probl e m s w h i ch s i e g e e n gi n e s o f gr e a t e r s tr e ngth a nd
-

t a ct i c s m or e fi n i s h e d th a n tho s e o f th e p a s t forc e d upon th e m .

W e h av e n o w to d e a l w i th e a r l i e r e ffort s , wh ich we h av e to s o m e
d e gr e e a n t i ci p a t e d .
 C H A PTE R V
TH E BE GINNING OF TH E STON E C A ST LE

N
I D om e s d a y B ook s om e fi fty c as t l e s a re m e n t ion e d by n a m e
o r i m pl i c a t io n ; a n d th e n u m b e r was l a rg e l y i n cr e ase d d uri n g
th e n e x t hu n d r e d y e a r s I n vi e w h o we v e r o f th e l a rg e n u mb e r
.
, ,

o f t e m por a ry pr i v a t e s tron ghol d s wh i c h c a m e i n to b e i n g d u ri n g

t h e t we l ft h c e n tu ry i t is d i ffi c ul t to e s t i m a t e th e n u m b e r o f
,

p e r m a n e nt c as tl e s u n t i l i n th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e c e n t u ry H e n ry
, ,

I I r e gul a t e d and r e s tr a i n e d th e e ffort s O f pr i v a t e o w n e r s to

.

gu a rd th e i r prop e rty wi th fortre ss e s T h e c as t l e s i n cl u d e d i n .

D o m e s d ay d o n ot r e pr e s e n t th e whol e n u mb e r wh ich e x i s t e d a t
th a t p e ri od ; a nd o f s uch i m port a n t c a s tl e s a s C ol ch e s t e r a nd
E x e t e r wh ich we k n o w to h a v e b e e n fou n d e d b e for e 1 0 8 6 th e r e
, ,

is n o m e n ti on To e s ti m a t e th e s tr a t e gi c pl a n wh ich gov e rn e d
.

t h e fou nd a t i on o f c as tl e s a t its fu l l v a l u e we m u s t th e r e for e ,

t u rn for a m om e n t to t h e l a t e r p e r iod a t wh ich th e d e fe n c e o f

E n gl a n d by a con n e ct e d sy s t e m O f th e s e s tron ghol d s h a d b e e n
m or e t horough ly a ch i e v e d H e r e a l s o i t is n ot a l tog e th e r e asy
.
, ,

i n vi e w o f th e d e s t ruct ion o f ol d e r c a s t l e s by H e n ry I I a n d t h e .
,

fou n d a t io n o f n e w on e s at a l a t e r e poch to e s t i m a t e th e e x a c t ,

s t a t e O f t h e c as t l e s o f E n gl a n d a t t h e e n d o f t h e t we l fth c e n t u ry
1
.

B ut t a k i ng o n e s p e c i a l d i s t ri ct we m ay a t l e as t g a i n a n a pp ro x i
m a t e n ot i on O f its l i n e s o f d e fe n c e a s t h e y e x i s t e d a bou t th e y e a r
, ,

1 200 T h i s is th e n orth e ast e rn d i s tri ct O f E n gl a nd c on t a i n i n g

.
-
,

t h e m a i n s t r a t e gi c a ppro a c h to S cotl a nd a n d cro ss e d by t h e ,

r i ve r s wh i c h d e s c e n d e a s t wa rd s to th e s e a T h i s was th e s c e n e
M
.

o f th e r e b e l l ion o f th e o wbr ay s a n d th e i n v as ion o f W i l l i a m th e

L i on i n 1 1 7 4 i n c on se q u e n c e o f wh ich fou r i m port a n t c as t l e s
K
,

a t l e as t tho s e o f i n n a rd s F e rry on th e l o we r T r e n t T h i r s k a nd
’

M K M
, ,

N orth a l l e rton i n th e v a l e O f o wbr ay a n d i rk by a l z e a rd on , ,

th e h igh l a n d s a bov e t h e right b a n k o f th e U re we r e d e m ol i s h e d

?
,

1
C l rk i 6 iv 8 lbrt itl tl l nd
o f cas
d in E ng
thi d t l r mb r h v r th hi h m nti n
a , .
-
120, g es an e a o a e s es a an
Wa l A o we of w c he
b l r dy d tr d m ny r l t r nd ti
e s at s a e . a ge nu e , e ,
o se e o s,

h ad an d we e of a e fo u
t thi r b ll i iv n by n di t t rb r h
e en a ea es o ye a a on .

3
A c co un s O f Be c o f Pe a nd

r
s e e o n a re g e e e o o ug

R o ge o f H o ve d e n .
 LT
M I I ARY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

NEWARK

Ma p o f prin ip
c a l c as t l in n rth
es o -
e as t n l nd
E g a
 TH E B EGI N N IN G OF T H E T N E C A TL E
S O S 85

Th e ch i e f c a s t l e s O f th i s d i s tr i c t wi l l b e foun d to gu a rd th e
l i n e O f th e ri v e r s O n t h e T r e n t we r e N ott in gh a m 0 11 th e
.
,

n orth b a n k a n d th e bi s hop O f L i n c ol n s c a s tle o f N e wa rk

,
1 ’ ‘

on th e s outh ; wh i l e th e gr e a t e r p a rt o f th e l o we r v a l l e y O f th e
r i v e r was co m m a n d e d a t s o m e d i s t a n c e by th e s trongly pl a c e d -

c a s tl e s O f B e l voi r a n d Li n col n O n th e bord e r s o f N ott ingh a m

Y
.

3
s h i r e and ork sh i r e T i c kh i l l s tood i n a d v a n c e O f th e D on wh i l e
, ,

t h e n a rro w p as sa g e o f t h e D on fi v e m i l e s we s t o f D on c a s t e r wa s , ,

gu a rd e d by C on i s brough T h e s e c as tl e s d e fe n d e d th e a ppro a ch
.

fro m th e h igh l a n d on th e we s t ; t h e m a r s hy cou n try n orth a n d

e a s t o f D on c as t e r to wa rd s t h e H u m b e r a l though i t O ft e n prov e d
, ,

a r e fug e fo r fr e e boot e r s n e e d e d n o p e r m a n e n t g a rr i s on
, S outh .

o f th e C a ld e r oppo s it e W a k e fi e ld
,
s tood S a n d a l T O th e e as t , . -
,

b e l o w th e j u n c t i on o f th e C a ld e r a nd th e A i r e was P on t e fr act , ,

?
i n a po s i t ion O f gr e a t s t r e n gth an d i m port a n c e T h e r e wa s n o
gr e a t c a s t l e on th e W h a r fe a l though H a r e wood gu a rd e d th e ,

s outh b a n k o f th e r i v e r b e t w e e n O t l e y a n d T ad c as t e r an d at ,

T ad c as t e r i t s e l f th e r e was a c a s tl e o f wh i ch l itt l e is k n o wn ; ,

C a wood c a s tl e was s i m pl y a m a nor hou se o f th e a r c h bi s hop s -

Of Y ork 4
O n t h e O u s e a l m o s t i n t h e c e n t r e o f th e s h i r e we r e
Y
.
, ,

th e t wo c a s t l e s O f ork at th e h e a d o f th e t i d e way K n are s

Y
.
,

borough wa s we s t o f ork on th e n orth b a n k O f th e N idd E a ch , .

o f th e d a l e s o f t h e N orth R id i n g h ad its s tron g c a s tl e In

M
.

We n s l e yd a l e was i dd l e h a m s ou th o f th e U re R i ch m ond , .
,

fro m its c l i ff at th e m outh o f S wa l e d a l e co m m a nd e d a v as t ,

t r a ct o f coun t ry r e ach i n g to th e H a m bl e ton h i l l s a n d th e for e s t

Y
,

o f G al tre s ,
n orth o f or k B a rn a rd C a s t l e s tood i n a s t ron g .

po s i t ion on th e D urh a m b a n k o f th e T e e s Th e c a s tl e s o f th e .

e as t e rn p a rt o f t h e N orth R i d i n g we r e S k e l ton a n d C as tl e ton ,

both i n C l e v e l a n d a nd b e l ongi n g to th e hou se o f B ruc e

, .

H e l m s l e y s tood at th e e n t r a n c e o f R ye d a l e ; P i ck e ri n g a nd
M a l ton we r e on th e D e r we n t a n d S c a rborough gu a rd e d t h e ,

co a s t. S outh o f S c a rborough i n th e E a s t R id i n g th e o ne , ,

c a s tl e o f i m port an c e a t th i s d a t e wa s S k i p s e a on th e l o w co as t ,

1
ttin h
No g am wa s a fo u nd ti C
a o n o f th e r rk
o nq ue r o N e wa was n o t
d d nti t r
:

fo un e u l af e 1 1 2 3
it xi ti pt r t th id
.

3
O rd V m e n o n s th e ca u e o f th e c as l e o f B ly (Bl a
tr b r r b rt l thi i khi pr b b
. .
,
2 .
,

um ) y H e n y I f o m R o e d e B e l em e B y s T c ll is o a l y
nt t r i r th h r n di tin pri r nd d
c as . .

me a I is fo u m l e s f o m B l y w e e was a B e e c e o y fo u e
b r fi r t r n rd i khi r nt d b
.
,

y R o g e d e B usl i th e s N o m a l o o f T c ll an d g a e y h im to
th epri r Trinit
o y o f S te nt
,

é du Mo na t R o ue nk
O rd e ric us wh o as a m o Of
,

r n bb i i r ith n th pri r hv
- - -
,
.
,

a No m a e y wa s fam l a w th e am e O f B ly o y m ay
pp d t r hv b th
a ,
a e ,

th e cas l e O f R o g e d e B us l i to e e n at B l y

m r F i pt i p tr m
su o se a e .

3
( m
R e c Co vo l

i l vi i n m
S ee R y e ,
d
ee d eru , 42 9 : ca s .u . . . . .

d e P o n te frac to , q uo e st q ua s c a s m
itatu E b o ru
r m in hi fly nd rt r fi t nth nt ry
co .

q ua e o f th e f e e
1
Th e e a s are c e O f th e s e c o
it r id r hbi h p rly t l fth t ry
‘
ce u
b ut wa s a e s e nce o f th e a c s o s as e a a s th e we ce n u .
86 M I I T ARY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

l i n e o f H ol d e rn e ss b e t we e n F l a m borough a n d S pu rn h e ad s
,
.

R e tu rn i n g to th e bord e r O f D u rh a m an d cro ss in g th e T e e s we , ,

fi n d B r a n c e p e th a n d D urh a m on th e We a r O n th e s outh b a n k .

O f t h e Tyn e wa s P rud ho e i n N orth u m b e rl a n d : n orth o f th e

Tyn e wa s th e gr e a t fort r e ss O f N e wc a s tl e o s t o f th e c as t l e s . M
a n d s m a l l s t ron ghold s o f N orth u m be rl a n d we r e t he gro wth o f

a l a t e r a ge T h e pri n ci p a l c as t l e s a t th i s p e riod we r e
. i t ford M
0 11 t h e W a n s b e c k Wa rk worth on t h e Coqu e t A l n w i c k on t h e
, ,

A l n e W a rk a n d N orh a m 0 11 t h e T we e d an d B a m bu rgh a n d
, ,

H ol y I s l a nd c a s tl e s 0 11 th e s e abo a rd
,
T h i s l i s t m ight b e .

—
I
3 l an af

5 a nb a l GT11 3 1 1 e
go r h '

( E u c lid ! ) 1895

S an d l C tl
a as e ; P l an

e x t e n d e d bu t t h e m o s t i m port a n t fortr e s se s e as t o f th e P e n n i n e
,

ch a i n a re i n c l ud e d i n i t a nd fro m i t th e s t r a t e gi c g e ogr a phy o f

,

th i s i m port a n t d i s tr i c t c an b e r e a d i ly r e cogn i se d O f th e th i rty .

fou r c as tl e s i n th i s l i s t t e n i n c l ud i n g t h e g a t e way to we r a t
N e wa rk h ad r e ct a n gu l a r to we r k e e p s o f wh ich n i n e r e m a i n ;
-
, ,

, ,

C on i s brough a n d B a rn a rd C as tl e ( 8 7 ) h a d cyl i n d r i c a l to we r
k e e p s O f th e r e s t i n m o s t c ase s as a t S a n d a l
.
,
t h e m ou n t s
,

r e m a i n a nd i n a fe w i n s t a n c e s a s a t S k i p se a t h e r e a re r e m a i n s
, , ,

o f a Sh e l l k e e p T h e s h e l l k e e p s O f L i n c ol n a nd P i c k e r i n g a re
- -

Y
.

s t i l l e x c e l l e n t e x a m pl e s O f th e i r typ e T h e m a s on ry a t or k
K
.
,

Pon t e fr a ct a n d n a r e s borough b e l ong s to a l a t e r p e r iod ; a n d i n

,
 TH E B EG IN N IN G OF TH E S T N E CA T
O S L E 87

a l m o s t a l l i n s t a n c e s wh e re m a s on ry r e m a in s i t be a r s t r a c e O f
, ,

s u b s t a n t i a l l a t e r a dd i t ion s .

I t wi l l b e n ot ic e d th a t c a s tl e s wh i c h gu a rd e d p a s s e s th rough
h i l ly d i s tri c t s we re g e n e r a l l y pl a c e d l k e idd l e h a m a nd
,
i M
R ic h m on d i n co m p a r a t i v e ly O p e n c ou n t ry a t t h e foot o f th e
,

p ass Th i s was t h e c a s e w ith We l s h c as t l e s l i k e B r e con and

.

Ll a n dov e ry or t h e to we r o f D o lb ad arn b e l o w th e p as s o f
, ,

Ll a n b e ri s T h e i s ol a t e d po s i t ion a t th e h e a d o f a p as s wa s
.

n ot e as i ly v ictu a l l e d n or wa s i t so u s e ful a s th e s i tu a t i on on
M
,

m or e op e n groun d fro m wh ich a s at B r e c on or

, ,
i dd l e h a m ,

a l a rg e r e x t e n t o f m oun t a i n c oun try cou l d b e co m m a nd e d .

T r e ca s t l e at th e top O f th e p a ss be t we e n B r e c o n a nd

im
ii nmmrmm
mmm
u mmM
- '
f M

Ba r rd C t l
na as e P lan

Ll a n dov e ry h as a l r e a dy be e n m e n t ion e d a s a s i t e wh i c h wa s
,

prob a bly a b a n don e d e a rly : th e t r a c t wh i c h i t co m m a nd e d is

l i m i t e d c o m p a r e d wi th th a t w i th i n r e a c h O f B r e con th e po i n t ,

to wa rd s wh i c h a l l th e v a l l e y s o f th e n e igh bo u rhood con v e rg e .

I n pl ac e s wh e re a c as tl e for m e d p a rt o f th e d e fe n c e s o f a
wa l l e d to wn it wa s u s u a l ly pl a c e d u pon th e l i n e O f th e wa l l
, ,

s o th a t t h e wa l l for m e d fo r s o m e d i s t a n c e p a rt O f its c urt a i n .

T h i s ca n b e we l l s e e n a t Li n c ol n wh e re t h e c a s tl e occ u pi e d
,

th e s ou th we s t a n gl e O f t h e O l d e r R o m a n c i ty
-
Th e c a s tl e .

O f Lud lo w is i n th e n orth we s t a ngl e O f th e to wn th e w a l l

-
,

O f wh ich j o i n e d i t on its n orth fa c e a n d a t its s ou th we s t corn e r -

.

A t C a rl i s l e t h e c as t l e fi l l e d up a n a n gl e o f th e to w n th e to wn ,
88 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

wa l l s m e e t i ng it s s ou th c u rt a i n a t e i th e r e n d I n s u c h c ase s .
,

t h e c as tl e , w h i l e d e fe n d i n g t h e to wn wa s a l s o prot e ct e d fro m ,

i t by a d i t c h a cro s s wh i c h a p assa g e wa s fu rn i s h e d by a d r a w
,

bridg e T h e c a s tl e O f B ri s tol s tood u pon th e i s th m u s e as t o f

.
,

t h e to wn , b e t we e n th e s tr e a m s O f t h e A von a n d Fro m e a n d , ,

i n th i s s tron g po s i t ion , wa s j oi n e d by t h e c ity wa l l a t e i th e r

e x tr e m ity o f its we s t s i d e I n 1 3 1 3 wh e n th e c i t i z e n s we r e i n
.
,

r e b e l l ion th e y cu t O ff th e c as tl e fro m th e c i ty by bu i ld in g a n e w
,
1
wa l l 0 11 th a t s id e I n t h e c ase o f B ri s tol , th e bu i l d i n g o f th e
.

c a s tl e m a d e s o m e a l t e r a t ion s i n th e to wn wa l l n e c e ss a ry , a s t i m e
we n t on , bu t , fro m th e b e gi n n i n g th e c a s t l e occu p i e d its pl ac e
Y
,

i n th e r e gu l a r e zzee inte I f, a t or k , th e c as tl e s we r e a t fi r s t
.

bu i l t , a s s e e m s to b e th e c as e , ou t s i d e th e d e fe n c e s o f th e to wn ,
t h e c i r c u i t wa s s oo n e xt e n d e d to i n c l ud e th e c a s tl e a t a ny r a t e , ,

u pon th e righ t b a n k o f th e ri v e r A l though th e c as tl e o f S outh .

a m pton is a l m o s t e n t i r e ly gon e , t h e poi n t s o f j u n ct ion o f its

c urt a i n s w i th th e we s t w a l l o f th e to w n are q u i t e c l e a r S i m i l a rly .
,

t h e po s i t ion o f c a s tl e s s uch as S hr e ws bu ry L e i c e s t e r , a nd ,

N ott i ngh a m , or c l o s e to th e e nce inte O f th e to wn c a n b e t r a c e d , ,

a l though l itt l e is l e ft o f th e w a l l s I n for e ign wa l l e d to w n s l i k e

.

A n g e r s or L a v a l th e c as tl e form e d , a s i n E n gl a n d , a port ion

,

o f th e out e r d e fe n c e s I n l a t e r c as tl e s l i k e C a rn a rvon a n d
.

Con way , th e s a m e r e l a t ion to th e pl a n o f th e to w n wa s pr e se rv e d .

T h e r e a re e xc e pt i on s, O f w h ich th e c h i e f is th e To we r o f Lon don ,

w i th i n th e R o m a n , bu t out s i d e th e m e d i e v a l c i ty w a l l C h e p s to w .

is a l s o ou t s id e t h e tOwn , b e t we e n w h i ch a n d th e c as tl e is a d e e p
r a vi n e : bu t i n th i s c ase th e to w n was o f a gro wth s ub se qu e n t
to th e fou n d a t ion o f th e c as tl e A d i s t i n ct ion m u s t b e d r a wn .

b e t we e n c a s tl e s fou n d e d i n con n e ct ion w i th fort i fi e d to wn s, i n

w h i c h th e c a s tl e for m e d p a rt o f a g e n e r a l s c h e m e o f d e fe n c e ,

a s a t B r i s tol a n d O x ford , a n d c a s tl e s u n d e r th e prot e c t io n O f

w h ich to w n s , l i k e C h e p s to w, gr e w u p , a nd we r e s ub s e qu e n tly
forti fi e d . A good e x a m pl e o f th i s l a tt e r c l a ss is N e w c a s t l e , i n
w h ic h th e r e l a t ion s O f to wn a n d c as t l e a re e x a ctly O ppo s it e to
t ho se a t C h e p s to w W h e n th e c a s t l e wa s fou n d e d by th e
.

C on qu e ror th e pl a c e on c e g a rri s on e d by th e R o m a n s, a n d fo r
, ,

a t i m e i n h a b it e d by a col ony O f E n gl i s h m on k s , wa s prob a bly

an i n con s id e r a bl e v i l l ag e Th e to wn wh i ch gr e w u p on th e .

s i t e took its n a m e fro m t h e c as tl e , a n d wa s w a l l e d i n t h e th i rt e e n th

a nd fou rt e e n th c e n t u ri e s Th e wa l l s ho we ve r , we r e brought
.
,

d o w n to th e b a n k s O f th e Tyn e a t s o m e d i s t a n c e e a s t a nd we s t
O f t h e c as tl e w h ich w as th u s con t a i n e d e n t i r e ly w i th i n th e i r
,

c i rc u i t. A t N or w i ch , a pl a c e o f 11 0 gr e a t i m port a n c e b e for e th e
C on q u e s t , th e c a s tl e is a l s o e n t i r e ly w i th i n th e l i n e o f th e O l d
1
A . H a rv ye ,
B ris to l ( A nc i nt Citi
e es ), pp .
3 5, 1 1 6 .
 TH E B EG I NN I N G OF TH E S T N E CA T
O S L E

c i ty wa l l . f th e b e s t e x a m pl e s o f t h e c on n e c t ion be t we e n
O ne o

a wa l l e d to w n a n d a c a s tl e is a t L a u n c e s ton w h e r e t h e borough ,

o f D u n h e ve d gr e w u p w ith i n a n a rro w a r e a wh i ch was vi rtu a l ly

th e out e r w a rd O f t h e s tron g h i l l fortr e ss -

.

T h e e s t a bl i s h m e n t o f a c a s tl e u pon a p e r m a n e n t s it e wa s
fol l o we d s oon e r o r l a t e r , by th e bu i l d i n g o f s ton e fort i fi c at ion s
, .

T h i s work wa s O ft e n v e ry gr a d u a l \V e h a v e se e n th a t e ve n a
Y
.

c a s tl e s o i m port a n t a s t h a t O f or k r e t a in e d p a rt o f its t i m b e r
s toc k ad e a s l a t e a s 1 3 2 4 T h i s ho we v e r was a n e x c e pt ion a l
.
, ,

c a se T h e wa l l s a n d to we r s o f m e d i e v a l c a s t l e s s ho w, a s m igh t
.

b e e x p e ct e d a con s i d e r a bl e v a ri e ty o f m a s on ry ; bu t th e e po c h
,

a t wh ic h th e i r fort i fi c a t ion i n s ton e b e c a m e g e n e r a l m a

y b e s a id
t o b e th e th i rd q u a rt e r o f t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry I n 1 1 5 5 H e n ry I I . .

r e s u m e d c as tl e s a nd oth e r roy a l prop e rty i n to h is o wn h a nd s ,

a n d ord e r e d t h e d e s tr uct ion o f t h e u n l ic e n s e d c a s tl e s w h i c h h ad

r i se n d u r in g th e c i vi l wa r s O f t h e pr e viou s r e ign 1
Th i s s t e p .

wa s fol l o we d u n qu e s t ion abl y by m uch a ct i vi ty i n s tr e n gth e n i n g

t h e d e fe n c e s o f th e c a s tl e s wh ich we r e l e ft .

A t th e s a m e t i m e , th e r e a re m a n y s u b s t a n t i a l r e m a i n s o f
s ton e bu i l d i n g s i n c a s tl e s e a rl i e r th a n th i s e ra S ton e d onj on s .

or k e e p s we r e c e rt a i n ly e x c e pt ion a l i n E n gl a n d b e for e th e r e ign

o f H e n ry a l though th e r e a re a fe w i m port a n t e x a m pl e s o f

a n e a rl i e r d a t e I t c a n n ot b e d i s put e d , ho we v e r , th a t a c e rt a i n
.

n u m b e r o f c a s t l e s we re provid e d w ith a s ton e c u rt a i n wa l l a nd 3 -

oth e r s ton e bu i l d i n g s n ot l on g a ft e r th e C on qu e s t C u rt a i n .

wa l l s th u s bu i l t wou l d fol l o w t h e l i n e o f t h e e a rth e n b a n k

s u rrou nd i n g t h e b a i l e y a n d t a k e t h e pl a c e o f th e t i m be r s toc k a d e
, .

Th e y we r e a t fi r s t o f th e s i m pl e s t for m A n e d ict O f th e c ou n c i l .

O f Li l l e bon n e i n 1 0 8 0 l a i d d o w n t h e rul e s o fa r a s t h e N or m a n ,

d uchy was con c e rn e d fo r con st ru c t i n g th e d e fe n c e s o f priv at e

,

c a s t l e s a n d , a l though th e d e t a i l s r e fe r pr i m a r i l y to th e ord i n a ry
t i m b e r s t ructu r e th e y a l s o h a v e a be a ri n g on t h e con st ru c t ion o f
,

e a rly c u rt a i n s o f s ton e NO d itch w a s to b e d e e p e r th a n th e l e v e l

.

fro m wh ich e a rth cou l d b e th ro w n by th e d igg e r , w i thout oth e r

h e l p to th e s o i l a bov e Th e s toc k ad e wa s to fol l o w a cou r s e o f
,
.

s t r a igh t l i n e s , a n d to b e w i thou t p rop ug ua cu l a a n d a l a taria

proj e ct i n g to we r s a n d b attl e m e n t s , a n d r a m p a rt wa l k s o r g a l l e r i e s ? -

1
R ob d ent t d by t bb M C d 5 p S u S e l e ct /za rters , 8 th 8
ri r v r j pr pri m rb t l l vi l l
o e , q uo e
. s, e .
,
1 90 , . 1 2 :

R e x H e n c us co e pit e o ca e in
m r ni t ll t
us o u u e s , c as e a, as , q uae
a d c o ro n a i n e b a n t, c a s e a n o vite r fac d e strue n d o
rt in ( Fr nrl m
pe rt
eg a .

3
Th e c u a ) La t ll
co rtiu a , co u rtin e is fo r th e wa
l in rty rd th pp l i d ll r nd tl
. . a ge e a na e
and is t h e wa th e c a s e
nl r
e nc o s g a co u a ,
us a e to ou

m iv t d by l rt ii
e c o su e .

M3
a rtene , Tb esa u r us A n ecd o /o ru Bu 418
Fr m m i d riv d rd t n m p l d t hni l 4 7 , q uo
, . e a ,
. .

a l a to riu th e wo a l l u re , Of e

t rm r m p rt l k
o s e e e o ye as a ec ca

e fo r a a a -
wa .
90 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

T h e e a rl i e s t typ e o f cu rt a i n wa l l w ou l d b e s trict ly i n a ccord -

a n c e w it h t h e s e ru l e s a s tron g wa l l o f s ton e s u rrou n d in g th e

—

b a i l e y a n d c l i m bi ng th e s i d e s o f th e m ou n t to j oi n th e d e fe n c e s
V
,

o f th e donj on W e r e a d O f th e d e s t ru ct ion by Lou i s

. I of .

Fr a n c e o f th e s ton e fort i fi c at i on w i th wh ich th e hou se o f th e

M 1
l ord o f a u l e wa s s u rrou n d e d ; a n d th e e d i ct a l r e ady quot e d
a ppl i e s to fort i fi c a t ion s on l e v e l grou n d , a n d i n c l ud e s, n ot
m e r e l y c a st l e s , but s t ron g p ri v a t e hou se s, wh i c h m igh t n ot
n e c e ss a ri ly fol lo w th e c a s tl e pl a n T h e e d ic t , h o we v e r , proc e e d s -

to forbi d a l tog e th e r th e con s t ruct ion by pri v a t e p e r s on s o f c a s tl e s

0 11 roc k s or i s l a n d s Th e r e as on O f th i s is O bvi ou s S uch . .

i sol a t e d s t ron ghol d s m igh t b e co m e , i n th e h a n d s o f pr i v a t e

o wn e r s , a c e n t r e o f r e b e l l ion a g a i n s t th e s u z e r a i n I n 1 0 8 3 ,
M
.

H ub e rt o f a i n e h e l d o ut s u cc e ss fu l ly a g a i n s t th e Conq u e ro r
i n h is roc k c a s tl e O f S te S u z a n n e ( a y e n n e ) on th e E rv e , -
M
“
i n a cc e ss ibl e by r e ason o f th e roc k s a n d th e th ic k n e ss o f th e
s urrou n d i n g vi n e y a rd s
3
W i l l i a m I I i n 1 0 9 5 b e s i e g e d R ob e rt
”

M
. .

o wbr ay i n h is c a s tl e on th e we l l n igh i m pr e gn a bl e roc k o f -

B a m bu rgh , wi t h c on s i d e r a bly b e tt e r fort un e 3

S u ch roc k s for m e d , .

a s i t we r e n a t u r a l m ou n t s wh i ch m a d e t h e c on s truct ion o f t h e
,

o rd i n a ry m ou n t a nd b a i l e y c as tl e upon th e m u n n e c e ssa ry T h e
- -
.

h a rd n e ss o f th e s oi l , m or e ov e r m a d e th e con s t ruct i on o f e a rth ,

work s d i ffi c ul t O r i m po s s ibl e T h e n a tu r a l m e thod o f d e fe n c e .

wou l d b e to r a i se a s ton e wa l l wh ic h e n cl o s e d th e s t ron ghol d .

N e ith e r a t S te S u z a n n e n or a t B a m bu rgh ( 9 1 ) is th e r e e x i s t
-

i n g s ton e w ork e a rl i e r th a n th e t we l fth c e n tu ry O f th e c as t l e o f

G
.

S a i n t C en e r i l e
—
er e i ( O rn e ) , wh i c h we k n o w to h a v e b e e n
- -

fort i fi e d w i t h s ton e wa l l s b e for e th e e n d o f t h e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry , 4

on l y i n d i s ti n gu i s h a bl e m ass e s O f m ason ry r e m a i n to d ay O n -
.

th e oth e r h a n d , th e r e a re a c e rt a i n n u m b e r o f c as tl e s O II ro c ky
a n d i s ol a t e d s i t e s , th e w a l l s O f wh i ch m a y b e fa i rly a tt ribu t e d i n ,

whol e or p a rt to t h e l a t e r h a l f o f th e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry Th e
Y
.
,

m o s t i m port a n t e x a m pl e is R i ch m on d c a s tl e i n or k s h i r e
0 11 a h igh pro m on tory o f roc k a bov e th e S wa l e Th e s h a p e o f .

t h e e n cl o s u r e is t ri a n gu l a r Th e m o s t con s pi c uou s fe a t ur e O f th e .

O rd V ,
1
it v d m m m pr d n m m
L a pi un itio n e A n so l d us d o
m ip dm j I n thi ll m h v
. . . 1 9 : ea , q ua u e s u
s uam c in x e ra t, de e c it th e wa
”

b n b i l t r nd p n rty rd r nd h t r
cu sa o o . s c as e se e s to a e
b ut o u o we The
Fr h t r m rti fi d l l rm in t rd n in l b ild
ee u ,
no t ou an O e co u a ,
a o us e or .

fo r fo wa fo g the o u e e fe ce o f a s
h in m nt b i l y tl p l i d r nd
e nc e a e , g e u
ing, is cfi e m ise T us, an d - th e th e
t r nt tri t ly p kin hi l th t r nd
. a ou -
a e ca s e, a sa e ou

o we o n th em wa s , s a c/ze m ise , w th e
b il y rt in
ou c s ea g, e a ou
was a c u a
Vit vii
a e .

3
O rd
viii
.
, 10 . . .

3
I bid ,
viii 5 b rt t ll m n ti
. 23 . .

1
M id , Ro e , i of G ro ie , Sa C e re n ic i
m ri v ll i
. . so n cas e u c
u s et a m
s s p e c ul is q ue un iv it .
”
 M U G CA T
BA B R H S L E: g r tt r
ea o we

BA M U G CA T
B R H S L E
 TH E B EG I NN I N G OF T H E S T N E CA T
O S L E 93

c as tl e is t h e s pl e n d i d s qu a r e to we r or donj on , wh i c h was c o m
p l e te d b e t we e n 1 1 7 0 a n d 1 1 8 0 , a n d s t a n d s on th e n orth s id e o f
t h e e nce in te , a t t h e h e a d o f th e a ppro a ch fro m th e to wn T he .

c u rt a i n , ho we v e r we s t o f th e d onj on , c on t a i n s h e rri ng bon e

,
“
-
”

m a s on ry , a n d is o f a rough c on s tru c t ion wh i c h a fford s th e gr e a t e s t

1

con tr a s t to th e r e gu
l a rl y d r e s s e d and

c l o se ly j o in te d m as on ry

Of th e gr e a t to we r .

Th e to we r , O ii th r e e
s i d e s , form s a n out wa rd

proj e c t ion fro m th e

c u rt a i n , o f gr e a t siz e

a n d s tr e ngth , a n d is a

s tructur e O f o ne p e ri od

fro m th e grou n d up
w a rd s B u t , O II e n t e r
.

i n g t h e c a s t l e , i t is a t
o n c e O bviou s th a t th e
l o we r p a rt o f th e s ou th
wa l l O f th e to we r is
for m e d by p a rt O f th e
e a rl i e r cu rt a i n I n th e .

m i dd l e o f th i s s e ct io n
o f t h e wo rk is a w i d e

door wa y w i th a ro un d
,

h e ad e d a rc h o f t wo
u n m o u l d e d orde rs ,

wh i c h n o w for m s a n
e n tr a n c e i n to th e b a s e

m e n t o fth e to we r Th e .

c a p i t a l s o f th e j a m b
s h a ft s o f th i s a rc h way

a re O f a n u n m i s t a k a bl y

l v e n th c e n tu ry ch a r
e e

a ct e r w i th vol u t e s a t
i hm d r t t r
,

th e u pp e r a n gl e s a n d a , R c on ; g ea o we

ro w o f a c a n thu s l e a v e s

rou n d th e b e l l T h i s typ e . O f ca pi t a l is s e e n i n s u ch bu i l d in g s
a s t h e t wo a bb e y c h urc h e s at C ae n ,
t h e n a v e o f C h ri s tchu rc h

1
rri b n m nry n i t
H r r bb l b dd d di n s s s o f c o u se s o f
lly m rt r l t rn ti ith h ri nt l r thin t hl
e ng - o e aso co u e e e ag o
ia w of th e w oe
rr n m t r mb l in di p iti b n in b k
a o a , a e a ng o zo a c o u se s s o n e s,

th e o f a fi sh
g th e on o f th e
h ri nt l r fr nt ly m itt d th ir p l tkn
a a ge en e se s os o es ac .

Th e and is by
thi k l y r m rt r
o zo a c o u se s are e q ue o e ,
e ace a e
c a e s of o a .
94
MIL IT AR Y AR C IT E CT U R E
H

priory t h e w es f t ron t o f Li n col n m i n s t e r a n d , oth e r f a bri c s c o m

,

b or
ef e 1 1 00 d i u r gu i d t o t h e d a t e O f t h e w ork i n
e te d
e
p l a
,
n s a s e

h i ch i t o u r I t w oul d pp r th e n t h a t t h e m a s on ry o f th i s
w cc s .
a e a , ,

r h y u h f h u rt i n i h w or k f A l n o f B r i tt a ny
and m t
t o a
a c wa c O e c a s e ,

rl i h ond w h c rt i n ly fou n d d t h s tl e a n d d i e d i n
ea of R c m ,
o e a e e c a ,

L dl
u ow E ntr n
a ce to inn r rd e wa

T h e c as tl e c on t a i n s m or e work o f h is d a t e ,
Of wh i c h
s o m e th i ng w i l l b e sa id i n th e se qu e l .

W h e n th e gr e a t to we r o f R ich m on d wa s bu i l t , a n e n t ran c e
xx hr
Ya rns A rc/zceo l jo urn a l , vid n td
1 3 2 , w e e th e q uo e

p int i n th t d r r t d l t r th n b t
1
S ee . . .
e e ce

s t o th e c o nc l us o o o way w a s n o t e e c e
a th e ou

rv p th t d r y
a e a a
o
H a e y, Ca s tl es a n d I Va l l e a To wns ,
’
8 5 , a s s um e s th e wa
thr h th t r t rd t vid n
10 7 / .
a oo

th e s o u wa l l O f th e o we a t a l a e th e e e ce o f
was c ut
nr d i iv i t thi id
o ug a e

th e m aso y is e c s e ly aga ns s ea .
 TH E B EG IN N I N G OF TH E S T N E CA T
O S L E 95

was m a d e on th e fi r s t floor fro m th e r a m p a rt wa l k o f th e c urt a i n

,
-
.

I t is qu i t e cl e a r th a t u p to th i s t i m e t h e a r c h wa y j u s t d e s c ri be d
, ,

h a d b e e n t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e o f t h e c a s tl e a nd h a d prob a bl y be e n ,

cov e r e d 0 11 t h e s id e n e x t th e to wn by a r e ct a n gu l a r bu i l d i n g ,

wh i c h for m e d t h e l o we r s t a g e o f a g a t e wa y to we r or g a t e hou se -

l o we r th a n t h e pre se n t d onj on T h i s is born e o ut by a c o m .

p a ri s on w i th th e k e e p at Lu d l o w wh e re i t is qu i t e c l e a r th a t a n ,

e l e v e n th c e n tu ry g a t e hou se wa s con v e rt e d a t a l a t e r p e ri od i n to

a k e e p by wa l l i n g u p t h e out e r e n t r a n c e A n e w e n tr a n c e
i
,

to t h e c as tl e as a t R c h m on d wa s m ad e i n t h e a dj a c e n t cu rt a i n
, , ,

w h e r e i t c ou l d b e e a s i ly co m m a n d e d by t h e to we r T h e d a te o f
q

t h e l o we s t s t a g e o f
th e d onj on is re
v e a l e d as at R ic h
,

m on d by th e d e t a i l s
,

o fc a p it a l s a n d s h a ft s ,

wh ic h i n th i s c a s e
b e l on g to a n a rc a d e
i n th e e a s t w a l l o f
th e i n n e r port ion
( 9 5)
l

T h e S i t e o f Lud
lo w l i k e th a t o f
R ic h m o n d is a rock y ,

p e n i n s ul a wh e re a ,

s ton e c urt a i n fo r ,

wh i ch m a t e ri a l e x
is te d on th e s pot ,

for m e d t h e obvi ou s
m e a n s o f d e fe n c e .

T h e r e was n o m ou n t
and n o kee p E x u l o w ; W a ll a c a e in
,
Ld
a se m e n O f re at o we
g r d b t t r
e te r ag a i n
,
is a n ,

e a rl y e x a m pl e o f a s ton e wa l l e d c a s t l e u pon a roc ky s i t e

-
,

w h e r e a g a t e w ay w i th a to we r a bov e for m e d t h e pri n c i p a l

e n t r an ce S u c h s i t e s we r e prot e c t e d n a tu r a l ly by t h e fa l l
.

O f t h e groun d 0 11 th e s t e e p e r S i d e s ; t h e s id e 0 11 w h ich a p
pro a c h was po ss ibl e w a s c ov e r e d by a d i tc h c ut i n th e roc k .

T h e d it c h w ou l d b e c ro s se d by a d r a w bridg e l e t d o w n fro m ,

th e i n n e r e dg e n e x t th e g a t e way ,
T h e g a t e hou se i t se l f .

w ou l d b e a bu i l d in g o f t w o or m o re s t a g e s ; a t Lud l o w t h e
u p pe r s t a ge as c o m pl e t e d wa s con s i d e r a bly l o ft i e r t h a n th e
, ,

1
Th e a c r hit t r l hi t ry L d l tl b th r h ly of ow h as
b rW J hn p in inv l b l p p r in A
ec u a s o u cas e een o o ug ex
a m ine d yM H St H rc/z eao l o
g ia ,
xi
. . o o e an a ua e a e
l 2 58 3 2 8
.
-
.
96 M I I T A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

l o we r A t E x e t e r th e r e we r e prob a bl y t h r e e s t ag e s
.
1
A s i n gl e .

u pp e r s t ag e r e m a i n s a t T i c k h i l l A t L e we s a nd P or c h e s t e r th e r e .

is c l e a r e vid e n c e o f a n u pp e r c h a m b e r T h e g a t e hou s e a t Po r
c h e s t e r a s a t Lud l o w was th e e n tr a n c e to a n i n n e r wa rd d ivid e d
, , ,

by a d i t c h fro m th e l a rg e ou t e r w a rd wh i c h a t P or c h e s t e r re p re
3
‘

, , ,

s e n t e d th e gr e a t e r p a rt o f th e e n cein te o f th e R o m a n s t a t ion ,

a n d con t a i n e d th e pri ory ch u r c h a n d b u i ld i ng s I n th e s e e a rly .

g a t e hou s e s th e l o we r s t ag e wa s c l o se d a t e ith e r e n d by a h e a vy
,

wood e n d oor a n d wa s ,

c ov e r e d by a fl at c e i l

i n g of t i m b e r T h e r e .

w as n o a rr a n g e m e n t
fo r a portcu l l i s At .

Lud l o w th e l o we r
s t a g e a pp e a r s to h a v e

b e e n d i vi d e d i n to a n
ou t e r por c h a n d i n n e r
h a l l by a c ro ss wa l l ,

i n w h i ch t h e r e m u s t
h a v e b e e n a door ;
bu t c o m m u n ic a t i on
b e t we e n th e s e p a rt s
was a l s o obt a i n e d by a
n a rro w b a rr e l v a u l t e d -

p a ss ag e i n t h e th i c k
n e s s o f th e e a s t wa l l ,

w h ic h op e n i n g fro m ,

th e out e r d i vi s i on ,

w tu rn e d a t r igh t a ngl e s
55 “ to i t se l f i n th e d ire c
°

u lo w Pla Ld n
t ion o f th e l e ngth O f
th e wa l l a n d w i th a n , ,

oth e r ri gh t a n gl e d t u rn O p e n e d i n to th e i n n e r h a l l
-
,
Th is
3
p assa g e was gu a rd e d by d o o rs wh ic h O p e n e d i n wa rd s at e ith e r e nd ,
.

1
ri in d i pr b b in d d pp r h b
T h e o g al o a ly cl u e drt c am e r O f m o e a e
h i ht h r h v r n id r b int rv b t n p ti
e s gn an u e

T e e was o we e e a le al e we e th e c o m l e o n
t b i din pp r t
e g . a co s ,
e ,

O f th e g a e way a n d th e u l g O f th e u
r t rb i Ld dditi n ri in t
e s age .

3
Th e l a ge o u e a l e y at u l o w was a n a to th e o g a l c as l e
t in t th nt r nt p r r ith bl kin
o ,

la e th e we l f u y a n d is c o em o a y w th e g o f th e
th ntr n ri i l t nitd r pr nt
ce ,
oc

O na l y th e ca s l e co s s e m e e ly o f th e
i nn r rd trbi b rt v n r d d ti n
a e o us e e e se
g a ce g .

wa The o u e a l ey o r g a e e l a g e acco m m o a o
rri n t in d t b b rn th r hi h
e . a se c o u
fo r th e g a a nd c o n a s a les s and o Ofl ic e s fo r w c
th r r m i n i nn r rd
so e ,
a e , ,

wa s th e wa
xp l n ti n thi p thr h m t ry
e e no oo e .

3
Th e ll l of th e wa wa s
C l rk ii r ni d th t i t r m inn r r m
e a a o s a s sa ge o ug o ng a ys e .

”
7 8 , e c o bg se led f b ut
p ld h l whi h h d th t d r b n r lly
a ,
. 2 a o a n o ute rto an e oo ,

was b y t h e b ar o we th e h ad c a e fu

d nd d
uz z e -
o es c s a oo s ee

e fe e .
 TH E B EG I NNING OF T H E S T N E CA T
O S L E 97

Wh e n th e o nte r door wa y
g a t e hou se was blo c k e d th e Of th e ,

l o we r s t a g e was cov e r e d i n with a poi n t e d b a rr e l v au l t 1 -

.

A s a l r e a dy i n d ic at e d t h e d e t a i l s O f th e se g a t e hou se s a re v e ry
,

s i m pl e a n d i t is on ly wh e r e a n a tt e m pt is m a d e a t orn a m e n t
,

th a t t h e i r d a t e c an b e fa i rl y j ud g e d T hu s at P o rch e s t e r th e .
,

e n t r a n c e a rch way m a s k e d by d e fe n s i v e work O f a m or e a d v a n c e d

,

p e ri od con s i s t s o f a n u n m ou l d e d ri n g O f v o usso irs d ivid e d fro m

, ,

t h e j a m b s by pl a i n i m po s t bl oc k s T h e ou t e r b a i l e y or b as e cou rt
-
.
-

O f t h e c a s tl e w h ich is s ti l l s u rrou n d e d by t h e R o m a n wa l l s w i th
,

th e i r s e m ic i r c u l a r b a s t ion s h a s two g a t e hou s e s T h e s e occu py ,

.

t h e s i t e s o f t h e we s t
a n d e a s t g a t e s o f th e

R o m a n e nce in te and ,

th e e a s t o r wa t e r g a t e -

is i n p a rt R o m a n .

Th e we s t e rn g a t e hou s e
wa s r e bu i l t a t a d a t e
c on t e m por a ry w i th t h e

e n cl o s u r e O f th e c a s tl e

p r o pe r wi t h i n th e
n orth we s t q u a rt e r O f
-

th e R o m a n s t a t ion a n d ,

wa s m u c h a l t e r e d a t a
l a t e r p e ri od T h e a rch .

way s o f t h e N or m a n
bu i l d i n g r e m a i n a n d ,

s ho w n o a tt e m pt a t
orn a m e n t th e in n e r o ne ,

a l on e h a vi n g i m po s t
bl o c k s b e l o w th e a r c h e s .

Th e work at P orch e s t e r
is u s u a l ly a ttri but e d to
0 1 C 11 3 5 1 e 1 3 P 13 11
’
th e e a rly p a rt O f t h e 1 '
'

t we l fth c e n tu ry a nd ,

th e a s h l a r fa c i n g O f th e s i d e wa l l s O f th e i n n e r g a t e way a pp e a r s
to b e o f th a t d a t e A s i m i l a r s e v e r i ty o f d e t a i l is se e n i n th e
.

p a r a l l e l c ase o f L e we s wh e r e th e o rigi n a l g a t e hou se was a l s o

,

cov e r e d i n th e fou rt e e n t h c e n tu ry by a b a rbi c a n T h e gr e a t

g a t e hou se o f th r e e s t ag e s a t N e wa r k c a s tl e was th e wor k
,

o f A l e x a n d e r b i s hop o f Li n col n fro m 1 1 2 3 to 1 1 4 8 who s e u n cl e

, , ,

1 p think th t it
Mr H ri i lly int nd d v r t wy
was o g na to co e th e ga e a
with m i ir l r b rr l v lt r t k p i h m nd
o e s a e e

l Th e o we s ag e O f th e e e a t R c
ribb d v l t ith tr l l m n hi h w v r ith vi
a se c cu a a e au -
. o

h as w T s, o e e , w th e c e , no w

b l k d in th w t rn r in rt d m r t r b ild
a e au cen a co u .

th e s o u e , was any ye a s af e th e
th r t t r it th
oc e ,
e s co -
se e u
ing o f e g e a o we o n th e s e O f th e ga e o us e .
98 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

R oge r bi shop o f S a l i s bu ry ( 1 1 0 7
,
a pp e a r s to h a v e bu i l t t h e

g a t e hou se a t S h e rborn e Th e a r c h way s o f th e l o we r s t a g e a t

.

N e wa rk a re o f gre a t wi d th a n d a re as s i m pl e i n d e t a i l as tho s e ,

a t Po r c h e s t e r Th e out e r o r n orth e rn wa l l O f th e to we r is fa c e d
.

w i th fi n e l y j oi n t e d a s h l a r a n d t h e a rch wa y on th i s s i d e h a s a
-
,

hood m ou l d i n g wi th b i l l e t orn a m e n t
-
,
1
.

Th e po s it ion o f t h e g a t e hou se i n r e l a t i on to th e cu rt a i n
v a r i e s A t R i ch mon d P o rch e s t e r a n d E x e t e r th e in n e r fa c e
.
, ,

o f th e g a t e h ou se wa s fl u s h w i th th e c u rt a i n A t Lu d l o w .
,

N e wa r k a nd T i c k h i l l i t wa s p a rtl y ou t s i d e bu t m o s t ly i n s id e
, ,

L e we s Ba rbi n ca

th e c u rt a i n A t L e we s t h e proj e c t io n was w hol l y i n t e rn a l

. .

I ts m e as u r e m e n t s a l s o v a ry P orch e s t e r wa s 2 3 fe e t i n l e n gth
.

by 2 8 fe e t i n bre a d th : E x e t e r a nd L e we s we r e a bou t 30 fe e t ,

T ic k h i l l a bou t 3 6 fe e t s qu a r e : Lud l o w wa s 3 1 fe e t bro ad but ,

w as s o m e fe e t l on g e r T h e a r e a o f th e g a t e hou se a t N e wa r k
.

is l a rg e r th a n a ny a n d t h e g e n e r a l proport ion s a n d e l e v a t ion

,

1
Th e trin r pp r t O f th e s a ge s o f th e t r o we ind a nd th e w o ws

th r h mb r hi h h i ht pp r
s g
-
co u s e s u e ,

Of th e w wa s o f th e ful l o f th e t wo u
t ri pr b b ly rm d hpl t l h v rth r nri h
so u e n c a e c e g e
,
e s, a nd fo th e Of th e cas fu
m nt d t i l n wh r l b r t
s o o a e c a e e, a e e e c

b ut t h e is Se e T M B l agg,
pp
e ; e a o e e e a o a e . . .

A G u id e to N w e a rk
,
63 a , 2 nd e d .
,
. 1 9
-
22 .
 TH E B EG I N NING OF T H E T N E CA T
S O S L E 99

we r e th o s e o f a r e ct a n gu l a r d onj on r a th e r th a n a m e r e g a t e wa y
to we r .
1

S tr e s s h as b e e n l a i d on th e occ urr e n c e O f e a rly s ton e fort i

fi c a tio n s on ro c ky a n d pr e c i pitou s s i t e s , w h e r e th e ord i n a ry
e a rth w ork s we r e at on c e i m pr a ct i c a bl e a nd u n n e c e ss a ry I t .

w i l l b e n ot e d , ho we v e r , th a t t h e g a t e hou se s wh i c h h av e b e e n
d e s c ri b e d are n ot fou n d whol ly i n s u c h po s i t i on s T i c kh i l l a n d .

L e we s w e r e m ou n t a nd b a i l e y c as tl e s w i th s t ron g e a rth work s

- -
.

Porch e s t e r is 0 11 l e v e l grou nd , O p e n to Port s m out h h a rbou r on

two s id e s , a n d d e fe nd e d by a d i t c h 0 11 th e s i d e s to wa rd s th e
l a n d : th e s i t e w a s a l r e a dy wa l l e d , but th e r e ct a ngul a r k e e p
a pp e a r s to s t a n d u pon th e b a s e O f a n e a rl i e r m ou n t , wh ic h m a y

h av e b e e n t hro w n u p s o a s to e n c l o se
t h e R o m a n to we r a t th e n orth we s t -

a n gl e O f t h e s t a t ion N e wa rk ( 1 5 7 )
.

t nds
s a m od e r a t e h e ight a bov e
0 11 a

t h e m e e t i n g O f t h e D e von a n d a n
a rm o f t h e T r e n t w i th a d e e p d i tch
,

0 11 t h e north a n d e a s t s i d e s to wa rd s

t h e to w n T h e r e wa s 11 0 c as tl e h e r e
.

b e for e A l e x a nd e r b e g a n to bu i l d i n
or a bou t 1 1 30 ; a nd h is wor k fro m
t h e b e gi n n i n g con s i s t e d O f a re c
t a ng ul ar e nc l o s ur e w ithout a m ou n t ,

i n wh i ch th e g a t e hou se h ad s o m e
th i n g o f th e i m po rt a n c e o f a k e e p .

Th e n e c e s s i ty o f d e fe nd i n g t h e e n
tr a n c e o f th e c a s t l e , wh a t e v e r th e
n a tu r e O f th e s i t e m igh t b e l e d to ,

th e con s truc t ion O f s ton e g a t e hou s e s

at an rly d a t e ; a n d a t T ick h i l l
ea ,
N e wa rk ; Ga th
e o use

o r L e we s th e g a t e to we r s we r e p ro
,
-

b a b l y con s tru ct e d a t a t i m e wh e n th e m ou n t s a n d e m b a n k m e n t s
O f th e b a i l e y we r e s t i l l d e fe nd e d by t i m b e r .

S ton e cu rt a i n s w h ic h d i s pl ay h e rr i n g bon e m as on ry m ay
“
-

g e n e r a l l y b e a s s u m e d to b e e a rly i n d a t e I t h a s b e e n cu s to m a ry .

to l ook u pon h e rr i n g bon e m ason ry as i n d i c at iv e O f p re

“ -
”

C on qu e s t wor k a nd m a n y bu i l d i n g s h av e b e e n d e s c ri b e d a s
,

S a x on 0 11 t h e s tr e n gth o f th i s d e t a i l a l on e O n th e oth e r
”

i
.

h a n d i t n e v e r occ u r s i n d i r e c t ass oc i a t i on w i th d e t a l s wh i c h
rv p th t rk t tr
,

H a e y op cit 9 8 s ays N e wa ca s l e
1 “
h a s no w n o ac e o f
k p p ib vrp d th h vr
,
.
, a .
,

an d ly n e e o sse s se o ne T h e ga e o use o we e
”
m ay
ir n id r d bl in t r t rk p
a ee ,
o ss .
, ,

fa l y b e c o s e e g to th e ca e go y o f o we e e s and h a s
h r t ri ti th tt p b i din r hi h divid
as e o ng -
,

o ne c a ac e s c o f y e of u l g v iz th e c o ss wa l l w c
pp t br r h in ntr t
a —
, es -

th e u e r s ag e s a nd is o ne b y a n a c wa y th e c e e o f th e g a e way
p as s ag e
,
I OO M I I TA RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

m ay b e r e g a rd e d a s d e fi n i t e cri t e r i a O f p re C on q u e s t m a s on ry ; a n d -

th e d i m e n s i on s a p a rt fro m oth e r fe a tu r e s o f ch u rch e s i n w h i c h i t

, ,

is foun d i n a ny qu a n t i ty u s u a l ly a fford s u s p ic i on o f it s po s t CO I1 ,
-

qu e s t origi n 1 I t s use i n c a s tl e s w h ich a s h as b e e n s ho wn we r e

.
, , ,

a N or m a n i m port a t i on i n to E ngl a n d d e m ol i s h e s its cl a i m to b e

i
,

r e g a rd e d a s a d s t i n ct iv e S ign o f S a x on work ; a nd it s e m pl oy
m e n t i n N or m a n dy e s p e ci a l ly i n t h e d onj on o f F a l a i s e wh e r e
, ,

a l mo s t th e w hol e o f t h e i n n e r fa c e o f th e w a l l s s ho w s h e rr i ng
bon e cou r s i n g m ay b e s e t a g a i n s t a ny th e ory w h ic h wou l d
”
,

a ttri but e i t to E n gl i s h m as on s a ft e r t h e C on qu e s t ? I t was

u se d by R o m a n bu i l d e r s a n d m uch o f i t m a y b e se e n i n th e ,

t o we rs o f th e e nce in te a t P orch e s t e r S a xo n bu i l d e r s ho we v e r .
, ,

d i d n ot co py R o m a n m e thod s of w a l l i n g a n d t h e s u r e s t c ri t e r i on ,

o f S a xon w ork is t h e th i n wa l l w hol ly c o m po se d o f d r e s se d ,

s ton e , o r o f rag w ork w i thou t fa c i n g s -

N or m a n bu i l d e r s co m i n g .
,

fro m a cou n t ry w h e r e th e con t i n u i ty o f R o m a n i n flu e n c e w a s

n e v e r brok e n u se d th e ord i n a ry R o m a n m e thod o f a co m pou n d
,

wa l l i n wh i c h a s ol i d rubbl e cor e wa s fa c ed w i th as h l a r 0 11 o n e
,

o r bot h s id e s I t is on ly n a tu r a l th a t i n e a rl y s ton e c a s tl e s
.
,

w h ich we r e con s truct e d a s qu i c k l y as po s s i bl e t h e fa c in g s hou l d ,

b e o f a rough d e s c ri pt ion o f cou r s e d rubbl e or o f h e rri n g bon e ,

-

cou r se s l a i d i n t h i c k b e d s O f m ort a r A t a s ub s e q u e n t d a t e .
,

wh e n m as on ry w a s a d d e d to a l r e a dy fort i fi e d s it e s th e wor k ,

c ou l d b e pu r s u e d i n a m or e l e i s u r e ly m a n n e r Th e m o s t
“

s tri k i n g e x a m pl e o f h e rring bon e work i n a n E n gl i s h c a s tl e

“ ”
-

is i n th e c ro s s wa l l o f t h e gr e a t to we r a t C ol ch e s t e r
-
wh i ch
is u n qu e s t ion a bl y a bu i ld i n g o f th e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry H e r e th e .

w or k was e vid e n tly h u rri e d on w it h t h e O bj e c t o f s e c u ri n g th e ,

gre a t e s t a m ou n t o f s t r e ngth i n th e l e a s t po s s i bl e t i m e a nd ,

R o m a n t i l e s we r e re u se d i n l a rg e qu a n t i ti e s as bon d i n g cou r s e s
-

fo r th e rubbl e wa l l s a n d for th e h e rri n g bon e cou r s i ng O f th e

,
-

1
hrh
Th e U pt n n r G in b r h r h ll i r of B u g wa D
t r d L i W d n in N rth m pt hir x m p l thi t p
c u c es o ,
ea a s o o ug , s, ne a on

of
rrin b n r r rix rth p rti n t r
c as e ,
an o s ee o o a o ns e , a re e a es s y e .

“
H
”
wo k B wo in f th e o we
hi h C t d t nn t ly ttrib t d M rt n n r
e g o
-
e o c cu s at , a o o o to
w s afe be At
G in b r h it r i t r x n typ hi h pr b b ly
c a p re -
o nq ue s a e ca o a u e . a o ,
ea
”
o we f Sa w wa s
b i l t nti l t r C n t nd t i Y rk dt
a s o o ug ,
o cc u s n a o o e, c o a

af e th e I t is fo u w b ut th e a e o f
l d x n rk r pt m in t r v r d bt l hi l
no t u u o q ue s . ce at o ,

t h e s o c a le Sa wo in t h e c o f th e is fu ; w
t r M ry i h phi ll J ni r l th h x in t p m r
—
o y s e e y ou e

th e Of St B
o we Sa y e , is
l ik ly N r m n in d t x m pl h r in b n rk in
a s o u o ,
a o ug on o e
“
to b e E Of wo th e
h r h N rm ndy nd ri r in p C eri y
e o a a e . a es e r g o e
e s Of fo u Pe s and th e a
F r t ( C lv d )
c u c o a a re ,
eg . .
, at e s e at s
la e
d nj n F l i b l r ly p rt t l th nt ry
-
o a a os .

Th e of to th e e a f th e we f
th r r l t x m p l h rri b n rk h rrin
o o a a se e o ng s a o ce u ,

a n d is
“
e fo e of wo T he
”

b n rk i n k p G i l d rd pr b bly til l l t r th t i n
e a a e e a e e ng o e . e g
”
wo th e fo an d th e
rt in w ll Lin l n r i d rth b k h rd l
o e ee at u is o a s a e ,
a
f th e to p o y be
ttrib t d v ry r ly d t
cu a a at co , a se on ea en an s , ca n a
a u e to a e ea a e .
 TH E B EG I NNING OF TH E S T N E C A TL E
O S IOI

d i vid i n g wa l l A t R i c h mon d a s h as b e e n n ot e d th e r e is a
.
, ,

c e rt a i n a m ou n t o f h e rr i n g bon e work i n th e cu rt a i n Th e
“
-
”
.

c as t l e wa s fou n d e d 0 11 a n e n t i r e l y ne w s i t e by A l a n o f B r i tt a n y :
e a rth work s we r e ou t O f t h e q u e s t i on a n d th e d a t e o f t h e O l d e r ,

m as on ry o f th e s ton e wa l l is b e yon d d i s pu t e .

A ve ry re m ark ab le e x a m pl e O f h e rr i n g bon e wa l l i n g is -

th e cu rt a i n wa l l a t T a m worth -
T h e c as t l e wa s fou n d e d by
R ob e rt M
a r m i on a ft e r t h e C on qu e s t on th e l o w groun d a t t h e

m e e t i n g o f t h e T a m e a nd A n k e r th e to wn th e fort i fi e d ba rlt O f
M
, ,

fE th e l fl aed b e i n g 0 11 h igh e r groun d to th e n orth a r m ion s

’

, .

fortr e s s took th e m ou n t a n d b a i l e y for m T h e b a i l e y wa s a

- -
.

t ri a n gu l a r pl a t for m o f e a rth r a i se d a rt i fi c i al ly a bov e th e l e v e l

,

o f t h e r i v e r b a n k wi th it s a p e x to w a rd s t h e con fl u e nc e o f t h e
,

st re a m s T h e m oun t wa s on its we s t s id e a n d wa s d ivid e d fro m

.
,

i t by a d i tch T h e d e fe n c e s 0 11 th e s id e n e x t th e to wn we re O f
.

C l h t r Cr
o c es e ; o ss - wa ll
s ton e H e r e th e cu rt a i n wa l l r e m a in s i n v e ry p e r fe ct con d it i on
.
-
,

c ro ss i n g th e d itch a n d c l i m b i n g th e m oun t wi t h a s l opi n g ,

r a m p a rt wa l k a l ong t h e top T h e i n n e r fa c e is c o m po se d e n t i re ly
-
.

Of h e rri n g bon e c ou r se s a l t e rn a t i n g w i th o n e two a nd s o m e

-

, , ,

t i m e s th r e e l ay e r s O f th i n ho ri z on t a l s ton e s Th i s a pp e a r a n c e
,
.

1
o f m or e th a n o ne hori z on t a l cou r s e is v e ry un u s u a l I t is .

obvi ou s th a t th e s i t e b e i n g co m m a n d e d by th e to wn wou l d b e
, ,

m a t e ri a l ly s tr e n gth e n e d by a s ton e wa l l on th a t s id e : on th e
s outh s id e s c a rpi n g a n d d i tch i n g w ou l d h a v e b e e n s u ffi c i e n t a n d
, ,

th e r e is n o t r a c e o f s to n e wor k o f a n e a rly p e ri od h e r e T he
-
.

origi n a l e n t r a n c e wa s a t t h e n orth e as t e rn a ngl e o f th e e n cl o s u r e -

,

a n d prob a bl y too k th e for m O f a s ton e g a t e hou s e

?

1
t
b n t d in t r
I h a s al so e e n o e rt n h r h
th e o we Of M a o n e ar G a ns i
r h
c u c ,

bo
l d whi h pi i it b ilt i hi l
o ug .

Th e no w o c c u was 8 1 5, w th e
pr nt m in tr n t l th t nt d
o ge c es ts s e u n 1 e

m th e c a s we s f th e wa s m a in
it t i d ri in l
e se a en a ce to e , so u -
o ou , e
1 810 , a nd I S
qu e ou s e th e o g a e n cein te .
102 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

O th e r i n s t a n c e s O f h e rri n g bon e work i n c u rt a i n wa l l s th at

- -

m ay b e m e n t ion e d h e r e a re a t C or fe H a s t i n g s a nd Li n col n , , .

C or fe wa s bu i l t on a n i s ol a t e d h i l l wh ich was s c a rp e d a n d ,

d itch e d s o m e th i ng a ft e r th e m a n n e r O f a con tou r fort o f e a rly

,
“

d ay s : t h e porti on o f th e c u rt a i n i n wh ich h e rri n g bon e cou r s i n g -

is fou n d fol l o ws t h e n a tu r a l l i n e o f th e e dg e O f th e h i l l H as t in g s .

is a fortr e s s 0 11 a s t e e p p ro m on tory : th e m ou n t 0 11 th e e as t s id e ,

o f t h e e n c l o s u r e wa s d e fe n d e d by a d e e p d i tch a n d cov e r e d by
, ,

a l a rg e out e r b a i l e y w i th form i d a bl e e a rth work s Th e c u rt a i n on .

,

th e e as t a n d n orth s i d e s o f th e i n n e r wa rd is ch i e fly o f th e ,

th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry ; bu t p a rt o f th e n orth c urt a i n for m i n g th e ,

n orth wa l l O f th e c a s tl e c h a p e l is O f h e rri n g bon e con s t ruct ion

,
-
.

Li ncol n as we h a v e s e e n was a l a rg e m ou n t a nd b a i l e y fort r e s s

, , ,

s u rro un d e d by e a rth wor k s w h ic h 0 11 th e we s t s id e e n cl o se d

, ,

port i on s o f th e wa l l o f t h e R o m a n c i ty H e rr i n g bon e m a s on ry
.

is s e e n h e r e a n d th e r e 1 11 t h e we s t a n d n orth c u rt a i n s wh ich h av e ,

b e e n r a i se d 0 11 th e top O f th e e a rth e n b a n k s ?

T he b a t tl e m e n t e d p a r a p e t wi th wh ich th e c u rt a i n wa l l o f -

a c a s tl e is u s u a l ly cro w n e d g e n e r a l ly m ay b e ass ign e d i n its

, ,

pr e se n t s t a t e to a l a t e r r e p a i r a nd h e igh t e n i n g O f th e c u rt a i n
, .

T h i s is th e c ase a t Li n col n wh e r e th e p a r ap e t a nd u pp e r p a rt
“

o f t h e wa l l a re o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry I t h as b e e n s e e n t h a t .

t h e e d ic t o f Li l l e bon n e i n 1 0 8 0 forb a d e t h e d e fe n c e o f th e
c u rt a i n by fl a n k i n g to we r s r a m p a rt wa l k s a nd oth e r a id s to
3
,
-

d e fe n s i v e wa r fa r e a n d as a m a tt e r o f fa c t th e fu l l d e ve lopm e n t
, ,

o f t h e fort i fi c a t ion O f th e e n ce in te b e l on g s to a l a t e r p e r iod At .

t h e s a m e t i m e to we r s proj e ct i n g b e yon d t h e l i n e o f t h e c u rt a i n
,

are fou nd i n s o m e O f ou r e a rly N o r m a n c as t l e s o f s ton e Th e .

l i n e o f t h e e a rl y c u rt a i n a t R ich m on d is u n bro k e n by con t e m

p o ra ry to w e r s a n d c
,
l o s e ly fol l o w s t h e e d g e o f t h e roc k 0 11 w h ich
i t is bu i l t B ut at Lu d l o w ( 9 6 ) wh e r e th e i n n e r wa rd is th e
.

o rigi n a l c a s tl e foun d e d prob a bly by R og e r d e L a cy a ft e r 1 0 8 5

, ,

t h e c urt a i n is fl a n k e d by fou r or igi n a l to we r s i n a d d i ti on to th e

g a t e hou se wh i ch h as b e e n d e sc r ib e d T h e s h ap e O f th e wa rd
,
.

is th a t O f a t r i a ngl e w i th con v e x s i d e s th e b ase o f wh ich o n t h e , ,

s i d e o f th e ou t e r wa rd a nd th e to wn fa c e s s ou t h a nd we s t ,
.

S o m e th i rty fe e t to th e e as t o f th e g a t e hou se a to we r i n th e , ,

b ase m e n t o f wh ic h a n ov e n wa s i n s e rt e d at a l a t e r d a t e c a pp e d ,

t h e s ou th we s t a ngl e O f t h e e n c l o s u r e proj e ct i n g s outh wa rd s a s

-
,

fa r as th e e dg e o f t h e d i tch Th e we s t c u rt a i n con t i n u e d i n a l i n e
.

w ith th e we s t wa l l o f th i s to we r fo r s o m e s i xty fe e t u n t i l i t wa s ,

1
S e e no e 2 o nt p
rt i id fl nk d h i l in br k n i t rv l by
. 100 .

3
A c u a n is sa be w e n ts
pr j ti n r th t wh l pi rt i n
to a e e is o e at n e a s

a n o th e i th e o e face o f th e f
b t n th m v r d d d r t ti n d th m
o ec o s, so ne a o ne a e ce o cu a
e we e e ca n be co e e fi b y th e re o f th e e fe n e s s a o e in e .
 TH E B EG I NNING OF T H E S T N E C A TL E
O S 10 3

brok e n by a s m a l l po s t e rn to we r A t th e a p e x o f th e t ri a n gl e
.
,

proj e ct i ng to t h e n orth we s t was a n oth e r to we r th e r e m a i n i n g

-
, ,

to we r b e i n g a t th e n orth e a st a n gl e wi th its n ort h wa l l i n a l i n e

-
,

w ith t h e n orth c u rt a i n A ll th e s e to we r s are rough ly s p e a k i n g

.
, ,

r e ct a ngu l a r i n s h a p e bu t th e ou t e r an gl e s O f th e n orth e a s t a n d
,
-

Ch p t
e s ow H a ll

n orth we s t to we r s are ch a m fe r e d T h e origi n a l op e n i n g s we r e

-
.

rou n d h e ad e d l oop s w i th wid e i n wa rd s pl ay s

-
A l though t h e .

c u rt a i n wa s th u s s u ppl i e d wi th s e v e r a l proj e ct ion s m or e to we r s ,

w ou l d b e n e e d e d to fl a n k i t p e r fe ct ly a nd l a rg e por t ion s o f th e
,

wa l l p a rt ic u l a rly on th e n orth a nd e as t s id e s we r e l e ft wi thout

, ,

mor e prot e ct ion th a n cou l d b e gi v e n by th e i r o wn s tr e ngth .

 [0 4 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

O x ford c a s t l e is a n oth e r i n s t an c e O f e a rl y wa l l i n g wh e r e th e t a l l ,

r a m p a rt to we r wh i c h co m m a n d e d th e r iv e r a nd th e c as t l e m i l l
st i l l re m a i n s
?

O f th e s ton e bu i ld i n gs wh i c h e x s t e d W th n th e e n cl o s u r e s i i i
O f e a rl y Nor m a n c a s tl e s t h e t r a c e s wh ich r e m a i n a re c o m p a r a

t ive l y fe w a n d i n m o s t c as e s w
,

,
ork o f a n a l tog e th e r l a t e r p e riod
h as t a k e n t h e i r pl a c e T h e gr e a t h a l l fo r t h e co m m o n l i fe o f
.

t h e g a rri s on , s uch as R ob e r t d O il y b u i l t i n O x ford c as t l e

i n 1 0 7 4 , wou l d b e i nd i s p e n sa bl e A t Lu d l o w th e r e c a n b e .

l i tt l e d ou bt th a t th e origi n a l h a l l s tood 0 11 th e s i t e occu pi e d by

th e pr e se n t h a l l m uch O f th e e a s t wa l l o f wh ich is a pp a r e n t ly
,

o f t h e s a m e d a t e a s th e cu rt a i n Th e t wo l o we r s t ag e s O f th e .

O bl on g k e e p a t C h e p s to w are t h e h a l l with th e c e l l a r b e l o w ,

foun d e d by Wi l l i a m , so n o f O s b e rn b e for e 1 0 7 1 A l though , .

th e u pp e r s t ag e wa s t r a n s for m e d i n t h e th i rt e e n t h c e n t u ry by
t h e i n s e rt i on o f t r a c e ri e d w i n do ws i n t h e n ort h wa l l a n d o f ,

Ch p t
e s ow P l an

an rch b e t we e n th e d ais a nd th e body o f th e h al l th e wa l l s

a ,

are O f e l e v e n th c e n t u ry m as on ry a n d t h e pl a i n a rc a d e wh ich .

we n t rou n d th e m is cl e a rl y vi s i bl e 0 11 th e n orth a nd we s t s id e s .

I n th e s ou th wa l l o f th e c e l l a r a re th e l oop s w h ich l igh t e d i t ;

th e se h a ve l i n t e l h e ad s w ith a r c h s h a p e d h ol l o ws c u t i n th e
- -

s o ffi ts T h e h a l l an d c e l l a r a t R ic h m on d wh i ch occu py th e
.
,

s outh e as t a n gl e
-
o f th e b a i l e y a pp e a r to b e tho se bu i l t by ,

A l a n o f B ri tt a n y b e for e 1 0 8 8 A fe w a d d i t i on s took pl a c e .

h e r e at th e e nd O f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry ? bu t t h e wi n d o ws i n
t h e n orth wa l l o f t h e h a l l w h ic h a re o f t wo l ight s wi th e dg e
V
, ,

rO ll s i n th e j a m b s a re c l e a rl y o f e a rl y d a t e
, \ h e n fo r a t i m e .
, ,

1
M uc h
rt i L n t r
of th e c u a n of tl irly r ly t F
is of fa da
pp d m n ri in t pr b b l hi t ry n t
a ca s e c as e ea e . or
th e Ro l
p bl Of th e a nd it s
su o se a o g c as e o a e s o ,
se e o e
2 on e ow

Thrk dditit l thh v nt ivry nd rit

32 7
mm n th ry th t thi h l
. .

3
0
e se a o ns a e g e se t o th e co o eo a s a l
15 a wo w O f l a te e f ce u a e .
 TH E B EG INN I N G OF T H E S T N E CA T
O S L E 10 7

th e gre a t s ton e to we r b e c a m e th e fa s h ion a bl e for m o f k e e p a ,

gr e a t h a l l for m e d p a rt o f its i n t e rn a l a rr a n g e m e n t s ; bu t th i s
wa s th e h a l l O f t h e l ord s pri v a t e d we l l i n g a n d wa s u se d by
’

t h e g a rr i s on on l y i n t i m e o f s i e g e D o m e s t i c bu i l d in g s i n c l ud .
,

i n g a gr e a t h a l l m a y s o m e t i m e s h a v e b e e n con s tru ct e d o f
,

t i m b e r wi th i n t h e b a i l e y a n d a t th e e nd o f t h e t we l fth ,

c e n tu ry we re prob a bly s u p e r s e d e d by p e r m a n e n t bu i ld i ng s o f
s ton e ,
l i k e th e h a l l s a t W a rk worth o r a t O a k h a m A s at .

R ich m on d s u c h h a l l s wou l d b e pl a c e d a g a i n s t or c l o s e to th e
,

c urt a i n to l e a v e th e i n t e rior o f th e b a i l e y as O p e n as po s s i bl e
, .

I n c a s e o f s i e g e fre e d o m o f m ov e m e n t wi th i n th e a r e a O f th e
,

c a s t l e was e s s e n t i al a nd t h e b a il e y for m e d th e n a tu r a l b as e O f
,

O p e r a t ion s Th e h a l l a t C h e p s to w was on th e h igh e s t a nd

.

n a rro we s t p a rt O f th e ro c ky pro m on tory on wh ich th e c a s tl e

s t a n d s a t th e,
h e a d o f th e b a i l e y ; its s out h wa l l for m e d p a rt
o f th e c u rt a i n ov e rh a n gi n g th e gr e a t d i tc h b e t we e n t h e c as tl e

a n d th e to w n

N or m a n c a s tl e bu i l d e r s we r e c a r e fu l to provid e c h a p e l s w ith i n
-

th e i r fortr e ss e s I n s e ve r a l c a s e s t h e ch a p e l w i th i n th e b a i l e y
.
,

a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n th e fi r s t bu i l d in g o f s ton e r a i s e d i n s id e t h e

e n c l o s u re Th e s m a l l c h a p e l a t R i ch m on d i n a to we r o f t h e
.
,

e a s t c u rt a i n is a l m o s t b e yon d d oubt th a t w h ich w a s gr a n t e d by

M Y
,

A l a n o f B ri tt a n y to S t a ry s a bb e y a t ork a bou t 1 0 8 5 T h e
’
.

d e t a i l s a re v e ry rud e i n ch a r a c t e r : th e r e is a pl a i n wa l l a rc ad e ,

s upport e d 0 11 s h a ft s th e c a pi t a l s o f w h ich h a v e rough v o l u t in

, g
a n d n o a b ac i T h e s a m e typ e o f c a p it a l is fou n d i n th e wa l l a r e a d
.

i n g O f th e ori gi n a l g a t e hou s e a t Lud l o w a n d a l s o t hough ,

w i th m or e fi n i s h e d orn a m e n t i n th a t o f th e c i rcu l a r n a v e o f S t
M M i
,

a gd a l e n e s ch a p e l ( 1 0 8 ) w i th i n th e s a m e c a s tl e
’
a ry C e rt a n .

d e t a i l s i n th e c h a p e l at Lu d l o w e s p e c i a l ly th e b a nd s o f ch e vron ,

orn am e n t rou n d th e a rch e s s e e m to i n d i c a t e th a t th e n a v e is ,

l a t e r th a n th e e l e v e n th c e n t u ry Th e a rch w h i c h d iv id e d th e .

n a v e fro m a r e c t a ngul a r c h a n c e l e n d in g i n a h a l f oct agon is O f ,

a d v a n c e d t we l fth c e n tu ry d a t e ; a n d i t is c l e a r th a t th e c h a n c e l

m u s t h a v e b e e n bu i l t or r e m od e l l e d a t a l a t e r d a t e th a n th e
bu i l d i ng o f th e n av e T h e a i s l e d c h a p e l a t D u rh a m c as tl e wh ich
.
,
’
n o w for m s p a rt O f th e b a s e m e n t O f B i s hop P u d se y s bu i ld in g
a l on g t h e n orth s id e o f t h e b a i l e y h as groi n e d v a u l t s cyl i nd ri c a l , ,

col u m n s a n d c a pi t a l s w i th vol u t e d c ro c k e t s a n d s qu a r e a b ac i
, ,

wh i ch m ay b e s a fe ly as crib e d to 1 0 7 5 or a l i ttl e l a t e r Th e .

c a pi t a l s m ay b e co m p a re d w i th tho s e o f th e origi n a l g a t e wa y
a r c h a t R ic h m on d T h e c l as s ic a l s pi ri t wh ic h is so n ot i c e a bl e
.

i n th e m a nd is d e ri v e d d i r e ctl y fro m th e con t e m por a ry wor k o f

,

1
th
O e r e am l e s O f e a ly s o ne x p all s w ll b e m e r t a la e h i nti n d in tr
h pt r
o e
c a e .
10 8 M I I T A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

N or m a nd y is a l s o a pp a r e n t i n th e c a pi t a l s o f th e c rypt o f th e
,

c as tl e c h a p e l a t O x ford O x ford c a s tl e w a s fou n d e d i n 1 0 7 1

.
,
’
D urh a m i n 1 0 7 2 A t H a s t i n g s th e fi r s t o f th e Con qu e ror s
.
,

t l t h r e is a s h a s b e e n s a i d m u c h h e rri n g bon e w or k i n -

t h e n orth w a l l o f th e C h a p e l n a v e a nd i n t h e vi c e o r tu rr e t s t a i r
c as e s ,
e , ,

L dl
u ow St r d
M a y M a g a l e ne s ’
Ch p
a e l

o f t h e c e n tr a l to we r S u ch d e fi n it e l y a r c h i t e ctu r a l d e t a i l a s is
.

l e ft ho we v e r , b e l on g s to a r e bu i l d i n g O f th e l a t e r p a rt O f th e
,

t we l fth c e n tu ry .

Th e i m port an c e o f th e c as t l e ch a p e l i n N or m a n t i m e s a n d ,

i n d e e d throughou t th e m i d d l e a g e s d e s e rv e s a n ot e Ch a p e l s
,
.

w e r e O ft e n r i ch l y e n d o we d , a n d , as a t H as t i n g s , B ri dgn orth ,
 TH E B EGI N N ING O F TH E S T N E C A TL E
O S 1 09

a nd L e ic e s t e r we r e s o m e t i m e s fou n d e d as col l e gi at e e s t a bl i s h
,

m e n t s with a d e a n a nd c a non s T h e col l e gi a t e ch u r c h o f

M
.
,

St a ry at War wi c k fou n d e d by R og e r o f N e wbu rgh th e , ,

se con d N orm a n e a rl prob a bly h ad its o rigi n i n a c as tl e ch a p e l

, ,

r e m ov e d to a ne w a nd e n l a rg e d s it e w i th i n th e to wn Th e .

gr e at e s t O f th e s e col l e gi a t e ch a p e l s a l though o ne O f th e youn g e s t

G
, ,

was S t e org e s a t W i n d s or fou n d e d by E d wa rd I I I Th e

’
.
,

ch a p e l s a t H as t in g s B ridgn orth a n d L e ic e s t e r we r e ch u rch e s

, ,

o f s o m e S i z e a n d i m port a n c e ; a n d th e i r ch a pt e r s l i k e tho se O f ,

t h e s e cu l a r c a th e d r a l s u s u a l l y c on s i s t e d o f roy a l c l e rk s g e n e r a l l y
, ,

n on r e s i d e n t who s e d ut i e s we r e s e rv e d by v i c a r s A s roy a l
i
-
.
,

c h a p e l s th e y we r e e x e m pt fro m e p i s c op al j ur i s d ct ion
,
and th e

t e r m o f fr e e ch a p e l wh i c h wa s g i v e n to th e m b e c a m e a ppl i e d
,
”
,

i n cou r s e o f t i m e to ch a p e l s foun d e d i n pr i v a t e c astl e s a nd e v e n

u pon m a n or s 1 I n m o s t c as e s a c as tl e ch a p e l was s e rv e d by
.

a s i n gl e p ri e s t e ith e r th e i n c u m b e n t o r h is v i c a r Th e i n cu m b e n t
M
.
,

o f t h e fr e e c h a p e l o f S t ich ae l i n S h r e wsbu ry c a s tl e u s u al ly ,

a roy a l c l e rk hol d i n g h is gr a n t fro m t h e k in g a n d i n d u ct e d by ,

t h e s h e ri ff as th e k i ng s O ffi c e r h e l d t h e ch u rch o f S t J u l i a n i n
’

S h r e ws bury as p a rc e l o f h is c u r e ?
W h e r e th e N orm a n c a s t l e
and p a ri s h ch u rch s tood s id e by s id e as at E a rl s B a rton o r ,

H igh a m F e rr e r s i n N orth a m pton s h i r e th e l ord o f th e c a s t l e a n d ,

h is h ou s e h ol d wou l d dou bt l e s s a tt e n d th e chu rch B ut th e .

fou n d a t ion o f a ch a p e l w i th i n t h e c a s tl e wa s a c o m m on th in g ,

e v e n wh e n t h e ch urch a s a t L ud l o w o r W a r w ic k was a t n o
, ,

gr e a t d i s t a n c e ; an d i n l a t e r y e a r s wh e n ch a n t ry foun d at ion s ,

b e c a m e u s u al c as tl e ch ap e l s i n c r e a se d i n n u m b e r T h u s a t
,
.

Lu d l o w a se con d ch a p e l s e rv e d by t wo c h a n t ry pr i e s t s wa s
, , ,

bu i l t wi th i n th e out e r b a i l e y a bou t 1 3 2 8 ; a n d a col l e g e o f

3

e ight ch a n t ry p ri e s t s was foun d e d i n 1 30 8 by o n e o f t h e B e a u

ch a m p s i n h is c as t l e o f E l m l e y i n W orc e s t e r s h i r e ?

1
T hi
v ry ti b l in hr p hir wh r l r m b r p ri h
is S of

h rh hi h r t r r pr nt d in tit t d in rdin ry
s e no ce a e o s e, e e a a ge nu e a s

to w we an d th e o wa y,
d rib d r h p l in r i t r bi h p
c u c e s, c ec o s e e se e s u e a

f ee c a e s t h e e g s e s O f th e O f L ic h fi e l d a n d

r rd d rin thirt nth rt nth nt ri

a re e sc e as s o s

H e e fo g the a n d fo u e e
i h pt pt m
u ee ce u es .

3
ll
S e e Pa t R o s, 1 8 R c 28 3 H en IV , 6
pt m thi h p l d di t d
. 1, . . . . . . .

3
P at 2 E d w I I I , ll T h e wa s o f
t r r m in fi t nth nt ry it n l r d t
. 2, 4 . . s c a e , e.ca e to . .

S t Pe e , e a I n th e f e e was e a ge a s far as th e we s
rt in by t r nn x in ixt nth nt ry it divid d i t
ce. u
a we s e n a e e , a nd th e s wa s
fl r pp r fl r b in rt h rfl r
cu a ee ce u e n o
two o o s , th e u g th e c o u l o u s e , a nd t h e o we th e
r rd r m rt M r h
e oo e oo -

o f th e c o u O f th e
pt m
e co oo -
a c es .

1
P at 2 E w I I ,
d
‘
. 2, 24 . . . . .
 C H A P TE R VI
TH E KE E P OF T H E N OR M A N C A ST LE

W E h av e n th a t th e r e we r e two typ e s O f e a rl y N orm a n c as tl e

se e

i n E ngl a n d T h e r e was th e ord i n a ry m ou n t a n d b a i l e y c a s tl e

.
- -
,

w i th its d e fe n c e s o f e a rth work a n d t i m b e r ; an d th e r e was th e

c ast l e fou n d e d 0 11 a roc ky s i t e i n wh i ch th e r e wa s n o m ou n t , ,

a nd t h e d e fe n c e s we r e o f s ton e I n th e fi r s t i n s t a n c e th e
.
,

s t rong e s t po s i t ion t h e m ou n t w a s occu pi e d by th e donj on or

, ,

k e e p I n th e s e con d c as e as a t Lud l o w th e wa l l was d e fe n d e d

.
, ,

by a s t ron g g a t e hou s e a n d a c e rt a i n n u m b e r o f to we r s ; bu t a t
fi r s t th e r e was s tri ctl y s p e a k i n g n o k e e p D u ri n g th e fi r s t h a l f
, ,
.

o f t h e t we l ft h c e n t u ry a n e ra O f con s t a n t r e b e l l ion ag a i n s t t h e
,

C ro wn pr iv a t e o wn e r s con st ruct e d c a s tl e s i n v e ry l a rg e n u m b e r s
, ,

fo r pu r po s e s O f a ggr e s s ion a n d s e l f d e fe n c e Th e s e con d h a l f -

.
,

t h e a ge o f t h e fi r s t P l a n t a g e n e t s w a s a n e ra O f con s ol i d a ,

t ion d u ri n g wh ic h th e b u i ld i n g o f c as tl e s was m e thod i s e d

u n d e r roy a l con trol U n l ic e n se d fortr e ss e s d i s a ppe a r e d l e a vi n g
,

.
,

on l y th e i r e a rth work s to m a rk th e i r pl a c e Th e p e r m a n e n t
.
.

c a s tl e o f s ton e b e c a m e th e ru l e ; a n d to t h i s p e r iod t h e s e con d ,

ag e o f ou r m e d i e v a l m i l it a ry a rch i t e ctu r e b e l on g s o m e o f ou r ,

m o s t for m id a bl e a nd i m po s i n g c a s t l e s Th e a im o f t h e bu i l d e r s .
,

d u ri n g th i s e poch wa s to s tr e n gth e n to th e b e s t o f th e i r a bi l i ty
,

th a t po i n t i n th e pl a n wh ic h wou l d form a c e n tr e o f u l t i m a t e
r e s i s t a n c e to a n a t t ac k fro m w i thou t Th i s poi n t wa s th e k e e p .
?
.

T h e k e e p o f N orm a n a n d e a rly P l an t ag e n e t d ay s wa s vi rt u
a l ly a c a s t l e w i th i n a c as t l e I II th e m oun t a nd b a i l e y c as t l e
.
- -

th e r e was g e n e r a l ly on ly o ne e n tr a n c e to th e e n c l o s ur e I f th e .

b e s i e g e r s forc e d th i s a n d e n t e r e d th e b a i l e y a d itc h d ivid e d ,

th e m fro m th e m ou n t th e m o s t for m id a bl e p a rt o f th e d e fe n c e s
,
.

H e r e th e d e fe n d e r s cou l d con c e n t r a t e th e m s e l v e s fo r a l as t
s t ruggl e i n wh ich th e a d v a n t ag e u n l e s s th e s i e g e c ou l d b e
, ,

prol on g e d i n d e fi n i t e ly wa s d i s t i n ct ly 0 11 th e i r s id e E v e n wh e r e
,
.

t h e m ou n t was O f i n con s i d e r a bl e h e igh t i t co m m a n d e d t h e b a i l e y ,

1
rd
T h e wo keep is a co mp r tiv ly m o d rn t rm k no w n me e adi v l
tl b i ld r h thi p rt tl
a a e e e ,
un to
c as e u -
e s , to w o m s a o f th e cas e wa s th e d o njo n o r d u ng e o n ,
o r th e g rea t to w er .
CARI S K
BR OO E : tp
s e s to k p
ee
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O R MA N CA T S L E 1 1 3

a nd th e d itch a t its b a se I ts s id e s we re too s t e e p to a l lo w o f

.

its b e i n g c l i m b e d w i thou t s o m e a rt i fi c i a l m e a n s o f foothol d .

A ch a n c e a rro w t i pp e d wi th bu rn in g to w m ight r e ach th e

, ,

p a l i sa d e rou nd t h e s u m m i t o f th e m ou n t a nd se t i t a l ight i n ,

a d ry s e as on but t he d e fe nd i n g p a rty h a d a l l th e a d v a n t ag e o f
b e i n g abl e to d i s ch a rg e th e i r m i s s i l e s d o w n wa rd a n d i n to a l a rg e
port ion o f th e b a i l e y Th e i r d i s ad v a n t a ge l ay i n th e po s s ibi l ity
.

o f a prol on g e d b loc k a d e by a l a rg e forc e a n d i n con s e q u e n t ,

s c a rc i ty o f a m m u n i t ion a n d victu a l s T h e d an g e r O f fi re coul d

.

b e m i n i m i se d by cove ri n g th e wood e n d e fe n c e s w i th s k i n s
n e w ly fl ay e d o r s o a k e d i n wa t e r ; but th e work o f r e n e w i n g
th e se i n c as e o f a l ong s i e g e wou l d b e d i ffi c u l t .

T h e wood e n d onj on 0 11 th e m ou n t took th e for m o f a s qu a r e

to we r s u rrou n d e d a t t h e e dg e o f th e m ou n t by a p a l i sa d e a nd
, , ,

a ppro a ch e d a s h a s b e e n d e s c ri be d a l r e a d y by a s t e e p wood e n
, ,

bri dge wh i c h cro ss e d th e d i tch i n to th e b a i l e y B ut i t is O bviou s

,
.

th a t th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c a s tl e i n a ny gi v e n pl ac e a s a p e r m a n e n t
c e n t r e O f roy a l i n fl u e n c e m u s t l e a d to th e a b a n don m e n t o f
wood e n d e fe n c e s in favou r o f d e fe n c e s O f m or e l as t i n g m a t e ri a l .

T h e s ton e c u rt a i n fi r s t too k th e pl ac e o f t h e p a l i sa d e i n th e
d e fe n c e s O f th e b a i l e y a nd wa s bu i l t a c ro s s th e d i tch a nd u p
,

th e s id e s o f th e m oun t c e a s i n g a s Ca n b e s e e n a t B e r kh a m p s t e a d
, ,

( 4 2 ) or T a m worth a t th e l e v e l o f th e s u m m i t T h e n e x t s t e p
,
.

wa s to r e pl a c e th e p a l i s a d e o f th e m ou n t w i th a s ton e wa l l O f
c i rc u l a r o r polygon a l s h a p e I n s o m e i n s t a n c e s wh e r e th i s wa s
.

don e i t is po ss i bl e th a t th e ol d w ood e n to we r was l e ft w ith i n

,

t h e e n cl o s u r e C a s e s i n wh ich a n e w to we r O f s ton e wa s bu i l t
.

u pon th e m oun t a re r a r e B u i l d e r s wou l d h e s i t a t e to c h a rg e t h e

.

s u r fa c e o f t h e a rt i fi c i a l h i l loc k w i th th e con c e n tr a t e d we ight o f

a l a rg e s qu a r e to we r T h e e n c i r c l i ng c u rt a i n wa s m uc h be tt e r
.

a d a pt e d to t h e pl a n O f t h e m ou n t a n d d i s t ri bu t e d it s we ight
,

m or e s u cc e s s ful l y ov e r th e e dg e o f th e s u r fa c e B ut w i th t h e .
,

bu i l d i n g o f a s ton e wa l l rou n d th e s u m m i t th e n e c e ss ity o f a ,

to we r wou l d b e r e m ov e d J u s t a s i n c a s tl e s l i k e E x e t e r a nd
.
,

Lud lo w th e r e wa s fro m th e fi r s t a s ton e wa l l w i thou t a d e fi n it e

,

k e e p th e e n cl o s u r e be i n g vi rt u a l ly a k e e p i n i t se l f so i n th e
, , ,

m or e l i m it e d a r e a O f t h e m ou n t th e e n c i rcl i n g wa l l for m e d t h e
,

k e e p a n d i n th e l a rg e r e x a m pl e s s h e l t e re d u pon its i n n e r s id e
, , ,

bu i ld i ng s u s u a l ly o f t i m be r wh i ch a fford e d th e n e c e ss a ry cove r
, ,

fo r th e d e fe n d e r s wh il e th e i r roo fs a butt i ng on t h e w a l l be l o w
, ,

th e s u m m i t l e ft roo m fo r t h e r a m p a rt wa l k a n d th e wood e n
,
-

g a l l e ri e s wh ic h we r e fi tt e d to t h e c u rt a i n i n t i m e o f s i e g e .

T h i s wa s t h e g e n e s i s o f th e s o c a l l e d s h e l l k ee p wh ic h -
“
,

con v e rt e d th e s u m m i t o f th e m ou n t i n to a s tron g i n n e r wa rd ,

th e c e n tr e o f wh ic h wa s cl e a r o f bu i ld i n g s a nd g a v e mor e c h a n c e
“

,
I 1 4 M IL IT A RY AR C IT E CT U R E
H

o f
‘

to th e d e fe n d e r s th a n t h e n a rro w p assa ge
c o n ce n t ra t io n
b e t we e n th e wood e n to we r a n d th e p a l i s ad e i n to w h i ch t h e ,

a ngl e s O f t h e to we r w ou l d h a v e proj e c t e d a w k wa rd l y O ne O f .

th e b e s t e x a m pl e s o f th e typ e w h ich r e m a i n s is th e k e e p
u pon th e l a r ge r o f th e t wo m ou n t s a t L i n c ol n a polygon o f ,

fi ft e e n fa c e s 0 11 th e o ut s i d e t we l v e 0 11 th e i n s id e Th e wa l l
,
.

h a s l o s t its p a r a p e t bu t r e t a i n s its r a m p art wa l k ; i t is 8 fe e t

,
-

th i c k a nd k e e p s its h e ight o f 2 0 fe e t p e r fe c t rou n d th e whol e

,

o f th e e n c l o s u r e T h e m as on ry is as h l a r o f l a t e t we l fth c e n tu ry
.

C rdi f
a f ; Kee p
ch a r a c t e r a n d e a ch o f th e e x t e rn a l a ngl e s is c a pp e d by a fl
,
at

pi l a s t e r butt r e s s T h e m a rk s 0 11 t h e i n n e r fac e o f th e w a l l s
.

i n d i c a t e th a t th e e n cl o s u r e wa s s u rrou nd e d by t i m b e r bu i ld i ng s ,

w i th wh i ch two s m a l l m ur a l ch a m b e r s c o m m u n ic a t e d i n t h e ,

th i c k n e ss o f th e ou t e r c u rt a i n wh e r e i t j oi n s th e k e e p Th e .

door way o f th e k e e p is i n th e n orth e as t fa c e o f th e wa l l wh ich -

,

is pi e r c e d by a se g m e n t a l h e a d e d a r c h wa y w i th a s e m i c i rcu l a r
-
,

cov e rin g a rch on t h e ou t e r fa c e T h i s d oor wa y d e fe n d e d by a

.
,

wood e n d oor w i th a d r a w b ar was a ppro a c h e d by a s ton e s t a i r

-
,

m a d e i n th e s i d e o f th e m ou n t A t th e pr e s e n t d ay th e d i tc h
.
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O RMA N CA T S L E 1 1 5

at th e foot h a s b e e n fi l l e d u p a n d t h e s t a i r s are m od e rn but , ,

origi n a l ly th e d i tch m u s t h a v e b e e n cro ss e d by a d r a wbridg e a t

t h e foot o f t h e s t a i r wh i ch w h e n d r a w n u p woul d h a v e l e ft th e
, , ,

m ou n t i s ol a t e d fro m th e b a i l e y Th e r e was a s m a l l door way .

i n th e s outh we s t fa c e o f th e k e e p wa l l prob a bl y i n t e n d e d to b e
-
,

a po s t e rn t hrough wh ich a n e x i t cou l d b e g a in e d i n e m e r

,
?
ge nc ie s
Th e s m a s on ry upon t h e m oun t h we v e r , wa s by
he l l Of , o
n o m e a n s th e un i v e r s a l for m t ak e n by th e k e e p S o m e t i m e s ,
Y
.

as at or k th e t i m b e r d e fe n c e s O f th e m ou n t s u rviv e d u n t i l a
,

co m p a r a t iv e l y l a t e p e r iod , w h e n th e i r pl a c e wa s t a k e n by a

Al t
'
o I ll CT
“ r

A l nw ik c P l an

to we r f a for m i n k e e p in g w i th th e pri n c i pl e s O f fort i fi c a t ion o f

o

t h e d ay ? A t A l n w i c k ( 1 1 5 ) th e b a s e o f th e gr e a t m ou n t , w ith
a con s id e r a bl e portion O f it s d it c h r e m a in s b e t we e n th e two
-

wa rd s O f t h e c a s tl e Th e pr e s e n t c l u s t e r O f to we r s a n d c on n e ct
.

i n g bu i l d i n g s u pon th e m ou n t s u rrou n d in g a s o m e wh a t d a rk ,

a n d con fi n e d courty a rd , is i n l a rg e p a rt a n i n e t e e n th c e n tu ry

r e c on s truct i on o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry hou se o f th e P e rcy s

1
th r i m p rt nt h ll k p
O n rm l t p r d l C rdi f th e o A
C ri br k FrhmL i k rin tn d T brid
e o a s e ee s o a y e a re a t un e a ff
,

e we s , P

l t m t n id r b l fin t x mpl g, T o
a s oo e a n a c e e s, a n on
,
ge
th e o n e O f th e e an d

C l i rd t r Y r k i m ti m td h ll k p I t w
as os co s e a es e a es .

ffo o we
’

t ll t w r ith
at
s o s so e es q uo e as a s e ee . as
ac ua y a o id e w a fo re b u l ing .
1 1 6 M I I T A RY
L A R C I I I TE C T U R E

wh ich ccu p i e d th e s it e T h e ou t e r a n d i n n e r a rch way s h o w

O .
,

e ve r O f th e g a t e hou s e th rough w h i ch t h e k e e p is e n t e r e d
, a re ,

t we l fth c e n tu ry work a nd a gr e e v e ry we l l i n d a t e w i th th e l a rg e
,

r e m a i n s o f N or m a n m ason ry wh i c h c a n b e t r a c e d i n th e cu rt a i n s
O f both wa rd s I t is prob a bl e th a t a bou t th e m id d l e O f th e
.
,

t we l fth c e n tu ry E u s t a c e s o n o f J ohn wh o d i e d i n 1 1 5 7 s u r
, , , ,

rou n d e d t h e w hol e o f th e p r e se n t e n c l o s u r e w i th s ton e wa l l s ,

a n d l e v e l l i n g t h e mou n t to its pr e s e n t h e ight bu i l t i n s ton e t h e

, ,

e a rl i e s t do m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s of th e c as tl e u pon th e e n l a rg e d s i t e ,

o f th e e a rl i e r w ood e n d onj on a n d a l i sa d e Th e a pp e a r a n c e o f
p .

E u s t a c e s bu i l d i n g s m u s t h av e b e e n v e ry d i ffe r e n t fro m th at o f
’

t h e m a n s ion o f th e P e rcy s ;
a n d we m a
y ass u m e th a t h e
d e fe n d e d th e s u m m i t o f th e
l e v e l l e d m ou n d by a th ic k
cu rt a i n a g a i n s t wh i c h h is h a l l ,

a nd oth e r do m e s t ic a p a rt
m e n t s we r e pl ac e d .

I n Fr a n c e a nd N or m a n dy ,

th e r e ct a ngul a r d onj on O f
s ton e b e g a n to s up e r se d e th e

w ood e n to we r at a n e a rly d a t e .

A t L a n g e a i s ( I n d r e e t Loi r e ) - -
,

Fu l k th e B l a ck cou n t o f ,

A nj ou bu i l t a s ton e d onj on ,

a s e a rl y a s 9 9 2 T hr e e wa l l s
?

o f th i s s tructu r e a re l e ft : it
wa s obl ong i n for m a n d wa s
c o m po s e d o f a b a se m e n t a n d

u pp e r floor Th e m a s on ry is .

l a rg e ly fac e d Wi th c ou r se s o f
,

s m a l l cu b ic a l s ton e s fol l o w
n
,

B e a uge cy i n g th e m a n n e r i n h e r it e d by
th e R o m a n e s qu e bu i ld e r s O f
Fr a n c e fro m th e i r R om a n pr e d e c e ss or s : t i l e s are i n trod uc e d i n
th e a rch e d h e a d s o f t h e w i n do ws i n th e u pp e r s t ag e w h i ch a re ,

n ot m e r e l oop s bu t h a v e a con s id e r a bl e ou t wa rd op e n i n g
,
.

T h i s k e e p wa s obviou s l y i n t e n d e d to b e a t on c e s tronghol d
a nd d we l l i n g hou se -
S u ch a bu i l d i n g was a t r a n s l a t i on i n to
.

s ton e o f a wood e n con s truct ion l i k e th e to we r hou se on th e -

m ott e a t A rd r e s I t is bu i l t 0 11 a pro m on tory a bov e a s m a l l

M
.

s tr e a m and is d e fe n d e d by a d i tch 0 11 th e l a n d wa rd s i d e
,
an y .

1
See B u a , l rt ii
50 0 , 6 7 6 A n th ym e S a it P a ul , H is to ire M o n u m en ta l e ,
p iv dt ith xpr i d bt F k
. : n -

1 68 , g e s th e a e 9 9 3, w Of o u ul k th e B l ac was
t j
. an e e ss o n .

c o un o f A n o u 9 8 7 1 0 3 9 -
.
 TH E KEEP O F TH E N O R MA N C A TL E
S 117

o fth e s e s ton e to we r s r e m a i n i n Nor m a n dy a nd th e coun try

roun d t h e Loi re ; an d as a rul e a re e a rl i e r i n d a t e a n d l a rg e r
, ,

i n a r e a th a n m o s t o f th e s i m i l a r bu i l d i n g s i n E n gl a nd T h e .

to we r o f B e a uge n cy ( Lo i r e t ) is a n obl on g on pl a n m e as u ri ng ,

a bout 7 6 fe e t l ong by 6 6 fe e t bro a d t h e p r e s e n t h e ight

is 1 1 5 fe e t T h e d a t e i n d ic a t e d by th e m as on ry is a bout
.

T h e fa bric s O f th e to we r s O f F a l a i se ( C a l v ado s ) a nd D o m fron t

( O rn e ) m ay b e attribut e d to H e n ry I I n o r a bou t 1 1 1 9 h e .

s y s t e m a t i c a l ly g a rri s on e d h is fort re ss e s at R ou e n a nd oth e r

pl ac e s o f wh i c h F a l a i s e wa s o ne
,
?
D o m fron t fro m 1 0 9 2 ,

3
on wa rd s was h is fa vou ri t e c a s t l e
,
I t s s t ron g po s it ion g a v e i t
.

a n e xc e pt ion a l a d v a n t a g e a s a b as e o f op e r a t ion s ; a n d i n 1 1 0 1 ,

Fli a a se

wh e n H e n ry c e d e d h is N or m a n po s s e s s ion s to h is broth e r
R ob e rt h e k e pt D o m fron t fo r h i m s e l f
,
4
A ft e r th e b a ttl e o f .

T i n ch e br ay ( 1 1 0 6 ) H e n ry was l ord o f N o r m a n dy a n d r e s to re d ,

o rd e r i n t h e d uchy by r a z i n g th e u n l i c e n se d s t ronghol d s bu i l t
u n d e r R obe rt s we a k ru l e T h e to we r o f D o m fron t ho we v e r
5 ’
.
, ,

an d po ss ibl y th a t o f F a l a i se we r e n ot bu i l t u n t i l ,
At
1
E n l a rt ii
6 8 5 , sa s é u du v d b t xii i
s ec l e
”

xii
e
. .

o
O rd it ,
viii
14
i

. . . .

w l aid
x
,
19 . .

-
1M , 18
xi phr d
a
. .

a d u l te rin a ca s te l l a is th e
5
J oint ,
ii nti n r p r ti n
20 . ase us e .

’
3
E nl art, B l an c h e tiere , op cit , 8 3 , m e H
in b li v ri rd t d nj n
7 10 . . o s en ys O e a o s

1 1 2 3, b ut e e e s in a n e a l e a e fo r th e o o .
1 1 8 MIL IT A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

Do m fron t th e c a s t l e is a l a rg e e n cl o s u r e occu pyi n g th e h igh e s t ,

poi n t o f a l on g h i l l wh i c h h a s a gr a d u a l e a s t wa rd s lop e bu t r i s e s ,

i n a n abru pt c l i ff fro m a n a rro w v a l l e y on th e we s t an d d e s c e n d s ,

s t e e ply on t h e n orth a n d s outh A d e e p d i t c h t h rough wh i ch

.
,

t h e m od e rn ro a d fro m C ae n to A n g e r s h as b e e n c a rri e d d ivid e d ,

t h e c a s tl e fro m t h e to wn T h e gr e a t to we r l i e s to th e e a s t O f th e
.

c e n t r e o f th e c a s t l e e n c l o s u r e so as to co m m a n d th e d i tch a n d
,

th e to wn b e yon d O n l y t h e n orth we s t a n gl e w i th a port i on

.
-

O f th e a dj a c e n t wa l l s r e m a i n s p e r fe ct
,
T h e h e igh t s l igh tl y .

e xc e e d s 7 0 fe e t T h e a r e a o f th e wh ol e s t ru ctu r e is 8 5 fe e t by
.

7 0 ,
n ot cou n t i n g t h e buttr e ss e s a n d pl i n th A t F a l a i s e ( 1 1 7 ) th e .

gr e a t to we r occ u pi e s n e a rly th e whol e o f th e s u m m i t o f th e

i s ol a t e d c l i ff 0 11 wh i c h i t s t a n d s th e to wn oc c upy i n g th e h i l ly ,

bu t l o we r grou n d 0 11 th e n orth s id e Th e l e n gth o f t h e to we r .

is a l i ttl e l e ss th a n th a t o f Do m fron t w h i l e th e br e a d th is s l igh tly ,

gr e a t e r Th e h e igh t is a bou t th e s a m e
. .

T h e to we r o f D o m fron t l i k e th at O f B e a ug e n cy s tood w ith i n

, ,

a wa l l e d c a s tl e wh e r e th e c a pt u r e O f t h e b a i l e y wou l d h a v e
,

e x po s e d t h e to we r d i r e c t l y to t h e b e s i e g e r s I t wa s th e re for e .

bu i l t wi th a n e x cl u s i v e v i e w to s tr e n gt h a n d its wi n do w O p e n i ng s , ,

e v e n u pon t h e s e con d floor a bov e th e b as e m e n t we r e s m a l l a n d ,

n a rro w tho s e on th e fi r s t floor b e i n g m e r e l oop s O n th e oth e r

,
.

h a n d th e to we r o f F a l a i s e s t a n d s h igh a bov e th e c u rt a i n wa l l
,
-

by wh i c h th e a s c e n t fro m th e to wn wa s prot e ct e d I ts ou t e r .

fa c e is o f a s h l a r th roughout an d th e w i n d o w O p e n in g s O f t h e
,

t wo u pp e r s t ag e s far a bov e t h e r e a ch o f s ton e s a n d a rro ws a re

, ,

doubl e d i vid e d by s h a ft s w i th c a rv e d c a pi t a l s B oth to we r s

,
.

we r e s e p a r a t e d i n to t h r e e p a rt s by c ro s s wa l l s ; bu t th e t wo u pp e r -

s t a g e s a t F a l a i s e a re n o w u n d i vid e d a n d a t D o m fron t a bov e , ,

t h e b a s e m e n t th e r e r e m a i n on l y i n d ic a t i on s O f s u ch a d i vi s ion
,
.

R e t u rn i ng to E n gl a n d we m ay s a fe l y a sse rt th at w i th v e ry
, ,

fe w e xc e pt ion s ou r r e ct a n gu l a r to we r s b e l on g to a p e r i od wh i c h
,

b e a r s fro m t h e h i s tor i c a l poi n t O f vi e w a c l o se l i k e n e s s to th e

, ,

p e ri od o f H e n ry I s fort i fi c a t ion s i n N or m a n dy H e n ry I I
.
’
. .

pu r s u e d th e s a m e pol i cy o f d e s t roy in g u n l i c e n se d c as tl e s a n d
s tr e n gth e n i ng roy a l s tron ghol d s ; a nd h is bu i l d i n g O p e r at ion s
too k th e for m O f provi d i n g h is c a s tl e s w i th to we r s s uch a s ,

a l r e a dy we r e a c h i e f fe a t u r e o f t h e c a s tl e s o f N or m a n dy a n d

M ai n e bu t we r e c e rt a in l y v e ry e xc e pt i on a l i n E n gl an d T h e
,
.

a pprox i m a t e d a t e o f s e v e r a l o f t h e s e to we r s c a n b e O bt a i n e d
1
fro m t h e e n t ri e s i n th e P i p e R ol l s fo r th e r e ign o f H e n ry I I .

H e n ry l i k e th e C on qu e ror d i r e c t e d h is a tt e n t ion to th e,

d e fe n c e O f th e m a i n wa t e r way s o f h is k i n gd o m T h e c as tl e s
-
.

o f th e co a s t a n d O f th e YVe l s h a n d S c ott i s h fron t i e r s we r e a l s o

1
R ad . d e D ice to , A bbre v Citro n
'

.
,
s ub a nn o .
 TH E K EEP OF T H E N O R MA N CA T S L E 1 1 9

ch i e f obj e ct s o f his c a r e T he P i pe R ol l s o f 1 1 5 8 9 a nd 1 1 60 1 .
- -

con t a i n a ccou n t s o f l a rge s u m s S pe n t on th e c a s t l e O f W a rk o u -

T we e d a t th e e x tr e m e n orth we s t corn e r O f th e k i ngdo m ?

1 11 -

G
,

1 1 5 8 9 occu r c h a rg e s fo r t h e to we r o f
-
l ou c e s t e r ? at th e h e ad
o f th e S e v e rn e s tu a ry ; a nd i n t h e s a m e a n d fol l o w in g y e a r s a re

m any m e n t ion s o f th e c as t l e a nd to we r o f th e gr e a t l i ttor a l

s t ron ghol d O f S c a rbo rough
?
B e rkh a m p s t e a d co m m a nd i n g t h e ,

a ppro ach to Lon don fro m t h e n orth we s t wa s a n O bj e ct O f s ub -

,

s t an t ial e x p e n se i n 1 1 5 9 6 0 a n d 1 1 6 1 2
?
I n 1 1 60 1 £ 2 1 5 1 8 3 5 d - - -
. . .

was s p e n t i n t h e fort i fic at ion o f t h e c ity o f C h e s t e r : work wa s 5

a l s o d on e a t O s we s try a n d oth e r a ccou n t s S ho w th a t a tt e n t ion

3
,

was p a id to th e victu a l l i n g O f c ast l e s o n th e W e l s h bo rd e r a t

7
C l u n a nd R uth i n A ccou n t s be gi n n i n g i n 1 1 6 4 5 r e fe r to
.
,
-
,

th e s t r e n gth e n i n g O f S h r e ws bu ry c as t l e S u m s we r e s p e n t
8
.

o n th e to we r o f B ridgn orth wh i ch c o m m a n d e d th e d e fi l e s O f th e ,

S e ve rn b e t we e n S h r e ws bu ry and W orc e s t e r i n 1 1 6 8 9 a nd ,
-

f ol l o w i n g y e a r s ;
9
a n d m e n t ion s o f H r
e e ford 10
S awa
h r rd i n e
11
, ,

and E l l e s m e re 13
t e s t i fy to th e c a r e w i th wh ich th e we st e rn
,

fron t i e r o f th e k i n gd o m wa s prot e ct e d O f t he co as t c as t l e s .
,

a p a rt fro m S c a rborough D ov e r h as a con s t a n t pl a c e i n th e se ,

a ccoun t s For e x a m pl e i n 1 1 6 8 9 4 o s 6 d was p a id fo r th e -

G
. .
,
.
,

h i r e o f s h i p s to bri n g l i m e fro m r a v e se n d to D ov e r a nd ,

£ 3 4 5 5 4 d was s p e n t on th e wor k fo r wh i ch th i s wa s r e qu i r e d
. . .
?3

S ou th a m pton c as t l e w a s r e p a i r e d i n 1 1 6 1 and a we l l w as

m ad e th e r e i n 1 1 7 2 T h e to we r o f H as t in g s wa s i n progr e ss
in 1 1 7 1 I n 1 1 6 5 6 £ 2 5 6 4 s 9 d wa s s p e n t u pon th e c as t l e -
. . .

o f O r ford th e gr e a t s tron ghol d o f th e S u ffol k co as t wh ich wa s

, ,

a n O bj e c t o f l a rg e y e a rl y e x p e n s e d o wn to 1 1 7 1 O n th e l i n e
o f t h e u pp e r Th a m e s con t i n u a l s u m s we r e s p e n t on th e p a l a c e ,

c a s tl e o f W i n d sor : th e wa l l o f th e c a s t l e is r e fe rr e d to i n 1 1 7 1 2 -

an d 1 1 7 2 W or k was don e at O x ford and a we l l m a d e i n

1 1 7 2 3 a nd 1 1 7 3
-
H e rt ford c as t l e was m a i n t a i n e d to gu a rd
P ipe R o l l S o c , v o l i,
1
pp iv
i
1 3, 1 4 ; 23 . . . . . .

3
l aid ,
i ii iv v vi x ii
27 . .

l aid , 36 ; 5 7 , 5 8 ; v1 1
x iii
2 9 , 30 , 3 1 ; . 14 ; 50 ; . . . . . 1 1, 1 2 ; .

31
ii v
. .

Mid , Mid , iv 3 5
0

1
49
iv
12 . . . . .

6
l aid ,
viii ix
I V 40
3 9 . . . .

3
l aid , 89
xiii
5 9 , e tc
xv xv
. . .

9
1 0 7, 10 8 ;
l aid ,
xiii xvi xviii
1 32 ; . 1 32 . . .

1° 11
l aid ,
E g ,
xviii x ii
1 4 0 .
32 ; . . . 1 10 .

13
13
l aid , l aid , i 1 6 1
xx
1 10 . . . .

15
11
l oid q v 3 5 l aid , 1
Ch r 53
. . .
.

a l e s D awso n , H a s ti g s Cas tl e , 1 1 5 2 4
1 11
n
i x xi xii x i ii xv xvi
. .

17
P ipe R o l l S o c , 18 ;
xvi i i 95 ,
xix
17 ; 1 5 ; . 2 ; . . . . . . 2 .

13
I b id 16 , 68
xix xxi xvi
. . . .

s e e al so
19
l aid , 1 67 77 .
92 . . .

1
5
1 20 M I I ARY AR LT C I T E CT U R E
H

th e L ea I n a dd it ion to D ov e r , th e c ast l e s O f R och e s t e r ?

?

“
C h i l h a m , a n d C a n t e rbu ry prot e ct e d th e m a i n rout e s to th e
3

n a rro we s t p a rt o f t h e C h a n n e l T h e ch i e f fort r e ss O f th e v a l e .

o f T r e n t w a s a t N ott i ngh am , wh e r e l a rg e s u m s we r e s p e n t i n

1 1 7 1 2 and- 1 172 O f th e i n l a n d c as tl e s o f th e n orth , th e

to we r o f N e wc a s t l e co s t s o m e £ 3 8 5 b e t we e n 1 1 7 1 2 a n d I 1 7 4 —

T h i s for m s a con t r as t to th e s m a l l s um s p e n t 0 11 th e to we r o f
Y or k 7 s 3d in 1 1 7 2 3 : 7
i t is c l e a r , fro m th e P i p e R ol l s
. .
— -

o f l a t e r r e ign s , th a t th i s was m e r e ly a wood e n s tructu r e

8
.

H o we v e r , th e r e a re e a rl i e r i n s t a n c e s o f to we r s wh ic h a re O f
fi rst cl as s i m port a n c e , a n d th e se m u s t b e bri e fly d e s cr i be d b e for e
-

we d we l l upon th e ch a r a ct e ri s t i c s O f th e d onj on s o f th e s e con d

h a l f o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry W e h a v e s e e n th a t W i l l i a m th e .

C on qu e ror , i m m e d i a t e l y a ft e r h is coron a t i on , b e g a n th e con

s tr uct ion O f c e rt a i n s tron ghol d s i n con n e ct ion w i t h t h e c i ty o f

Lon d on 9
H is fi r s t work wa s p rob ab ly t o e n c l o s e w i th i n a
.

p a l i s ad e th e u n d e fe n d e d s i d e s o f th e b a i l e y , th e e as t s i d e o f wh ich
was cov e r e d by a port ion o f th e R om a n c ity wa l l B e for e -
.

th e e n d o f h is r e ign , th e W h it e to we r h ad b e e n b e gun a s a
pr i n c i p a l fe a tu r e o f th e c as tl e , a nd was co m pl et e d i n th e r e ign
o f W i l l i a m R u fu s , wh o i n 1 0 9 7 bu i l t a wa l l a bout it Th is
?o

to we r is th e r e for e a t l e as t a s e a rly i n d a t e as mo s t O f th e
e a rly s qu a r e to we r s O f N or m a n dy a n d th e a dj a c e n t provi n c e s ,

an d is con s id e r a bl y e a rl i e r th a n th e to we r s o f F a l a i s e a n d
D o m fron t A tr a d i t ion a ttr ibu t e s th e d e s i gn to th e d i r e ct ion
.

O f G un d ul f, b i s hop O f R och e s t e r 1 0 7 7 1 1 0 8 , wh o is a l s o s a id to -

h a v e b e e n th e bu i ld e r o f th e d onj on l i k e to we r a t al l i n g i n -
M
K e n t origi n a l ly a tt a ch e d to t h e ch urch o f S t L e on a rd , a n d o f
,

t h e to we r , th e ru i n s o f w h i ch r e m a i n , o n th e n orth s id e O f t h e
qu i r e o f R och e st e r c a th e d r a l .

Th e W h i t e to we r is at pr e se n t 9 0 fe e t i n h e igh t , a n d is
th e r e for e m u ch l o we r t h a n th e n e a rly con t e m por a ry to we r o f
B e a ug e n cy I ts a r e a, ho we v e r , is fa r gr e at e r cov e r i n g a n O bl on g
.
,

o f 1 1 8 fe e t fro m e as t to we s t by 1 0 7 fe e t fro m n ort h to S out h .

I t is fou r s t ag e s i n h e igh t , a n d was bu i l t o f rubbl e m ason ry ,

1
Pi e xvi 8
R ol l S oc 3
Mid xvi
fi
xvi xix
1 1 1 1 9 . 141
, ,
. . . .
,
3
fol d , 4
Mitt 81
xviii xix 37
. 1 .
, . .

5
M id ,
M t xviii xix ki t i dd
.
7 . 1 73 .

‘1
it , 8366 ; M al co l m, ng Of S co s, y e l e
mb r h C rl i l tl n in t r
. . 1 10 ; xx n . 1 .

Ba N w
s e , a nd cas e to H e ry I I and th e o we s a t
thr p l r b ithi r thi v t ht
u g , a e 1 1 57 .

a ll ace s we e e g un w n a fe w ye a s Of T a at B a m
b r h m nti d i
ee s e en .

is h 1 1 64

xix
u g e o ne .

a l id ,
vid b r ht by M it xix
2 . .

3
See e rs A rm age , E ng [ i fs t R ea

V it iv ll th
e nce o ug , 4 43 7 . .
-
.

9
O rd H e ca s e se s tro n gh o l d s fi rm a tn en ta q ua e d a m

b nn
,
. 1 . . . .

1°
A S
C it ro n , s u a
. . o .
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O R MA N C A TL E
S 1 2 1

as h l ar wor k be i n g con fi n e d e n t i r e ly to t h e pi l a s t e r butt r e s s e s

a n d w i n d o ws , a nd t h e pl i n th M
od e rn r e p a i r s h a v e m a d e t h e
.

origi n a l a pp e a r a n ce O f t h e to we r h a rd to r e con s truct T h e .

e n t r a n c e w a s u pon th e fi r s t floor , a n d wa s n e v e r cove r e d by

a for e bu i ld in g : th i s e n tr a n c e s e e m s to h a v e b ee n i n t h e we s t e rn
-

p a rt o f th e s outh wa l l A we l l s t a i r or vi c e , i n a roun d tu rre t

.
-

a t th e n orth e as t c orn e r , wa s t h e c h i e f m e a n s o f co m m un i c a t ion

-

b e t we e n a ll th e floor s ; bu t vic e s we r e a l s o m a d e fro m th e s e c on d

floor to t h e roo f i n th e s qu a r e t u rr e t s O f th e n orth we s t a n d s outh -

we s t a ngl e s T h e r e is a l s o a s q u a r e tu rr e t a bov e t h e pl a c e
.

w h i c h wou l d o rd i n a ri ly b e occu pi e d by t h e s ou th e a s t a n gl e ; -

bu t th e s ou th wa l l t h roughout its h e ight is c on t i n u e d i n to a n

, ,

a p s id a l proj e ct ion , w h i c h is

c u rve d roun d to m e e t th e
e as t wa l l T h e t wo u pp e r
.

s t a ge s o f th i s proj e c t ion
for m t h e a p s e o f S t J ohn s
’

c h a p e l , w i th its e n c i r c l i n g

g a l l e ry Th e fa c e s o f t h e
.

to we r a n d th e a p s e a re
s t r e n gth e n e d by fl a t but

t re s s e s a t r e gu l a r i n t e rv a l s ,

w h i c h a re g a th e r e d i n a t a
s tr i n g on t h e l e v e l O f th e

fl oor O f th e u pp e r m o s t
s t ag e ,
and ag a i n at th e
l e v e l o f t h e roo f T h e r e a re .

11 0 w i n d o w O p e n i ng s i n t h e

b as e m e n t wh i ch wa s or ig i
,

n a l ly u s e d fo r s tor e s T h e
hit T r nd F r
.

w i n do w O p e n i ng s o f th e W e o we ; P l an o f S e c o loo
fi r s t a n d s e con d fl oor s we r e
orig i n a l l y n a rro w l oop s w ith w i d e i n t e rn a l s pl ay s bu t h a v e b e e n
, ,

con s i d e r a bl y e n l a rg e d w ith so m e d am a g e to th e a pp e a r a n c e o f
,

s tr e n gth w h i c h th e to we r on c e po s se s s e d Th e O p e n in g s i n th e .

a i s l e O f t h e c h a p e l on t h e se con d fl oo r ho we v e r w e r e w id e r t h a n , ,

th e r e s t T h e th i rd floor b e i n g ou t o f th e r a n g e O f ord i n a ry
.
,

m i ss i l e s h a d wi d e w i n do w O p e n i n g s : t h e t wo O p e n i n g s i n th e
,

s ou th wa l l O f th e l a rg e r roo m 0 11 th i s floor a re d oubl e T h e .

gr e a t e s t th ic k n e ss O f th e wa l l s O f th e b a s e m e n t is 1 5 fe e t : th e
wa l l s o f t h e upp e r m o s t s t ag e a re fro m 1 0 to 1 1 fe e t th i c k .

Th e to we r is d i vi d e d i n t e rn a l l y i n to two p a rt s by a l on gi
?
tud in a l w a l l e a s t o f th e c e n t r e
,
1 0 fe e t th ic k T hu s i n th e
,

1
h r
S uc c o s s wa ll s fo un d in r
th e l a g e r o we s we e n o t m e e ly us e ful t r r r
p rtiti b t r Th n d b id r th i
-
, ,

as a o ns e we e n th e ooms ey e a b l e th e u l e s to l a y
. e r
 1 22 M I L I A RY A R T C I T E CT U R E
H

b ase m e n t th e r e is a l a rg e we s t e rn ch a mb e r 9 1 by 3 5 fe e t a n d , ,

on e v e ry floor a bov e th e r e is a corr e spon d i n g roo m th e d im e n ,

s ion s o f wh i ch i n c r e ase w i t h t h e th i n n i n g o f t h e ou t e r w a l l s to

a m a x i m u m O f 9 5 by 4 0 fe e t T h e e a s t e rn ch a m b e r ho we v e r
.
, ,

is d i vid e d i n to t wo p a rt s by a c ro s s wa l l con s id e r a bly to th e -

,

s ou t h o f t h e c e n t r e T h e r e is th u s i n th e b ase m e n t a nd e a ch
.

floor a n obl ong n orth e as t e rn ch a m b e r i n to w h i c h a c c e ss is

-

obt a i n e d fro m th e m a i n we l l s t a i r I n th e b a se m e n t th e r e is a
-
.

d oor way i n th e l on g i tu d i n a l wa l l b e t we e n th i s a nd th e we s t e rn
ch a m b e r ; bu t on e a ch o f th e u pp e r floor s th e co m m u n ic a t ion
, ,

W hit e T o we r St J hn Ch p
o
’
s a e l

is m a i n t a i n e d by fi ve op e n i ng s i n th e w a l l A p a r t fro m th e .

r e c e s s e s o f th e l oop s, a nd th e m u r a l l obbi e s wh ic h l e a d to th e
Vi c e s i n th e t u rr e t s th e r e are on l y two m u r a l p a ss ag e s , o ne i n
,

t h e fi r s t a n d o ne i n t h e s e con d s t a g e c o m m u n i c a t i n g w i th g a rd e
,

rob e s ; bu t th e wa l l o f th e th i rd floor is p i e rc e d a ll roun d by a

g a l l e ry , wi t h a b a rr e l v a u l t , i n th e th i ck n e ss O f t h e wa l l wh ich ,

flo o rs v ni t ly ti m b r
m o re fli nt l i l r o f su ic
nd i v i d d p l with di fi l ty
co n e fo r so
bt i b r t t r
en as e e n t s ca ng a an
o
, ge
u wa s f
b i t k n by t r m { r w ll
In o f th e g
h fl r rm d b rri r
e s ac e o a na e cu . c a se ea o we
e ng th e c o ss - fo
bf i x mr p l h tti r h t r t r it did i t h lv hi i ll n
a e s o a o n e ac oo e a a e t o th e
,
e s e g e s, S u ng O ff th e o we as n o two a es . T s s we see ,
or e a e , at Po c es e .
 TII E K E EP OF TH E N O R MA N CA T
S L E 1 2 3

c om m u n ic at e s at e ith e r e nd wi th th e bro a d g a l l e ry a bov e t h e

a i s l e s o f S t J oh n s ch a p e l
’
.

T h e s outh e a s t e rn qu a rt e r o f t h e to we r con t a i n s i n t h e b a se
-

m e n t t h e s ub c rypt o f th e ch a pe l kn o wn i n l a t e r d ay s as Li ttl e
,
-

,
“

”
E a se . O n th e fi r s t floor is t h e u pp e r c rypt w h i c h as we l l as , ,

th e s ub c rypt h a s a b a rr e l v a ul t a n d e n d s i n a n a p s e
-
, , Th e .

s e con d floor is t h e grou n d fl o o r o f t h e ch a pe l a n d it s a i s l e or

-

a m bu l a to ry wh i c h is d ivid e d fro m t h e n a v e by pl a i n rou n d

,

h e ad e d a rch e s s pr i ngi n g fro m cyl i nd r ic a l c ol u m n s w ith c a pi t a l s ,

tho se o f th e e a s t e rn col u m n s fa m ou s fo r th e T a u s h a pe d pl aqu e s -

l e ft u n c a rv e d be t we e n th e i r vol u t e s tho s e o f th e we s t e rn col u m n s

,

T o we r L nd n
of o o St J h Ch p l
o ns
’
a e Chri t h r h
s c u c

s c a l l op e d Th e n av e o f t h e c h a p e l r i s e s th rough t h e th i rd
floor to th e b a rr e l v a u l t T h e a i s l e s h a v e groi n e d cro s s v a u l t s :
.
-

t h e g a l l e ry a bov e th e m 0 11 t h e th i rd floor is cov e r e d by a h a l f

b a rre l v a u l t T h i s g a l l e ry a s b e for e m e n t ion e d is con n e ct e d i n
.
, ,

its n orth a nd we s t wa l l s wit h th e m u r a l g a l l e ry o f th e m a i n

c h a m be r s T h e grou n d floor o f t h e ch a pe l co m m u n i c a t e d w i th
.

th e n orth e as t e rn ch a m b e r th rough a d oor way i n th e c ro s s wa l l

- -

but th e m a i n e n tr a n c e was through a S hort m u r a l l obby fro m

th e we s t e rn ch a m be r wh i ch l e d i n to t h e we s t e n d o f th e s ou th
,

ai sl e
. A t a l a t e d a t e a vi c e was m a d e i n th e th ic k n e ss o f th e
wa l l fro m th i s l obby to a d oor wa y i n th e b as e m e n t by wh ich ,
1 24 M I L I ARY A R T C IT E CT U R E
H

a cc e s s was obt a i n e d to th e ch a p e l fro m th e l a t e r do m e s t i c

bu i l d in g s a dj oi n in g th e s outh s id e o f th e to we r .

T h e we l l o f t h e to we r a m o s t n e c e s s a ry fe a tur e i n c ase O f
,

s i e g e w a s i n t h e floor o f t h e we s t e rn ch a m b e r O f t h e b a s e m e n t
, ,

n e a r its s out h we s t e rn a n gl e a nd wa s c ase d wi t h a s h l a r O n ly

-
, .

th r e e fi r e pl ac e s r e m a i n a l l i n th e e a s t wa l l two 0 11 th e fi r s t
, , ,

a n d o ne 0 11 t h e s e con d floo r : th e s m ok e e s c a p e d th rough hol e s

i n th e a dj a c e n t wa l l T h e us e o f th e roo m s on th e v a ri ou s
.

fl oo r s is u nc e rt a i n a n d i t is po ss ibl e th a t t h e y m ay h a v e b e e n
,

s e p a r a t e d by w ood e n p a rti t ion s i n to s m a l l e r roo m s Th e b as e .

m e n t c h a m b e r s ho we v e r we r e O bvi ou s ly s tor e roo m s ; a n d th e

, ,
-

gr e a t we s t e rn c h a m b e r 0 11 th e th i rd floor was u s e d by m a n y
o f ou r k i ng s a s a cou n c i l ch a mb e r T h e fi rs t flo o r roo m s m a y
-
.
-

h a v e b e e n i n t e nd e d fo r th e u s e o f th e g a rr i s on wh i l e th e l a rg e r ,

roo m 0 11 th e s e c on d floor wa s prob a bl y th e gr e a t h a l l o f th e

to we r a nd th e s m a l l e r roo m th e k i n g s gr e a t ch a m b e r Th e
,
’

u pp e r roo m n e x t th e coun c i l ch a m b e r m ay h a v e b e e n fo r th e
,
-
,

u s e O f th e qu e e n a n d h e r hou se hol d A cco m m od a t ion s u i t e d .

,

to t h e sc a n ty n e e d s o f th e t i m e s was t h u s provid e d fo r a l a rg e ,

n u m b e r o f p e r s on s ; a n d th e gr e a t s i z e o f th e c h a p e l a l on e
i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e to we r wa s i n t e n d e d a s a n oc c a s ion a l r e s id e n c e
fo r th e roy a l fa m i l y T h e p a l ac e h a l l a t We s t m i n s t e r ho we v e r
.
, ,

wa s i n bu i ld i n g wh e n R u fu s m ad e h is wa l l rou n d th e T o we r ;
,

a n d i t is c l e a r th a t th e col d a n d d a r k i n t e ri or o f t h e fortr e ss was

pl a n n e d m a i n l y wi th a vi e w to d e fe n c e a n d wi th l i tt l e r e s p e c t ,

fo r co m fort .

T h e gr e a t to we r o f C ol ch e s t e r c a s tl e w h i ch is o f t h e
s a m e d a t e a s th e W h i t e to we r cov e r s a n e v e n l a rg e r a r e a The
,
.

i n t e rn a l m e as u r e m e n t s O f th e grou n d fl o o r e xcl ud i n g t h e pro -

,

je c tio n s a t th e a n gl e s a re 1 5 2 fe e t n orth a n d s ou th by 1 1 1 fe e t
,

e a s t a nd we s t T h i s th e gr e a t e s t o f a ll N or m a n k e e p s h a s
.
, ,

u n fortu n a t e l y l o s t its two u pp e r s t ag e s a n d wi th th e m th e , , ,

ch a p e l wh i c h l i k e th a t i n th e W h i t e To we r was bu i l t w i th a n
, , ,

a p s id a l proj e ct ion cov e ri n g th e j u n ct ion O f s ou th a n d e a s t wa l l s .

T h e c rypt a n d s ub v a u l t o f th e ch a p e l ho we v e r r e m a i n
-
In , , .

th i s r e s p e ct a nd i n th e d i vi s i on o f th e floor s i n to l a rg e r a n d
,

s m a l l e r ch a m b e r s by a c ro ss wa l l ru n n i n g n orth a n d s outh th e -
,

l i k e n e ss b e t we e n th e s e two gr e a t to we r s is v e ry m a rk e d Th e .

r e ct a n gu l a r proj e c t ion s 0 11 th e oth e r h a n d wh i ch c ap th r e e o f

, ,

t h e a n gl e s o f t h e to we r a t C ol ch e s t e r a re fa r m or e pro m i n e n t ,

th a n tho s e O f th e To we r o f Lon d on a n d for m s m a l l to we r s i n ,

th e m se l v e s a n d e v e n a t th e a ngl e w h e r e th e a p se o f th e ch a p e l
,

is e x t e n d e d e a s t wa rd th e s ou th wa l l h a s b e e n bu i l t O f a th i c k
,

n e ss to corr e s pon d w i th th e proj e ct ion s a t th e n orth e as t a n d -

n orth we s t a ngl e s T h a t a t th e s ou th we s t a n gl e d i ffe r s i n pl a n

-
.
-
 TH E KEEP OF T H E N O R MA N C A TL E
S 1 2 5

fro m th e r e s t be in g l ong e r fro m e as t to we s t an d wid e r on its

,

we s t e rn fa c e th an th e oth e r s I ts s outh fa c e a l s o is r e c e sse d fro m

.

t h e l e v e l o f th e s ou th wa l l o f t h e to we r , bu t proj e ct s i n a l a rg e
r e ct a n gu l a r buttr e s s at th e poi n t wh e r e i t j oi n s t h e m a i n wa l l .

T h i s s outh we s t to we r con t a i n e d th e m a i n s t a i rc a se
-
Th e .

e n tr a n c e wa s 0 11 t h e grou n d floor , i m m e d i at e l y e as t o f th e
buttr e ss j u s t m e n t i on e d a n d n ot , a s i n m o s t r e ct an gu l a r k e e p s
, ,

u pon th e fi r s t floor Th e as h l a r wi th wh ich th e e xt e rior o f t h e

.

to we r was c ase d h a s be e n s tr i pp e d o ff, a n d t h e rubbl e cor e O f

t h e wa l l s w i th its bond i n g c our s e s o f R o m a n t i l e s , is n o w
,

e x po se d . B e l o w th e grou n d floor t h e wa l l s S pr e a d con s id e r a bl y :

th i s c an b e s e e n u pon th e n orth a nd we s t s id e s , wh e r e th e h i l l
d rop s to wa rd s th e r iv e r , a nd th e u pp e r p a rt o f th e s ol i d foun d at ion
is a bov e grou n d B e t we e n t h e a n gl e to we r s t h e wa l l s are brok e n ,
.

0 11 th e e a s t a n d we s t s id e s by t wo r e ct a n gu l a r buttr e s se s O f
,

S l ight proj e c t ion 0 11 t h e n orth s id e th e r e is on ly o n e , a n d on t h e

s outh s id e n on e Th e grou n d floor a n d fi r s t floor we r e l ight e d

.

by n a rro w l oop s , s pl ay e d i n wa rd ly th rough a bout h a l f th e

th i c k n e s s O f t h e wa l l I n e a c h o f th e e as t , n orth , a nd we s t
.

wa l l s O f th e grou n d floor th e r e a re th r e e o f th e se T h e s ou t h .

wa l l h as on l y t wo : o n e l ight s t h e we l l c h a m b e r on th e e a s t o f
t h e e n try , w h i l e th e oth e r at th e O ppo s i t e e x t r e m i ty o f t h e wa l l
, ,

l ight s th e s ub v a u l t o f th e c h ap e l Th e wa l l b e t we e n th e two ,
-
.

be i n g on th e s id e o f th e to we r m o s t O p e n to a tt ack , is O f gr e a t
s ol id i ty , a n d is u n brok e n by op e n i n g o r bu ttr e s s I n e a ch fac e .

O f th e fi r s t floor , e xcl u s iv e O f t h e a n gl e to we r s a n d a p s e o f t h e

ch a p e l , th e r e we r e fou r l oop s T h e wi n d o w op e n i n g s o f th e
.

u pp e r s t ag e s we r e prob a bl y l a rg e r O ne o f th e m o s t s tri k i n g .

fe a tu r e s o f th i s to we r is th e pl e n t i fu l u se o f R o m a n t i l e s a m on g
t h e m a s on ry e s p e c i a l ly i n th e c ro s s wa l l wh e r e th e y a re a rr a ng e d
,
-
,
”
i n a v e ry r e gu l a r a n d b e a ut i fu l se ri e s o f h e rr in g bon e cou r s e s
“
-

T h i s e m pl oym e n t o f R o m a n m a t e ri a l g av e r i se to a
t r a d it i on n ot ye t whol ly e xt i n ct , th a t th e to we r wa s a R o m a n
,

bu i ld i n g I t n e e d h a rd ly b e sa id th a t noth i n g wou l d b e m or e
.

n atu r a l th a n fo r th e N or m a n m a son s to a d opt th e e con o m ic a l

pri nc i pl e O f a pplyi n g to th e i r o wn us e m a t e ri a l wh ich l ay r e ady
to h a n d a m on g th e ru i n s o f th e R o m a n s t a t ion .

T h e to we r s o f Lon d on a n d C ol c h e st e r a re e xc e pt ion a l i n
th e i r d a t e a nd i n t h e hu ge n e ss o f th e i r proport ion s A l though .

t h e to we r s o f th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry h a v e m a n y
fe a tu r e s i n co m m on w i th th e m t h e d iv i s ion by m e a n s o f c ro s s
—

wa l l s t h e we l l s t a i r s i n o n e or m or e o f th e a n gl e s th e pi l as t e r
,
-
,

buttr e sse s proj e ct i ng fro m th e out e r wa l l s an d th e m u r a l g a l l e ri e s ,

a n d c h am be r s n o to we r wa s s ub se qu e n t ly a tt e m pt e d u pon th e i r
—

sc al e
. Th e to we r O f R o c h e s te r( fro n t is pie ce ) wh ic h a pp e a r s to h av e ,
1 26 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O RMA N CA T S L E 12 7

b e e n b e gu n s o m e wh a t e a rl i e r th a n 1 1 4 0 a n d is th e r e fo r e i n t e r
,

m e d i a t e in d a t e b e t we e n th e s e t wo e xc e pt ion a l e x a m pl e s a n d
t h e l a t e r to we r s is 1 1 3 fe e t h igh to t h e top o f t h e p a r a e t
, p ,

a n d is 7 0 fe e t s qu a r e
( e xt e rior m e a s u r e m e n t ) a t its b a s e Th e .

to we r o f D ov e r ( 1 2 6 ) bu i l t i n th e e a rl y p a rt o f th e r e ign o f H e n ry
,

I I m e as ur e s 9 8 by 9 6 fe e t a t th e b ase Th e wa l l s ho we v e r h a v e
.
, .
, ,

th e x c e pt ion a l th ic k n e s s of 2 4 to 2 1 fe e t s o t h a t th e i n t e rn a l
e ,

m e a s u r e m e n t s a re c on s id e r ably r e d u c e d wh i l e th e h e igh t to
,

t h e top o f t h e p a r a p e t is on l y 8 3 fe e t . T h e to we r s O f Lon don

and C ol c h e s t e r a re a l s o e xc e pt i on a l i n th e i m port a n c e gi v e n
r
to th e ch a p e l i n th e i r pl a n s T h e g e a t pro m i n e n c e o f t h e a n gl e
.

t urr e t s a t Col c h e s t e r is a n u n i qu e fe at ure wh i l e th e po s i t ion O f

,

1 6
 1 2 8 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

the m a i n n tr a n c e u pon th e g rou n d floor a l though n ot u n i qu e

e
, ,

is v e ry u n u s u a l .

T h e l a t e r to we r s d i ffe r fro m tho s e o f Lon don a n d C ol c h e s t e r

i n th e fa c t th a t th e y we r e a dd i t ion s to e n c l o s u r e s a l r e ady e x i s t i n g ,

i n s t e a d o f b e i n g th e n u cl e u s o f a c as tl e fou n d e d fo r th e fi r s t t i m e .

A l though th e y h a v e a g e n e r a l fa m i l y l i k e n e s s n e i th e r th e i r ,

po s i ti on 0 11 th e pl a n wh i ch wa s n e c e ssa ri ly d i ct a t e d by th e n a tur e
,

o f th e s i t e n or th e d e t a i l s o f th e i r a rr a n g e m e n t s a re u n i for m
M
,
, .

o s t O f th e c as tl e s i n w h i ch th e y occ u r are d i vi d e d by a
wa l l bu i l t a cro ss th e e n c l o s u r e fro m c u rt a i n to c u rt a i n i n to a n
,
,

out e r a nd i n n e r wa rd or b a i l e y T h e to we r s t a n d i n g a t th e
.
,

h i gh e s t poi n t o f th e i n n e r wa rd wa s pl ac e d so a s t o co m m a n d
,

both th e s e d i vi s i on s o f th e c as t l e I f th e ou t e r wa rd we r e
.

e n t e r e d th e b e s i e g e r s we r e
,

c on fron t e d by a s e con d
l i n e o f d e fe n c e th e w a l l o f ,

th e i n n e r wa rd i n co nj u nc ,

t ion w i th wh ich th e gr e a t
to we r w i th its s up e r i or
,

h e igh t cou l d b e u se d by
,

th e d e fe nd e r s F i nal l y i f .
,

th e i n n e r wa rd we r e t a k e n ,

t h e to we r s ti l l r e m a i n e d a s
a form id a bl e r e fug e for th e

g a rri s on .

W h e r e a n e w to we r
k e e p was a d d e d to c a s tl e s
O f th e u s u a l typ e who se ,

m a i n d e fe n c e s con s i s t e d o f
an e a rth e n m ou n t a n d
G u l fo i d rd b a n k s i t wa s O ft e n r a i s e d
, ,

a s a t C a n t e rbu ry a n d H as t

i n g s on a ne w s i t e i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e m ou n t wh i ch wa s prob a bl y
, , ,

a voi d e d as a fford i n g in s ufiic ie n t fou n d a t ion T hu s a t R och e s t e r

‘
.
, ,

t h e O l d m ou n t o f th e e l e v e n t h c e n tu ry c as tl e n o w k n o w n a s B ol e y
,

H i l l r e m a i n s a t s o m e d i s t a n c e fro m th e l a t e r e n c l o s u r e B ut
,
.

th e r e we r e c ase s a n d po s s i bly m or e t h a n a re g e n e r a l ly r e cogn i se d

, ,

i n wh i ch th e m ou n t was u t i l i s e d fo r a to we r A t C h r i s tch u rch .

th e co m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l k e e p wa s bu i l t e n t i r e ly u pon th e a rt i
fi c ia l m ou n t T h e k e e p s O f N or wi ch a n d H e d i ngh a m
. t wo
o f t h e gr a n d e s t o f th e i r c l a s s we r e bu i l t u pon m ou n t s wh i ch
, , ,

if i n gr e a t p a rt n a t u r a l h i l l s h ad b e e n s c a rp e d a n d h e ight e n e d
G
,

by a rt T h e m ou n t s a t u i l d ford a n d C l u n ( 1 2 7 ) a re a rt i fi c i a l I n
. .

both th e se l as t c a s e s th e s u m m i t o f th e m oun t wa s con v e rt e d

i n to a s h e l l k e e p s u rroun d e d by a wa l l bu t 0 11 th e e a s t e rn s id e
,
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O R MA N CA T S L E 1 29

o f th i s e n c lo s u r e a to we r O f r e s p e ct abl e if n ot l a rg e d i m e n s ion s
, ,

wa s m ad e . T h e to we r a t C l un wa s bu i l t a g a i n s t t h e e as t s l ope
o f t h e m oun t th e b as e m e n t b e in g e n t i r e ly b e l o w th e l e v e l o f
,

t h e s u m m i t o f th e e a rth work T h i s is a l so p a rt ly th e c ase at

G
.

u i l d ford wh e r e th e to we r is pl a c e d a c ro s s th e e a s t e rn
e dg e O f t h e m ou n t T h e i n cl u s ion a t
. K
e n i l worth o f a rt i fi c i a l s oi l

w ith i n t h e b ase m e n t o f th e k e e p h as l e d to t h e s u s pi c ion th a t

t h e m ou n t o f t h e c a s t l e wa s r e d uc e d i n h e igh t a n d t h e to we r ,

bu i l t rou n d t h e l o we r port ion

At G u i l d ford a nd C l u n th e co m bi n a t ion o f a s h e l l O f m a s on ry

I 4 qc r Mf1
-
r ,

l
S c a e at ga r
.

S ca rb r h
o o ug P l an

w i th a to we r k e e p prod uc e d th e e ffe ct o f a s m a l l i n n e r wa rd
wh ich is vi rtu a l ly wh a t a s h e l l k e e p is w i th a to we r u pon its
—

e nce in te . Fr e qu e n tly , a s a t S c a rborough ( 1 2 9 ) a n d B a m bu rgh th e

to we r k e e p s tood u pon th e l i n e o f th e cu rt a i n b e t we e n th e t wo
wa rd s . A t S c a rborough i t a ct u a l l y s t a n d s a th wa rt th a t l i n e bu t ,

its gr e at e r proj e ct ion is to wa rd s th e i n n e r wa rd fro m wh ich o f , ,

cou r se , i t was e n t e r e d T h e to we r s a t N orh a m ( 1 57 ) and

K
.

e n i l worth fi l l u p a corn e r O f th e i n n e r wa rd bu t h a v e n o ,

n ot ic e abl e proj e ct ion b e yon d th e cu rt a i n Th i s is a l so th e c ase

.

at P orch e s t e r wh e r e th e n orth wes t a n gl e , i n wh ic h th e

-

k e e p s t a n d s, is a l so th e n orth we s t a n gl e O f th e R om a n
-
 LT
M I I ARY AR C IT E CT U R E
H

Map of R ec tn
a gul a rK p
ee s
 TH E K EEP OF TH E N ORM A N CA T S L E 1 31

t t ion
s a S o m e ho we v e r O f th e fi n e s t of th e se to we r s R o c h e s t e r
?
, , , ,

Dov e r an d N e wc as tl e s tood whol ly d e t a c h e d wi th i n t h e i n n e r

, ,

wa rd a l though a s at R och e s t e r n e a r e n ough to th e c u rt a i n to

, , ,

e n a bl e t h e d e fe n d e r s to co m m a n d t h e out e r a ppro a ch e s fro m

t h e u ppe r s t ag e s .

Fro m t h e poi n t O f v i e w o f d i m e n s ion s th e to we r s m ay b e

d i vid e d i n to t wo c l a ss e s T h e r e a re t h e to we r s prop e r s uc h as
G
,
.

C l u n Cor fe
,
u i l d fo rd H e d i ngh a m H e l m s l e y N e wc as t l e P or
, , , , ,

ch e s t e r R i ch m on d R och e s t e r a nd S c a rborough i n wh ic h th e
, , , ,

h e ight is gr e a t e r
th a n th e l e n gth o r
breadth S uch
to we r s are a ppro x i
m a t e l y s qu a r e ; a n d
to th e m m u s t b e
ad d e d D ove r i n ,

wh i c h h o we ve r
, ,

o w in g to th e im
m e n se th ic k n e ss o f
t h e wa l l s t h e h e igh t,

is l e s s t h a n t h e
l e n gth or bre a d th .

I n o ne c as e P or ,

che ste r th e
m e asu r e m e n t fro m
n ort h to s ou th e x
c e e d s th a t fro m e a s t

to we s t by 1 3 fe e t ,

a nd a t fi r s t wa s a l s o

i n e x c e s s o f th e
h e i g h t ; b u t th e
to we r wa s r a i se d to
n e a r l y t w i c e it s
h e ight n ot l on g a ft e r
th e co m pl e t ion O f P o rc e s e h tr
t h e orig i n a l d e s ign .

T h e s e con d cl a ss is com po se d O f k e e p s O f wh ich o n e or both o f ,

t h e d i m e n s i on s O f th e grou n d pl a n e xc e e d t h e h e ight w i thou t -

,

t h e e xc e pt ion a l c i rcu m s t an c e s wh i c h gov e rn e d t h e proport i on s

o f D ov e r S uch k e e p s a re n ot ic e a bl y O bl on g i n S h a p e A t C a s t le
Y
.
.

R i s i n g an d th e to we r O f B o we s i n ork sh i r e th e h e igh t is l e s s
N rh m K ni l rth t r nl f inr th e o we s th e
r h t r it
wo a t an n

w rd hr rd dj nt tr
e
1
At o a an d e a re a g e o

A t Po a t an

t r rt i
ou e

nl i n r rd th t
w e e th e t wo wa
id
s a re a a ce c es e is
a .

wa , t wo of its e s a re o n th e o u e cu a n of
a g e o f th e s

tl
n e so a

th e cas e .
1 32 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

th an e ith e r th e l e n gth or br e a tdth A K n i l worth

e .

( 1 3 2 ) th e
l e n gth fro m e a s t to we s t e xc e e d s th e b r e a d th by n e a rl y 30 a nd
M
,

t h e h e ight by 7 fe e t . i dd l e h a m fro m n orth to sou th m e as u r e s

, ,

a pprox i m a t e ly 1 0 0 fe e t by 8 0 fro m e a s t to we s t : its h e igh t is

on ly 5 5 fe e t wh ich though i t s u rp asse s th e 5 0 fe e t o f B o we s and

C as t l e R i s i n g is m uch l e ss th a n th e 8 0 fe e t of e n i l worth I t s K
, ,

,
.

l e ngth and br e a d th ho we v e r m a k e u p a n a r e a far su rpass m g

K
, ,

t h e 8 7 by 5 8 fe e t O f e n i l worth th e 8 2 by 60 fe e t o f B o we s a n d

Th e fou n d at i on s o f a n oth e r
, ,

t h e 7 5 by 5 4 fe e t o f C as t l e R i s i ng .

k e e p O f th i s c l a s s r e m a i n a t D uffi e l d i n D e rby s h i r e B a m bu rgh .

,

6 9 by 6 1 fe e t but on l y 5 5 fe e t h i gh is a n oth e r m e mb e r O f th e
, ,

K e n l wo r i th
cl ass A n oth e r gr e a t N orth u m br i a n k e e p N orh a m a l though
.

, ,

its h e ight is 9 0 fe e t is O blon g i n pl an ; an d its m e as u r e m e n t

,

from e as t to we s t co m e s wi th i n 4 fe e t o f th e h e ight s o th a t
,

i t s t a n d s 0 11 th e bord e r b e t we e n th e s e con d a n d th e fi r s t cl ass .

Th e i n t e rn a l d iv i s ion s O f th e k e e p s a re n ot un i for m l y th e
sa m e a n d do n ot a l wa y s corr e s pon d to t h e h e ight
, Th e u su al .

a rr a n g e m e n t i n th e l o ft i e r k e e p s a s a t H e d i n gh a m P orch e s t e r
, , ,

R och e s t e r a n d S c a rborough is a b ase m e n t wi t h th r e e u pp e r

G
, ,

floor s ; but at Cor fe wh ic h is 8 0 fe e t h igh a s at u i l d ford

, , ,

wh ich is on ly 6 3 fe e t h igh t h e r e a re on ly t wo u pp e r floor s

, .

A t D ov e r 8 3 fe e t h igh a n d N e wc as t l e 7 5 fe e t h igh th e s e con d

, ,

floor was s u rrou n d e d by a m u r a l g a l l e ry h igh above th e floor

, ,

,
 TH E K EEP OF TH E N OR M A N C TL EAS 1 33

l e ve l ,
th a t th e s e con d a n d th i rd floor s we r e co m bi n e d i n to
so

o n e l o fty room 1
A t N orh a m ho we v e r th e r e we r e fou r u pp e r
K
, ,
.

floor s .e n i l worth on ly 1 0 fe e t l o we r h a d a l o fty b ase m e n t

, ,

w i th on l y o n e floo r a bov e i t A t B o we s th e r e we r e two floor s

M
. .

At id d l e h a m a n d C a s tl e R i s i n g th e r e wa s o ne m a i n floor ; ,

but by th e s u bd ivi s ion O f th e roo m s on th i s s t ag e a s e c on d

, ,

floor wa s m a d e i n port ion s O f th e bu i l d i n g A s a ru l e t h e wa l l s .

,

gro w th i n n e r as th e y ri se : th i s was a ch i e v e d by r e b a t in g th e
i n n e r fa c e a t e a c h floor to prov id e a l e dg e fo r th e floor t i m b e r s .

I n e xc e pt ion a l c ase s th e r e is a n O ff s e t 0 11 th e e x t e rior O f th e

,
-

to we r ; a nd a t R o c h e s t e r th e wa l l s are th i n n e d fro m 1 2 fe e t a t
t h e b a se to 1 0 fe e t a t t h e top by a s l igh t e x t e rior b a tt e r At .

P or c h e s t e r th e wa l l s a re 1 1 fe e t th ic k a t th e b a s e : th i s is
r e d uc e d to 7 fe e t a t th e fi r s t floor a nd by a n O ff se t a t t h e , ,
-

l e v e l o f th e o rigi n a l roo f to 6 fe e t i n th e u pp e r s t ag e T h e , .

th i c k e s t wa l l s n e x t to tho s e a t Dov e r a pp e a r to b e a t Ne wc a s tl e
, , ,

wh e r e th e i r th i c k n e ss a t t h e fi r s t floor is 1 4 fe e t
M
.

a ny O f th e s e to we r s s u c h a s R och e s t e r a n d D ov e r a re bu i l t
, ,

O f ra
g s ton e or cou r se d rubbl e wi th d r e s s in g s o f a s h l a r
-
Th e
G
.
,

m as on ry a t u i ld ford ( 1 2 8 ) is e x tr e m e ly ro ug h a n d h e rrin g bon e “ ”

-
,

c ou r s i n g is e x t e n s iv e l y u s e d : t h e d a t e O f t h e to we r ho we v e r to , ,

j udg e by its i n t e rn a l d e t a i l s is n ot e a rl i e r th a n th e th i rd q u a rt e r
,

O f t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry ? O n th e oth e r h a n d n ot a fe w h a v e ,

th e i r wa l l s c a s e d w i th a s h l a r H e d in gh a m a n d P orch e s t e r are .

n obl e e x a m pl e s fro m th e e as t a nd s outh o f E n gl a nd ; B rid gn o rth

and K
e n i l worth fro m th e m i d l a n d s O f th e to we r s o f or ks h i r e Y
M
.
,

B o we s R i ch m on d a n d S c a rborough h a v e a s h l a r c a s i n g ;
, ,
idd l e
h a m is o f rubbl e w i th a s h l a r d r e s s i n g s A s h l a r fa c in g is u s e d .

th roughou t a t B a m bu rgh N e wc a s tl e a n d N orh a m : a t N orh a m , ,

t h e as h l a r is o f two d i s t i n c t k i n d s s m a l l cubic a l s ton e s b e i n g ,

u se d i n o n e p a rt a nd l a rg e r s ton e s i n a n oth e r A s a t C ol ch e s t e r
3

K
,
.
,

D ov e r a nd ,
e n i l worth th e fou n d a t ion s o f th e l a rg e r to we r s
,

s pr e a d con s id e r a bly a n d ri se a bov e grou n d i n a b a tt e r in g pl i n th

, ,

i n to wh ich th e buttr e s se s a t th e an gl e s a n d 0 11 th e fa c e o f th e
wa l l s d ie o ff w i thout i n t e rrupt i on A t N e wc a s t l e th e r e is a rol l
din h h t r th r r ri bv
.

e e a re m u a l g a ll e
1
At H e g am a n d R o c e s e e s a o e th e
v nd fl r h i ht hi h th r r rr p d
l e e l O f th e s e co th e ofw e e fo e c o a of th t
xt r t ri th t r x pti t h t r b in
oo e g c ,
e s o n s to
t wo e e na l s o e s Bo o we s a re e ce o nally l o f y R o c e s e
di h m t hi h g
. e ,

3 H fe e
W kn rm ip l l th t w rk w b i d
1 1 , e ng a g 1 00 .

3
ow f o th e P e Ro fo r 1 1 7 3 4
G i l d rd in th t r( p xxi
e a o as e ng o ne a t -

fo P i e R o l l S oc ,
hi p int prt dt tr t r rl i r
u a ye a . .

3
T s s to two a e s fo r th e The e a e
nry b ttrib t d i h p F l m b rd nd d t l in
o se a a e s uc u e .

m h as e e n a to B s o w h o fo u th e ca s e
l t r i h p d y m d dditi n tl b t
aso u e a a ,
e

1 1 2 1 ; th e to B s o P u s e , wh o o s to th e c a s e a o u
thi hi t ry t r p r ll l th t rh tr
a e a e a
If s is s o , th e o f th e o we is a a e to a Of Po c e s e
w t n t r p ib ly r i ry h i ht d
1 1 7
5 . s o

a lo o we , o f th e e gn o f H e n I , e g e ne in th e
r i f ry I I
—
s o e o ss .

e gn o H en .
1 34 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

s t ri n g cou r s e a bov e th e pl i n th a n d a t B a m bu rgh ( 9 1 ) th e pl in th is

-
,

m ou l d e d wi th a v e ry i m po s i n g e ffe ct W h e r e th e to we r is bu i l t 0 11
M
.

a n u n e v e n s i t e a s at id d l e h a m or S c a rborough th e pl in th a pp e a r s
, ,

on l y 0 11 th e fac e s wh e r e th e grou n d fa l l s a wa y fro m th e to we r .

Th e a n gl e s o f th e to we r we r e a l way s s tr e ngth e n e d by r e c t
a ngu l a r p i l a s t e r buttr e s s e s o f th e ord i n a ry t we l ft h c e n tu ry typ e ,

for m e d by th i ck e n in g t h e two a dj ac e n t w a l l s I n m o s t c ase s t h e s e

G
.

m e e t for m in g a s ol id e xt e ri or a n gl e
,
O c c a s ion a l ly a s a t uild .
,

ford H e d in gh a m a n d R och e s t e r a hol lo w a ngl e is l e ft b e t we e n

, , ,

th e m wh ich at C a s tl e R i s i n g a nd S c a rborough is fi l l e d by a S h a ft
, , ,

or b e a d A bov e th e l i n e o f th e p a r a p e t th e a n gl e bu ttr e s se s a re
.

c on t i n u e d i n to s qu a r e tu rr e t s W ith i n o ne or m ore O f th e s e .

a ngl e s th e r e w a s a vi c e
,
A t N e wc a s tl e ( 1 39 ) th e a n gl e buttr e s s e s
.

a re o f s uc h br e a d th a n d proj e c t ion as to for m d i s t i n ct to we r s :

th i s is e v e n m or e n ot i c e a bl e a t e n i l worth w h e r e th e r e a re a n gl e K ,

to we r s n ot u n l i k e tho se a t Col c h e s t e r O n t h e fa c e s O f t h e .

to we r b e t we e n th e s e a n gl e s th e r e we r e u s u a l ly o ne or m or e
pi l a s t e r bu ttr e sse s O f s l igh t proj e ct ion Th e se v a ri e d i n n u m b e r .

a c cord i n g to th e pl a n a n d s i t e o f th e to we r A t D ov e r th e r e .

is o n e 0 1 1 e a ch fa c e w i th th e e x c e pt i on o f t h e s id e wh i c h is
K
,

cov e r e d by th e fo re b u il d ing A t e n i l wort h th e r e are fou r 0 11 .

o n e fa c e th r e e 0 11 a n oth e r t wo 0 11 a th i rd : t h e r e m a i n i n g w a l l
, ,

h as d i sa pp e a r e d A t Porch e s t e r th e r e is o n e on e ach o f th e
.

we s t a nd n orth fa c e s n o n e 0 11 th e e a s t o r s ou th w h e n th e to we r
,

was h e ight e n e d n e i th e r a n gl e n or i n t e r m e d i a t e but tr e ss e s we r e

,

con t i n u e d up wa rd s I t is worthy o f n ot e th a t o ne O f th e a n gl e
.

to we r s a t N e wc a s t l e is pol ygon a l n ot r e ct a n gu l a r i n s h a p e , ,
.

T h i s po i n t s to a tr a n s i t ion i n m e thod s O f fort i fi c a t i on o f wh ic h ,

m o r e wi l l b e s a id h e r e a ft e r Th e s ou th e a s t a n gl e a t R och e s t e r
.
-

is rou n d e d but th i s is th e r e s u l t o f a r e p a i r o f th e to we r wh i ch
too k pl a c e i n th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry .

A s th e m a i n O bj e c t O f th e s e to we r s wa s d e fe n s iv e th e i r ,

e x t e rn a l a rch i t e c tu r a l fe a t u r e s we r e g e n e r a l ly con fi n e d to th e i r

e xc e l l e n t m a s on ry A m ou l d e d pl i n th a s a t B a m burgh is o f v e ry
.
, ,

r a r e occu rr e n c e A t N or w ich a nd C as tl e R i s i ng a wa l l is a rc ad e d
.

or r e c e ss e d th i s ho we v e r is qu i t e con tr a ry to t h e u s u a l pr a ct i c e
, ,
.

S tri n g cou r s e s wh e r e th e y we r e u s e d we r e g e n e r a l ly con fi n e d

-

K
, ,

to th e bu tt re sse s as a t e n i l worth ; a l though i n a fe w c as e s a s

, ,

a t R i ch m on d th e y we r e con t i n u e d a l on g th e wa l l
,
Th e n e c e s s a ry .

w i n d o w op e n i n g s we r e fe w a n d s m a l l H e r e h o we ve r a d is .
, ,

t i n ct i on m u s t b e m a d e I t h a s b e e n r e m a rk e d a l r e ad y th a t th e
.

d onj on o f a c as t l e s o m e t i m e s for m e d th e r e s id e n c e o f its l o rd

'

as we l l as a s t ron g to we r i n t i m e O f wa r Th e to we r s o f Lon d on .

a n d C ol ch e s t e r w e r e c e rt a i n l y pl a n n e d u pon th e i r l i b e r a l s c a l e

wi th th i s d ou bl e e nd i n v i e w ; a n d d e s ti tu t e O f com fort as th e y ,
H E DING AM r t t r
H : g ea o we
 TH E KEEP O F TH E N O R MA N CA T S LE 1 37

se e m to us to d ay t h e u ppe r floor s O f th e W h i t e To we r we r e
-
,

at an
y r a t e we l l l ight e d S i m i l a rl y a t R och e s t e r th e r e wa s a .
, ,

l a rg e provi s ion o f s in gl e l ight w i n do ws i n t h e floor s a bov e th e -

b a s e m e n t A nd a s a rul e wh i l e th e b as e m e n t was l ight e d by

.
, ,

a v e ry fe w n a rro w l oop s s e t h igh i n t h e wa l l a n d t h e fi r s t fl oor , , ,

w h i c h was not a bov e t h e r a nge o f m i s s i l e s w a s l ight e d s p a ri ngl y ,

by n a rro w l oop s w ith w id e i n t e rn a l s pl ay s th e se con d floor , ,

wh ich for m e d t h e m a i n a p a rt m e n t h a d m uch l a rge r w i nd o ws ,

.

T h e se a s i n th e To we r O f Lon don or a t D ov e r H e d i ngh a m

,
, , ,

a nd S c a rborough we r e s o m e t i m e s O f t wo l ight s d i v i ,
d e d by a n ,

i n t e rv e n in g s h a ft or p i e c e of wa l l A t N e wc as tl e wh e r e th e .
,

s e con d floo r o wi n g to th e th ick n e s s of th e wa l l s i n wh ich

, ,

s e p a r a t e c h a m b e r s a re c on tri v e d is v e ry d a rk th e r e is a w id e , ,

s i n gl e op e n i n g i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e buttr e ss o f th e e a st fac e ,

wh i ch e x t e rn a l l y h as a m ou l d e d a rc h a n d j a m b s h a ft s -

A t R i ch m ond a to we r t h e s i n gl e obj e c t O f wh i ch s e e m s to h a v e
,

be e n d e fe n c e t h e w i n d o w O p e n i ng s with o ne e x c e pt i on a re
, , ,

n a rro w l oop s w i th i n t e rn a l s pl a y s ; a nd o f a l l t we l fth c e n tu ry ,

to we r s th i s w a s prob a bly th e d a rk e s t a n d l e a s t co m fort abl e

,

T h e m a i n e n tr a n c e o f th e to we r wa s u s u a l ly on th e fi r s t floor ,

a l though s o m e ti m e s as a t D ov e r N e wc a s t l e a nd N or wi c h i t
, , , ,

w a s on t h e s e c on d floor a nd l e d d i r e c tl y i n to t h e m a i n a p a rt ,

me nt . I t wa s O bviou s l y u n s a fe to m a k e a n e n tr a n c e i n th e
b a se m e n t wh e r e th e d oor s cou l d b e e as i l y forc e d or bu rn e d
,
.

A t th e s a m e t i m e th e r e is as we h a v e n ot ic e d a b a se m e n t , , ,

e n tr a n c e a t Col ch e s t e r w h e r e t h e a ppro ach wa s prot e ct e d by ,

a s t ron g d i t c h Th e roc k s 0 11 wh ich B a m bu rgh a n d S c arborough

.

s t a n d m a d e th e po s i t ion a l mo s t i m pr e gn a bl e a n d i n both c a s e s ,

t h e m a i n d oor wa y O f th e to we r is on a l e v e l w i th t h e s oi l of t h e
wa rd i n w h ich i t s t a n d s ?
\ h e n th e ou t e r op e n i ng o f th e origi n a l V
g a t e wa y a t R i c h m on d w a s r e m ov e d to m a k e w ay fo r th e ne w
to we r t h e i n n e r ope n i n g wa s l e ft fo r m in g a d i re c t co m m u n ic at ion
, ,

b e t we e n th e i n t e rior o f th e c a s tl e a nd t h e b a se m e n t : th i s a l so
wa s p e r m i tt e d by th e n a tu r a l s tr e n gth o f th e s i t e bu t th e m a i n
e n t r an ce to th e to we r wa s i n th e s ou th e as t corn e r o f th e -

fi r s t floor fro m th e r a m p a rt wa l k A t Lud l o w both O p e n i n g s

,
-
.
,

o f th e g a t e way we r e wa l l e d u p a nd a s t a i r wa s m a d e
3
to th e fi r s t floor a g a i n s t p a rt O f th e we s t wa l l o f th e to we r .

1
r h t r in pit i r t i
Po c t r hi h pp r nt ly of is a o we w wa s
b i l t x l iv ly m i l it ry p rp fl r b ly l i ht d
es e , s e ts g e a s z e, c a a e

fo r e The fe e a nd

th r i fi r p l in b ildi
u c us e a u o se s . oo s a re g e ,

th e
th th tl b l l i ff tr h l d hi h r
e e s no e a ce u ng .

3
Bo l to th e c ass O f c w we
ll d r m th i r r l i t f d ti n
e se c as es e o ng s o ng o s c e

wa f
F rth r l t r ti n r m d i fi ft nth nt r h
e o e ea es o un a o .

3
we n th e y, w ne w
t i r i rt d in n rth t n l t r t ir i t
u e a e a o s e a e ee ce u en a

wa s th e e , and th e o u e th e
t w ll r m v d
s a ns e e o e as a s a ag a ns
g
-

we s a wa s e o e .

I 7
1 38 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT R E
H U

E v e n i n t h e to we r 0 11 t h e mou n tat G u i ld ford ,

t h e m a i n e n tr a n c e
was 0 11 t h e fi r s t floor W h e r e th e door way l e d i n to th e c h i e f
a p a rt m e n t o f t h e to we r i t r e c e iv e d s p e c ia l a rch i t e ctu r a l tr e a t m e n t
, .

T h a t a t N e wc a s t l e is a w id e O p e n i n g w i th a s e m i c i rcu l a r a rc h
o f th r e e ord e r s a n d s h a ft s i n t h e j a m b s : i t h a s b e e n r e bu i l t ,
but prob a bl y fol l o ws th e origi n a l d e s ign cl o se ly O n th e oth e r
K
.

h a n d , th e fi rs t floor e n tr a n c e a t e n i l worth , wh i ch l e d i n to th e
m a i n m o m , is e x c e e d i ngl y pl a i n , w i th a se g m e n t a l a rch , an d a
s e m ic i rcu l a r r e l i e vi n g a rch i
n th e wa l l a bov e
E n tr a n c e s on u pp e r floor s we r e n e c e s sa ri ly a ppro ac h e d by
s t a i r s , w h ich we r e h ab i tu a l l y pl a c e d a g a i n s t t h e w a l l a t right ,

a ngl e s to th e e n t r a n c e , a n d s o m e t i m e s a s a t D ov e r , N e wc a s tl e ,
,

a n d R och e s t e r ,
tu rn e d th e a n gl e o f th e wa l l i n th e i r d e sc e n t .

T h e s e we r e u s u a l l y cov e r e d by a s tru ctu r e k no wn a s th e for e

bu i l d i n g wh i ch provid e d a for m id a bl e cov e r e d a ppro ach to th e
,

m ai n e n t r an c e . Th e for e bu i l d i n g for m e d a s ub s t a n t i a l a n n e x e
-

to th e to we r , a n d h as s om e v a ri e ty o f pl a n I n d ic a t ion s O f i t
.

a re fou n d i n its Si m p l e s t for m a t S c a rborough , wh e r e i t wa s

o f t wo s t ag e s . Th e l o we r s t atg> e wa s a v a u l t e d p a s s ag e ag a in s t
t h e s o u th wa l l , fro m th e e n d o f wh i c h t h e b a s e m e n t d oor way
'

wa s e n t e r e d a t righ t a n gl e s ; th e u pp e r s t a g e wa s e n t e r e d by
a door wa y fro m th e fi r s t floor o f th e to we r T h e e n tr a n c e
.

p as s ag e wa s c l o s e d by wood e n door s ; if th e se we r e forc e d , a n

a tt ac k i n g p a rty w ou l d st i l l h a v e s o m e d i ffi cu l ty a n d d a n g e r
i n br e a k i n g i n to th e to we r , wh i l e m i s s i l e s, h u rl e d u pon th e m
th rough a hol e i n th e floor o f th e u pp e r s t ag e , wou l d m a k e
r e t r e a t fro m th e p a s sa ge a d e l i c a t e m a tt e r T h e for e bu i ld i n g
.

a t K e n i l wort h wa s a l s o o f t wo s t age s ,
e n c lo s i n g a n e n tr a n c e

s t a i r , wh i ch l e d to t h e d oor way 0 11 t h e fi r s t floor Th e a rr a n g e

.

m e n t at R och e s t e r wa s m or e co m pl ic a t e d H e r e th e s t a i r b e g a n
.

a g a i n s t th e n orth w e s t a n gl e bu ttr e s s , w h e r e i t w a s cov e r e d by

-

a s m a l l to we r O f t wo s t a g e s , th e l o we r c on t a i n i n g th e d oor way ,

th e u pp e r co m m u n i c a t i n g w i th a v a u l t e d c h a m b e r i n th e a ngl e
o f th e fi r s t floor o f th e to we r T h e s t a i r th e n t u rn e d th e a ngl e ,
.

a n d , prot e c t e d by a n ou t e r wa l l s o m e 6 fe e t h igh , ro s e a l on g

th e n orth wa l l o f th e to we r to a d r a wbri dg e , wi th a d e e p p i t
b e l o w A t t h e fu rth e r s i d e O f th e d r awbr i dg e th e e a s t p a r t
.
,

o f th e n orth wa l l wa s cov e r e d by a bu i l d i n g i n th r e e s t ag e s Th e .

m i d d l e s t a g e , e n t e r e d fro m th e d r a wbr id g e , con t a i n e d a ch a m b e r ,

i n w h ic h wa s t h e m a i n e n tr a n c e to th e fi r s t floor O f th e k e e p .

T h e l o we s t s t a g e was a v a u l t , wh ich co m m u n ic a t e d wi th t h e
b ase m e n t o f th e to we r ; t h e u pp e r s t ag e e n t e r e d fro m th e,

s e con d floor o f th e to we r , con t a i n e d a roo m wh i c h m ay h a v e ,

b e e n a ch a p e l A t D ov e r a n d N e wc as tl e th e for e bu i l d i ng s
.
-

we r e e v e n m or e e l a bor a t e , i n c l ud i n g a l o we r to we r wh ic h
N E CA T
W S L E: g r tt r
ea o we
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O R MA N C A TL E S 14 1

prot e ct e d th e e n t r an c e a nd r igh t a n gl e d tu rn o f t h e s t a i r a -
,

m id d l e to we r wh i ch cov e r e d t h e s t a i r h a l f wa
y u p and an
-
,

u pp e r to we r a t th e h e a d O f t h e s t a i r b e yon d th e pl a t form ,

fro m wh ich th e s e con d floor wa s e n t e r e d Th e b as e m e n t o f t h e .

for e bu i ld i n g a t N e wc a s tl e wa s t h e c as tl e c h a p e l
-

t h e l o w e r
;
to we r wa s a s a t R och e s t e r s i m ply a g a t e to we r ; t h e m idd l e
, ,
-

to we r for m e d a cov e ri n g to a s e con d g a t e way 0 11 th e s t a i r a nd

t h e u pp e r to we r c on t a i n e d a v a u l t e d gu a rd roo m co m m a n d in g -

t h e pl a t fo r m O f e n tr a nc e A t D ove r th e u pp e r to we r s ol i d
.
, ,

a t t h e b as e h ad v a u l t e d c h a m be r s 0 11 t h e fi r s t a n d s e con d floor s
,

t h e m idd l e to we r e n c l o s e d a we l l t h e m out h O f wh i c h wa s
' ,

con t a i n e d i n a ch a m b e r e n t e re d fro m t h e pl at for m i n fron t o f

t h e m a i n d oor wa y o f t h e k e e p ; w h i l e t h e l o we r to we r for m e d a
l a rg e proj e ct ion a t th e s outh we s t a n gl e o f th e k e e p con t a i n i n g -
,

u pon its fi r s t floor a c ov e re d l a n d i n g fo r th e s t a i r fro m wh ich ,

O p e n e d to t h e e a s t a roo m prob a bly a n or a tory a n d to t h e we s t

U pon th e se c on d floor was th e c h a pe l o f th e

, ,
'

a port e r s l odg e .

k e e p e n t e r e d fro m t h e m a i n a p a rt m e n t s A v a u l t i n th e b ase
, .

m e n t o f th e l o we r to we r O f th e for e bu i l d i n g co m m un ic a t e s w i th -

t h e b a se m e n t o f t h e k e e p th rough a n oth e r v a u l t wh i ch is c o m m on ,

t o t h e k e e p an d for e bu i l d i n g S i m i l a rly t h e v a ul t a t th e fi r s t
-
.
,

floo r l e v e l o f th e upp e r to we r co m m u n i c at e s w i th th e m a i n fi r s t
floor t h rough a n oth e r c o m m on v a u l t e d c h a m be r T h e D ov e r .

for e bu i ld i n g is th u s a n i n t e gr a l port ion o f t h e k e e p

-
.

O f a ll e x i s t i n g for e bu i l d i n g s th at a t C a s tl e R i s i n g ( 1 4 3 ) is i n
-

t h e be s t s t a t e o f pr e s e rv a t ion H e r e th e m a i n e n tr an c e to t h e .

k e e p is on th e e a s t fa c e o f th e bu i l d i n g n e a r its n orth e nd T h e , .

s t a i r wh ich h a d a t i m b e r roo f a s c e n d s by t h e s id e o f t h e e a s t
, ,

wa l l s t r a ight fro m th e grou n d

, Th e re is a g a t e way a t its foot .
,

a n d a n oth e r g a t e way a t a l a n d in g h a l f wa u p Th e u pp e r fl ight

y
-
.

o f s t a i rs wh ic h was a l s o roo fe d w i t h t i m b e r p a s se s th rough a

, ,

th i rd g a t e wa y i n to th e upp e r floor o f a to we r wh ich a s a t , ,

R o c h e s t e r a nd N or w i c h cov e r s th e m a i n door wa y o f th e k e e p
, ,

a n d is n ot pl a c e d as a t D ov e r a n d N e wc a s t l e be yon d th e d oor
, ,

way . E a ch O f t h e d oor way s o f th e for e bu i ld in g h a s a round e d -

a r c h wi th a n e dg e rol l a n d s h a ft s w i th c u s h ion c a pi t a l s i n t h e
-
,

j a m b s T h e m a i n d oor way O f th e k e e p h as fi ve ord e r s th e fou r

.
,

ou t e r ord e r s be in g s h a ft e d a nd th e a rch h a vi ng ri c h l a t e N or m a n
,

m ou l d i n g s Th e ch a m b e r a t th e h e a d O f t h e s t a i r is v au l t e d i n
.

t wo b ay s bu t origi n a l ly h a d a t i m b e r roo f
,
T h e r e is a v au l t e d .

ch a m b e r b e n e a th i t .

T h e r e is an e x c e pt i on a l a rr a n ge me n t a t Porch e s t e r ( 1 3 wh e re
th e s t a i r i n s t e a d O f b e i n g cove r e d by th e for e bu i ld in g is s e t
,
-
,

out s id e i t a g a i n s t its e as t e rn fa c e Fro m th e l a nd in g a t th e

,
.

h e a d th e r e is a st r a ight p a ss ag e b e t we e n th e fi rs t fl o o r room s ,
-
 1 42 MI ILT A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

Of th e for e bu i l d i n g , to th e m a i n e n tr a n c e o f th e to we r ; wh i l e ,
-

fro m th e sa m e l a n d i n g a n oth e r fl ight o f s t a i r s l e ad s to th e

,

n orth e rn r a m p a rt wa l k o f th e c a s tl e A n oth e r e xc e pt ion a l for e

-
.

bu i l d in g is fou n d a t B e rk e l e y ( 1 4 2 ) H e r e ho we v e r , th e e xc e pt ion
.
,

con s i s t s i n th e fa c t th a t i t is a for e bu i l d i n g not to a to we r , b it -

to a s h e l l k e e p o f p e cu l i a r con s t ruct i on T h e m oun t o f t h e e a rly

-
.

N or m a n c ast l e wa s r e d uc e d i n h e ight , and its b a s e , for m in g a

pl a t for m s o m e 2 0 fe et a bov e th e grou n d , wa s e n cl o s e d wi th i n
a wa l l , 8 fe e t th ic k wh ich is s tr e ngth e n e d by p i l a s t e r bu t
,

t r e s s e s a n d r i se s to a h e ight o f 60 fe e t A g a i n s t th e s ou th e a s t .
-

fac e O f th i s wa l l is a n a rro w for e bu i l d i n g

. T h e s t a i r , wh ich wa s
-
.
.

cov e r e d by a t i m b e r roo f, p as s e s th rough t h e l o we r s t a g e O f a

g at e wa y to we r , a nd a sc e n d s to a pl a t for m , fro m wh ich a ft e r
-
,

a n oth e r g at e way h a s b e e n p ass e d th e i n t e r ior of th e s h e l l is ,

Be rk e e l y

e n t e r e d T h e roo m u pon th e fi r s t floor o f th e g a t e way to we r

.
-

is e n t e r e d fro m th e pl at form by a n a rro w l e d g e a bov e th e s t a ir .

A s th e m a i n d oor wa y o f a to we r k e e p was s e t i n th e out e r -

fac e O f a th ic k wa l l a n a rro w p assag e h ad to b e tr av e r s e d b e for e

,

t h e i n t e rio r o f th e to we r was r e a ch e d A t C a s t l e R i s in g th e . .
,

wa l l is co m p a r a t i v e l y t h i n a nd th e d oor way is r e c e s se d d e e ply

, ,

s o th a t t h e to we r is e n t e r e d d ir e ctl y I n m o s t c a s e s th e k e e p .
,

was d i vid e d i n t e rn a l ly i n to two p a rt s by a c ro s s wa l l wh i ch -

,

r e a ch e d fro m th e b ase m e n t to th e s u m m i t ?
Th i s wa l l wa s
O ft e n c e n tr a l a s at P orch e st e r R och e s t e r a nd S c a rb o roug h ;
, , ,

but i n t o we r s wh ich a re O bl on g i n pl a n a s at C as t l e R is ifi g
M
,

a nd id d l e h a m i t d i vid e d th e k e e p i n to t wo u n e qu a l r e ct
,

a ngl e s
. A t B o we s a s a l s o i n th e N or m a n k e e p o f D o m fron t
, ,

1
Fo r th e r e a so n ,
s e e no e o n t pp . 12 1, 12 2 .
C A ST L E I I G t ir
R S N : s a of fo re b uild ing
 TH E KE EP OF T H E N O R MA N CA T S L E 145

i t was s o far fro m b e in g c e n t r a l t h a t i t c ut O ff on l y a n a rro w

O bl ong fro m th e i n t e ri or th e l a rge m a i n roo m on th e fi r s t
,

floor o f B o we s b e in g l e ft n e a rl y s qu a r e I n a s qu a r e k e e p . ,

t h e cro s s wa l l w a s fr e qu e nt ly O ppo s i t e t h e m a i n e n tr a n c e a n d
-
,

p a r a l l e l wi th th e for e bu i ld i n g
-
A t H e d in gh a m L a nc as t e r
.
, ,

P orch e s t e r a nd S c a rborough i t is a t righ t a n gl e s to th e fore

, ,

bu i ld in g so th a t th e m a i n e n t r a n c e is as i n th e obl on g k e e p o f
, ,

C a s t l e R i s i ng i n a n e nd a nd n ot i n a s id e O f o ne O f th e room s
, ,
.

Th e cro s s wa l l a t S c a rborough was n ot c on t i n u e d to th e s e con d

-

R oc h tr itr
es e n e na l r
c o s s - wa ll

fl oor ; and 0 11 th e fi r s t floor a tr a n s v e r se a rch took its pl ac e

, , ,

th ro wi n g th e two m a i n roo m s i n to o ne A gre a t t r an s v e r s e a r c h

. ,

p e rh a p s th e fi n e s t a rch i t e ctu r a l fe atu r e i n any o f ou r to we r k e e p s -

,

a l s o s p a n s t h e s e c on d floor a t H e d in gh a m i n pl a c e o f t h e cro s s ,

w a l l O n t h e s e c on d floor a t R o c h e s t e r t h e c ro s s wa l l is ,
-

r e p re se n t e d by two p a i r s o f rou nd e d a r c h e s d i vid e d by a c e n t r a l ,

bl o c k o f wa l l con t a i n i n g th e we l l s h a ft B ut a c ro s s wa l l w a s -

G
-

n ot a n Un i v e r sa l fe atu r e O f a to we r k e e p N e ith e r C l u n n or u i ld
-
.

ford to we r s o f m od e r a t e s i z e h a v e o ne ; a nd o f th e gr e at e r k e e p s
, , , ,
1 46 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

N e wc as t l e R i ch m on d a nd e n i l worth h a v e un d i vid e d i n t e ri or s K
K
, , .

T h i s is r e m a rk a bl e i n a k e e p o f th e a r e a o f e n i l worth : a t
N e wc a s tl e a nd R i c h m on d th e wa l l s a re so s ol id th a t th e i n t e r ior
s p a c e is co m p a r a t i v e ly s m a l l w h i l e a t N e wc a s tl e a dd it i on a l roo m ,

w a s s u ppl i e d by u n u s u a l ly s p a c iou s m u r a l c h a m b e r s A t C a s tl e .
_

R i s in g i n add i t ion to th e m a i n c ro s s wa l l e a ch o f th e d i vi s i on s
,
-

o f t h e k e e p h as a s m a l l e r c ro ss w a l l a t its e x t r e m i ty c u tt i n g O ff -

a dd i t i on a l a p a rt m e n t s fro m th e m a i n roo m s a nd a l l o wi n g i n o n e ,

pl a c e th e i n se rt i on o f a n u pp e r floor .

O f t h e d i vi s i on s O f th e to we r w h e th e r d i vid e d by a c ro s s wa l l ,
-

or n ot th e b ase m e n t was prob ably u se d fo r th e s tor a g e o f a r m s

o
,

a n d prov i s i on s I t s m e t i m e s con t a i n e d th e op e n i n g o f th e we l l
.

o f th e k e e p
?
T h e fi r s t floo r wh e r e th e r e wa s n o oth e r c on t a i n e d , ,

th e m a in a p a rt m e n t o r h a l l I n th e l o ft i e r typ e O f k e e p t h i s .
,

was 0 11 th e s e con d floor an d a s we h a v e j u s t se e n th e s ub s t itu , , ,

t ion o f a n a rc h o r a rc a d e fo r th e c ro ss wa l l s o m e t i m e s conv e rt e d -

th i s floor i n to o ne l a rg e a p a rt m e n t A t Dov e r a n d Porch e st e r .

,

a s i n t h e To we r o f Lon d on t h e d i vi s ion i n to t wo a p a rt m e n t s wa s ,

m a i n t a i n e d a n d th e r e is on ly a Sm a l l d oor way th rough th e

,

c ro ss wa l l Th e s e c on d roo m i n th e s e i n s t a n c e s prob abl y

-
.
, ,

for m e d t h e gr e a t ch a m b e r or p ri v a t e a p a rt m e n t o f th e l ord
“ ”

o f th e c a s t l e w h e n i n r e s id e n c e W h e r e th e h a l l was on th e .

s e c on d floor t h e fi r s t floo r was p rob ably s e t a p a rt fo r t h e g a rr i s on

i n t i m e o f s i e g e a nd fo r th e se rva n ts T h e provi s ion fo r pr i v at e .

b e d roo m s was i n tho se d ay s o f publ ic i ty e x tr e m e ly s m a l l ; bu t

, ,

wh e r e a s a t D ov e r a n d N e wc as tl e th e th i c k n e ss o f th e wa l l
, ,

a l l o we d o f s e v e r a l l a rg e m u r a l ch a m b e r s s o m e o f th e m m a
y ,

h a ve b e e n d e vot e d to t h i s p u rpo s e ; a nd i n s o m e k e e p s as a t ,

H e d i n gh a m an u pp e r floor a bov e t h e m a i n a p a rt m e n t s wa s
,

?
p rovid e d wh i ch d oubt l e ss se rv e d th i s e nd
,
i

For th e pu rpo se o f c o m m u n i c a t ion b e t we e n th e floo r s th e ,

e x a m pl e o f th e to we r s o f Lo nd on an d Col ch e s t e r wa s fol l o we d .

A we l l s t a i r was con s tru ct e d i n o n e O f th e a n gl e s fro m th e

-

b a s e m e n t to th e s u m m i t o f th e to we r a nd h ad a n e n t r a n c e ,

to e ach floor th rough a s hort p as sag e i n th e th i ck n e ss o f th e

wa l l or s o m e t i m e s i n th e e m br as u r e O f o n e o f th e w i nd o ws
, .

T h i s s i n gl e s t a i r wa s th e on ly m e a n s o f a ppro ac h to th e b a se
me n t A t D ov e r th e r e a re t wo s uch s t a i r s ; a n d i n a fe w
.
,

i n st a n c e s th e r e are s m a l l out e r d oor way s to th e b a s e m e n t

, ,

L d b t
1
r l ti pr ti d pri n r t n t d th e Of e n
ith th b m t h m b r n d b l i v d r dily p i lly
e ge n s a ou c ue es ac se on so e s, co ne c e
w be S
n tr t d pri n h m b r i t l ll b l n p r i d l t r th
e se ase en c a e s, ee no t e e e to o ea . ec a

t l th nt ry ri i th w rd d n Ch pt r g to a
co s uc e so c a e s n ca s e s usua y e o e o a e an
“
th e we f c e O n th e o g n of
”
III
d ript i n t w r rdr in Ch pt r h pp r ge o n
u . e o u se e a e .

3
S e e th e o f th e A 111 S uc
fl r w r pr b bly divid d i t r m by d n p rtiti n
e sc o o e at es a e . u e
oo s e e o a e n o oo s wo o e a o s .
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O R MA N CA T S L E 1 49

wh ic h m ay b e o ri gi n a l , l i k e t h e po s t e rn , h igh a bov e t h e grou nd

a t N e wc a s tl e , or m ay h a v e be e n c u t a t a l a t e r d a t e l i k e th e
K
,

e n tr a n c e to th e b a s e m e n t fro m th e for e bu i ld in g a t e n i l worth -

.

T h e t wo s t a i r s a t Dov e r a re d i agon a l ly oppo s it e to o ne a n oth e r .

A t R o c h e s t e r a s e cond s t a i r , a l s o d i agon a l to t h e oth e r , be gi n s

at the fi r s t floor a nd a s c e n d s to t h e roo f T h e m a i n s t a i r a t
G
.

u i l d ford s t a rt s in a n a ngl e O f th e fi r s t floor : t h e b a se m e n t

wa s prob a bly e n t e r e d by a t r a p door a nd l a dd e r , bu t l at e r , -

prob a bl y i n t h e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry , a d oor wa y wa s cu t th rough

t h e wa l l i n to t h e b ase m e n t be lo w t h e m a i n e n tr a n c e At .

S c a rborough a l though th e m a i n e n tr a n c e wa s a t t h e b a s e m e n t
,

l e v e l , i t m e re ly op e n e d 0 11 a s t a i r l e a d i n g to th e fi r s t floor :
t h e s t a i r to th e b as e m e n t , if th e r e was o ne , s e e m s to h av e be e n
i n o ne o f t h e a n gl e s wh i ch h as be e n d e s t roy e d I n th e k e e p s .

o f R i ch m on d a n d Lud l o w, o w i n g to th e pr e s e rv a t ion O f t h e
ol d e r g a t e hou s e s i n w hol e or i n p a rt th e a rr a n g e m e n t s are e x ce p ,

t io n a l . T h e b a se m e n t a t R i ch m on d ( 9 3 ) h ad , a s we h a v e s e e n ,

its o wn e n tr a n c e fro m th e i n t e r ior o f th e c a s tl e ; bu t th e r e wa s

a l s o a n i n s e rt e d s t a i r , n o w bl oc k e d i n o ne o f its a n gl e s fro m ,

t h e fi r s t floor T h e m a i n s t a i r o f th e to we r ho we v e r , s t a rt e d
.
,

to th e l e ft o f t h e m a i n e n tr a n c e 0 11 th e fi r s t floo r , a nd con t i n u e d
u p wa rd s s tr a ight through th e south wa l l to th e l e v e l O f th e
s e con d floor w h e r e i t s topp e d
,
Th e s t a i r fro m th e s e con d floor .

to th e roo f s t a rt e d fro m a poi n t a bov e th e fi r s t floor e n t r a n c e ,

a nd a l s o ra n through t h e w hol e th i c k n e ss O f t h e s outh wa l l

a bov e t h e l o we r s t a i r O p e n i n g 0 11 t h e r a m p a rt a t a po i n t a bov e
,

t h e e n tr a n c e to th e s e con d fl oor
1
A t Lud l o w, a s a con se qu e n c e .

o f t h e tr a n s for m a t ion o f t h e g a t e hou s e , t h e origi n a l s tr a igh t s t a i r

fro m th e b as e m e n t to t h e floor a bov e , i n th e th i c k n e s s o f th e

e a s t wa l l w a s bl oc k e d u p a n d th e b as e m e n t w as e n t e r e d on ly
, ,

by a t r a p doo r i n th e fi r s t floor
-
.

T h e v a riou s floor s O f t h e to we r k e e p we r e o f t i m be r a nd -
,

v a u l t e d ch a m b e r s e v e n i n t h e b a se m e n t , we r e a n e xc e ption
, .

T h e b a se m e n t a t N e wc a s tl e h as a n origi n a l v a u l t e d roo f, 0 11
e igh t ri b s s pri ngi n g fro m a c e n tr a l col u m n : th e v a u l t in g o f th e

b a se m e n t a t R i ch mond a l s o fro m a c e n t r a l col u m n is a n , ,

i n se rt ion A t N orh a m th e b ase m e n t is d ivid e d by th e c ro s s

.

wa l l i n to t wo p a rt s , o ne O f wh ich h as a cro ss w a l l o f it s o w n -

d i v id in g i t i n to t wo ch a m be r s , both b a rr e l v a u l t e d : th e oth e r -

d i vi s i on h a s fou r b ay s o f groi n e d v a u l t i n g , d i vid e d by pl a i n

1 I t
th i mp ib l r h
was th e r oof fr om th e fir t r ith t
fl o o w
p in thr h nd fl h m b r pr ti hi h d pt d
us o ss e to e ac s ou

th e s e c o w wa s a o
l indri l t r C i br h
as s o ug oo r c a e a e c au on c e
g
- —

l i n th e c y o we
r b m t pr b b ly d pri pp r p rt f
a so ca at on s o ug .

3
H th e wa s Th e
ri gin l t ir ti ll r m i
e e ase en o a use as a so n . u e a o

th e o a s a s e a ns .
1 50 M I I T A RY
L AR C ITE C
H T URE

tr a n s v e r s e a rch e s Th e b a se m e n t a t B a m bu rgh wa s a l s o v a u l t e d
.

i n th r e e ch a m b e r s t h e l a rg e s t o f wh ich h ad a c e nt r a l a r c ad e o f
,

th r e e a rch e s fro m wh i ch r i b s we r e s truc k to th e ou t e r wa l l a nd

M
,

cro ss wa l l Th e t wo ch a mb e r s o f th e b a s e m e n t a t
-
. idd l e h a m
ive r e a l s o v a u l t e d o n e fro m a c e n tr a l a rc a d e o f fi v e b ay s
, B ut
th e s e n orth e rn e x a mpl e s a re q u i t e e x c e pt ion a l ; a nd e v e n a t
.

C as tl e R i s i n g wh e r e th e a r c h it e ct u r a l t r e a t m e n t of th e v a ri ou s
,

port ion s O f t h e bu i ld i n g is un u s u a l ly e l abor a t e a nd th e l a rg e r ,

ch a m b e r o f th e b as e m e n t is d ivi d e d by a ro w o f col u m n s ,

v a ul t i ng wa s con fi n e d to th e s m a l l s ubd i vi s ion s wh i c h s uppor t

t h e l e s s e r fi rs t fl o o r ch a m b e r s a l r e a dy m e n t ion e d

M
-
.

ur a l c h a m b e r s m a d e i n th e t h ic k n e s s o f th e wa l l we r e
, ,

n e c e ss a r i ly v a u l t e d th e u s u a l for m e m pl oy e d b e i n g th e b a rr e l
,

v a u l t wh i c h s pr a n g fro m t h e wa l l w i thou t a ny d ivid i ng s tri n g

,

cou r s e O th e r w i se t h e on ly a p a rt m e n t wh ich h a d a s ton e roo f

.
,

w as th e ch a p e l fr e q u e n tly fou n d i n con n e ct ion w i th th e to we r

,

k e e p I t m u s t b e a d d e d ho we v e r t h a t th e c h a p e l h a rd ly e v e r
.
, ,

o c cup i e s a ny p a rt O f a m a i n floo r i n th e k e e p a nd th a t a t C a s t l e ,

R i s in g wh e r e i t is i n a n a n gl e o f th e fi r s t floor t h e c h a n c e l a lon e
, ,

is v a u l t e d a n d is con s tru c t e d i n th e th i ck n e ss o f th e wa l l
,
C h ap e l s .

0 11 t h e s c a l e O f tho se O f Lon d on a nd C ol c h e s t e r we r e n e v e r a g a i n

a tt e m pt e d i n a k e e p A ccord i n g to th e u s u a l t h e ory ch a p e l s
.
,

i n c as tl e s a nd hou se s we r e pl an n e d s o th a t n o roo m u se d fo r
s e c u l a r pu rpo s e s s hou l d b e a bov e th e m ; a n d th e i r po s i t io n i n

a k e e p wa s u s u a l ly u pon th e u pp e r floor O f a to we r i n th e
for e bu i l d i n g c o m m un ic a t i n g w i th t h e a dj ac e n t floor o f th e m a i n
-
,

s tru ctu r e Th e a l t a r wa s a l way s pl ac e d ag a i n s t a n e a s t wa l l

.
,

a n d th e d i s t i n ct ion b e t we e n n a v e a n d ch a n c e l wa s u s u a l ly k e pt .

T hu s a t R o c h e s t e r w h e r e a ll th r e e s t a g e s o f th e to we r O f t h e
,

for e bu i l d i n g a re v a u l t e d th e top floor wa s prob a bly a ch a p e l

-
, ,

th e n a v e o f wh i c h wa s e n t e r e d d i r e ctly fro m t h e s e con d floo r

o f t h e k e e p t h rough a m u r a l p a s s a g e w h i l e t h e ch a n c e l c o m ,

m un ic a te d th rough a s m a l l v a u l t e d l obby a n d a s hort s t a i r

w i th th e m a i n s t a i r O f t h e k e e p ?
A t D ov e r th e ch a p e l w i th ,

r i bb e d v a u l t i n g a n d a ch a n c e l a rch o f two ord e r s w i th c h e vron

,

m ou l d i n g a n d j a m b s h a ft s O ccu pi e s t h e u pp e r floor O f t h e l o we r
-
,

to we r o f th e for e bu i ld i n g Th e wa l l s o f c h a n c e l a n d n a v e a re
-
.

a rc ad e d w h ich is a v e ry u s u a l fe a tu r e i n a c a s t l e c h a p e l bu t
, ,

do e s n ot a pp e a r a t R oc h e s t e r Th e e n tr a n c e fro m th e s e c on d .

floor o f th e k e e p a t D ov e r wa s th rough a m u r a l c h a m b e r a n d
a p assa g e a l on g t h e we s t wa l l o f t h e ch a p e l wh i ch l e d to t h e ,

c h a p e l door way on t h e l e ft h a nd a nd a s m a l l v a u l t e d roo m , ,

p oss i bly a v e s try 0 11 th e r ight A t Porch e s t e r ag a i n t h e s ou th

,
.
, ,

1
Th r o we e i di ti n h v r
O f a se co c a el nd h p in
th e se l f k p it
p in th t n third fl r
e e are n ca o s ,
ee , ,

o cc u y g th e so u e as a g l e o f th e -
oo .
NE W CA S TL E c hp
a e l
 TH E KEEP OF TH E N O R MA N C A TL E S 1 53

ch a mb e r on th e fi r s t floor o f t h e for e bu i l d i n g was th e ch a p e l -

,

a ppro a ch e d fro m th e p as s a g e wh i ch l e d th rough t h e for e bu i l d i n g -

to t h e m a i n d oor wa y T h e c h a p e l a t N e wc a s tl e ( 1 5 2 ) is in a n
'

un u s u a l po s i t i on i n th e b a se m e n t O f th e for e bu i ld i n g a nd
,
-
,

e n t e r e d through a p as s ag e fro m t h e foot o f t h e m a i n s t a i r It .

a l so h ad ori gi n a l ly a n out e r d oor wa y wh ich co m m un ic at e d ,

d i r e c tly wi t h t h e out e r s t a i r O f th e for e bu i ld i n g n e a r its foot -

a n oth e r u n u s u a l fe atur e T h e ri bb e d v a u l t i n g wa l l a r c a d i n g
.
,
—
,

a n d c h a n c e l a rch a re o f r e m a rk a bly e x c e l l e n t work m a n s h i p a n d

, ,

the wa t e r l e a f orn a m e n t o f t h e c a p i t a l s o f t h e wa l l a r c a d e
“ ”
- -

b e a r s a cl o se r e s e m bl a n c e to th a t o f th e c a p it al s o f t h e c o n
G
t e m por a ry al i l e e o f D u rh a m A s th e for e bu i l d i n g at N e wc as t l e .
-

is a g a i n s t th e e as t wa l l o f th e k e e p th e l on g e r a x i s o f th e n a v e ,

o f t h e c h a p e l r un s n orth a nd s ou th a n d is at r igh t a n gl e s to th a t ,

o f th e ch an c e l Th e ch a p e l is thu s T s h a p e d : th e a l t a r was
.
-

pl ac e d on o ne s id e O f th e ch a n c e l ag a i n s t th e e as t wa l l a nd , ,

was pr a ct i c a l ly i n vi s i bl e fro m th e n a v e I t is prob a bl e th a t th e .

con s t a bl e o f th e c a s tl e a n d h is fa m i ly o r fri e nd s o c cu pi e d th e
we s t e rn p a rt o f t h e ch a n c e l fa c i n g th e a l t a r wh i l e t h e n a ve , ,

w a s u e d by t e g a rr i on a nd s e rv a n t s
s h s
?

R oo m y ch a p e l s l i k e t ho se a t N e wc a s t l e an d O l d S a r u m we r e
, ,

n ot m e r e ly th e c h a p e l o f th e gre a t to we r but of th e whol e c a s t l e , .

O n t h e oth e r h a n d th e ord i n a ry c h a p e l o f a to we r k e e p provi d e d

,
-

l e ss a cco m m od at ion a n d s e e m s to h a v e b e e n i n t e n d e d fo r th e l ord

,

o f t h e c a s tl e or h is d e puty a n d th e i r i m m e d i a t e hou s e hol d ; At

G
.

u i l d ford th e ch a p e l o f th e k e e p is a m e r e or a tory for m e d by ,

t wo m u r a l ch a m b e r s a t r igh t a n gl e s to o n e a n oth e r i n t h e s outh ,

we s t a n gl e o f th e fi r s t floor T h e m a i n body o f th e c h a p e l .
,

cov e re d w it h a b a rr e l v a u l t is i n th e we s t wa l l ; th e s p a c e fo r
-
,

t h e a l t a r a rr a n g e d s o t h a t th e pri e s t fac e d e a s t wa rd s is i n th e
, ,

s outh wa l l and is cov e r e d by a h a l f b a rr e l v a u l t se t at righ t

,
- —

a n gl e s to t h e l on g e r a x i s T h e n av e wh i c h is th u s qu i t e ou t.
,

o f s igh t O f th e a l t a r c h a m b e r h as a w a l l a rc a d e o f l a t e t we l fth
-

,
-

c e n t ury ch a r a ct e r s u pplyi n g a v a l u able c l u e to th e r e a l d a t e

,

of t h i s rud e l y bu i l t a nd a rch a i c look i n g k e e p A l though a -

.

ch a p e l o r or a tory i n th e k e e p was n ot un c o m m on i t wa s 0 11 ,

t h e whol e a l u x u ry A t R i c h m on d a n d Lud l o w n o provi s ion

.

wa s m a d e fo r o n e ; th e ch ap e l s o f th e c as tl e s wh i c h r e m a i n ,

i n both c a s e s we re o f e a rl i e r d a t e th a n th e con v e r s ion o f th e

,

g a t e hou se i n to a to we r I t is n ot u n l i k e l y th a t th e n am e .

O f ch a p e l m ay h a v e b e e n g i v e n i n l a t e r d ay s to roo m s i n
1 r nt ly x v t d h p l
Th e r tt r O f th e g o we Of l d S a um wa s a r
v l t d b i l din pyin th t r p rt b nt
e ce e ca a e c a e o ea
th e so u o f th e a se m e o f th e

t r it l t r d dir t ly fr m b i l y dir t
au e u g o c cu g
-
e as e n a

o we f I t wa s e n th e a e , an d h a d n o

m m ni ti n ith fir t fl r t r
se . e e ec o ec
co u ca o w th e s oo O f th e o we .

1 8
1 54 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

k e e p s an d for e bu i l d i n g s wh i ch we r e i n t e n d e d fo r q u i t e oth e r
‘
-

pu rpo e s s
?

A l though i n t i m e O f s i e g e cook i n g i n th e k e e p i t s e l f wou l d

, ,

s o m e t i m e s b e n e c e s s a ry n o s p e c i a l p a rt o f th e to we r wa s s e t
,

a s i d e a s a k i tch e n C as t l e R i s i n g is a n e xc e pt ion wh e r e th e
.
,

roo m c ut O ff a t th e n orth we s t a n gl e O f th e fi r s t floor s e e m s -

t o h a v e s e rv e d th i s pu rpo se a n d a c i r c u l a r ch i m n e y s h aft was ,

-

?
h
hol l o we d ou t i n t e a n gl e i t se l f F i r e pl ac e s a re foun d i n
m o s t to we r k e e p s t hough n ot on a l l floor s
-
, R och e s t e r a n d .

D ov e r we r e we l l p rovi d e d i n t h i s way wh i l e 0 11 th e ot h e r , ,

h a n d t h e to we r O f P orch e s t e r wa s withou t a ny a pp a r e n t m e a n s
,

O f a rt i fi c i a l wa r m th T h e fi r e pl a c e s a t D ov e r i n t h e c ro ss wa l l
.
-

a re o f gr e a t s i z e ; tho s e a t R och e s t e r a re n u m e rou s but s m a l l , ,

a nd h a v e a rch e s d e cor a t e d wi th t h e th ic k a nd rough l y c u t -

ch e vron o rn a m e n t wh i ch a l s o a pp e a r s i n th e a rc a d e o f th e
c ro s s wal l 0 11 th e se con d floo r
-
T h e origi n a l fi r e pl a c e s a t .

N e wc as tl e a re i n th e l a rg e m u r a l ch a m b e r s 0 11 t h e fi r s t a nd
s e c on d floor s T h e m a i n a p a rt m e n t h e r e wa s prob a bly wa r m e d
.

by a br az i e r 0 11 t h e floor ; an d th i s m ay h a v e b e e n a co m m on
m e thod a s i t wa s i n th e h al l s o f pr iv a t e hou se s
, A v e n t fo r .

th e s m ok e m u s t h a v e be e n m ad e i n t h e roo f .

Wat e r i n vi e w O f t h e s t r a i t e n e d c i rc u m s t a n c e s O f a s i e ge
,
.
,

wa s a n e c e ss i ty i n a k e e p a nd wh e r e th e r e a re n o r e m a i n s o f , ,

a W e l l i t is s a fe to a s s u m e t h a t o n e h a s b e e n fi l l e d u p In a
G
.
,

m oun t k e e p l i k e
-
u i l d ford th e we l l m ay h a v e b e e n i n s id e th e ,

s h e l l w h i c h wa l l s i n t h e fron t p a rt o f t h e m ou n t T h e we l l s o f .

th e To w e r o f Lond on a n d C a s t l e R i s in g we r e i n t h e b as e m e n t s .

A t Col ch e s t e r t h e r e is a we l l ch a m b e r i n t h e s outh wa l l o f t h e -

b ase m e n t to th e r igh t o f th e e n tr a n c e p assag e

,
B ut i n t h e -
.

l a t e r k e e p s th e pi pe o f th e we l l a cyl i n d e r l i n e d w i t h a s hl a r , ,

wa s o ft e n c a rr i e d u p th rough t h e th ick n e s s o f a wa l l to t h e
u pp e r floor s wh i c h t hu s r e c e i v e d th e i r s u pply O f wa t e r d i r e c tly
, ,

w i thou t th e n e c e s s ity O f a j ou rn e y to t h e b as e m e n t At
K
.

e n i l wort h i t was i n t h e s out h wa l l c l o s e to th e s outh we s t ,

-

a n gl e wi th a n O p e n i n g 0 11 th e b ase m e n t a n d fi r s t floor
,
It .

is i n t h e e as t wa l l at N e wc as tl e n e a r t h e n orth e as t a n gl e ,
-

i t h as on l y o n e O p e n i n g a t t h e we l l h e a d on th e s e con d floor ,
-
,

a n d is r e a ch e d by a m u r a l p a s s a g e fro m t h e m a i n a p a rt m e n t .

T h e r e a re t wo we l l s at D ov e r o ne i n th e m id d l e to we r O f th e ,

for e bu i l d i n g with a n op e n i n g a t t h e l e v e l o f th e s e con d floor

-
, ,

t h e oth e r i n th e s outh wa l l o f t h e k e e p w i t h its on ly o p e n i n g ,

1
S uc h th e d r t ri in
ll e th e for b i l di f D vr an d

tl
as so - ca o a o es e- u ng s o o e

N e wc a s
r r m b nt w t hpl
e .

3
A t O l d S a um , th e th e ase m e Of th e c a e was
pr b b kit h n
oo in ,
es ,

o a ly th e c e .
 TH E KEEP O F TH E N O R MA N CA T S L E 1 55

0 11 th e con d floor i n a m u r a l ch a m be r to t h e l e ft o f t he m a i n
se ,

e n t ran c e . Th e pi p e a t R o c h e s t e r is i n th e c e n tr e of th e c ro s s
wa l l a nd wa s c a rri e d u p to th e th i rd floor wi th a n O pe n in g i n
, ,

th e n orth ch a m be r o f e a c h s t a g e
M
.

u r a l c h a m b e r s h a v e b e e n n ot ic e d i n c i d e n t a l ly S o m e k e e p s .
,

e ve n o f th e l a rg e s t s i z e h a v e th e i r wa l l s u n pi e rc e d s a ve fo r
, ,

w i n d o w ope n i n g s : th i s is t h e c a se w i th C or fe Porch e s t e r i n .
,

s pi t e o f it s gr e a t s i z e con t a i n s on ly t wo wh ich we r e u se d fo r
, ,

t h e co m m on a nd n e c e ss a ry pu rpo se o f g a rd e robe s or l a tri n e s -

.

O n t h e oth e r h a n d th e e xc e pt ion a l ly m as s iv e wa l l s o f D ov e r
,

c on t a in a l a rg e n u m be r o f s uch ch a m be r s m o s t O f wh ich a re ,

O f c on s id e r a bl e s i z e : th e po s it ion o f t h e g a rd e robe s h e r e is not -

e a s y to d e t e rm i n e A t N e wc as tl e a d v a n t ag e wa s t a k e n o f t h e
.

th i c k n e s s o f th e wa l l s to con s t ruct l a rg e ch a m be r s i n con n e ct i on

w i t h th e fi r s t a nd s e c on d floor s : th a t i n th e s outh w a l l o f t h e
”
s e con d floo r k n o wn a s th e k i n g s c h a m be r h a s a n origi n a l “ ’

, ,

fi r e pl ac e a n d is we l l l ight e d
, A d oor w ay a t its n orth we s t .
-

c o rn e r l e a d s i n to a g a rd e rob e i n t h e we s t wa l l -
Th e n u m be r .

O f m u r a l c h a m b e r s a t N e wc a s tl e is s m a l l co m p a r e d wit h t h a t
a t D ov e r bu t th e wa l l s we r e fr e e ly pi e rc e d w i th p a s s ag e s a n d
,

g a l l e ri e s A s t a i r m a d e through th e u pp e r p a rt O f th e s out h
.
,

a nd w e s t wa l l s to t h e r a m p a rt s s e e m s to h a v e be e n a b a n don e d ,

d u ri n g th e progr e ss O f th e work : th e n ot ion th a t i t wa s d e

l ib e ra te ly i n t e nd e d to l e ad a bo dy O f th e e n e m y wh o m ight ,

h a v e e n t e r e d th e to we r i n to a cul ao sa c is fa n c i ful bu t i t c e rt a i n ly
,
-
'
-
, ,

m ight h av e h ad th i s u n i n t e n t ion a l e ffe ct A t D ov e r H e d i ngh a m .

, ,

N e wc a s tl e N or wi c h a n d R o c h e s t e r wh e r e th e h a l l or a p a rt m e n t s
, , ,

o n th e se con d floor we r e O f u n u s u a l h e ight g a l l e r i e s we r e m a d e in ,

t h e wa l l s rou n d th e u pp e r p a rt o f t h e s t ag e T h e g a l l e ry a t D ov e r .

was n ot con t i n u e d roun d t h e n orth we s t a n gl e o f th e to we r but -

,

a p a s s a g e n o w bl o c k e d wa s m a d e th rough t h e c ro ss w a l l fro m
, ,
-

n orth to s outh so th a t t h e e as t roo m 0 11 th i s floor wa s co m pl e t e l y

,

s u rroun d e d b y a g a l l e ry Th e g a l l e ry at R och e s t e r s u rrou nd s

.

t h e whol e to we r c o m m un ic a t i n g w i th t h e vic e s i n th e s ou t h we s t
,
-

a n d n orth e a s t a n gl e s a n d o pe n i n g u po n t h e i n t e rior O f t h e to we r
-
,

i n n o l e s s th a n fou rt e e n pl a c e s e ac h o f w h ich c orr e s pon d s to ,

a l oop i n t h e o ut e r wa l l \V h e re th e a rc a d e wh i ch on t h e s e cond
.
,

floor t a k e s th e pl a c e o f th e c ro s s wa l l j oi n s th e e a s t a n d we s t
,
-
,

wa l l s t h e floor o f t h e g a l l e ry is r a i s e d by a fe w s t e p s to provid e
, ,

t h e a dj a c e n t a rch w i th a s ol i d a but m e n t T h e a rr a n ge m e n t o f th e .

m u r a l g a l l e ri e s a t B a m bu rgh wh ich o w i n g to th e m od e rn a l t e r a
, ,

t ion s o f th e i n t e r ior o f th e to we r is r a th e r O b s cu r e see m s to h a v e , ,

be e n v e ry l i k e th a t a t Dov e r wi th a p assag e th rough th e c ro s s wa l l

,
-

be t we e n two d ivid e d roo m s u pon t h e s e cond floor T h e g a l l e ry .

a t H e d i n gh a m l i k e th a t a t R och e s t e r is com pl e t e a n d th i s floor

, , , ,
1 56 MI I LT A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

w h i c h is ti l l roo fe d is a d m i r a bly l igh t e d

s I n c ase s wh e r e a
G
,

m ur a l ch a m b e r s e rv e d a s a g a rd e rob e a s a t u i l d ford Porch e s t e r -

, , ,

a n d th e to we r o f th e P e a k th e ou t e r wa l l i n wh i c h t h e s e a t wa s , ,

con t a i n e d was s l ightly th i ck e n e d a nd cor be l l e d ou t at th i s l e v e l

K
, ,

a n d a v e n t m a d e b e l o w th e s e a t At e n i l worth th e n ort h we s t .
-

t u rr e t s e e m s to h av e b e e n u se d e n t i r e ly as a g a rd e rob e th e -

l o we r p rt a o f t e b s e e n t for m i n g a p i t fo r t h e r e u se
h a m f ?
T he
g a rd e rob e s at C a s t l e R i s i n g are con t a i n e d i n a v au l t e d ch a m b e r
-

i n th e we s t wa l l o f th e fi r s t floor th e v e n t s op e n i n g u pon th e ,

r e c e s se s by wh ich th e ou t e r fac e o f th e wa l l is bro k e n u p .

T h e roo f o f th e to we r k e e p wa s O f t i m b e r wi th an ou t e r cov e r -

i ng o f l e a d a nd was s o m e fe e t b e l o w th e l e v e l of th e e n c i rc l i ng
,

r a m p a rt wa l k on th e top o f th e ou t e r wa l l s Th e r a m p a rt wa l k
-
.
-

h a d a p a r a p e t u pon its ou t e r fac e wh i c h at r e gul a r i n t e rv a l s was ,

l o we r e d to for m e m br as ur e s Th e s ol id port i on s o f th e p ar a p e t .

we r e o f m uch gr e a t e r br e a d th th a n th e e m br a s ur e s : th e fa m i l i a r
typ e o f b a ttl e m e n t e d p a r a p e t i n wh i ch th e e mbr a s u re s a re o f ,

e q u a l w i d th w i th t h e s ol id cop s or m erl o ns be t we e n th e m “ ”
,

b e l on g s to a l a t e r d a t e Fro m th e r a m p a rt 1 va l k s t a i r s l e d i n to
.
-
-

th e s u m m i t s o f th e a n gl e t u rr e t s w h i ch we r e s o m e fe e t a bov e t h e
‘

o
,

l e v e l o f th e p a r a p e t T h e or igi n a l a rr a n g e m e n t o f th e ro f c a n
. .

b e g a th e r e d on ly fro m t h e m a rk s l e ft a g a in s t t h e i n s id e o f th e '

wa l l s I n to we r s wi th a c ro s s wa l l l i k e R och e s t e r e a ch O f th e
.
-
, ,

d ivi s ion s wa s cov e r e d a s a g e n e r a l ru l e by a roof of mor e o r , ,

l e ss h igh pi tch A c e n tr a l tgutt e r ra n a l on g th e top of th e cro s s

wa l l a nd s id e gu tt e r s a l on g e a ch o f th e l a t e r a l wa l l s w h i ch w
.
D

e re

o
, ,

d ra ih e d th rough s pout h l e s m ad e i n th e out e r wa l l s wh i ch -

,

c a rri e d th e r a m p a rt wa l k A t Porch e s t e r wh e r e a s a l r e a dy .
, ,

n o te d th e to we r was h e ight e n e d t h e r e was origi n a l ly a h igh

, ,

p i tch e d c e n t r a l roo f w i t h l e a n to roo fs a g a i n s t e a c h o f th e ,

-

l a t e r a l wa l l s an d gutt e r s a bov e th e c e n t r e o f e a ch o f th e two

,

i n t e ri or ch a m b e r s T h i s c u riou s a rr a n g e m e n t s e e m s to s ugg e s t
.

th a t th e c ro ss wa l l i t se l f wa s add e d w h e n th e to we r was
-
’

h e ight e n e d a nd th a t th e gu tt e r s origi n a l ly we r e s u pport e d by

,

t i m b e r s tru t s i n th e s e con d or a tt ic s t a g e o f th e to we r Wh e n .

th e to we r wa s r a i s e d a fl at roo f was pl a n n e d a n d po s s i bly l a id

, ,

a n d by a cu riou s a n d u n i qu e d e vi c e fo r wh i ch i t is h a rd to fi n d
, ,

a n a d e qu a t e r e as on th e p a r a p e t s o f t h e e as t a n d we s t w a l l s we r e
,

s l ightl y g a bl e d T h e pr e s e n t roof ho we v e r is for m e d i n th e

.
, ,

u s u a l way wi th t wo g a bl e s a nd c e n tr a l a nd s i d e gutt e r s I n
,
.

to we r s wi thou t a c ro ss wa l l l i k e Lu d lo w N e vvcastl e a n d -
, , ,

1
p l m nt
Cf th e e m O f o ne of th e a ng e t r h l t r tl fl o we s a t t
L rth mb rl d rd r b t r m l t
. oy e e a e cas e o

a ng l e y in N o o we So o f th e
m di v l p l t w r n l =nd d C rbrid
u e an as a e a e
ga e o e .

o f th e n O i th o f E C h ipc h a s e
pr vid x ll t x m p l m rd r b ith rb ll d t
e e a e e o e s an o ge ,
g a ,
eg .
,

o e e ce en e a es of ura l g a e o es w co e e o ut s e a s .
N O RH A M r tt r
: g ea o we

NEWAR K CA STL E
 TH E K EEP OF TH E N O R MA N C A TL E S 1 59

R i ch m on d th e cov e ri n g wa s a s i ngl e h igh pi tch e d roo f I n

,
-
.

a ny c a s e t h e roo f w a s b e l o w t h e l e v e l o f t h e r a m p a rt wa l k a nd
,
-
,

wa s n ot i n t e n d e d to for m a fr e e fi e l d fo r t h e d e fe n c e O f t h e
to we r : th e occu p a t i on O f th e roo f o f th e to we r fo r pu rpo se s o f
d e fe n c e was n ot c on t e m pl at e d u n t i l a s o m e wh a t l a t e r p e r iod
th a n th a t a t wh i ch th e r e c t an gu l a r to we r k e e p wa s i n g e n e r a l -

fa s h ion . A t R o c h e s t e r a n d prob a bl y i n m a ny oth e r i n s t a n c e s

, ,

t h e i n n e r s id e O f t h e r a m p a rt wa l k wa s prot e ct e d by a r e a r wa l l
- -
,

l o we r th a n th e p a r a pe t Th e p a r a p e t a t R o c h e s t e r wa s 2 fe e t
.

bro a d a nd 8 fe e t h igh : th e r e a r wa l l h a d a br e adth O f 3 fe e t -

,

a n d t h e r a m p a rt wa l k of 4 fe e t
-
A foot o f wa l l was l e ft fo r th e
.

s pr i n gi ng o f t h e roo fs a nd fo r th e i r s id e gutt e r s Th e roof a t -

.

N e wc as t l e wa s re l a id i n 1 2 4 0 ; bu t h e r e a nd a t D ov e r th e
-

i ns e rt ion o f co m p a r a t i v e ly m od e rn v a u l t s m a k e s th e origi n a l
a rr a n g e m e n t d ifl fi c ul t to t r ac e T h e pr e s e n t r oo f o f R i c h m on d
.

is m od e rn w i th a s kyl ight to gi v e l ight a n d a ir to th e d a rk roo m

,

0 11 t h e s e con d floor : t h e h e igh t O f th e out e r wa l l s a bov e t h e roo f

s ugg e s t s th a t t h e o rigi n a l roo f was O f u n u s u a l ly h igh pi t c h o r

ro se a bov e an i n t e r m e d i a t e a tt i c T h e a n gl e turr e t s for m e d .

e l e v a t e d pl a t for m s a ppro a ch e d fro m t h e r a m p a rt wa l k by s ton e

,
-

st ai rs. T h e i r e l e v a t ion a fford e d a gr e a t e r co m m a n d of th e

pro c e e d in g s o f th e e n e m y a t th e foot o f th e to we r ; a nd th e i r
s o l i d con s t ru ct ion m ay s om e t i m e s h a v e a l l o we d t h e d e fe n d e r s
'

to e m pl oy th e m fo r s ton e th ro wi n g e n gi n e s wi thou t i n t e r fe r e n c e
-
,

w i th th e O p e r a t ion s o f t h e s ol d i e r s o n th e s om e wh a t n a rro w
r a m p a rt wa l k
-
.

I t h as a l r e ady b e e n s ho wn th a t if th e m a i n O bj e ct o f th e se ,

to we r s was d e fe n s i v e m a ny o f th e m s e e m to h a v e be e n pl an n e d
,

wi th a d e gr e e o f co m fort wh ic h i n d ic a t e s th a t th e i r bu i l d e r s h ad
a n e y e to th e i r p e r m a n e n t u s e as t h e pri n c i p a l r e s id e n c e w i th i n

t h e e n c l o s u r e o f t h e c a s tl e a nd th a t i n th e to we r s bu i l t d ur i n g
, ,

t h e r e ign o f H e n ry I I a c o m pro m i se b e t we e n th e i r m i l it a ry a n d
.
,

d o m e s t ic ch a r a ct e r wa s e ffe ct e d I t is c l e a r ho we v e r th a t i n th e
.
, , ,

c ase s Of R i ch m on d a n d Lud l o w th e c on v e rt e d g a t e hou s e to we r s ,

-

we r e pl a n n e d s i m ply a s m i l it a ry s tron ghol d s Th e i r po s i t ion i n .

,

both t h e s e i n st a n c e s wa s e x po s e d to d i r e ct a tt a ck wh i l e th e e a rly
, ,

do m e st i c bu i ld i n g s occ up i e d a m or e s h e l t e r e d po s it ion 0 11 th e
fu rth e r s id e O f t h e i n n e r wa rd T h e to we r k e e p c a n n e v e r h a v e
.
-

for m e d a conv e n i e n t r e s id e n c e e v e n wh e r e as a t H e d in gh a m i t
, , ,

was we ll l ight e d or a s a t D ove r was u n u s u a l ly roo m y

, ,
Ne w ,
.

m e th od s o f fort i fi c a t ion l e d to its g e n e r a l d i s u s e a nd a l though i n , ,

c e rt a i n p a rt s O f E n gl a nd th e typ e p e r s i s t e d upon a s m a l l s c a l e
,

u n t i l th e e nd o f th e m idd l e ag e s th e pe riod d u rin g wh i c h th e ,

fas h ion o f bu i l d i n g r e ct a ngu l a r to we r k e e p s was pur s u e d wa s -

co m p a r a t i v e l y s hort .
 C H A PTE R VI I
TH E PE R I OD OF TR A NS I T I ON : C YLI NDR I CA L
T O WE R E E PS —
K
TH E d e v e l op m e n t O f th e c a s tl e d uri n g th e t we l fth c e n tu ry wa s
gov e rn e d a s h a s b e e n e x pl a i n e d by th e m e thod s o f a tt a c k w h ich
, ,

its d e fe n d e r s h ad to m e e t T h e s t ron g fort r e ss e s O f th e r e ign o f

.

H e n ry I I w i t h t h e i r s ton e c urt a i n s a nd r e ct a ngu l a r k e e p s oppo s e d

.
, ,

to th e e n e m y a sol i d fron t o f p ass iv e s tr e n gth wh ic h d e fi e d a tt ac k .

S u ffi c ie n tly p rovi s ion e d a s m a l l g a rri s on wa s c a p abl e o f hol d i n g

,

ou t ag a i n s t a l on g bl oc k a d e a nd t i ri n g th e p a t i e n c e o f th e
,

a s s a i l a n t s who se a rt i l l e ry cou l d m a k e bu t l i ttl e i m pr e s s ion u po n

,

th e m as on ry o f th e c as tl e A t t h e s a m e t i m e th e s ton e c a s tl e
.
,

w i t h t h e r e ct a n gu l a r to we r k e e p d o e s n ot r e pr e se n t a fi n a l po i n t
-

i n th e p e rfe ct ion o f fort i fi c a t ion T h e e a rl y P l a n t ag e n e t c as tl e s

.

we r e 0 1 1 th e con t r a ry m e r e ly a d e p a rt u r e fro m th e o rd i n a ry
, ,

typ e O f c as tl e co m po se d O f e a rth work a nd t i m be r i n th e d i r e ct ion

, ,

O fa n org a n i s e d sy s t e m o f p e r m a n e n t s ton e c as tl e s T h e y be l on g e d .

to a tr a n s i t ion a l p e riod ; fo r e v e n wh i l e th e y we r e be i n g bu i l t
, ,

i m prov e m e n t s u pon th e i r mo s t s tr i k i n g fe a tu r e th e r e ct a n gul a r ,

k e e p we r e s ugg e s t i n g th e m se l v e s D ur i n g th e l as t t we n ty y e a rs
,
.

o f t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry l e ss on s l e a rn e d by th e C ru s a d e r s fro m t h e
,

t r a d i t ion a l m e thod s o f fort i fic a t ion e m pl oy e d i n th e E a s t e rn

e m pi r e e x e rc i s e d a pro fou n d i n fl u e n c e u pon t h e m i l i t a ry a rch i
t e ctu r e O f Fr a n c e a nd E n gl a n d ; a nd th e a ppl i c a t ion o f th e s e
l e ss on s d u r i n g th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry e n t i r e l y a l t e r e d th e
d e fe n s i v e s ch e m e O f th e c as tl e u n t i l th e pl a n o f m as t e rpi e c e s
,

o f fort i fi c a t ion l i k e C a e rph i l ly a n d H a rl e ch pr e s e n t e d a n e n t i r e

con t r as t to th e pl a n o f d e fe n s i v e s t ron ghol d s l i k e N orh a m a nd

S c a rborough .

Th e fi r s t n e c e ss i ty wh ic h h ad gov e rn e d th e d e v e l op m e n t o f
fort i fic a t io n was th a t o f e n c l o s i n g th e d e fe n d e d po s i t ion s o
a s to pr e s e n t a n a d e q u a t e b a rr i e r to a t t a c k T h e b a i l e y wa s .
.

s urrou n d e d w ith its p a l i sa d e wh i l e th e p a l i s a d e d m ou n t w i th its ,

w ood e n to we r co m m a n d e d
,
th a t is ov e rl ook e d th e ope r a t i on s
—
,
—

o f th e d e fe n d e r s wi th i n th e b a i l e y a nd provi d e d a se con d l i n e o f
,

d e fe n c e i f th e b a i l e y we re t a k e n A s s i e g e eng i n e s i n c r e a se d i n
,
.
-
 CYL I N D RI C LTA OW E R K E E PS
-
1 61

s t r e n gt h s ton e wor k t o o k th e pl a c e o f s t oc k a d in g T h e b a i l e y
,
-
.

wa s e nc i rc l e d by a s ton e wa l l w ith a c e rt a i n n u m be r O f to we r s
on its c i rcu m fe r e nc e I t wa s s o m e t i m e s d i vid e d i n to a n ou t e r
.

a nd i n n e r wa rd by a c ro ss wa l l or as a t Lud l o w -
a l a rg e
, ,

ou t e r b a i l e y was a dd e d t o i t wh i c h for m e d a cou rty a rd fo r ,

b a rr a c k s a nd s t abl i n g a nd a prot e ct ion i n t i m e o f wa r fo r

,

d we l l e r s on th e o u t s k i rt s o f th e c a s t l e a nd fo r th e i r floc k s A .

wa l l s u pe r s e d e d t h e p a l i s a d e roun d t h e m ou n t o r a s t ron g to we r ,

wa s bu i l t e i th e r i n con n e ct ion wi th t h e mou n t o r on a n e w s i t e

, ,

wh i c h co m m a nd e d th e whol e e n cl o s u r e T h u s th e p ass i v e .

s t r e ngth o f th e c as tl e was e n s u r e d B ut s ton e wa l l s a nd to we r s .

,

h o we v e r s t ron g we r e i n th e m se l v e s a n i n s u ffi c i e n t prot e ct ion

, ,

u n l e s s th e d e fe nd e r s cou l d k e e p th e m se l v e s ful ly i n for m e d O f

t h e mov e m e n t s o f th e e n e my I t wa s n e c e s sa ry th a t th e y
.

s houl d b e a bl e to co m m a n d th e fi e l d i n wh ich th e b e s i e g e r s ,

work e d an d e s p e c i a l ly th e foot o f th e wa l l or to we r on wh ich

,
.

t h e a tt a c k was c on c e n t r a t e d T h e b att e ri n g ra m th e s c a l in g
.
-
,

l add e r a nd th e m i n e m u s t b e k e pt un d e r con s t a n t ob se rv a t ion

, .

A fi r s t s t e p to wa rd s th i s was th e e s t a bl i s h m e n t O f proj e cti n g

t o we r s a l on g th e wa l l a t i n t e rv a l s Th e se fl an k th e wa l l th a t .
—

is th e out e r fa c e O f t h e wa l l b e t we e n th e m c a n b e ov e rl ook e d
,

a n d prot e ct e d by b od i e s o f m e n po s t e d u pon t h e proj e ct ion on

e ith e r fl a n k A t fi r s t h o we v e r th e s y s t e m o f fl a n k i n g w as fa r
.
, ,

from pe r fe ct ; a n d th e r e for e t h e n e x t s t e p wa s i n th e d i r e ct ion

o f i mp rov in g i t so th a t e v e ry portion O f t h e ou t e r s u r fa c e O f t h e
,

e n ce in te m ight b e cov e r e d by t h e fi re O f th e d e fe n d e r s Th i s .

i m prov e m e n t wh ic h we a re a bou t to t r a c e was e ffe ct e d gr ad u a l ly

, , ,

e i n th e fo r m o f t h e s th e m
( I ) by a ch a n g fl a n k in g d e fe n c e

se l ve s ; ( 2
) by th e i r m u l t i pl i c a t ion a t m or e fre q u e n t i n t e rv a l s .

T h e fi r s t O f th e s e ch a ng e s b e gi n s to b e n ot ic e a bl e d u ri n g th e
l a t e r y e a r s of th e t we l fth c e n tu ry : th e s e con d wa s brought to
p ass i n t h e fi r s t h a l f O f th e th i rt e e n t h c e n t u ry a nd l e d to fu rth e r ,

d e v e l opm e n t s i n th e a rr a n ge m e n t O f th e l i n e s o f d e fe n c e .

Th e r e ct a n gu l a r for m o f t h e k e e p a nd o f t h e to we r s 0 11 th e
c u rt a i n wa s i n t wo r e s pe ct s a d r a wb a c k to t h e d e fe n c e o f t h e

c a s tl e . I n th e fi r s t pl ac e th e s a l i e n t a n gl e s o f th e m as on ry
,

we r e l i abl e to d e s t ruct ion by s a p a n d m i n e T h e p a r a l l e l j oin t i n g .

o f t h e s ton e work m ad e t h e r e m ov a l o f fr ag m e n t s O f s ton e by t h e

bor e o r pic k a t th e se po i n t s a co m p a r a t i v e ly e a sy if s t i l l l a bo ri ou s , ,

t as k I n th e se c on d pl ac e th e a ngl e s O f a to we r or cu rt a i n
.
, ,

wh i ch we r e th u s po i n t s o f d an g e r we r e pr e c i s e ly th e pl a c e s ,

wh ich th e d e fe n d e r s we r e l e a s t a bl e to co m m a n d sat i s fa c tori ly .

E a ch fac e O f a r e ct a n gu l a r to we r co m m a n d s t h e fi e l d i m m e d i a t e ly
i n fron t O f i t : t h e r a n g e o f s hot fro m th e po i n t O f vi e w o f e a ch,

m a rk s m a n is i n a d i r e ct ion a t r igh t a n gl e s to th e fa c e O f th e
,
1 62 M I I A RY LT A R C I T E CT U R E
H

to we r S t ri ct ly s p e a k i n g th e foot o f th e whol e cu rt a i n a nd its

.
,

to we r s l i e s wi th i n a d e a d a n gl e as v e rt i c a l fi re fro m th e
“
,
”

r a m p a rt is i m po ss ibl e ; bu t th e wood e n g a l l e r i e s a tt a ch e d to th e
r a m p a rt obvi a t e d th i s d i ffic u l ty B ut if t h e l i n e s o f t w o .
,

a dj a c e n t fa c e s o f t h e to we r a re prod uc e d i t w i l l b e s e e n th at ,

t h e s p a c e c on t a i n e d by th e s e is ou t o f t h e d e fe n d e r s r an ge ’

a nd w i th i n i t m i n e r s c a n wor k s e c u r e ly wh i l e th e m a i n ,

a tt a c k is d i r e ct e d a g a i n s t t h e fac e s o f t h e r e ct a ngl e O ne .

O bviou s con c r e t e i l l u s t r a t ion O f th i s is s e e n a t R och e s t e r Wh e n

K
.

i ng J oh n i n 1 2 1 5 b e s i e g e d th e c as t l e h e d i re ct e d a g a i n s t i t
, , ,

h is s ton e th ro w i n g e n gi n e s
-
F i n d i n g th a t progr e s s by t h i s .

m e a n s w as s l o w h e s e t h is m i n e r s to work
, A br e a ch w a s .

m a d e i n th e ou t e r c u rt a i n a n d th e m i n e r s con t i n u e d th e i r ,

op e r a t i on s 0 11 th e to we r a nd e v e n tu a l ly a ft e r m u c h d i ffi c u l ty , , ,

brok e th e i r way th rough i t ?

W e c an se e to d ay th at th e s outh - ,

e as t a n gl e o f th e to we r h as b e e n r e bu i l t a n d t h a t th e fo r m o f

T
,

th e r e con s truct e d t u rr e t is rou n d a n d n ot s qu a r e his no ,

.
,

doubt m a rk s th e pl a c e wh e r e th e br e a ch wa s m a d e : th e r e p a i r s
,

a re e vi d e n t ly p a rt o f t h e w or k t a k e n i n h a n d by H e n ry I I I .

in 1 2 2 5 .

A fu rth e r we a k po i n t i n th e d e fe n c e s o f th e c as t l e wa s th e
i n s u ffic i e n t fl a n k i n g O f th e c u rt a i n I n th e e l e v e n t h c e n tu ry .
,

a s we h a v e s e e n fl an k i n g to we r s we r e d i s cou r ag e d by fe ud a l
,
’

ov e r l ord s wh o r igh tly r e cogn i se d th e d a n g e r wh i ch a s t rongly

-
,

fo rt i fi e d c a s tl e i n t h e h a n d s O f r e b e l s m igh t m e a n to th e m s e l v e s
, ,
.

A s t i m e we n t on s ton e c u rt a i n s we r e provi d e d wi th to we r s but

,

th e s e we r e n ot m a ny i n n u m be r a nd so l ong as th e r e ct a n gu l a r , ,

fo r m O f to we r con t i n u e d i n fa s h ion l on g s p ac e s o f s tr a ight w a l l ,

we r e l e ft b e t we e n th e proj e ct ion s T h e r i s k O f provi d i ng t o o .

m a ny s al i e n t a n gl e s wa s prob a bly r e cogn i s e d by m i l i t a ry

e ngi n e e r s Fro m th e fl a n k i n g to we r s th e a dj a c e n t p a rt o f th e
.

wa l l cou l d b e cov e r e d by t h e a rt i l l e ry o f th e d e fe n c e ; bu t ,

w h e r e a l o n g in te rv al e x i s t e d b e t we e n two to we r s th e w al l ,

m i d way was out o f e ffe ct iv e r a n g e To prot e ct th e s e un fl

-
an k e d .

poi n t s i n t i m e O f s i e g e a body o f d e fe n d e r s wou l d h a v e to b e ,

k e pt o n e ac h S pot A t we l fth c e n tu ry c as tl e th e r e for e to b e

.
-
, ,

t horoughly d e fe n d e d n e e d e d a l a rg e g a rr i s on to cov e r its

,

n u m e rou s we a k po i n t s A ny a tt e m pt to c on c e n t r a t e th e d e fe n c e
.

u pon o n e th r e at e n e d s pot m igh t l e a d to th e we a k e n i n g o f th e

d e fe n c e a t oth e r po i n t s O f wh i ch th e e ne m y wou l d n ot b e s l o w
'

to t a k e a d v a n t ag e .

A d d e d to th i s was a n i n h e r e n t d r awb a c k i n th e n or m a l pl a n
O f th e c a s tl e I ts wa rd s a n d k e e p pro vid e d a sy s t e m o f s uc
.

ce s s ive l i n e s o f d e fe n c e w h ich c a u s e d a n e n e m y i m m e n s e t roubl e

r nd v r
,

1
R o ge o f We o e ,
an n . 12 1 5 .
 CYL I N D RI AC LT OW E R K E E PS -
1 63

to p i e rc e bu t cou l d n ot O ffe r a co m bi n e d r e s i s t a n c e to h im
, .

I n m a ny c as tl e s l i k e N orh a m or B a rn a rd C a s tl e th e i n n e r
, ,

wa rd a nd k e e p we r e pl ac e d at a d i s t a n t a ngl e o f th e e n c l o s u r e ,

a nd we r e prot e ct e d fro m e xt e rn a l a tt a c k by s t e e p out e r s l op e s

a n d a ri v e r a t th e i r foot I n s uch c as e s th e wa l l O f th e out e r

.
,

wa rd O ffe r e d th e fi r s t r e s i s t a n c e : th e i n n e r wa rd d id n ot co m e
i n to a ct ion u n t i l t h e e n e m y h ad e n t e r e d th e out e r wa rd a nd ,

t h e d e fe nd e r s h a d to r e t i r e to t h e i n n e r e n cl o s u r e I f th e i n n e r .

wa l l wa s br e ach e d or s tor m e d t h e k e e p g a ve th e d e fe n c e its l as t

G
,

sh e l t e r
. A t C h at e a u a i l l a rd
-
a s h as a l r e a dy b e e n d e s cri be d
, ,

t h e c h i e f fe a tu r e o f th e s i e g e wa s th e c a ptur e O f wa rd a ft e r wa rd
t h e d e fe n d e r s i n d e s p a i r d i d n ot e v e n att e m pt to r e s ort as a
G
, , ,

fi n a l r e sou r c e to th e k e e p Ch at e a u a i l l a rd was i n its o wn

,
.
-

d ay a m od e l o f s c i e n t i fi c fort i fi c a t ion I ts fa l l was th e r e for e

.

Ch ta e au -
G a ll ai rd P l an

a v e ry s tri k i n g e x a m pl e o f th e d i sad v a n t ag e O f s ucc e s s i v e l i n e s

o f d e fe n c e o f wh ich on ly o ne cou l d b e e ffe ct iv e l y u s e d a t a
,

t i m e I t is t ru e th a t h e r e and th e r e a s a t R o c h e s t e r th e k e e p
.
, ,

wa s pl a c e d s o n e a r t h e cu rt a i n o f a n out e r wa rd th a t th e e xt e rior
o f th e c a s tl e c ou l d b e co m m a n d e d fro m its b attl e m e n t s a n d it s
,

a rti l l e ry cou l d b e brough t i n to pl ay ov e r th e h e ad s O f th e

d e fe n d e r s O f th e cu rt a i n A t R i c h m ond th e gr e a t to we r c o m
m a n d s th e o n e s id e o f t h e c as t l e fro m wh i ch a tt a c k was po ss ibl e
.

a n d wa s th u s pl ac e d i n t h e v e ry for e fron t o f th e d e fe n c e
-
B ut .

s uch a rr a n g e m e n t s we r e h a ppy id e as w h ich occu rr e d to i n d ivid u a l

e n gi n e e r s a nd
, d o n ot i m ply a ny s y s t e m a t i c ad v a n c e i n th e
s c i e n c e O f d e fe n c e .

T h e e x p e ri e n c e s o f th e e a rl i e s t C ru sad e r s brough t th e wa rrior s

O f th e we s t fa c e to fa c e w ith m e thod s o f d e fe n c e far s u pe ior r
to tho se e m pl oy e d i n E n gl a n d and Fr a n c e T h e c i ty wa l l o f .
-

1 9
1 64 M I L I A RY A R T C I T E CT U R E
H

A n t ioch g av e th e m a n e x a m pl e O f a pe rfe ct sy s t e m O f fl an k i n g
d e fe n c e s ; a nd i n th e t ri pl e e ncein te o f C on s t a n t i nopl e th e y s aw
,

h o w s ucc e s s i v e l i n e s O f d e fe n c e cou l d b e u se d i n c o O pe r a t ion -

.

A t A n t io c h t h e wal l was fl a n k e d a t fr e qu e n t i n t e rv a l s b y fi fty -

to we r s E a ch O f th e s e ri s i n g a bov e th e c urt a i n c o m m a n d e d n ot
.
, ,

on ly its s p a c e o f i n t e r m e d i a t e wa l l bu t th e r a m p a rt wa l k a s we l l ,
-
.

Th e r a m p a rt wa l k m or e ov e r p as s e d th rough th e to we r s wh ich
-
, , ,

we r e prot e c t e d by s tron g d oor s To g a i n th e whol e l i n e o f wa l l .

,

th e r e fore i t was n e c e s sa ry to occu py th e to we r s e ach o f wh ich

, ,

cou l d b e c onv e rt e d i n to a s e p a r a t e s tron ghol d i s ol a t i n g t h e ,

i n t e r m e d i at e r a m p a rt wa l k Th e s i e g e was b a d ly con d uct e d

-
.
,

t h e C ru sa d e r s l i m i t i n g th e m s e l v e s to a s tron g po s it ion be t we e n
t h e c i ty a n d t h e O ron t e s a n d a l lo w i n g th e d e fe n d e r s t o hol d ,

th e i r co m m u n i c a t ion s on two S id e s o f th e c ity O p e n fo r s o m e

fi ve m on th s P o s t s o f ob se rv a t i on we re e v e n t u a l ly e s t a bl i s h e d
.

on th e two n e gl e ct e d s id e s ; bu t th e a ct u a l c a ptu r e O f th e c i ty
was d ue to th e tr e a ch e ry O f o ne O f t h e co m m a n d e r s o f th e
T urk i s h g a rri s on wh o ad m i tt e d a body o f Fr a n k s i n to o n e O f
,

t h e to we r s i n h is ch a rg e T h e y m ad e th e i r way i n to s e v e n m or e
.

to we r s a,
n d so g a in e d a cc e ss to th e c i ty ?
T h e th r e e wa l l s o f
C on st a n t i nopl e s u rrou n d e d th e whol e c i ty : e a ch w as h igh e r
t h a n t h e o n e ou t s id e i t so th a t a l l th re e cou l d b e u se d s i m u l
,

t an e o us ly by th e d e fe nd e r s ?
A g a i n s t s uch a s ys te m o f con c e n tr i c
d e fe n c e th e b e s i e g e r s we r e m a n i fe s tl y a t a d i s a d v a n t a g e
, .

T h e se l e s s on s fro m th e e as t s t i m u l a t i n g though th e y we r e , ,

d id n ot prod uc e th e i r fu l l pr a ct i c a l e ffe ct fo r s o m e g e n e r a t i on s
i n th e we s t O ur e ngi n e e r s h ad to p ass th rough a l on g e poch
.

o f gr a d u a l e x p e ri m e n t b e for e t h e y c oul d a rr i v e at a fi n i s h e d
sy s t e m o f fl a n k i ng or o f con c e n tri c l i n e s o f d e fe n c e The .

t r ad i t ion a l m ou n t an d b a i l e y pl a n provid e d th e fou n d a t i on o f

- -

t h e pl a n O f th e s ton e c as tl e T h e t r ad i t ion a l i m port a n c e O f th e

.

k e e p as th e u l t i m a t e pl a c e o f r e fug e d ict a t e d th e a rr a n g e m e n t
o f wa rd b e h i n d w a rd cu l m i n a t i n g i n t h e gr e a t to we r
, e an wh i l e . M ,

t h e i m prov e m e n t O f fl a n k i n g d e fe n c e s l e d m or e a n d m or e to th e
con c e n t r a t ion O f e n gi n e e rin g s k i l l u pon th e c urt a i n so th a t th e ,

k e e p gr a d u a l ly took a pl a c e o f s e con d a ry i m port a n c e A s a n .

obviou s r e s ul t O f fu rth e r i m prov e m e n t th e k e e p was d i s p e n s e d ,

w ith a nd t h e whol e a tt e n t ion O f th e e n gi n e e r wa s d i r e ct e d to

,

co m b i n i n g t h e d e fe n c e s o f th e c as tl e i n to a d oubl e or t ri pl e l i n e
O f s i m u l t a n e ou s r e s i s t a n c e to a t t a c k T h e se s t e p s took t i m e : .

th e t r a n s i t ion fro m o n e t o th e oth e r wa s e ffe ct e d by n o s udd e n

r e vol u t ion but by wor k a l on g ol d l i n e s a work O f r e vi s i on a nd
,
.

1
S e e th e d cripti n f th e fo rti fi ti n nti h in Oma n A rt f
pp pl i p
s of A
es o o ca o oc ,
o
Wa r ,
.
52 7 9 ; -
an fac ng . 2 83 .

3
Mid , 52 6 7
-
.
 CY I NL D RI AL C T OW E R K E E PS
-
1 65

i m prov e m e n t u n t i l th e fi n i s h e d prod uct for m e d a n a l m o s t

,

c o m pl e t e a n t i th e s i s to t h e s ou rc e fro m w h i ch i t wa s d e ri v e d .

Th e e a rl i e s t s ign s o f tr a n s i t ion i n E n gl a n d a re s e e n i n t h e
s tr e n gth e n i ng o f t h e m a s on ry by t h e r e d uct ion a nd e l i m i n a t ion

o f s a l i e n t a ngl e s I t is obviou s th a t if a round e d or polygon a l

.
,

form is gi ve n to a p roj e c t i n g to we r or i f t he a ngl e O f a r e c t a ngul a r ,

to we r is roun d e d O ff a w i d e r fi e l d w i l l b e co m m a nd e d by th e
,

a rt i l l e ry O f th e d e fe n c e Th e ne w r a n g e w i l l b e a l a rg e se g m e n t
.

o f a c i rc l e r ad i a t i ng fro m th e c e n tr e o f th e to we r i n s t e a d O f a
,

r e c t a n gl e i n fron t o f e a ch fa c e T h e se c tor s a t t h e a ngl e s wi th i n .

w h i c h a n a tt a c k in g p a rty c a n work s e c u r e ly w i l l be thu s e l i m i n a t e d .

a nd th e ch a n c e s o f t h e s uc c e s s o f a m i n e w i l l b e l e s s Th e .

m a s on ry a l s o w i l l o ffe r m uch gr e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e to th e b a tt e ri n g
o r bori n g e ngi n e s o f t h e e n e m y Th e j oi n t s a re n o l on g e r .

p a r a l l e l but r ad i a t i ng so th a t i t be co m e s m u c h h a rd e r wor k
, ,

to for c e ou t s ton e s a nd e ffe c t a bre a ch Th e obt u s e a ngl e s o f .

polygon a l to we r s w i th th e j oi n t s o f th e m a s on ry i n th e a l t e rn a t e
,

fac e s r un n i n g i n O bl iq u e d i r e ct ion s to e ac h oth e r h a ve a m u c h ,

gr e a t e r po we r o f r e s i s t a n c e th a n th e r igh t a n gl e s O f th e ord in a ry
t we l fth c e n t u ry to we r
—
.

Th e g e n e r a l use of c i rcu l a r and polygon a l for m s is fi r s t foun d

i n con n e ct i on wi th th e pri n c i p a l to we r o f th e c as tl e th e k e e p ,
.

Th e m a i n obj e c t wa s a t fi r s t n o d oubt th e gr e a t e r c oh e s ion , ,

i m p a rt e d to th e m a s on ry : th e s c i e n t i fi c a dv a n t ag e s fro m th e ,

po i n t o f vi e w o f a rt i l l e ry prob a bl y we r e n ot r e a l i s e d t i l l l a t e r
, .

I n Fr a n c e th e cyl i n d ri c a l d onj on a pp e a r e d a t a n e a rl i e r d a t e
th a n i n E n gl a n d : t h a t a t C h at e a u s u r E pt e ( E u r e ) is s a id to - -

h a v e be e n be gu n i n Th e to we r o f H oud a n ( S e i n e e t O i s e ) - -

is a cyl i n d e r fl a n k e d by fou r c yl i nd ri c a l t u rr e t s : i t w as bu i l t
d u ri n g th e r e ign O f Lou i s I ( 1 108 a nd t h e for m s ho w s V .

th a t th e bu i ld e rs l ook e d n ot m e re l y to th e s t r e ngt h o f th e ,

m a s on ry bu t to th e r e d uct ion o f th e e n e m y s ch a n c e s o f s ucc e ss fu l

’

a tt ac k . T h e m aj ori ty ho we ve r O f s uch d onj on s i n Fr a n c e , ,

be l ong to th e s e con d h a l f o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry a nd th e

be gi n n i n g o f th e th i rt e e n th a nd we r e con t e m por a ry wi th ou r ,

r e ct a ngu l a r to we r s B ut the e n gi n e e r s o f H e n ry I I to who m

. .
,

we o we s o m a n y o f ou r s ton e k e e p s we r e c e rt a i n l y a cq u a i n t e d ,

w i th th e po ss ibl e b e n e fi t s o f for m s oth e r th a n s qu a r e T he ke e p .

o f O r ford i n S u ffol k was prob a bly bu i l t be t we e n 1 1 6 6 a nd

a n d is th e r e for e e a rl i e r i n d a t e th a n m a ny r e ct a n gul a r k e e p s .

1
B ul a r t ii 5
ii 5 it 4
ttrib t d m ry nt vr x ( 5
, . 0 .

3
l aid , 08 : is to A f E
nr ( r d r bb l ith b din r f h l r
. a u e au , co u o eu 1 10

th e m a so
y ibid , 4 6 1 ) i s o f c o u se w
t p k p r rd d rib d m l n h
. u e on g
-
c o u se s o as a .

3
S e e no e 1 7 , Th e e e Of O fo is
rv pp
1 19 . . e sc e at so e e gt
b y H a ey, Cas tl es a nd W l w
’
a l ea To 1 0 6- 1 1 1
'

ns , . .
1 66 T
M I L I A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

I n t e rn a l ly i t is cyl i n d ri c a l e x t e rn a l ly a polygon o f t we n ty o ne
, ,
-

s id e s w i th thr e e v e ry l a rg e r e ct a n gu l a r t u rr e t s proj e ct i n g fro m

,

i t I t h as a b ase m e n t a n d t wo m a i n floor s a n d is e n t e re d by
. ,

a t wo s tori e d for e bu i l d i n g wh ic h for m s a s outh wa rd c on t i n u a t ion

- -
,

o f t h e e as t e rn t urr e t Th e s l opi n g b a se O f th e to we r is con t i n u e d

.

rou n d th e t u rr e t s a nd gr e a tly s tr e ngth e n s t h e i r a n gl e s ; w h i l e

,

th e t u rr e t s th e m s e lv e s a re S O pl a c e d as to fl a n k t h e whol e to we r
a nd fo r e bu i ld i n g v e ry e ffe c t i v e ly a n d to provid e a d d it ion a l
-
,

roo m i n th e i n t e r ior T h i s c o m bi n a t i on o f th e r e c t a ngu l a r a nd

.

polygon a l for m s is for its d a t e a n u n i qu e d e p a rtu r e fro m th e

, ,

ord i n ary typ e o f E n gl i s h to we r k e e p B ut i t m u s t be re -

.

m e m b e r e d th a t th e s h e l l k e e p 0 11 t h e m ou n t u s u a l ly took t h e
-

for m o f a c y l ind ri
c a l o r polygon a l w a l l

s tr e n gth e n e d by bu t

t r e ss e s ; a n d a t O r
ford wh e r e th e to we r ,

a pp e a r s to s t a n d u pon

t h e b ase O f a l e v e l l e d
m ou n t we m ay h av e ,

a con s c i ou s a d a pt a
t ion o f th i s for m to
t h e h e a vi e r a nd l o ft i e r
t o we r A t isors . G
( E u re ) th e ol d e r d on
j o n w a s a n oct a gon al

t o we r b u i l t o n a ,

mount and sur ,

rou n d e d by a c i r c u l a r
wa l l Th e to we r was .

prob a bl y bu i l t by
C o nl sb ro ugh ; K e e p
H e n ry I I be t we e n .

1 1 6 1 and w i th i n
th e s o m e wh a t e a rl i e r s h e l l a nd too k th e for m wh ich w a s be s t
,

s u i t e d to th e a rt i fi c i a l s oi l on w h ich i t s tood B ut th e r e a re .

a t l e a s t two i n s t a n c e s o f E ngl i s h r e ct a n gu l a r k e e p s i n wh ich

a s l igh t d e p a rtu r e fro m th e n or m a l for m w as m a d e fo r O bvi ou s

pu rpo se s o f a dd i t i on a l s t r e n gth wi thou t r e fe r e n c e to a n a rt i fic i a l

,

s i te A t N e wc a s t l e th e n orth we s t tu rr e t is oct agon a l wi th v e ry

-

M
.
,

obtu se a n gl e s I n th e s m a l l to we r O f i t ford 0 11 th e \V a n sb e c k
M
.
,

a bov e orp e th th e n ort h wa l l is bu i l t w i th a n obtu se s a l i e n t

,

a ngl e s o th a t th e to we r for m s a n i rr e gu l a r p e n t a gon

, Th e d at e .

O f th i s to we r c a n n ot b e fi x e d w i th c e rt a i n ty bu t i t p rob a bly ,

be l on g s to th e se con d h a l f a t a ny r a t e o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry ;
ii
, ,

1
E nl a rt, .
50 5 .
 CY I NL D C
RI AL T OW E R K E E PS -

a nd i t c a n h a rd ly be d oubt e d th a t th e O bj e c t o f th i s pe c ul i a r
d e vic e wa s to gi v e t h e d e fe nd e r s be tt e r co m m a n d O f th e a n gl e s o f
t h e to we r wh ich we r e e x po s e d to a tt a ck fro m t h e i n n e r wa rd .

S o m e w h a t l a t e r th a n th e s e is th e n obl e c yl i n d ri c a l k e e p O f
C on i s brough wh i c h is a tt ri but e d to H a m e l i n P l an t a ge n e t

Scale of fif t h

C ni br h
o s o ug ; Kee p . Pla n s

a n a tu r a l broth e r o f H e n ry I I a nd h u s b a n d o f I s a be l h e i r e s s o f
.
, ,

W i l l i a m e a rl o f S u rre y H a m e l i n d i e d i n 1 2 0 1 th e to we r wa s
,
.

bu i l t a s th e a rch i t e ctu r a l d e t a i l s s ho w d u ri n g th e l as t q u a rt e r o f
, ,

t h e t we l fth c e n tury . I t is a r e gul a r cyl in d e r ; a nd to its c i r c u m

fe r e n c e are a ppl i e d s ix bol d butt r e s se s wh ich n a rro w s l ightly ou t
,
1 68 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

w a rd s , an ri se a bov e th e p a r a p e t i n t u rre t s
d Th e w hol e is bu i l t
.

o f d r e s s e d s ton e i n l a rg e r e ct a n gu l a r bl oc k s th e fi n e con d i tion

,

o f wh i ch a ft e r m or e th a n s e v e n h un d r e d y e a r s is e x tr a ord i n a ry
, , .

T h e con s truct ion is u n u s u al ly s ol i d : t h e th i c k n e s s o f th e wa l l i n

t h e b a se m e n t e x c e e d s 2 0 fe e t O n th e fi r s t floo r i t is j u s t u nd e r
.

1 5 fe e t : i n th e two u pp e r floor s i t is r e d u c e d by i n t e rn a l O ff s e t s -
,

un t i l a t th e r a m p a rt l e v e l 7 5 to 8 0 fe e t a bov e th e groun d i t
, , ,

1 2 3 fe e t I n a d d i t i on to th i s th e buttr e ss e s w h ich proj e ct 9

.
,

C ni br h Fir p l
o s o ug e ace

fe e t at th eb a s e m e n t l e ve l a nd 8 fe e t a bov e a re n ot u se d l i k e th e
, ,

t u rr e t s a t O r ford to con t a i n a d d i ti on a l roo m s bu t a re bu i l t s ol id

, , .

T h e ch a p e l ho we v e r was for m e d by con s t ruct i n g a ch a m be r i n

, ,

th e e as t e rn buttr e ss u pon th e th i rd floor .

T h e to we r o f C on i s brough l i k e th a t o f O r ford w a s i n t e n d e d
, ,

fo r r e s id e n t i a l a s we l l as d e fe n s i v e pu rpo s e s ; but l igh t a n d

co m fort we r e s a cri fi c e d to m i l i t a ry n e c e ss i t i e s T h e e n tr a n c e .
,

a s u s u a l w as u pon th e fi r s t floor bu t th e r e is n o t r a c e o f a n
, , y
 CY I N
L D RI A C LT OW E R K E E PS
-
1 69

for e bu i l d i n g n or is th e or igi n al m e a n s O f a ppro ach a t all c l e a r

-
, .

Th e b a se m e n t was s i m ply a do m e d we l l ch a m be r a nd s tor e room - -

th e on ly a ppro a ch to i t fro m th e fi r s t floor was a n O p e n in g i n

th e c e n t r e O f th e gu a rd ch a m b e r ov e r wh ich wa s prob a bly th e
-
,

w i n d l as s by wh ich buc k e t s we r e l o we r e d i n to th e we l l ? Th e
fi r s t floor wa s a gu a rd ch a m b e r : th e re we r e n o w i nd o ws a nd
-

t h e on ly m e a n s O f a d m i tt i n g d ayl igh t wa s th rough th e O p e n

door 0 11 th e fa r s id e O f t h e p as s ag e th rough th e wa l l O n th e .

r igh t h a n d S i d e o f th i s p as s a g e a cu rv e d s t a i r m oun t s th rough

-
,
-

t h e th i c k n e s s O f th e wa l l to t h e s e con d floor wh i c h i t e n t e r s by ,

a l a n d in g i n t h e e m br a s u r e
3
o f a l oop on th e n orth s id e Th i s .

floor was th e h al l O f th e k e e p Th e r e is a l a rg e fi r e pl a c e ( 1 6 8 ) i n .

th e we s t wa l l w i th a s pr e a d i n g c h i m n e y br e a s t a nd a l i n t e l o f
,
-
,

j oggl e d s ton e s r e s t i n g on t ri pl e s h a ft s wi th c a rv e d c api t a l s 1 11 .

th e wa l l be t we e n th e fi r e pl a c e a nd t h e e n tr a n c e is a r e c t a ngul a r
r e c e s s c on t a i n i n g a s m a l l s i n k wh i ch was d r a i n e d through th e
, ,

wa l l .T h e r e are two wi n do ws th e l oop c l o s e to th e e n t r an c e a nd , ,

a d oubl e w i n d o w O p e n i n g to th e s outh e as t Th e e m br as u r e s a re -
.

b a rr e l v a u l t e d : th a t o f th e doubl e wi n do w h a s a s ton e b e n ch
-

0 11 al l th r e e s i d e s a n d s t a n d s thr e e s t e p s a bov e t h e floor O f t h e

,

h a l l Th i s w i n do w was n ot gl a z e d : th e u pright b e t we e n th e two

.

r e ct angu l a r op e n i n g s h as a t th e b ac k a roun d e d proj e ct i on ,

t h rough a h ol e i n wh i ch th e bol t of th e s h utt e r s p ass e d a n d th e ,

fas t e n i n g wa s fu rth e r s e cu r e d by a wood e n d r a w b ar O n th e -

.

n orth e as t s id e o f th e h a l l a wi n d in g p as s ag e wi th two t urn s a nd

-

a fl igh t O f s t e p s l e a d s th rough th e th ic k n e ss o f t h e wa l l to a

g ard e rob e -
.

To r e ach th e th i rd floor th e h al l h ad to b e c ro s se d to a r e c e ss
,

i n th e d i r e ct ion o f th e s outh we s t bu ttr e ss Fro m th i s poi n t a -

.

cu rv e d s t a i rc a s e m ou n t e d th rough th e wa l l to th e e m br as u r e o f
a l oop i n th e s outh e as t fa c e o f t h e th i rd floor -
T h e a p a rt m e n t .

on th i s floo r con t a i n e d a s m a l l e r fi r e pl ac e i m m e d i a t e ly a bov e ,

th a t 0 11 th e s e con d floor and t r e a t e d wi th s i m i l a r a rch i t e ctu r a l

,

orn a m e n t Th e fl ue O f th e l o we r c h i m n e y run s u p th rough t h e

.

wa l l b e h i n d th a t o f th e oth e r : th e co m m on ch i m n e y top proj e ct s -

fro m th e r a m p a rt wa l k abov e Th e re is a l s o u pon th i s floor a

-
.

t r e fo i l h e ad e d r e c e ss w ith a s i n k T h e re a re t wo w i n do ws th e
-
.
,

l oop i n th e s outh e as t fa c e a nd a d oubl e op e n i n g s i m i l a r to th a t

-
, ,

b e l o w l ook i n g s outh T h i s roo m corr e s pond e d to th e gre a t

,
.
“

ch a m b e r wh i ch is foun d i n th e l a rg e r h ou se s of th e m idd l e
,
”

1
ib th r
P o s s ly t pd r
e e was a r a nt in th e c e r e o f e ac hfl r bl e ow
fl r n bv ntr n t
oo -
oo : se e .

A l l th e o o s a re go e a o e th e e
br r p i n r p in id w rd
a c e s ag e .

3
A n e m a s u e is th e s l ay o r n e O e n g O f a w w The
pp i d p nin b t l id pi
n o . o

is a l so a l e to th e o e g s e we e n th e merl o ns 0 1 Of a

r ll t d p r p t
so e ce s

c e ne a e a a e .
1 70 MILI T A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

ge s O n its e a s t s i d e th e ch a p el a n i rr e gu l a r h e x agon
‘

a . , ,

v a u l t e d i n two r ibb e d b ay s w i th a tr a n s v e r se a rch be t we e n wa s ,

con s t ruct e d i n th e e as t e rn wa l l and butt r e ss T h e d e t a i l s o f its .

b e a ut i fu l c a pi t a l s l i k e tho se O f th e fi r e pl a c e s S ho w e l e m e n t a ry
, ,

fol i ag e O f th e wa t e r l e a f typ e s u c h a s is fou n d i n th e ch a pe l O f

-
,

t h e to we r a t N e wc as t l e C h e vron is u s e d i n th e s t i l t e d
t r a n s v e r s e a rch a n d rou n d th e out s id e o f th e a rch o f th e l oop at
th e e a s t e n d T h e qu a tr e foi l op e n i n g s n orth an d s outh o f th e
.

c h a n c e l b ay a n d th e t r e fo i l h e a d e d p iscina e i n th e s a m e w a l l s
,
-
,

a re o f a n a d v a n c e d tr a n s i t i on a l ch a r a ct e r ; and by co m p a ri n g ,

th e s e d e t a i l s a d at e a pprox i m at i n g to 1 1 8 5 9 0 m ay wi th s o m e
,
-

c e rt a i n ty b e gi v e n to th e to we r I n th e n orth wa l l o f th e ch a p e l .

a d oor way l e a d s i n to a s m a l l v e s try or pr i e s t s ch a mb e r l ight e d

’

by a l o o p Th e s t a i r way t o th e r a m p a rt wa l k m ou n t s th rough
.
-

t h e wa l l a bov e th i s c h a m b e r a n d its h e a d is a bov e th e we s t e rn ,

b ay O f th e ch a p e l I t is e n t e r e d fro m a r e c e ss i n th e n orth e as t
.
-

wal l o f t h e s e con d floor a n d fro m th i s r e c e ss th e r e is a l s o a

,

z ig z ag p as s ag e to a g a rd e rob e th e s e a t o f wh ich is corb e l l e d -

,

ou t i n th e a n gl e b e t we e n th e n orth e as t bu ttr e ss and th e n orth -

wa l l o f th e to we r T h e two l o we r s t a i r way s a nd th e two g ard e

.

rob e ch a mb e r s are e a c h l ight e d by a s m al l l oo p .

I n th e roo m i e r a rr a n g e m e n t O f th e k e e p at O r ford th e St a i r ,

is a vi c e i n th e t u ri e t or bu ttr e ss to wh i ch th e for e bu i l d i n g is
an n e x e d . ch a p e l is u pon th e fi r s t floor o f th e for e bu i l d i n g -
,

a nd b e i n g on a l e v e l O f its o wn n ot corr e s pon d i n g to t h e l e v e l s

, ,

o f th e to we r is a ppro a ch e d fro m th e s t a i r by a s e p a r a t e p assa g e

, .

T h e e n tr a n c e to th e ch a p e l is a door way on t h e l e ft o f th i s
p ass ag e wh ich is con t i n u e d th rough th e s ou th e as t wa l l O f th e
,
-

to we r to a pri e s t s roo m i n th e s outh t u rr e t

’
.

Th e d e fe n s i ve S id e o f th e a rr a n g e m e n t s at C o n i s brough m u s t
n o w b e con s id e r e d T h e to we r s t a n d s c l o s e to th e n orth e as t
.
-

c orn e r O f a l a rg e b a i l e y th e s h a p e o f w h ich fol lo ws th a t o f th e

,

k n ol l 0 11 w h ic h i t is bu i l t : th e n orth se g m e n t O f th e to we r w ith ,

th e two a dj a c e n t buttr e ss e s con t i n u e s t h e l i n e O f th e c urt a i n ; ,

bu t fi ve s i x th s O f th e c i rc u m fe r e n c e wi t h fou r o f th e butt r e sse s

-
, ,

are w ith i n th e e n cl o s u r e O n th e n orth a n d e as t s id e s th e

.

s t e e pn e s s O f th e h i l l m a d e a cc e s s n e a rly i m pr a ct i c abl e a n d th e ,

n a tu r a l poi n t O f a tt a c k was fro m th e s outh a nd s outh we s t -

.

Th e po s it ion o f th e k e e p is a t th e poi n t fu rth e s t r e m ov e d fro m

a tt a c k a n d th e c a pt u r e O f th e i n n e r w a rd
,
as w i l l b e s e e n in ,

a l a t e r ch a pt e r was r e n d e r e d v e ry d i ffi cu l t by a we l l gu a rd e d
,
-

a ppro a ch Th e to we r s tood on h igh e r grou n d th a n th e r e s t o f

?

t h e wa rd a n d th e e n tr a n c e on th e s ou th e as t s id e was s h e l t e r e d
, ,
-
,

by th e e a s t cu rt a i n Th e s outh a n d s outh we s t fa c e s we r e ful ly -

pp
.

1
Se e . 2 1 7, 2
3 0 ,
2 33 .
 CY L I N D R I ALC T OW E R K E E PS -
1 7 1

e x po se d to a n a tt a c k fro m th e i n n e r w a rd a nd i t w a s on th i s ,

s id e th e re for e t h a t t h e d e fe nd e r s n e e d e d ful l co m m a n d o f th e
, ,

s id e s a n d b a s e O f t h e to we r A c c ord i ngly w h e n we m ou n t to .
,

t h e r a m p a rt wa l k a nd e x a m i n e t h e top s O f t h e bu ttr e s se s we
-
, ,

fi n d th a t th e two wh i ch a re u pon t h e n orth c u rt a i n a nd we r e ,

n ot e x po s e d to a tt ac k con t a i n c i s t e rn s T h e two 0 11 e i th e r s id e
, .

of t he m a i n e n t r a nc e we r e n ot n e c e ss a ry fo r fl a n k i n g pu rpo se s ,

a s t h e e n tr a n c e i t s e l f w ou l d b e d e fe n d e d by s o m e k i n d o f pl a t

fo r m in t i m e O f s i e g e O ne th e r e for e a bov e th e ch a pe l w as
.
, , ,

e m ploy e d a s a hou se fo r c a rri e r pig e on s ; wh i l e t h e oth e r con -

t a ine d a n ov e n i n w h ic h s ton e s a nd a rro ws cou l d b e h e a t e d

, T he .

r e m a i n i n g two butt r e s se s a re r a i s e d pl a t for m s wh ic h e ffe ct i ve ly

fl a n k e d th a t p a rt o f t h e c i rcu m fe re n c e wh i c h wa s oth e r w i s e
i n s u ffi c i e n tly gu a rd e d a nd l ay op e n to c a t a pu l t s a nd m i n i n g
,

O pe r a t io n s T h e s pr e ad in g b a s e o f t h e to we r a nd buttr e s se s
.

s e rv e d fu rth e r to k e e p t h e b a tt e rin g ra m a nd bor e fro m d i r e c t -

c on t a ct w ith t h e m a i n w a l l o f t h e to we r and i m prov e d t h e ,

fl a n k i n g po s i t ion o f th e d e fe n d e r s ; wh i l e m i s s i l e s d roppe d fro m

t h e s u m m i t u pon th i s t a l u s or m pin g s u r fa c e woul d r e bound
u pon th e e n e m y w i th d e a d l y e ffe ct .

A bov e t h e t a l u s t h e s ol id i ty o f t h e m a i n wa l l d e fi e d t h e forc e
o f c a t a pu l t s T h e se e ngi n e s ho we v e r h ad i n c r e as e d i n s t re ngth
.
, ,

a n d r a n g e a n d i t w a s n o l on g e r s a fe to g iv e l igh t to th e to w e r
,

i n th e s o m e w h a t l a vi s h m e thod a d opt e d by th e e n gi n e e r s o f
s o m e o f ou r l a rg e k e e p s A t Con i s brough a s we h a v e s e e n .
, ,

t h e w a l l s o f th e fi r s t floo r s a v e fo r t h e e n tr a nc e p ass ag e are , ,

a b s ol ut e ly s ol id T h e l oop s i n th e u pp e r floor s are v e ry fe w

.

i n n u m be r a nd th e o ne 0 11 th e m o s t e x po s e d fa c e is a l m o s t
,

c on c e a l e d by a bu tt r e ss T h e d oubl e w i n do w on t h e s e c on d .

floor is i m m e d i a t e ly ov e r th e m a i n e n tr a n c e 0 11 a S id e wh ich ,

i t wou l d b e d i ffi c u l t to co m m a n d w it h a l a rg e s i e g e e n gi n e -
.

T h a t 0 11 th e th i rd floo r is pl ac e d u pon a n e x po s e d fac e bu t wou l d ,

p rob a bly b e ou t o f r a n g e ?
Th e g a rd e robe v e n t s are 0 11 th e -

S i d e wh e r e t h e to w e r c ro ss e s t h e l i n e of t h e c urt a i n .

I n t i m e o f s i e g e th e l a rg e r w i n d o ws wou l d b e s hutt e r e d a nd
b a rr e d Th e d e fe n c e wou l d b e con d uct e d fro m th e top o f th e
.

to we r w h i l e a body o f th e g a rri s on w oul d b e tol d O ff to prot e ct

,

the m a i n e n t r an c e T h e w hol e s u m m i t w ou l d b e ut i l i se d
. T he .

d e fe n c e was n ot con fi n e d a s i n a re ct a n gul a r k e e p to th e , ,

r a m p a rt wa l k ; bu t th e r e wa s a r e a r wa l l to th e w a l k through
- -
,

w h ic h O pe n i n g s prob abl y g a v e a cc e s s to a cov e r e d rou n d hou se -

1
I tm l n t d th t pr ti p l in ind i mm di t ly
be th e ce o f g w o ws
bv th r l d n t r lly v id d t ndin k
a y a so o e a ac ac e a e

wo u be we a e n th e
h l ll th p i t hi i ll n in irr l r g to
a o e o ne a no e a u a a o e , as e

m r of th e w o e wa T we th e
p iti n m r l p hi h l i ht vi f d j C y
aso n at e se o n s s s se e e gu a
y .

os o o f th e nu e o us oo s w c g th e ce o th e o n o n at o uc .

20
1 7 2 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

a bov e th e th i rd floor T o th i s roo m w h i c h to j udg e fro m .

, ,

c on t e m por a ry i n s t a n c e s h a d a con i c a l roo f a r m s a n d m i s s i l e s

, ,

cou l d b e h a ul e d u p through t r a p door s i n th e floor s b e l o w

,
-

fro m th e gu a rd roo m a n d t h e s tor e ch a m b e r in th e b a se m e n t .

Th e re wa s n o v a u l t e d roo f i n th e to we r a bov e th e b as e m e n t s o ,

t h a t th e fl a t roo f c ou l d n ot b e u s e d a s a pl a tfor m fo r c a t a pu l t s .

T h e r e is n o i nd i c a t i on th a t ho a rd i n g wa s e m pl oy e d ou t s id e th e
r a m p a rt T h e to we r a n d its b uttr e s s e s we r e fi n i s h e d O ff w i th
.

a b a ttl e m e n t e d p a r a p e t i n t h e u s u a l w ay ; t h e bu tt r e s s e s a s h a s ,

b e e n s ho wn we r e s o con s truct e d a nd s o n e a r tog e th e r th a t

,

a dd i t i on a l w ood e n d e fe n c e s we r e pr a ct i c a l ly u n n e c e ss a ry .

I n Fr a n c e th e tr e a t m e n t O f th e d onj on wa s pur s u e d w i th
m or e v a ri a t ion th a n i n E n gl a n d T O t h e m idd l e O f th e t we l fth.

c e n tu ry b e l ong s for i n s t a n c e th e d onj on O f E t a m p e s ( S e i n e e t

, ,
-

O i s e ) wh i ch t a k e s th e for m O f a qu a tr e foi l T h e d onj on o f

M
,

P rovi n s ( S e i n e e t a rn e ) is o f m uch th e s a m e d a t e th e groun d

- —
,

pl a n for m i ng a n oct agon fl a n k e d by fou r cyl i n d ri c a l t u rr e t s .

A l though both th e s e to we r s h a v e a n a l ogi e s i n E ngl a nd t h e y ,

w e r e con s truct e d n e v e rth e l e ss by Fr e n ch e n gi n e e r s a t a p e ri od

b e for e e v e n th e r e ct a ngu l a r to we r h a d b e co m e co m m on w i th
ou r s 1
T h e y are a l s o On ly two o ut o f m a ny d i v e rs e e x p e ri m e n t s .

T h e cyl i n d ri c a l for m ho we v e r co m m e n d e d i t se l f to th e bu i l d e r s
, ,

o f th e fi n e s t Fr e n ch e x a m pl e s
G
.

C h at e a u a i l l a rd ( 1 6 3 ) fol lo w s -

c l o s e ly u pon Con i s brough i n poi n t

O f d at e h avi n g b e e n b e gu n by ,

R i ch a rd I i n 1 1 9 6 Th e d onj o n . .

is n ot a s a t C on i s brough a to we r , ,

to wh i ch th e l i n e o f a s o m e w h a t
e a rl i e r cu rt a i n h as b e e n a d a pt e d ,

but is p a rt O f a ho m og e n e ou s
s ch e m e o f fort i fi c a ti on Th e s i t e .

o f th e c as tl e is t h e top o f a v e ry

s t e e p a n d a l m o s t i s ol a t e d h i l l 0 11

th e righ t b a n k o f th e S e i n e : th e
E tam pe S ; D o o n Pla nj n
we s t s l op e is a pr e c i pi c e a n d th e
.
,

on ly pr a ct ic abl e a tt ac k cou l d b e
j
m a d e fro m th e r idg e o i n i n g th e h i l l to th e h igh grou n d 0 11 th e
s outh T h e d onj on is s e t so th a t its we s t fa c e proj e ct s fro m th e
.

curt a i n o f th e i n n e r wa rd u po n th e v e ry e dg e of th e pr e c i p ic e
,
.

T h e i nt e rior form s a r e gu l a r cyl i n d e r a n d th e we s t fa c e is a s e g ,

m e n t o f a c i rcl e O n th i s s i d e th e s ol i d i ty o f th e m as on ry is iii
.

c r e a se d by a t r e m e n dou s out wa rd s l op e o r b a tt e r th e whol e ,

1
E nl art, ii iv th e dt
a e o f th e d nj n ( To u G r uin e tte ) E t mp
b t
.
7 3 5, g es o o at a es

as a ou 1 1 40 .
 CY L I N D RI A C LT OW E R K E E PS
-
1 75

h e igh t of th e b a se m e n t a nd a dj ac e n t cu rt a i n To wa rd s th e i n n e r .

wa rd ho we v e r t h e cyl i nd e r is s tr e n gth e n e d by a cov e r i n g s pur

, , ,

a l s o b a tt e r e d so th a t w h i l e t h e i n t e r ior o f t h e c as tl e wa s c o m
, ,

m a n d e d fro m th e r a m p a rt th e to we r O ffe r e d to th e be s i e g e r s a n
,

a n gl e o f i m m e n s e th ic k n e s s a n d s tr e n gth i m m e d i a t e ly O ppo s i t e ,

t h e g at e way o f th e i n n e r wa rd A po s s i bl e prototyp e i n Fr a n c e
G
.

o f th i s for m o f d e fe n c e is t h e d onj on o f L a R och e uyon ( S e i n e - -

e t O i s e ) h igh e r u p t h e S e i n e w h e r e t h e s pu r cov e r s a bou t a qu a rt e r

-
, ,

o f t h e c i rcu m fe r e n c e of t h e to we r P h i l i p A ugu s tu s ad opt e d th e .

s a m e d e vi c e a fe w y e a r s l a t e r i n t h e W h it e to we r a t I s s oud un

( I n d re )
?
I t is se e n a t ood ri ch G
C h e p s to w a nd e l s e wh e r e , .

A s t h e upp e r port ion o f

th e to we r o f C h at e a u
G a i l l a rd is gon e its i i1 ,

t e rn a l a rr a n g e m e n t s a re
d i ffi c ul t to d e c i ph e r It .

wa s pu r e ly a to we r O f d e
fe n c e ; but t h e i n a c c e s s i bl e
n a tu r e o f th e we s t s id e
a l l o we d O f l a rg e w i n d o ws

b e i n g m ad e i n th a t fac e
u pon t h e fi r s t floor Th e re .

w a s prob a bl y a l o w s e con d
floor a bov e wh i c h was th e
,

roo fa n d r a m p a rt wa l k T h e -
.

r a m p art wa s d e fe n d e d w i th
t h e a id O f a d e vic e u n u s u a l ,

a t th e t i m e a l tho ugh v e ry
,

g e n e r a l at a l a t e r p e ri od .

T h e s id e s O f th e to we r
w i th i n t h e wa rd we r e fu r
n is h e d w i th n a rro w but
t r e s s proj e c t ion s a bov e th e
b a tt e r i n g b ase wh i ch gr a d ,
a e au G a ll a Ch t -
i rd
ua ll y i n c r e as e d i n br e a d th
as th e y we n t h igh e r T h e s e d i vid e d th e fac e O f th e to we r i n to a
.

s e ri e s O f r e c e s s e s s p a n n e d by l o w a r c h e s on th e out e r fac e o f ,

wh ich th e p a r a p e t w as c a rri e d T h e top o f e ac h r e c e s s be t we e n

. ,

t h e p a r a p e t a nd t h e w a l l was l e ft op e n s o th a t th e d e fe n d e r s
, ,

coul d us e th e hol e s fo r r a i n i ng d o w n m i s s i l e s u pon th e i r oppon e n t s .

S uch hol e s for m e d by c orbe l l i n g out a p a r a pe t i n ad v a n c e o fa wal l

,

o r to we r are c a l l e d m ach i col a t ion s ( md cnicaulis ) ? a n d gr a d u al l y

ii iv dt ti n dn
,

6 7 4 g e s th e a e o f c o mpl e o a t I s so u u a s 1 2 0 2
r v fi r t p rt rd
1
E n l a rt ,
.
,
.

3
m a cl ze co u l is Co u l is = a g o o T he O f th e wo is pro
‘

Or
b b ly d riv d r m m br k r h i mpl i p rp
. e . s a

f riclzer = to a nd th e
t d by m i i l t thr h th p n i n g
a e e o ea or c us ,
es u o se

e ffe c e ss e s se n o ug o se O e s .
1 76 T
M I L I A RY A R C T E CT U R E
HI

s u pe r se d e d x t e rn a l g a l l e ry o f t i m b e r H ol e s i n s ton e roo fs
th e e .

fo r th e sa m e purpo se are fou n d a t an e a rl i e r d a t e a s i n th e for e ,

bu i l d i n g a t S c a rborough ; a nd a s e a rly as 1 1 60 th e y a pp e a r i n
, ,

c on n e ct ion w ith th e p r p t a a e o f a d onj on a t N i ort ( D e u x S evr e s ) ? -

Th e g e n e r a l t r ad i t i on is th a t th e y we r e i n v e n t e d by th e C ru s a d e r s
i n S yr i a wh e r e wood fo r ho a rd i n g was n ot e as i ly O bt a i n e d ; a n d
,
?
th i s is prob a bly t ru e Th e y a pp e a r i n a s t a t e o f pe r fe ct i on ,

wh ich t e s t i fi e s to a l on g cou r se O f pr e v iou s e x p e r i m e n t a t th e

K
,

gr e a t S yr i a n c as tl e o f L e r a k d e s C h e v a l i e r s b e gu n i n
1202 B ut ho a rd in g con t i n u e d i n use i n E u rop e l on g a ft e r t h e
G
.

bu i ld i n g O f C h at e a u a i l l a rd and e v e n th e donj on o f Coucy

-
,

i s n e ) by far th e fi n e s t o f a l l cyl i n d r i c a l donj on s wa s g a rn i s h e d

( A , ,

w ith t i m b e r ho a rd i ng c a rr i e d on s ton e corb e l s a n i n t e r e s t i n g —

e x a m pl e o f t h e tr a n s it i on fro m o n e for m o f d e fe n c e to a n oth e r .

T h e cyl i n d ri c a l for m o f d onj on wa s brough t to p e r fe ct i on i n

Le K r k d Ch v l i r
a es e a e s

Fr an c e u n d e r P h i l i p A ugu s tu s ( 1 1 8 0 At i s or s wh ich G ,

c a m e i n to h is h a n d s i n 1 1 9 3 h e bu i l t a n e w c i rcu l a r to we r on
,
’
th e l i n e O f th e cu rt a i n w h i ch s u p e r s e d e d H e n ry I l s oc t a gon a l
G
.
,

to we r on th e m ou n t H is fort i fi c a t ion o f i s or s l e d d i r e ct ly
G
.

to t h e bu i l d i n g o f C h at e a u a i l l a rd by R i ch a rd I to cov e r
-
.
,

th e a ppro a ch fro m Fr e n ch t e rr i tory to R ou e n 3

B ut i n 1 2 0 4 .

th e c a pt u r e of th i s gr e a t s tron ghol d d e l i v e r e d R ou e n i n to
P h i l i p s h a n d s ; a n d i n 1 2 0 7 h e bu i l t th e d onj on n o w k n o wn
’

a s th e Tou r J e a n n e d A rc a t R ou e n
’
H e r e we m e e t w i th th e
,
.

1
r i ii r th r
D a w ng in E nl a rt r t
He e rt re e a re two e c ang ul a o we s
i th d d n t rr t n t d b t i t r di t b i din
50 4 , . .
,

W r o un e a gl e u e s c o n e c e y a l o f y n e m e a e u l g
d bt d ri rd t v rin
-
.
,

T h e sam e c a use un o u e ly l e d a t a n e a l e a e to th e c o e g Of
ri h r h ith r
Sy an c u c e s w tn o o fs O f s o e
, ,

Ch t i rd F n h id i t r it r
.

3
a e a u G a ll a wa s o n th e r e c s e Of th e S e ne in e r o y
p r h d b i h rd r r hbi h p
-
,

u c as e y R c a 1 f o m th e a c s o o f R o ue n
. .
 CY I N L D RI C LTA OW ER - K E E PS 1 77

to we r va u l t e d fro m b ase m e n t to roo f wi th a s t ron gly d e fe nd e d ,

e n t r anc e at t h e l e v e l o f t h e wa rd i n w h ich i t s t an d s o f wh ich t h e ,

m o s t pe rfe c t e x a m pl e is foun d at Coucy ?

Cou cy th e work o f ,

a po we r fu l v as s a l O f t h e c ro w n o f Fr a n c e r e pre s e n t s a d e gre e ,

o f s c i e n t i fi c fort i fi c a t ion to wh ich n on e of ou r cyl i n d ric a l d onj on s

att a i n s Th e c a s t l e
.

w as con s t ruct e d l i k e ,

Con way a t a l a t e r
p e ri od i n con n e ct ion
,

w ith t h e d e fe n c e s o f
a wa l l e d to w n I t e on
?

s i s t s O f t wo wa rd s a ,

l a rg e out e r wa rd o r
b as e cou rt a nd a n
-

i n n e r wa rd O f irre gu
l a r s h a p e w i th fou r ,

s tr a igh t s i d e s O f un

e q ua l l e n
gth a nd ro und
to we r s a t th e a n gl e s .

I n th e m idd l e O f th e
e as t s id e , be t we e n t h e

t wo wa rd s , is t h e d on
j on a cyl i n d e r O f

s o m e 2 0 0 fe e t h igh

9 0 fe e t h igh e r th a n
t h e to we r o f R och e s
te r . I t s t a n d s i s ol a t e d
fro m t h e c u rt a i n o f
t h e i n n e r wa rd fro m ,

t h e l i n e o fwh ic h a bou t
o n e th i rd
-
o f it s cir
c u m fe re n c e proj e ct s ,

a n d is s u rrou n d e d by

a d itch o r i g i n al l y
,

p a v e d w i th s ton e To .

th i s d itch th e r e wa s
n o e xt e rn a l a cc e s s .

O n th e ou t e r e dg e o f
th e d i tch j oi n in g t h e ,
t cu rt a i n O f th e i n n e r wa rd
e as at two
poi n t s was a s t ron g
,
wa l l or clze m ise O ut s id e th i s . was th e

1
L fe rE i l pp P o ntal s , L e C iff/ea u d e Co u cy ,
'

4 8 , 4 9 , s o ws hth t th e
d j n r m p rt l t t w rk d rt k by I I I l rd
. e v e . a
fo O f th e a e s E ng ue rran d Of
C y nd r pr t t l di d i i t vid nt ly
on o s a o un e a e n , . o

th e fo u O f th e e s e n ca s e , wh o was e
mpl t d b t
o uc ,
e e n 1 2 42 : e

t ll pp r b r th r r l i r th
40
tl ( m
co e e a ou 12 .

3
Th e o wn wa s a ea to e a e ea e an th e cas e far ,
1 78 MI LIT A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

d i tch d i vid i n g th e i n n e r wa rd fro m th e b ase cou rt W i th i n th e -

.

i n n e r wa rd a To w wa l l took th e pl a c e o f th e clz e m is e o f th e
,

donj on a nd a cc e ss to th e to we r was provid e d by a bridg e a cro s s

,

t h e s ton e fl agge d d itch

-
T h e bridg e wa s work e d by a w i n d l as s
.
,

a n d w h e n n ot i n u se
,
r e m a i n e d d r a w n u p on th e th r e s hold o f
,

t h e to we r .

Th e d onj on o f Cou c y is bu i l t i n th r e e s t ag e s a n d h a s a
o
,

l a rg e a p a rt m e n t origi n a l ly v a u l t e d 0 11 e ach floor T h e r e is n

, , .

b as e m e n t ch a m b e r b e l o w t h e l e v e l o f t h e e n t r a n c e I n ord e r .

to fa c i l i t at e v a u l t i n g th e v a riou s floor s e a ch c h a m b e r wa s pl a n n e d ,

w ith t we l v e s i d e s l o fty n i c h e s b e i n g l e ft b e t we e n th e a but m e n t s

,

o f t h e v a ul t
?
W i thou t gi vi n g a d e t a i l e d d e s cri pti on we m ay ,

n ot i c e th e po i n t s i n w h i ch t h i s gr e a t s t ructu r e r e se m bl e s a n d
i m prov e s u pon th e to we r o f C o n i s brough ( I ) Th e i s ol a t ion o f .

t h e to we r d e fe n d e d by its o wn d i tch a n d to wa rd s th e fi e l d by
, , ,

its o wn cu rt a i n m a k e s a n e n t r a n c e o n t h e grou n d floor po s s ibl e

,
.

I n th i s r e s p e ct th e b ui l d e r s O f Coucy fol l o we d th e e x a m pl e O f
,

P h i l i p A ugu s tu s a t th e Louvr e a nd at R ou e n ( 2 ) T h e d e fe n c e s .

o f t h e e n t r a n c e a re m or e e l a bor a t e th a n a t C on i s brough wh e r e ,

th e do o r way was c l o s e d m e r e ly by a s t ron g wood e n d oor ,

r e i n forc e d by two d r a w b a r s a n d a s t r a igh t p assag e l e d i n to th e

-
,

gu a rd roo m 0 11 th e fi r s t floo r A t Coucy th e re wa s a s i m i l a r

-
.

door bu t i n fron t o f i t was an i ron portcu l l i s work e d fro m th e

, ,

fi r s t floor o f th e to we r a nd s l i d i n g th rough groov e s a t th e b ac k

,

O f t h e j a mb s O f t h e door way T h e portcu l l i s was d e fe n d e d .

fu rth e r by a m ach i col a t i on o r op e n groov e i n th e fl oo r a bov e .

T h e e n t r a n c e p assag e b e h i n d th e w ood e n d oor wa s c l o se d by

a h i n g e d gri l l e a t t h e e n tr a n c e to th e gu a rd roo m ( 3) T h e -
.

s t a i r as a t Con i s brough w as on th e right O f th e e n t r a n c e p a s s a g e

, , ,

but i n st e ad o f fol l o w i n g th e cu rv e o f th e wa l l was a vi c e wh i c h

, , ,

l e d s t r a ight to t h e roo f co m m u n i c at i n g w i th th e two upp e r fl oo r s

,

0 11 t h e wa
y T h e d e
. vi c e a d opt e d a t C on i s brough by wh ich th e ,

s t a i r e n d s a t e a ch floor a n d i n ord e r to as c e n d fu rth e r th e floor

, , ,

h as to b e c ro sse d w as a d opt e d i n th e l e s s e r to we r s a t C oucy ?

,

but n ot i n t h e d onj on Th e C on i s brough m e thod h as th e.

a d v a n t age v e ry d e s i r a bl e i n a to we r O f k e e pi n g th e a ppro a c h
, ,

to th e roo f u n d e r d i r e ct O b se rv a t ion th roughout its e n t i r e

d i s t a n c e : we fi n d i t u se d i n th e s t a i r s o f th e r e ct a n gul a r k e e p
at R ich m on d
( 4 ) T h e to we r o f C ou cy as al re ady n ot i c e d was
.
, ,

1
third fl
O n th e oor th i h divid d i t
n o two s age s an d co n e c e t n td
b pp r hi h pi r bt t v t rr nd
e s e n c e s are e
,

y an u e r ga ll e y w c e ce s th e a u m e n s o f th e aul an d s u o u
h p rt nt th d v tin thi r b hind bt
s ,

th e w o l e a a m e Th e m e o o f a ul s ga ll e y th e a u
t iv dditi n i t r t r
.
g e
m e n s so as to g e a o a l r e s s ance to th e m a s o n y O f th e o we is
d rib d b L v ,

y e fe r e P o ntal is op cit 9 4 se e l a zairt p n '

p ,

n n t r C h v t ir t k r
e sc e -
93 . .
, . .
,
3
I th e a gl e o we s at o ucy o we e r th e s a s a e th e fo m o f
vi ith th h in hfl
-
, ,

ce s and d o n o t c urv e w th e wall a l oor

, o ug ce as g at e ac ,
.
 CY I N
L D RI AL C T OW E R K E E PS
-
1 79

d e fe nd e d by a l o fty p a r a pe t p i e rc e d w i th a r c h e s wh ich i n t i m e
, , ,

o f S i e g e g a v e a c c e ss to a n out e r wood e n g a l l e ry s upport e d by

,

?
s ton e co rb e l s T h e for m o f t h e c orb e l s is th a t w h i ch b e c a m e
g e n e r a l i n l a t e r t i m e s : e ac h is co m po s e d o f fou r cou r se s o f s ton e
proj e c t i n g o ne a bov e th e oth e r w i th th e i r out e r e n d s roun d e d
, .

( 5 ) T h e we l l a t C ou c y wa s i n o ne O f th e n i ch e s b e t we e n t h e
a but m e n t s o f t h e groun d fl o o r v a ul t
-

( 6 ) Th e r e a re g a rd e rob e s
.
-

a t Coucy 0 11 t h e l e ft o f t h e e n t r a n c e p a s sag e a nd i n a s i m i l a r -
,

po s i t ion a t th e e n t ry to th e fi r s t floor ( 7 ) We h av e se e n
’

th a t a t C o n i s brough a r m s we r e prob a bly tr a n s port e d fro m th e

b a s e m e n t to th e roo f t h rough a s e ri e s o f t r a p door s i n t h e floor s -
.

A t C oucy t h e r e was a c i r c u l a r op e n i n g l e ft fo r th i s pu rpo s e i n

t h e c ro w n o f t h e v a u l t O f e a ch floor ( )
8 T h e s ol id i ty o f th e
.

to we r o f Cou c y is e m ph a s i s e d by the a b s e n c e o f l a rg e w i n do ws ,

e v e n m or e n ot i c e a bl e t h a n a t Con i s brough : a nd a l though t h e

to we r c on t a i n s fi r e pl a c e s its pu r e ly d e fe n s i v e c h a r a c t e r is u n
,

m i s t a k a bl e I t provid e d ac c o m m od a t ion fo r a n e no r m ou s
.

g a rri s on but fo r r e s id e n t i a l p u rpo s e s i t wou l d h a v e be e n unc o m

, ,

fo rta b l e to th e l as t d e gr e e I t c on t a i n s n o t r a c e o f a p e r m a n e n t
.

c h a p e l : w h e n t h e to we r w a s i n u s e a n a l t a r m i ght h a v e b e e n
,

s e t u p i n o ne o f t h e n ich e s 0 1 1 t h e fi r s t floor
; but t h e r e gu l a r
ch a p e l wa s i n t h e i n n e r wa rd a n d wa s con n e ct e d w i th th e ,

d o m e s t ic bu i l d i n g s .

I n th e wa l l s o f th e to we r o f C oucy c a n s t i l l b e s e e n th e hol e s
w h i c h s e rv e d to a tt a c h t h e s c a ffol d i n g d uri n g con s truct ion T he .

s pi r a l cou r s e w h i c h th e y t a k e s ho w s th a t t h e s c a ffol d in g ri s i n g ,

w i th t h e to we r for m e d a n i n c l in e d pl a n e o f a m od e r a t e s l op e
, ,

u p wh i ch th e n e c e s s a ry m a t e ri a l s cou l d b e w h e e l e d Th e .

a d va n t a g e O f a cyl i nd ri c a l to we r fro m th i s po i n t o f vi e w is
O bvi ou s . A n oth e r s t ructu r a l fe a tu r e is th e provi s ion o f gutt e r s
fo r th e d r a i n ag e o f t h e roo f i n th e s ton e w ork a t th e b a c k o f th e
v a ul t ri b s o f t h e s e con d fl oor Th e a b s e n c e o f a ny e ffe ct iv e
-
.

provi s ion fo r d r a i n in g th e c e n tre O f t h e roo f a t C on i s brough

po i n t s to th e prob a bi l i ty t h a t i t wa s s h e l t e r e d as a l re a dy ,

e x pl a i n e d by a con i c a l roo f O f its o wn

, .

Th e i n t rod uct ion o f th e cyl i n d ric a l d onj on i n E n gl a n d co i n

c id e s w i th a p e riod a t wh i ch th e k e e p wa s a l r e a dy be gi n n in g to
d i s a pp e a r fro m t h e c as tl e T h e pri n c i p a l e x a m pl e s w h ich m ay
.
,

b e a ttri but e d to th e e a rl y y e a r s O f t h e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry a re
Y
,

0 1 1 t h e fron t i e r a nd i n th e s outh o f \ a l e s C h i e f a m on g th e m .

is th e fi ne to we r o f P e m brok e wh i c h wa s prob a bly bu i l t

M
by W i l l i a m a r s h a l e a rl o f P e m brok e a nd S trigu il a bou t 1 2 0 0
, ,
.

1
b l d pin
T h e ga O f the p r p t rm d ntr
fo th e c e l pp rt
fo r th e
l pin r tr ry rr p ndin
e co g a a e e a su o

g oo f of th e o u e ga ll e a nd
f th e g co u rs iere 0 11 th e
i r id
s o o co es o
nne s e .
1 80 T
M ILI A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

Th e tl e o f P e m brok e was of gr e a t i m port a n c e o wi n g to its

c as

M
,

s i tu a t i on u pon a n a rm o f i l ford h a v e n a nd its co m m a n d O f

1
,

th e p a ss a g e to I re l an d T h e k e e p w as prob a bly th e fi r s t
.

c o m pl e t e d port i on o f t h e pr e s e n t c a s tl e th e s ton e wo rk O f w h i ch ,
-
,

a s i t s t a n d s to d ay is v e ry l a rg e ly o f th e l a t e t we l fth a n d e a rly
-
,

th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry ? I t is a rou n d to we r w i th a b as e m e n t a n d ,

th re e upp e r fl oor s s t a n d i n g j u s t w i th i n but n ot tou c h i n g th e

, , ,

c u rt a i n wh i ch d i vid e d t h e i n n e r a n d h igh e r fro m th e ou t e r wa rd .

Th e h e ight is 7 5 fe e t t h e floor s we r e o f w ood bu t th e u pp e r m o s t ,

s t a g e w a s v a u l t e d by a d o m e w h i c h s t i l l r e m a i n s ri s i n g i n th e
, ,

c e n tr e O f th e to we r a bov e th e r a m p a rt w a l k Th e s t a i r is a v i c e
-
.

i n th e we s t wa l l ,

fro m th e b a s e m e n t
to th e s u m m i t th e
m a i n e n t r a n c e wa s
u po n th e fi r s t floo r ,

but th e r e is a l s o a
b ase m e n t e n t r a n c e ,

wh i ch se e m s to
h a v e b e e n p i e rc e d
n ot l on g a ft e r th e
bu i l d i n g o f th e
to we r T h e w h ol e .

s t ru c tu r e batte r s
u p wa rd s a n d th e ,

w a l l s a re s l ight ly
g a th e r e d i n a t e ac h
s t ag e 0 11 th e o ut s i d e ,

a m e thod t h e re .

v e r se o f th a t pu r s u e d
at C on isbro ugh :
th e m as on ry is
r o u g h l y cou r s e d
rubbl e O n e a ch o f
br k
.

Pe m o e th e fi r s t a n d s e con d
fl o o r s t h e r e is ,

to wa rd s th e i n n e r wa rd a two l igh t w i n do w w i th po i n t e d op e n
,
—

i ng s th e s p a n d ri l s b e t we e n w h ic h a n d th e e n cl o s i ng a rch a re
,

pi e rc e d wi th pl a t e t r a c e ry Th e th i rd fl oo r w a s l ight e d by
.

w i n do ws p i e rc e d i n th e d o m e 3 Co m m a n d i n g a s i t d o e s th e
t t d p tr bt n r k h d i t
.
, ,

1
I s a n s o n a ro m o n o y e we e t wo c e e s a t th e e a o f th e nl e
kn br riv r
o wn as th e P e m o ke

d ti b i din p rt r i r r r n
e .

u l ea l e b ut we r e l a g e ly e c o
3
Th e o m es c g s m a y b e in a
tr t d in thirt th t r
th e cen u y
,

t r i m ti m d rib d b in fi t dm
s uc e een .

3
Th e o we of th e
h v r m r ly v l t d did f rm p r t t
s s o e es e sc e ve s age s : o e,
e as g
o we e ,
was e e a au an no t o a se a a e s ag e .
,
 C YL I
'

N R IC A
D L To wE
’

R -
K E E PS 1 81

w hol e i n t e ri or O f t h e c as t l e th i s to we r is r e m a rk a bly gr a n d i n
,

s i tu a t ion ; a n d its th i ck w a l l s O ffe r e d c on s id e r a bl e r e s i s t a n c e to

a rt i l l e ry . I t S ho ws ho we v e r n o a d v a n c e u po n th e d e fe n c e o f
, ,

C on i s brough T h e r a m p a rt wa l k is n a rro w a nd th e do m e i n th e
.
-
,

c e n tr e pr e v e n t e d t h e e m pl oym e n t o f t h e roo f a s a pl a t for m

V
.

Th e cyl i n d ri c a l donj on i n E n gl a n d a nd \ a l e s w a s s i m pl y
a n e x p e ri m e n t a tt e m pt e d h e r e a n d th e r e a s a n i m prove m e n t ,

u pon th e r e ct a ngu l a r to we r but wa s n e v e r c a rri e d to the g e n e r a l

,

p e r fe ct ion wh ic h i t a tt a i n e d i n Fr a n c e I ts i s ol a t ion a t C ou c y .
,

P E MB R O KE

Pe m br k o e P la n
u pon th e ou t e r fac e o f t h e i n n e r w a rd prot e c t e d by its O w n
i n n e r d i tch a nd c ov e re d by a s t ron g c u rt a i n o f its o wn a re S i gn s
,

, ,

o f a p e r fe ct ion o f e ngi n e e ri ng s k i l l to w h i ch ou r bu i ld e r s d i d n ot

a tt a i n
. I n o ne c a s e a t Fl i n t we fi n d a rou n d to we r w h ich is
, ,

i s ol a t e d w i th i n its o w n d itch a t o ne c orn e r o f th e c as tl e bu t s t a nd s ,

?
out s id e th e m a i n wa l l a n d h ad n o s e p a r a t e c u rt a i n O f its o wn
,

1
An nt f F l int t l i iv n by rv y W l H Ca stl es a nd a l ed

p p d m F l int hir m d h th t
ac co u o c as e s g e a e ,

w
To ns , ap O f 1 60 4 , s o w s th e
’
S
t r j in d dj t rt in by ll r m p t l k
12 e c. a
.
3 sea . ee s s e, a

o we was to th e a wa th e ar wa Of

hi h pr b b ly v tr fir t fl r t r
o e ace n cu a a a -
,

w c o a to th e e n a nce 0 1 1 th e s oo o f th e o we
ga e a c c e ss .

2 1
1 82 M I I TA R Y
L AR C H I T E CTU R E
Th e pl a n s tron gly s ugg e s t s a m ou n t a n d b a i l e y fort r e s s th e - -
,

i s ol a t e d to we r o c cupyi n g th e s i t e o f th e m ou n t a nd th e b a i l e y ,

wa l l e d i n l e a vi n g t h e m o a t w h i c h w a s m a r s hy a n d wa s fi l l e d
, ,

w i th wa t e r at h igh t id e c l e a r Th e con s t ruct ion o f th i s k e e p

,
.

is p e c u l i a r : i t is c o m po s e d o f a n ou t e r a nd i n n e r c i r c l e o f
m as on ry w i th b a rr e l v a u l t e d p as sag e s b e t we e n t h e two
,
-
I ts .

a c tu a l d a t e is u n k n o w n
?
B ut as a ru l e w h e r e th e k e e p s t a n d s , ,

upon th e out e r l i n e O f d e fe n c e i t is j o i n e d by th e c urt a i n O f th e ,

b a i l e y T h u s a t C a l d i cot n e a r C h e p s to w th e c a s tl e is s i m ply
.
, ,

a m o un t a n d b a i l e y e n cl o s u r e
- -
s u rrou n d e d by a s ton e c u rt a i n
o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry T h e k e e p is a rou n d to we r a t o ne.

corn e r s t a n d in g u po n th e p a rt i a l ly l e v e l l e d m ou n t ; a n d th e
,

c u rt a i n c ro ss e s t h e d i tc h to j oi n i t on both s i d e s A t C on i s .

brough w h e r e th e k e e p w a s 0 11 th e l i n e o f th e c u rt a i n ; a t
,

P e m brok e w h e r e i t s tood j u s t w i th i n th e l i n e th e r e wa s n o
, ,

d i t c h roun d i t : th e h igh groun d 0 11 w h i c h i t w a s pl ac e d se e m s

to h a v e b e e n thou gh t a s u ffi c i e n t prot e c t ion .

T h e r e a re ho we v e r a fe w rou n d to we r s w h i ch a l though th e y
, , ,

h a v e n ot th e i r o wn c urt a i n i n th e s e n s e o f C ou c y a re y e t w i th i n ,

d e fe nc e s o f a p e c ul i a r n a t u r e a nd th e r e for e s t a n d i n a c l as s ,

a p a rt . T h e m o s t r e m a rk a bl e o f th e s e is L a u n c e s ton w h e r e t h e ,

to we r s t a n d s upon th e s u m m i t o f a l o fty a rt i fi c i a l m ou n t o f e a rly

N or m a n o rig i n a n d is a ppro a c h e d by a s t e e p a nd we l l d e fe nd e d
,
-

stai r ,
a s c e n d i n g t h e fac e o f th e m oun t to t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e .

R ou n d t h e ou t e r e dg e o f t h e m ou n t r e m a i n t h e l o we r c ou r s e s
o f a s ton e w a l l con c e n t ri c w i th t h e k e e p
, W i th i n th i s is a n oth e r .

a n d h igh e r c i rcu l a r w a l l w h i c h w a s c ro w n e d by a r a m p a rt w a l k
,
-
,

a ppro a ch e d by a s t a i r i n t h e th i c k n e s s O f t h e w a l l to th e l e ft ,

o f th e e n t r a n c e I n s id e th i s e n c l o s u re is th e to we r i t se l f w h i c h
.
,

n o w con s i s t s o f a b as e m e n t a n d a ru i n e d upp e r floo r The .

n a rro w s p a c e b e t we e n th e to we r a nd th e e n c i r c l in g wa l l wa s
e v id e n tly roo fe d ov e r a t th e h e igh t o f th e fi r s t floor o f t h e to we r :

hol e s fo r joi t
s s s t i l l re m a in ?
T h i s d oubl e c i rcl e o f m a s on ry
r e c a l l s Fl i n t w h e r e ho we v e r th e i n t e r m e d i a t e p ass a g e was
, , ,

v a u l t e d a nd th e ou t e r c i rcl e wa s p rob a bly th e w hol e h e igh t

,
?
O f th e to we r F l i n t d o e s n ot po s s e s s th e l o w ou t e r wa l l w h i c h
e x i s t e d a t L a u n c e s ton Th e n e a r e s t a n a l ogy to L a u n c e s ton is
.

1
In F int ti b r tr t r th t pr nt
7 7 th e c a s l e o f l t
wa s a m e s uc u e , s o a th e
n t r i r th n thirt nth nt r nr
12 e se
W O i k c a no b e e a l e t h e e n d o f th e u y T h e m as o y
p d r b k nd t n d d h r th
a ee ce .

is co m o s e o f l a g e l o c s O f y e ll o w sa s o e , e caye w e e ey are
xp d tid h r
to t h e t rb i p t r hi h n
T e e wa s a n o u e a l e y, th e l a fo m o f w c a l o e
r in ith dit h b t n it t pr p r
e o se e .

e ma s, w e we e a n d th e c a s l e

h h h v r r nd t th t p
a c o e .

o l e s d o n o t, o we e , s u r o u
3
T e se th e o we r, s o a th e
h v b n nl p rti r d
as sag e
m ay a e e e o y a ally o o fe
k p L n tn pr b b b i t b t
.

o a ly u l th e c l o s e O f th e
3
T he of wa s
t th nt r th t F int t r r d n t d
ee au ce s o a ou
we l f c e u y a at l l a e , a s al e a y o e .
 C Y L I N RI C A L T WE R K EE
D O -
PS 1 83

at P rovi n s ( S e in e e t a e
-
M rn ) wh r h o t gon
-
e e t e ,c a a l k e e p h as it s
o wn o ut e r c u rt a in a n d is co m po s e d o f a n out e r o c t agon w it h
,

c yl i n d ric a l t u rr e t s a t t h e a ngl e s c o m m a n d e d by a n i n n e r oct a gon

,

r i s i n g t wo s t a g e s h igh e r T h e upp e r s t ag e a t P rovi n s is s ur

.

rou n d e d by a l o fty c re n e l l a t e d wa l l 0 11 wh i c h r e s t s a con i c a l roo f

, .

A n oth e r c as e is th e k e e p o f T r e to we r i n B r e con s h i re wh ich

’

s t a nd s 0 11 a s l igh t ly e l e v a t e d s it e n e a r t h e c on fl u e n c e o f t h e

R h ia ngo l w i th t h e U s k H e re th e a rr a n ge m e n t is v e ry c u riou s
.
.

T h e k e e p a roun d to we r w i th a b as e m e n t a nd th re e u ppe r
,

D o l b a d a rn

t g e s s t a nd s w i th i n th e ru i n s o f a n a pprox i m a t e l y r e c t a n gu l a r
s a ,

e n c l o s u re
. Th i s e n c l o s u re be a r s a c l o s e r e se m bl a n c e to th e out e r
wa l l o f a r e ct a n gu l a r k e e p bu t h a s two oct a gon a l proj e ct ion s
,

fro m t h e s outh fac e o n e o f wh ich con t a i n s a vic e a n d t h e oth e r

, ,

a l a rg e fi r e pl ac e . T h e to we r i t s e l f s e e m s to b e s o m e wh a t e a rl i e r
th a n th e y e a r 1 2 0 0 : th e fi re pl a c e s 0 11 th e fi r s t a nd s e c on d floor s
h a v e a rch i t e ctu r a l d e c or a t ion r e c a l l in g th a t o f th e fi re pl ac e s a t
t
C on i s brough s h a f s w i th c a pi t a l s c a rv e d w ith fol i a ge o f a v e ry
,

e l e m e n t a ry k i n d T h e s ol ut ion wh i c h s ugge s t s i t s e l f is t h a t
.

a r e ct a n gu l a r to we r o f a s o m e wh a t origi n a l
,
pl a n was be gu n ,
1 84 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

an d r a i se d to a c e rt a i n h e ight a nd th a t th e bu i l d e r s th e n ch a n g e d
,

th e i r m i n d s bu i l t a c i rcu l a r to we r w i th i n t h e u n fi n i s h e d k e e p
, ,

an d l e ft t h e out e r wa l l s to s e rv e a s a cu rt a i n fo r t h e n e w s t ructu r e .

T h e k e e p a t T r e to we r i n its ord in a ry fe a tu r e s m ay b e
, ,

co m p a r e d w i th t h e to we r o f B ron l ly s on ly a fe w m i l e s d i s t a n t
, ,

on th e oth e r s i d e o f th e p as s th rough th e B l a c k m ou n t a i n s a t ,

t h e s ou th e rn foot O f wh ich T r e to we r s t a n d s T h i s to we r a l s o
.

se e m s to b e a w ork o f th e e n d o f t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry but its ,

a r c h i t e c t ur a l d e t a i l s are m u ch pl a i n e r : both s e e m ori gi n a l ly to

h a v e b e e n b et we e n 7 0 a n d 8 0 fe e t h igh a n d e a ch con t a i n e d ,

a b a s e m e n t a n d th r e e fl oor s E a ch .

h as a b a tt e ri n g b a se a nd a bov e t h i s ,

th e wa l l a t T r e to we r b a tt e r s s l ight ly
to th e s u m m i t ; th e d i a m e t e r O f
T r e to we r e x c e e d s th a t o f B ron l ly s
th roughou t T h e origi n a l e n t r a n c e
.

i n e a ch c a s e wa s 0 11 th e fi r s t floor ,

fro m wh i ch a t T r e to we r a v i c e l e d
to th e top o f t h e bu i l d i n g Th e .

b ase m e n t a t T r e to we r h ad its s e p a
r a t e s t a i r i n th e wa l l oppo s i t e th e
e n t ran c e A t B ron l ly s th e b ase m e n t
.

h a s a po i n t e d b a rr e l v a u l t a n d wa s ,

e n t e r e d by a s ton e s t a i r a nd l a dd e r

fro m a t r a p door i n o n e o f th e w i n do w
-

r e c e s s e s O f th e fi r s t fl oor The .

s t a i r fro m t h e fi r s t floor to t h e s e con d

O p e n e d fro m a n oth e r w i n d o w r e c e s s ,

a n d c u rv e d t h rough t h e w a l l as a t ,

Con i sbrough ; th e r e was a s a l s o a t ,

C on i s brough a s e p a r a t e s t a i r to t h e
,

th i rd floor Th e wa l l o f th e b a se m e n t
t ri r
.

D 0 1b a d a m ; I n e o a t B ron l ly s h as b e e n brok e n th rough

i n two pl ac e s a n d i n o ne O f th e s e a
,

hol l o w i n t h e wa l l h a s b e e n d i s c l o s e d i n wh ich o rigi n a l ly a gr e a t

,

b e a m wa s i n se rt e d to g i v e coh e r e n c e to th e m a s on ry T h e s a m e .

fe a t u r e is s e e n i n th e out e r bu i l d i n g a t T r e to we r T h i s d e vi c e .

wa s fr e qu e n t ly e m pl oy e d i n th e con s t ruct i on o f m e d i e v a l wa l l s
bu t its t r ac e s a re n ot O ft e n s o c l e a rly s e e n .

O n e fe a tu r e o f th e to we r o f B ron l ly s is th a t l i k e th a t o f ,

C a l d i cot i t s t a n d s u pon a n a rt i fi c i a l m ou n t wh ich o c c u pie s th e

’

, ,

ord i n a ry po s i t ion o f s uch e a rth work s a t th e h e a d o f th e e n cl o s u r e

,
.

T h e m or e roo m y but l o we r to we r a t H aw a rd e n t h e u pp e r fl oo r
, , ,

o f w h ich is i n t e rn a l ly a n o c t a gon a l m o s t s u rroun d e d by a m u r a l

M
,

p a s s a g e is bu i l t u pon a l o fty m ou n t A t S k e n fri th i n on mouth

, .
 CY L I N D R I AL C T OW E R -
K E E PS 1 85

s h i r e th e to we r n e a rly e q u a l to B ron l ly s i n d i a m e t e r but n o t

, ,

h igh e r th a n H a wa rd e n s t a n d s u pon a v e ry l o w m ou n t a nd is
, ,

pl ac e d in a n i s ol a t e d po s it ion n e a rly i n th e c e n tre O f a t r a p e z oid a l

,

e n c l o s u re
. H e re t h e l o wn e ss o f t h e m oun t a nd th e a b s e n c e O f
i nd i c a t ion s O f a n or m a l e a rth work pl a n s ugge s t th a t i t was r a i se d
to s tre ngth e n th e foun d a t ion s o f th e to we r a nd is n ot t h e m oun t ,

o f a n e a rl i e r c a s tl e . T h e k n ol l on t h e oth e r h a n d on wh ich t h e
, ,

rou n d to we r o f D o l b a d a rn ( 1 8 3 ) s t a n d s b e t we e n th e t wo l a k e s a t ,

t h e foot o f th e p a s s o f Ll a n be ri s is n a t ur a l T h e d e t a i l s O f th i s
, .

to we r a re v e ry pl a i n bu t i t wa s prob a bly bu i l t d u ri ng th e th i rt e e n th
,

c e n tu ry. Th e r e is n o t r ac e o f a ny c a s tl e i n con n e ct ion with th i s

s m a l l m i l i t a ry outpo s t w h ich l i k e t h e n ot fa r d i s t a n t r e ct a ngul a r -

M
, ,

k e e p o f D ol wydd e l a n on th e e a s t e rn s l op e s o f o e l S ia b o d
, ,

b e a r s s o m e a n a logy to th e p e l e to we r s o f th e n orth O f E ngl and

“
-
” '

York C l i ff rd T r; o
’
s o we

a nd m ay h a v e be e n bu i l t by W l h C h i ft
a e s e a i n u pon a n E n gl i s h

m od e l d u ri n g t h e r e ign O f H e n ry I I I .

N on e O f th e to we r s i n E n gl a n d a n d \ Va l e s m e n t ion e d i n th i s ’

c h a pt e r h a v e t h e i n n e r s pu r wh i ch h a s be e n n ot ic e d a s ch a r a c

te ris t ic o f Fr e n ch to we r s I t a ppe a r s a s h a s be e n s a id a t
G
.
, ,

ood ri ch a nd C h e p s to w O th e r i n s t a n c e s a re a to we r i n th e
.

ou t e r c u rt a i n a t D e n bigh a n d th e s pu r on th e i n wa rd fa c e o f
,

t h e gr e a t to we r a t B a rn a rd C as tl e H e r e th e work is n ot e a rl i e r
.

th a n t h e t i m e O f E d w a rd I I a nd th e to we r is l ittl e m or e th a n
.
,

a l a rg e m u r a l to we r a dd e d to a l a rg e s h e l l k e e p s t a n d i n g on a -

h igh roc ky poi n t T h e s pu r h e r e is a h a l f pyr a m id th e a pe x

.
,

o f w h i ch d i e s a wa y i n t h e fa c e o f t h e to we r O f a n o c t agon a l .

to we r we h a v e o ne e x a m pl e a t O d i h a m i n H a m p s h i r e wh ich ,

m ay b e o f th e e nd o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry T h i s h as th e fe a tu re .
,
1 86 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

a n o m al ou s fo r so e a rly a d a t e o f a ngl e butt r e sse s wh i c h p roj e ct ,

f t bu t a re on ly 2 fe e t bro a d
4 e e ,
.

O f d onj on s wh i ch we r e bu i l t i n E n gl a n d d u ri n g t h e r e ign
o f H e n ry I I I th e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g by vi rtu e o f th e i r pl a n a re
Y Y
.
, , ,

tho s e o f ork a nd Pon t e fr a c t T h e to we r o f ork r a i se d .

u pon t h e m ou n t o f th e n orth e rn o f th e two c astl e s wa s ,

bu i l t po s s ibly a bout 1 2 30 a n d ass u m e d th e q u a t r e fo i l s h a p e ,

w h ich is fou n d i n Fr a n c e a t E t a m p e s T h i s k e e p pr e s u m ably .

,
”
b e c a u se i t is bu i l t 0 11 a m ou n t is u s u a l ly c a l l e d a s h e l l ; i t ,
“

w a s ho we v e r a r e gu l a r to we r a n d th e e n tr a n c e i n th e a n gl e
, , , ,

b e t we e n t wo o f th e l e a v e s o f th e q u a t re foi l is gu a rd e d by a ,

r e ct a n gul a r for e bu i l d i n g 0 11 th e fi r s t floo r o f wh i c h was t h e

-
,

O U TE R

Be rk e e l y C tl as e P l an

ch a p e l A s a t E t am p e s th e q u a tr e fo i l pl a n is pr e s e rv e d i n t e rn a l ly
.
, ,

but t h e a n gl e s for m e d by th e m e e t i n g o f th e fou r se g m e n t s a re

ch a m fe r e d o ff : th e r e wa s n o v a u l t i n g a s a t E t a m p e s but th e , ,

floor s we r e o f wood A qu a t r e fo i l pl a n was a l s o a d opt e d a t

.

P on t e fr a ct w i th s o m e s l igh t v a ri at ion o w in g to th e i rr e gul a r

, ,

s h a p e o f t h e roc ky m ou n t T h i s k e e p is i n a s t a t e o f co m pl e t e
.

ru i n a l though s o m e i d e a o f its for m e r s h a p e m ay b e g ath e r e d

,

fro m a bi rd s e ye vi e w pr e se rv e d a m on g t h e r e cord s o f th e d u c hy
’
-

o f L a n c as t e r
?
W e c an s e e fro m wh at is l e ft th a t i t was n ot , ,

bu i l t u pon t h e top o f t h e m ou n t ; bu t t h a t 0 11 th r e e s id e s th e , ,

m ou n t wa s e n cl o s e d by w a l l s O f r e v e t m e n t ? wh ich for m e d
3
Re pr d d in fil e m o ria l s o O l d Y rh s hire , 1 9 0 9 , O pp it p 56
r t i i n w ll d f
pin
o uce o os e . 2 .

3
1 e . .
,
e a n g a s u se to fac e ( rec/etir) a s l o g s urfac e .
 CY I N D R I CA L T
L OW E R K E E PS
-
1 87

th e b a se o f t h e s e g m e n t s co m po s i n g th e q u a tr e foi l Th i s proc e s s .

r e c a l l s th e wa l l i n g in O f th e m ou n t a t B e rk e l e y wh e r e ho we v e r
-
, , ,

t h e l o we r p a rt o f t h e m ou n t wa s l e ft a n d t h e s p a c e b e t we e n ,

th e s l op e a nd th e w a l l fi l l e d i n w i t h e a rth A t Pon t e fr a ct th e .

s l op e O f t h e m o u n t m us t h a v e b e e n m uch r e d u c e d b e for e t h e
.

wa l l s o f r e v e t m e n t we r e a dd e d : th e s a n d s ton e u pon wh ich th e

c a s tl e wa s bu i l t is s o ft a nd wou l d l e n d i t s e l f e as i ly to s uch a n
,

op e r a t i on .

Th e b i rd s e y e vi e w of P on t e fr a c t j u s t m e n t ion e d c a n not b e
’
-

re g a rd e d a s a b s ol u t e ly t ru s t worthy bu t i t giv e s us th e r e l a t i ve
,

po s i t ion o f th e v a riou s to we r s o f th e c as tl e I t s ho ws u s a c u rt a i n .

fl a n k e d by a form id abl e ro w O f m u r a l to we r s th e k e e p a co m pl i ,

c a te d e r e c t ion o f se v e r a l s e g m e n t s w i th b a rt i z a n s 1
proj e c t in g
,

fro m t h e b a ttl e m e n t s i n t h e a ngl e s for m e d by t he j un c t ion o f

t h e s e g m e n t s is s t i l l th e do m i n a n t fe a tu r e o f th e c a s tl e ; bu t ou r
,

a tt e n t ion is e qu a l ly c l a i m e d by th e d e fe nc e s o f t h e c u rt a i n a n d

t h e do m e s t i c bu i l d i ng s w h i ch i t e n cl o s e s A n d i n pu r s u in g ou r .
,

s ubj e c t ,
we m u s t fi r s t tr a c e t h e gro w th o f do m e s t ic bu i l d i ng s
w i th i n t h e c as tl e a r e a a nd th e n t u rn to th a t s t r e ngth e n in g o f
,

t h e c u rt a in w h ich l e d e v e n t u a l ly to t h e d i s u s e o f t h e k e e p .

1
A b rti n is a s ma t rr t l k t rb ll d
ll nl e ofa
t r r rd i nn t d ith br tti
a za u e or oo ou co e e o ut a t a n a g
o we t h e s u fac e o f a w a T h e wo ll w “ ”

h t rr t l ik m hi l t d p r p t tn
or on s co . ec e a ce

( )
bre tech e ; an d s uc e th e th e s o
t rp rt b r tti in h rdin ti m b r pp l i d rtr
u e s, ac co a e a a e ,
a re e
o f th e g a nd o a g of fo
rl i r d t
c o un e a a c e a e to e s se s a t
an e a e a e .
 C HA PTE R VI II
TH E D WE L L I N G -
HOUSE IN TH E C A ST LE

TH c a s tl e n e e d e d a m on g its ch i e f r e q u i r e m e n t s a d we l l i ng
E , ,

h ou se wh i ch m igh t b e occup i e d by th e o wn e r a nd h is hou se hold .

T h u s th e s t ron ghol d o f th e l ord o f A rd r e s u pon its m ou n t wa s

pl a n n e d a s a c a p ac i ou s d we l l i n g w i th a k i tch e n a tt ac h e d ; a n d ,

w h e r e a s i n th i s c a s e th e k e e p w a s th e c a s tl e i t n e c e s sa ri ly
, , ,

s e rv e d th e d oubl e pu rpo s e o f fort r e s s a n d r e s id e n c e E n ough .

h as b e e n s a id O f th e r e ct a n gu l a r a nd cyl i n d ri c a l for m s o f to we r
k e e p to S ho w th a t th e d o m e s t i c a nd m i l i t a ry e l e m e n t s we r e O ft e n .

co m bi n e d i n th e i r a rr a ng e m e n t s B ut th e use o f th e to we r k e e p .
-

as t h e pri n c i p a l r e s i d e n c e w i th i n th e c as tl e wa s a fa s h ion o f -

co m p a r a t i ve ly s hort d u r a t i on Th e e x a m pl e O f its d oubl e use

'

h ad b e e n se t i n th e gr e a t to we r s o f Lon d on a n d C ol ch e s t e r a n d ,

i n th e r e c t a n gu l a r to we r s o f N or m a n a nd Fr e n ch c as t l e s O f .

th e to we r s o f H e n ry I I s r e ign tho s e w h i ch l i k e C a s tl e R i s i n g
’
.
, , ,

a re l o w i n proport ion to th e a r e a th e y cov e r g e n e r a l ly h a v e th e ,

b e s t provi s ion fo r l i vi n g p u rpo s e s Lo fty to we r s l i k e N e wc a s tl e .

,

or Con i s brough c a n n e v e r h av e b e e n co m fort a bl e r e s id e n c e s ;

,

a n d i t is n ot s u rpri s i n g to fi n d th a t a t N e w c a s tl e a bout h a l f a ,

c e n t u ry a ft e r th e bu i l d i n g o f th e to we r a m or e co m m od i ou s ,

d we l l i n g hou se was bu i l t w i th i n th e c as t l e a r e a
-
?
B ut we h a v e
s e e n a l r e a dy th a t i n e a rl y c as tl e s a s a t O x ford a h a l l fo r t h e , ,

l ord o r h is co n s t a bl e was g e n e r a l ly if n ot a l way s bu i l t w i th i n , ,

th e b a i l e y T h e pr a ct i c a l n e c e s s i ty o f th i s is O bvi ou s i n m ou n t
.

a n d b a i l e y c a s t l e s w h e r e th e to we r on th e m oun t o r t h e s ton e
-
, ,

s h e l l wh ich took its pl a c e w a s r e s e rv e d for t h e m a i n pu rpo s e ,

o f a fi n a l r e fu g e i n t i m e o f s i e g e N o o ne wh o e x a m i n e s th e .

s i t e s O f c a s tl e s l i k e Li n col n L a u n c e s ton o r C l a r e w i th th e i r , , ,

for m id abl e m ou n t s c a n fa i l to r e a l i s e th a t th e m ou n t was a n

,

i n con v e n i e n t pl a c e o f r e s i d e n c e a nd th a t do m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s ,

w oul d b e n atu r a l ly provi d e d i n th e a n n e x e d b a i l e y B i s hop .

1
Ve n tr ’
mo d l o f th e c a s t l m d in 5 h r t h ll n r 8 o ws th e
n rth t r r t r rd i t d b i r ly pp it
e ss s e e, a e 1 2, s g ea a ea
th e of th e o u e wa , ts we s e n
m i nt r n tl t r rd n rly r r d d
o -
e as c o ne e ng n e a o os e
th e of th e T h e o u e wa th e
m ll i r w rd whi h ti d k p
a n e a ce c as e . ea su o un e
s a nne a ,
c co n a ne th e ee .
 TH E D WE L I G LN -
HO USE I N TH E CA T S L E
’
Bek t h i rt ee n th c e n tu ry h a l l a t D u rh a m bu i l t a g a i n s t th e
s
,

1 1 e s t e rn c u rt a i n o f t h e b a i l e y s t a n d s u o n t h e s ub s t ru c t u r e o f
p ,

a fa r e a rl i e r bu i l d i n g T h e d o m e s t i c bu i ld i ng s i n th e b a i l e y
G
t>
.

at u i l d ford a pp e a r t o b e o f e a rl i e r d a t e th a n th e s ton e to we r
on th e m oun t ; wh i l e a t C h ri s tch u rch i n H a m p s h i re the
d u e l l i ng hou s e n e x t th e ri v e r a nd t h e to n e r 0 11 th e m oun t
-

a pp e a r to b e a l m o s t c on t e m por a ry

C as tl e s wh i c h fo r re a s on s a l re a dy e x pl a i n e d we r e s u rroun d e d
, ,

fro m th e be gi n n i ng w i th a s ton e wa l l a n d h ad at fi r s t n o r e g u l a r ,

k e e p c on t a i n e v e n b e tt e r e x a m pl e s o f th e e x i s t e n c e o f a s e p a r a t e
,

h a l l T h e e l e v e n th c e n t u ry h a l l at R i ch m on d is a l m o s t p e r fe c t
.
-
,

a l though s o m e a dd i t ion s m a d e n e a rly a c e n tu ry l a t e r to th e,

u p pe r p a rt o f t h e s t ru c tu re h a v e l e d to th e m i s t a k e n a tt ri but ion ,

o f a l a t e r d a t e to t h e whol e bu i ld i ng ? A t Lud l o w m i ngl e d w i th ,

t h e fa bri c o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n t ury h a l l a re cl e a r i n d i c a t i on s o f -

,

t h e e a rl i e r s ton e h a l l bu i l t a s at R ich m on d a g a i n s t t h e c u rt a i n
, , ,

0 11 t h e l e a s t a cc e s s ibl e s i d e o f t h e i n n e r w a rd T h e fa bri c o f t h e .

gre a t h a l l a t C h e p s to w m uc h e n ri c h e d a nd b e a utifi e d i n th e ,

th i rt e e n th c e n t u ry is con t e m por a ry wi th th e foun d a t i on o f th e

,

c a s tl e i n th e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry P a rt a t a ny r a t e o f th e s ub .
, ,

s t ru c t u r e O f t h e h a l l a t N e w a rk be l on g s to t h e c a s t l e fou nd e d

i n t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry by B i s hop A l e x a nd e r a l though th e whol e ,

bu i l d i n g 0 11 t h a t s id e O f th e e n c l o s u r e w ith th e e xc e pt i on O f a n ,

a n gl e to we r -
be a r s w i tn e s s to r e con s t ruct ion a nd r e p a i r a t t wo
,

l a t e r p e riod s A t P or c h e s t e r a g a i n th e s ub s t ructu r e o f th e h a l l
.
, ,

con t a in s a con s i d e r a bl e a m ou n t O f e a rly N or m a n work wh i ch ,

m ay b e a ttri but e d to th e t i m e o f H e n ry I .

Th e s it u a t ion a n d pl a n o f th e h a l l r e m a i n e d v e ry m uch t h e
s a m e th roughout t h e m id d l e a g e s Wh a t we fi n d a t R i ch m on d
M
.
,

Lud l o w C h e p s to w o r D u rh a m we fi n d a l s o a t
, ,
a n orbi e r , ,

C a e rph i l ly H a rl e ch a nd C a rn a rvon a t W a r wi c k a nd a t Na wo rth

, , , .

T h e d o m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s w e r e pl ac e d ag a i n s t t h e c u rt a i n on o n e
s id e or a t a n e nd o f t h e i n n e r w a rd a n d pr e fe r a bl y w h e r e a ,

pr e c i pi c e or s t e e p s l op e m a d e th e as s a ul t o f t h e c urt a i n on th a t
s id e d i ffi c u l t o r i m po s s i bl e Th i s po s i t ion is we l l i l l u s t r a t e d i n
.

t h e fo rt i fi e d th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry hou s e O f A ydon i n N orthu m be r -

l a n d H e r e th e r e wa s 0 11 th e s i d e o f e n t r a n c e a l a rg e wa l l e d out e r
. , ,

w a rd o r as i t wa s c a l l e d i n th e n orth O f E n gl a nd a b a r m k i n
”
3
, ,
.
,

1
i h nd h
At R c mo dj nt b i l din
th e all a n d r n lly
its g s we
mp l t th ir d t t rk p p l nn d d ll in
a ace u e u us ua
e fo r a e , a n d th e o we w as no t we
h n t rk p h t r x pt d p r ly m i l it ry
co e e -
ee a e as a g
N o e o f o ur o we e e s, P o r c
hr tr
o us e .
-
es e e ce e ,
are s o u e a

in
ri in thi t rm i d bt l m think it rr pti n
c a ac e .

3
Th e of fu be of
b rbi n rk v rin ntr n h t l pr p r
o g s e s ou so e to a co u o
”
wo g th e to t h e
Lr t r b il y L dl ( ) C y rr p nd
a ca —
a co e e a ce o us e o r ca s e o e .

ow 96 a nd th e
b rm kin n rth l nd
a ge ou e a e s, as at u o uc ,
co es o to
a s O f th e o Of E ng a .
 1 90 LT
M I I AR Y AR C I T E CT U R E
H

T h e hous e wa s bu i l t roun d t wo s id e s O f a wa l l e d i n n e r cou rty a rd ,

t h e h a l l a n d m a i n a p a rt m e n t s s t a n d in g on th e bri n k o f a d e e p
r a vi n e wh e r e th e y we r e sa fe fro m a ppro a ch o r from th e p e ri l
,

o f s i e g e e n gi n e s -
T h e cu rt a i n wa s th e r e for e pi e r c e d w it h wi n d o w
.

O p e n in g s o f a fa i rly l a rg e s i z e , wh i ch g a v e t h e h ou s e m or e l i ght

a n d co m fort i n t e rn a l ly th a n w ou l d h a v e b e e n po s s i bl e u pon a

m or e e x po se d fac e o f t h e s i t e Th e h a l l a t W a rk worth ( 4 9 ) .

wa s bu i l t a g a i n s t a Sol id cu rt a i n u pon th e s t e e p e s t s id e o f th e
p e n i n s u l a occupi e d by t h e c as tl e , a nd , a l though th e r e we r e n o
w i n d o w O p e n i ng s i n t h e cu rt a i n a t th e l e v e l o f th e h a l l i t was
-
,

pi e r c e d by a po s t e rn , th rough wh ich th e k i tch e n cou l d b e s u p

pl i e d , a t t h e e nd n e a r e st th e to we r C as t l e s 0 11 co m p a r a t i v e ly .

l e v e l s i t e s S ho w t h e s a m e d i s po s i t i on A t C a rd i ff th e .

d o m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s are 0 11 t h e we s t s i d e O f th e e n c l o s u r e bu i l t ,

ag a i n s t t h e cu rt a i n , an d prot e ct e d by t h e ri v e r , a nd b e a r th e s a m e

r e l a t ion i n th e pl a n to th e m a i n e n t r a n c e a n d th e s h e l l k e e p on -

t h e m oun t a s t h e h a l l a t \V a rk wo rth b e a r s to th e g a t e wa y a n d
,
?
t h e m ou n t w i th its l a t e r s t ron g hou s e
T h e pl a n O f t h e h a l l an d its adj a c e n t bu i l d i ng s was a n d con ,

t inue d to b e th a t O f th e ord i n a ry d we l l i n g hou s e

, Th e a u l a O f -
.

H a rol d a t B o s h a m i n S u sse x is r e pr e s e n t e d i n th e B ay e u x
t ap e s t ry ( 36 ) a s a hou se w i th a b ase m e n t , a pp a r e n tly v a u l t e d ,

a n d a n u pp e r floor a ppro a ch e d by an e x t e rn a l s t a i rc a s e No .

d ivi s ion o f th e u pp e r floor is s ho w n : i t con s i s t s a pp a r e n tly o f

o n e l a rg e roo m T h i s pl a n , w i th th e d ivi s ion o f th e h a l l by a
.

c ro s s wa l l i n to a m a in a nd s m a l l e r ch a m b e r is pr e c i se ly wh a t we
-
,

fi n d , a t th e e n d o f th e c e n tu ry a ft e r th e C on qu e s t , a t th e l a rg e
r
to w n h ou s e i n B u y S t E d m u n d s k n o wn a s Mo y s e s h a l l , or a t
th e m a n or hou s e O f B oothby P a gn e l l i n L i n col n s h i r e I t is
G
-
.

r e pr e se n t e d i n m a n or hou s e s O f th e l a t e r oth ic p e riod at th e

G
-

s o c al l e d oxh i l l priory i n Li n col n sh i r e or a t th e h ou s e O f

“ ”
-

th e b i s hop s O f Li n c ol n a t L idd in gton i n R utl a n d I ts m o s t .

fa m i l i a r s u rvi v a l i n n on m i l i t a ry a rch i t e c tu r e is i n th e h a l l s O f
-

s e v e r a l o f t h e O x ford col l e g e s l i k e C h ri s t C h u r c h o r Ne w col l e g e

, .

I n th e pl a n o f th e m on as t e ry , th e fr a t e r o r d i n i n g h a l l fol l o we d -

th e sa m e l i n e s o f a n u pp e r roo m u pon a v a ul t e d s ub s tructu r e .

S i m i l a rly , th e h a l l o f a c a s tl e w a s s i m ply a n o rd i n a ry a ul a pl a c e d
w i th i n a n e n c l o s u r e wa l l e d fo r m i l i t a ry pu rpo se s Th e h a l l .

1
r nd l C rdi ff d W r i k m nt d b i l
At A tl w w hi h
ti ll i h bit d p r t r t h ll t nd it hi h r d bt l
u e ,
a ,
an a c ,
ou -
an -
a e y cas es c a re
th e w we
pi d by ri i l h ll b i l t by nd r thr r l r ly
s n a e , e se n g ea a s s a on s es c e ou e ss

th e o th e fo u A ll we
r b ilt l t r d t v b n rth r r t r d in m d rn ti m
o c cu e g na a s u e s . ee e a ge
a e , and fu
W r i k C n r r rl i t t l r nd l nd d
e u at a a e ha e ee e es o e o e es .

wc
was o ne o f th e ’
A u wa s fo u
b r C rdi b t l r p rti n
q ue o s e a e s ca s
C rdi
a o es e e
e fo e 1 0 8 6 , ff a o u A a ge o o f th e e n cein te a t ff
li rt in t ti ( l vii
a 1093 . o a
ll
fo o ws th e n e Of t e c u
h m h s e e A rc ae o l og z a ,
'

a o f th e R o an s a on .

PP 3 3 5
TH E D WE L ING
L -
HO USE I N TH E CA T
S L E 1 9 1

C rdi ff C t l
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 1 92 M I ITA R Y
L A R C IT E CT U R E
H

at C h ri s tc hu r c h is th e e x ac t coun t e rp a rt o f H a rol d s a ul a i n ’

t h e B ay e u x t a p e s try I t is a r e c t a n gul a r bu i l d i ng prob a bl y

.
,

o f t h e th i rd q u a rt e r of t h e t we l fth c e n t ury w i th a b a s e m e n t , ,

origi n a l ly v a u l t e d a nd l igh t e d by n a rro w l oop s Th e fi r s t floor

,
.

for m e d o ne l a rg e a p a rt m e n t a nd wa s we l l l ight e d w i th d oubl e ,

w i nd o w op e n i ng s o n e o f wh i ch a t t h e s o uth e n d r e c e i v e d s p e c i a l
, , ,

a rch i t e ctu r a l t r e a t m e n t Th e r e was a fi re pl a c e i n th e e a s t wa l l

.
,

0 11 t h e s id e n e x t th e s tr e a m : th e cyl i n d ri c a l ch i m n e y s h a ft s t i l l -

r e m a i n s Th e e n tr a n c e n e a r th e s outh e nd o f th e we s t wa l l wa s
.
, ,

prob a bly a ppro a ch e d by a n o ut e r s t a i r a t right a n gl e s to th e

wa l l a n d l e d i n to th e l o we r e nd o f th e h a l l O ppo s i t e t h e d ais fo r
, ,

t h e h igh t a bl e T h e fi r e pl a c e s e t d i a gon a l ly to th e e n tr a n c e
.
, ,

w a r m e d t h e d ais a n d th e body of th e h a l l : t h e e nd n e a r th e
d oor way corr e s pon d i n g to th e s c r e e n s o f th e ord i n a ry h a l l
,
“

was p rob a bly l e ft fr e e fo r t h e co m i n g a nd goi n g o f th e s e rv a n t s .

T h e b as e m e n t wa s s i m ply a c e l l a r a nd s tor e hou se I t h ad a .

d oor way i n th e we s t wa l l w h i l e i n th e e a s t wa l l wa s a g a t e way

, _

co m m u n i c a t i n g wi th th e wa t e r Th e e l e v a t ion is n e a rly i d e n t i c a l
.

w i th th a t o f t h e hou s e a t B oothby P a gn e l l ; bu t a t B oothby

P a gn e l l a c ro ss wa l l d i vid e s both u pp e r floor a nd b a se m e n t i n to
-

l a rg e r a n d s m a l l e r c h a m b e r s ; w h i l e a t C h ri s tch u rc h th e r e wa s
a t t h e s outh e a s t corn e r a r e ct a n gul a r g a rd e rob e t u rr e t bu i l t ou t
- -
,

i n to th e s tr e a m wh i c h k e pt th e v e n t s fro m both b ase m e n t a n d

,

u pp e r floor con t i n u a l ly fl u s h e d ?

Th e d i vi s i on o f th e fi r s t floor i n to a l a rg e r a n d s m a l l e r a p a rt
m e n t corr e s pon d s to th e d i vi s ion o f th e ord i n a ry d we l l i n g hou s e -

i n to h a l l o r co m mon roo m of th e hou se a nd bo we r o r wi thd r a w i ng

-
,

roo m a nd s l e e pi ng a p a rt m e n t fo r th e ch i e f m e m b e r s o f th e fa m i ly .

I n th e d e v e l op e d pl a n o f th e m e d i e v a l priv a t e h ou s e th e s ma l l
M
,

v a u l t s b e l o w th e bo we r b e c a m e th e c e l l a r a nd a s a t a n orbi e r , , ,

a v i c e w as prov id e d by w h i ch w i n e cou l d b e brough t d i r e ct ly

fro m i t to t h e h igh t a bl e 3
T h e bo we r or s ol a r i t se l f w as k n o w n
.

i n l a rg e h ou se s as th e gr e a t ch a m b e r a nd a cc e s s to i t was O bt a i n e d ,

1
A t B oo thb
th indri hi n h t v r i i
y P agne l l e r e is a c yl ca l c m e y s a f e y s m l a to r
th t h Chri t h r h
-

a o f th e all a t
rr t v n in tt Ch r
s c u c .

3
T h e us ua l a ang e m e n e e s m a ll c o ct a uce , Ca nt Ta l es ,
h d ir n nn
ag e s .

B 4 0 2 2 ( th e o us e O f th e a y wo m a in th e N o e P re e s te s T a l e ) , Ful
t hir b r hir h
-
.

s o o y wa s all e
”
and e e k
rd r r t rr xp d
ou , .

so la so ll e =
“
3
T h e wo ” ”
( l i m to th e s un)
d i di ri in t r r t bv r d v
or so a r u a e ace e o se
wa s u se sc m a e ly o f a n y o o m , g a ll e y, o r l o f a o e th e g o un le e l
b i din t r bv hn r n
n -

ofa u l g e g , th e l o f o r ga ll e y a o e a c a ce l s c e e n was c o m m o ly
kn rd h d pp i d h br
. .

o wn a s a an d th e s a m e wo s o ul be a l e to th e c am e ,
in r t d p rvi
acc u a e ly ca ll e
“ ”
fir t fl r
o n th e hrhprh of a c u c The
rd h v r ti pp i d i ht d p r r i th
a a se , s oo o c .

wo , o w e e , is s o m e m e s a l e to a we l l l g e a l o u fac ng s o u
w ith t r p t fl r
to t h e hi h it t d
on w bb t
s an s, c g , th e a o s so l a
’
,

r
xvi
ou es ec oo c at u

H a ugh m o n d ( A rch a o l jo urna l , l 30 7 ) a nd a t J e rv aul x Var/es A rch ce o l

xx i
’
. . . .

jo urna l , .
 TH E D WE L L I'

NG -
HO U SE I N TH E CA T S L E 19 3

th rough a d oor n e a r o ne e nd O f t h e c ro ss wa l l be h i n d th e d ais -

.

T h e r e was ho we v e r a v a ri a t ion u pon th i s pl a n i n wh i c h th e h a l l

, ,

a n d bo we r a re 0 11 a d i f fe r e n t fl o o r l e v e l a n d th i s a p e a r s a t a
p
-
,

fa i rl y e a rly d a t e I n th i s c a s e t h e h a l l occ u pi e d th e whol e h e ight

.

o f t h e b a s e m e n t a n d fi r s t floor a n d was e n t e r e d fro m t h e groun d ,

l e v e l o f th e b a i l e y : th e c e l l a r i n th i s c ase wa s 0 11 a l e ve l w i th th e , ,

floor O f th e h a l l a nd t h e s ol a r was r e ach e d fro m th e d ais by a

T h i s pl a n be c a m e v e ry c o m mon i n th e l a t e r oth ic pe riod G
,

s tai r .

a n d is we l l i l l u s tr a t e d i n m a nor hou s e s l i k e H a d d on a n d Co m pton -

Wyn i a t e s a n d i n th e c ol l e ge s o f C a m br idg e wh e r e th e co m m on
, ,

roo m o r p a rl ou r too k th e pl a c e O f th e c e l l a r a nd th e s ol a r wa s ,
’

occ u pi e d by th e m as t e r s l odgi ng B ut i t is a l s o fou n d i n c as tl e s .

a n d fort i fi e d hou s e s as a t B e rk e l e y a n d S tok e s ay A 11 i nd ic a t ion

,
.

o f its e m pl oy m e n t a t a d a t e n ot l on g a ft e r t h e N or m a n conqu e s t

is foun d i n t h e s tory o f th e i n s u l t O ffe r e d to R obe rt o f N or m a n dy

by W i l l i a m R u fu s a n d H e n ry I T h e y c a m e to vi s i t h im a bou t .
,

t h e y e a r 1 0 7 8 a t t h e c a s tl e o f L A ig l e wh e r e h e w a s s t ayi ng
’
.

, , ,

e ith e r i n th e con s t a bl e s hou s e or s o m e d w e l l i n g n e a r th e c as tl e

’
.

W i l l i a m a n d H e n ry pl ay e d d ic e u pon th e s ol a r a nd i nd ul ge d “
,
”

i n hor s e pl ay wh i c h took th e for m o f m a k i ng a d e a fe n i ng n oi se

, ,

a n d pou rin g w a t e r o n R ob e rt a n d h is fol l o we r s w h o we r e b e l o w ,

.

R ob e rt l o s t h is t e m p e r a n d ru s h e d i n to t h e d i n i n g h a l l ( ce na cul u m )
,
-

to pu n i s h h is broth e r s : th e q u a rr e l s topp e d fo r th e t i m e b e i ng ,

by th e i r fa th e r w a s th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e l on g fe ud w h i c h e n d e d
,

fo r R ob e rt i n h is c on fi n e m e n t a t C a rd i ff T h e m e n tion o f th e .

“
s ol a r d i s t i n ctly i m pl i e s a roo m u pon th e u pp e r floor prob a bly ,

?
a t s o m e e l e v a t i on a bov e t h e h a l l

T h i s a l t e rn a t i v e pl a n s u ppl i e d m or e d i r e c t co m m un ic a t ion
w i th t h e k i t c h e n th a n w a s po ss i bl e w h e r e t h e h a l l wa s u pon a n ,

u pp e r floor ; a n d i n con n e ct ion w ith i t a k itch e n a nd its a e co m ,

p a ny i n g O ffi c e s a re v e ry fr e qu e n tly fou n d at th e l o we r e n d n e a r ,

t h e e nt ry O f th e h a l l T h i s b e c a m e i n m a n or hou s e s a nd i n .
,
-

t h e col l e g e s o f C a m bridg e th e n or m a l po s i tion o f t h e k i t c h e n , ,

butt e ry a nd p a n t ry d iv id e d fro m th e body o f th e h a l l by th e

M
, ,

s c re e n s o s t o f th e c ook i n g i n th e e a rl i e r c a s tl e s m u s t h av e
.
”

b e e n don e e i th e r i n t e m por a ry s h e d s or i n th e O p e n a ir : th e
b ase m e n t o f th e h a l l wh i ch i n l a t e r m a nor hou se s was s o m e , ,
-
,

t i m e s u se d as a k i tch e n w a s n ot s o u s e d at an e a rly p e riod Th e ,

.

a p a rt m e n t i n a c orn e r o f t h e c l e v e rly pl a n n e d fi r s t floor o f th e

it iv V p r l ri m i d lu Th e
i th r r n
“
S u e so a u e re c e pe run t

rd ri m d r thi p
1
O rd . .
,
. 19 : te s s e r s .

so la m ay b e use , o f c o u in W e fe e

m r ly it h it m m fir t fl r b v
“
wo u se , s a s sag e ce

th e
“
tie , th e
r d I n thi W i ll i m
to th e s
nry m h v b n pl i n d i i n
o f th e
e e e o us e —
ay e an s oo a o e
.

an d H e
h l l it l hi h Chri t h r h m h v pi d hl
” ay ce
g o un . s case a ay a e ee g
f, w th e w o
l ri m b r t w vid nt ly t id h
th e a se c as at s c u c ay a e o ccu e e
, ,

e th e
”
“
so a u . Ro e as e e ou s o use .
1 94 M IL I A R Y T A R C IT E CT U R E
H

k e e p a t C a s tl e R i s i ng wa s prob a bly a k itch e n a nd is a r a r e ,

i n s t a n c e o f a roo m se t a p a rt fo r th i s pu rpo s e b e for e th e e nd o f

t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d ho we v e r t h a t th e
.
, ,

do m e s t i c bu i ld i ng s o f c as tl e s we r e v e ry O ft e n a s a t Lu d lo w , ,

e n l a rg e d a n d e n t i r e ly r e bu i l t u n t i l th e y b e c a m e a s a t C a rd i ff , ,

a nd W a r wi c k s pl e n d id m a n s ion s ;
,
a n d d e t a i l s w i th r e g a rd to
t h e origi n a l a rr a ng e m e n t o f t h e l e s s e r a p a rt m e n t s a re thu s h a rd
to r e cov e r .

A t W a rk w orth prob a bly a l i ttl e b e for e 1 2 0 0 a hou se o f ,

con s id e r abl e e xt e n t i n c l ud i n g m or e th a n o ne pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t

,

a nd a k itc h e n wa s bu i l t a g a i n s t a n d a t th e sa m e t i m e w i th t h e

U p to th i s t i m e th e c a s tl e h ad b e e n a n ord i n a ry
, , ,
?
we s t c u rt a i n ,

m oun t a nd b a i l e y s tronghol d w i th tim b e r d e fe n c e s a n d n o e a rl i e r

- -

s ton e w ork re m a i n s T h e n e w hou s e w as m u c h b e a ut ifi e d by

.

a dd i t ion s m a d e i n t h e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry b ut t h e pl a n w a s l i tt l e ,

al te re d I ts c e n t r a l p a rt wa s th e h a l l p a r a l l e l w i th th e c urt a i n
.
,

w h ich i t j oi n e d T h e e n tr a n c e w a s i n th e s id e w a l l n e x t th e
.

b a i l e y a n d l e d a s u s u a l i n to th e l o we r e nd o f th e h a l l w h i c h
, , , ,

occupi e d th e ful l h e igh t o f th e hou s e a nd t hu s for m e d th e o n ly ,

i n t e rn a l m e a n s o f c o m m u n ic a t io n b e t we e n th e l ord s a nd th e ’

s e rv a n t s q u a rt e r s A 11 u n u s u a l fe a tu r e o f th e h a l l w h ich c a n n ot
’
.
,

h a v e b e e n we l l l ight e d wa s a n e a s t e rn a i s l e ov e r wh ic h th e , ,

s l op i n g roo f w a s prob a bly c o n t i n u e d A t th e u pp e r e n d b e h i n d .

,

t h e d ais th e c e l l a r w a s e n t e r e d d i r e ctly fro m th e h a l l : a s t r a ight

,

s t a i r n e x t t h e c u rt a i n g a v e a cc e ss to a l a n d i n g fro m w h ich a ,

door way g a v e a cc e ss to th e gr e a t ch a m b e r T h e gr e a t c h a m b e r .

com m u n ic a t e d w i th a polygon a l a n gl e to we r c a l l e d by th e c u riou s ,

n a m e o f Crad y fa rgus 3
t h e fi r s t floor o f w h i c h n e x t th e gr e a t
,
”

ch a m b e r m ay h av e b e e n th e c h a m b e r o f th e m as t e r o f th e hou se
, ,

w h i l e th e u pp e r floor was prob ably u s e d by t h e l a d i e s N e a rly .

a t righ t a ngl e s to th e gr e a t c h a m b e r a g a i n s t t h e s ou th c u rt ai n , ,

was a ch a p e l o f w h i ch e n ough r e m a i n s to S ho w us th a t th e groun d

,

flo o r e n te re d fro m th e b ail e y wa s u s e d by th e s e rv a n t s a n d g a rri s on :

, ,

w h i l e th e we s t e n d was d i vi d e d i n to two s tori e s th e upp e r o ne ,

o f w h ich w a s e n t e r e d fro m th e priv a t e a p a rt m e n t s a n d wa s a ,

g a l l e ry fo r th e us e o f th e l ord a nd h is fa m i ly I t is d ifl ic ul t to .

s p e a k po s i t iv e ly o f th e a rr a n g e m e n t s o f th e k i t c h e n w h ich s tood ,

a g a i n s t th e we s t c u rt a i n a t t h e oth e r e n d o f t h e h a l l I t m ay .

origi n a l ly l i k e th e k it c h e n a t B e rk e l e y h a v e h a d n o d i r e c t c o m
, ,

t
1
ttrib t in
B a e s B ara e r H o l a s of N o r th u m be rl a nd a
’
u e s th e wa ll
'

g e tc o f
rk rth tl pr nt n r lin b rt r
.
, , ,

W a wo o n its ge e a l
“
to R o e s o n o f R o ge
”

bt in d in m rk n fi r m ti n r nt
cas e e se es ,

( 69 wh o O 9 9 , fo r 3 0 0 o f th e

tl d m n r r m J h
1 1 a e 1 1 a s, a co a o g a

o f th e c a s e a n f
ll d C l rk rv y m d in 5 xp l n ti
a o o o n .

S O ca e in o n Of th e
’
67 O ne e
n m th t t w r i m i l r n in C rri k r tl t
a so n s s u e ,
a e 1 . a a
e is a th e o wa s fe g us c a s B e l fas
L h C l rk d rib p ly f r m r d div r r
a e s a to o c' a c e, on
“
its
’
o ug . a so n e sc es o g o n al o as o un of e s s q ua e s .
L UD L OW : i t ri r b i l di
n e o of u ng we s t of g r th
ea a ll
 TH E D W E LL I G N -
HO USE I N TH E C A TL ES 1 97

m u n ic a tio n w i th h a l l : th e p assag e and o ffic e s be t we e n i n

th e ,

th e i r pr e se n t s t a t e o f ru i n a re fi ft e e nth c e n tu ry a dd it ion s o r ,
-

r e con s t ruct ion s B ut a l l t h e e l e m e n t s o f th e l a rg e r E n gl i s h

.

hou se a re h e re T h e ch i e f a l t e r a t ion s i n th e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry
.

we r e th e bu i l d i n g O f a porch a nd g a t e way to we r i n fron t o f th e -

h a l l e n t r a n c e a nd th e i n s e rt ion o f a l o fty t u rre t w ith a vi c e a nd

, ,

v a u l t e d v e s t i bul e to th e gre a t ch a m be r to th e n orth e as t e rn ,

-

a n gl e o f t h e h a l l wh e r e i t bl oc k s t h e l a s t b ay o f th e a i s l e
, .

A I1 a i s l e d h a l l a s a t Wa rk worth was a v e ry e x c e pt ion a l

, ,

fe a t u r e T h e r e a re h o we v e r a fe w e x i s t in g e x a m pl e s O f a h a l l
.
, ,

w i th a n a v e a n d t wo a i s l e s t h e m o s t fa m ou s o f wh i ch is th e ,

th i rt e e n th c e n t u ry h a l l a t W i n ch e s t e r T h e m i d l a n d c a s tl e s o f
-
.

L e i c e s t e r a nd O a kh a m a l s o h ad a i s l e d h a l l s : th a t at L e i c e s t e r
wa s d i vid e d by a r c ad e s O f t i m be r a n d s t i l l e x i s t s a l though m a ny , ,

o f it s or igi n a l fe at u r e s i n cl ud i ng t h e t i m b e r col u m n s h a v e be e n, ,

r e m ov e d o r ob sc u re d Th e h a l l at O a kh a m h as b e e n m or e .

fortu n a t e T h i s c a s t l e u pon a fl
. a t S i t e w h i ch h ad n o s t r a t e gi c
,

a d v a n t a g e s w a s r e a l ly a n a ul a or m a n or h ou s e
, e n cl o se d by a -
,

s t ron g e a rth e n b a n k a n d was prob a bly n ot s u rrou n d e d by a wa l l

,

u n t i l th e th i rt e e n th c e n tury W ith i n th i s e n c l o s u r e W al k e l in d e .

F e rr e r s to wa rd s th e e nd o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry bu i l t a n a i s l e d
, ,

h a l l O f fou r b ay s th e a r c h i t e ctu r a l d e t a i l s o f wh i ch are O f u n u s u a l

G
,

be a uty a nd o f gr e a t i m port a n c e i n th e h i s tory o f e a rly oth i c

,

a rt i n E ngl a n d T h e bu i l d i n g ru n s e as t a nd we s t t h e origi n a l
.
,

e n t r a n c e fro m t h e grou n d l e v e l o f th e b a i l e y be i n g a s u s u a l i n
,
-
, , ,

th e l a s t b ay o f a s id e w a l l i n th i s c a se th e e as t e rn m o s t b ay o f t h e
T h e d a i s w as a t th e we s t e nd ; a nd two d oor s
-
,

s outh w a l l
? ' '

wh i ch prob a bly co m m un ic a t e d wi th t h e k i t c h e n a n d butt e ry ,

r e m a i n i n th e e a s t w a l l T h e a i s l e s wou l d d oubt l e s s b e k e pt .

?
c l e a r o f t a bl e s to fa c i l i t a t e th e s e rvi c e fro m t h e k i tch e n
,
At
e i th e r e n d O f t h e bu i ld i n g t h e a r c a d e s s prin g n ot fro m r e s pon d s , , ,

bu t fro m corb e l s S e m i c i rc u l a r r e s pond s wou l d h a v e i n t e r fe r e d

.

w i th th e b e n c h e s b e h i n d th e h igh t abl e a nd w ith th e fr e e p ass a g e ,

?
o f t h e s e rv a n t s b e t we e n t h e k i t c h e n a nd t h e a i s l e s T h e col u m n s
a re s l e n d e r c yl i n d e r s o f C l i p s h a m s ton e : t h e c a pi t a l s a re t a l l ,

a n d c a rv e d w i th a gr e a t v a ri e ty O f s t i ff s t a l k fol i a g e w i th w h ich -
,

a re m i n gl e d b a n d s o f n a i l h e a d a n d d og tooth T h e a r c h e s - -
.

a re roun d e d : d og tooth is u se d i n th e hood m ou l d in g s wh i ch

- -
,

1hi ntr T b n bl k d m d r h as a n d th e tr n b n h as
thr h ind p nin in dj inin t
s e a nce ee oc e ,
o e n en a ce ee c ut

w o w-o g b a y t o th e we s
th e a
i l ll h l b i l di v r d by in l
o ug a e g, o .

3
The wa s a n d th e w o e
lo w ng is co e e
hi h pit h d r th t th r i l r t r
‘

a s e- a re u a s ge
o o f, so
tr r t r t h ll kl d
c e a e e s no c e e s o y
g
-
.

m e o c c u s a t t h e w e s e n d o f th e g e a a t A uc
3
e fe a u
hr di
T h e sa
p l d th r r l r r p nd t
a an ,

w e e th e a s at th e e as e nd , b ut
t iv r m
s was

t rn w m d m wh t id r r
a ce e e are e gu a es o

th e e a s e b ay a w th a n t h e e s , to g fo r
r
as a e so e e e oo

th e s c e e ns .
1 98 T
M I L I A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

r e s t upon fi g ure corb e l s T h e c l a s s i c a l c h a r a c t e r O f th e fol i ag e

-
.
,

a n d t h e r e fi n e d s cu l pt ur e o f t h e figu r e s a n d h e a d s i n th e c orb e l s

th roughou t th e h a l l h a v e a n a l ogi e s i n o n e or two ot h e r bu i l d i ng s

G
,

o f t h e d i s tri ct : th e y r e c a l l v e ry c l o s e l y th e e a rl y oth i c work o f

t h e B u rgu nd i a n provi n c e a n d it s E ngl i s h d e ri v a t i v es a t C a n t e r
,

bu ry a nd C h i c h e s t e r N oth i n g ho we v e r is k n o wn O f th e m as on s
.
, ,

e m pl oy e d ; a n d th e fa bri c h a s n o d o c u m e n t a ry h i s tory I n th e .

l o w s id e w a l l s a re doubl e w i n d o w op e n i n g s e ac h w i th a s c ul ptu r e d
— —

ty m p a n u m b e n e a t h a n e n c l o s i n g a r c h : t h e p i e r d i vid in g e a ch O f
th e w i n d o ws is fa c e d w i th a s h a ft a nd th e j a m b s a re a dorn e d ,

w i th e l a bor at e d og tooth T h e s e w i n do ws m ay b e co m p a r e d
-
.

w i th tho s e o f t h e a i s l e d h a l l o f t h e e p i s cop a l p a l ac e a t L i n c ol n ,

bu i l t a bout a qu a rt e r o f a c e n tu ry l a t e r w h e r e th e a rc a d e s a t both ,

e n d s s pr a n g fro m c orb e l s A cl o s e p a r a l l e l to th e a rr a n g e m e n t s
.

o f t h e h a l l a t O a k h a m is prov id e d by t h e con t e m por a ry h a l l bu i l t ,

by B i s hop P ud s e y a t A uc k l a n d c a stl e n e a r D u rh a m H e re , .
,

a g a i n t h e s o c a l l e d c a s t l e w a s s i m ply a n a u l a w i thout t h e s t rong

,
-

e a rth w ork s w h ich gi v e O a k h a m a m i l i t a ry c h a r a c t e r T h e pro .

port i on s o f th e A uc k l a n d h a l l a re l a rg e r a n d its a rch i t e c tu r e

G
,

m or e s i m pl e but w i th e v e n m or e a d v a n c e d
,
oth i c c h a r a c t e ri s t i c s .

A t th e e n d o f t h e th i rt e e n t h c e n tu ry con s id e r a bl e a l t e r a t i on s ,

we r e m ad e i n th e s t ru c t ur e a n d a t t h e R e s to r a t ion th e h a l l wa s
,

c on v e rt e d by B i s hop C o s i n i n to a c h a p e l T h i s i n vol v e d t h e
?

bl o c k i n g u p o f th e o rigi n a l e n t r a n c e th e po s i t ion o f wh i c h ,

e x a ctly corr e s pon d e d to th a t O f O a k h a m A n e w d oor w ay w a s .

m ad e i n t h e we s t w a l l a n d t h e b ay w h ic h ori gi n a l ly w a s s e t
,

a p a rt fo r t h e d ais was con v e rt e d i n to a n a n t e ch a p e l I n n e i th e r -

.

c as e d o a ny oth e r c on t e m por a ry bu i l d i n g s r e m a i n : t h e m a n s ion

a t A u c k l a nd 0 11 t h e we s t s i d e O f th e ol d h a l l is a bu i l d i n g o f -

, ,

e ral p e r iod s O f w h i ch th e e a rl i e s t e x i s t i n g port ion is n ot

V
,

e a rl i e r th a n th e r e ign o f H e n ry II .

H ugh P ud se y ( 1 1 5 3 t h e pr e l a t e r e s pon s ibl e fo r t h e h a l l

a t A uc k l a n d d id m uc h to i n c r e as e th e s pl e n d ou r o f t h e e p i s c op a l
,

c as tl e a t D u rh a m D u rh a m c a s t l e is a n e x c e l l e n t e x a m pl e
o f a m ou n t a n d b a i l e y fort r e s s on a s t ron g t r i a n gul a r s i t e
- -
w i th ,

pr e c i pi tou s n a t u r a l d e fe n c e s 0 11 th e n orth a n d we s t Th e e n t r a n c e .

w a s on t h e o n e a cc e s s i bl e s id e fro m th e pl at e a u 0 11 w h ich t h e ,

c a th e d r a l a n d m on as t e ry s tood A t th e a p e x o f t h e S it e on t h e
.
,

right o f th e e n tr a n c e wa s th e m ou n t w i th a s h e l l k e e p on its
, ,
-

s u m m i t ; w h i l e to th e l e ft a l on g t h e we s t s i d e O f th e b a i l e y wa s
, ,

1
ihp (
B ) pr b b ly h i ht n d
B e k 1 2 84 1 3 1 1 i l ll in rt d th e a s e - wa s an d
tr ri d ind C in ( ) r b ilt r t r p rt tr
s o o a -
e g e e se e

w o ws 1 6 60 7 2 th e o f th e
ll r n d k ind dd d pr nt l r t ry r
ac e e os .
-
e u g ea e a ou e
’
wa s, e e we B e s w o ws , a n d a th e a nd oof :
pl ndid r n hi h divid h p l r m nt h p l l
e e se c e es o

th e s sc e e , w e s th e f th e a w as
p rt rk
e c c a e o e-c a e ,
a so

a o f h is wo .
TH E D L NG
WE L I -
HO U SE I N TH E CA T
S L E
 2 00 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

th e origi n a l h a l l Th e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry ch a p e l was on th e n orth

.
-

’
s id e O f th e b a i l e y n e a rly O ppo s i t e t h e e n t r a n c e
,
P ud se y s ch i e f .

work wa s t h e con s t ruct ion o f a l on g bu i l d i ng o f th r e e s tori e s i n

con n e ct ion wi th th e n ort h c u rt a i n T h e e ast e rn p a rt o f th e .

b ase m e n t wa s for m e d by th e e a rly ch a p e l th e r e s t wa s p rob ably

d e vot e d to s tor e roo m s an d c e l l a r s O n th e fi r s t floo r was a gr e a t
-
.

h a l l e n t e r e d by a d oor wa y ( 2 0 1 ) wh i ch m ay fa i rly b e c a l l e d th e
,

m o s t m agn i fi c e n t e x a m pl e o f l at e N or m a n R o m a n e s q u e a rt i n
E n gl a n d A bov e th i s on th e se con d floor a ppro ach e d by a
.
, ,

vi c e i n th e s out h e as t corn e r was a n oth e r h al l k n o w n a s th e

-

, ,

Con s t abl e s h a l l a nd to d ay as th e N or m a n g a l l e ry Th e wa l l s
’

,
-
.

of th i s u pp e r s t ru ctu r e we r e l ight e n e d by th e i r con s t ru ct i on as a

con t i n uou s a rc ad e th e a rch e s for m in g fr a m e s to w i n do w op e n
,
-

i ng s a nd th e p i e r s b e t we e n th e m b e i n g fa c e d wi th d e t a ch e d s h a ft s
,

i n coupl e s T h e i nt e rn a l a rr a n g e m e n t s of th i s bu i l d i n g
a re n o w m uch ob s c ur e d by t h e p a rt i t ion Of th e l o we r h a l l i n to

s e v e r a l l a rg e roo m s ; w h i l e t h e s outh p a rt o f t h e u pp e r h a l l h a s

b e e n c ut u p by s m a l l e r p a rt i t ion s E a rly i n th e s i x t e e n th c e n t ury .

a n e w c h a p e l wa s bu i l t on th e e as t s id e o f th e l o we r h a l l a n d ,

a g a i n s t t h e s outh wa l l o f t h e b as e m e n t a n d fi r s t floor was m a d e

a s ton e g a l l e ry o f t wo s tori e s Th e out e r s t a i r to th e l o we r h a l l

.

was th e n t a k e n a wa y ; bu t B i s h op P ud se y s door wa y was l e ft

’

a n d l igh t w as th ro w n u pon i t by a l a rg e m ul l i on e d w i n do w i n

th e out e r wa l l O f th e g a l l e ry ?

M e a n wh i l e a bout th e e n d O f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry B i s h op
, ,

B e k wh o a l s o i m p rov e d u pon P ud s e y s wor k a t A uc k l a n d r a i s e d

’

, ,

a g a i n s t th e w e s t c u rt a i n a n d upon t h e s ub s t ruct u r e o f t h e e a rly

,

h a l l th e gr e a t b a n q u e t in g h a l l wh i ch is n o w u s e d a s th e d i n i n g
h a l l o f U n iv e r s i ty col l e g e Th i s h a l l a g a i n h a s i n e vi t ably b e e n
-
, ,

.
, ,

m uch a l t e r e d bu t its a ct u a l pl a n a n d a rr a n g e m e n t s a re v e ry fa i rly

,

m a i n t a i n e d to d ay a n d th e l on g two l igh t wi n do ws wi th s i m pl e
-

,
-

g e o m e t ri c a l t r a c e ry i n th e S id e wa l l s r e pr e se n t wi th s o m e re sto ra ,

t ion o f s ton e wor k its ori gi n a l l igh t i n g T h e e n t r a n c e u p a

-
,
.
,

fl ight o f s t a i r s a n d th rough a porch a d d e d by B i s hop Co s i n is ,

i n th e s out h e nd O f th e e a s t wa l l a nd l e a d s i n to s cr e e n s roo fe d ,
’
by a g a l l e ry on th e s ou th o f wh ic h a re th e k i tch e n a n d s e rv a n t s
,

o ffi c e s A d oor way i n th e e as t wa l l l e d fro m th e d ais to th e

.

bi s hop s pri v a t e roo m s ; bu t a t th i s e n d th e ol d e r a rr a ng e m e n t s

’

we r e a l t e r e d by t h e con s t ruct i on o f T un s ta l l s g a l l e ry i n th e
’

’
s i xt e e n th c e n t u ry a nd l a t e r s t i l l by th e a dd it i on o f Co s i n s
, ,
.
,

s pl e n d id R e n a i s sa n c e s t a i rc a s e a l t e r a t ion s wh ich provi d e d —

'

cov e r e d a c c e ss fro m B e k s h a l l to P ud se y s bu i l d i n g a t righ t

’

a n gl e s to i t Th e bu i l d in g s j u s t d e s c rib e d a re s o m e o f th e m o s t
.

1
T h e wo of rk thi t p ri d
s la e is a to B s o ttrib t d i h p n t
T u s all ( 1 5 3 0
C i t d t d dditi hp
e o u e
o s n at a l a e r a e ma e a o n s to th e c a e l .
TH E D WE L L I NG -
IIOU SE I N TH E CA T
S L E 20 1

D rh m C t l
u a as e D oo r way
20 2 M I I TA R Y
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

b e a ut i ful i n s t ruct i v e r e m a in s o f d o m e s t i c a rch i t e ctu r e i n

a nd

E ngl a n d a nd,
h a v e n o m i l it a ry ch a r a c t e ri s t i c s Th e s tr e ngt h .

o f t h e c a s tl e ho we v e r wa s n ot forgott e n N o E n gl i s h c a s tl e
, ,
.
,

e v e n w h e n B a m bu rgh a n d R i ch m on d a re r e m e m be r e d pr e s e n t s a ,

m or e for m id a bl e d e fe n c e th a n th e c urt a i n pi e rc e d by a fe w s p a r e ,
’
op e n i ng s a nd by th e n a rro w we s t e rn w i n do ws o f B e k s h a l l
V
,

w h i c h r e v e t s a n d c ro wn s th e cl i ff a bov e t h e \ e a r ; w h i l e i n ,

t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry B i s hop H a t fi e l d ( 1 3 4 5 8 1 ) r e pl a c e d th e
,
-

ol d e r k e e p by a ne w a nd prob ably m or e l o fty pol ygon a l s h e l l .

A t D u rh a m th e bu i l d i n g s o f P ud s e y a nd B e k a l i k e s t a n d
u pon b as e m e n t s wh ich we r e u s e d a s c e l l a r s a nd s tor e roo m s ;
,
-

a n d t h e p r e fe r e n c e fo r fi rs t fl o o r h a l l s i n c a s t l e s w as doubtl e s s
-

d ue to th e n e c e s s i ty o f provid i ng pl e n ty o f roo m fo r m a g a z i n e s ,

both fo r provi s ion s a nd a r m s w i th i n a con fi n e d s p a c e a nd k e e p

, ,

i n g th e m u s t e r groun d i n th e c e n t r e o f th e b a i l e y a s cl e a r a s
-

po s s i bl e A t N e wa rk ( 1 5
. w h e r e th e groun d fe l l a w a y to wa rd s
t h e ri v e r th e h a l l w a s bu i l t on t h e s l op e a nd w a s e n t e r e d fro m
, ,

t h e l e v e l o f th e b a i l e y th e s l op e b e i n g u t i l i s e d fo r th e con s t ruct ion

,

o f a l a rg e v a u l t e d b a s e m e n t l igh t e d by l oop s fro m th e r i v e r s id e

, ,

a nd co m m un ic a t i n g w i th th e w a t e r by a s lopi n g p a s s a g e a nd
a g a t e way O p e n i n g 0 11 a s m a l l q u a y T h e us e O f e v e ry a v a i l abl e
.

s p a c e fo r s tor ag e is i l l u s t r a t e d a t C a r e w c a s tl e i n P e m brok e s h i r e ,

w h e r e th e whol e s p a c e b e n e a th th e l e s s e r h a l l a nd its a dj ac e n t
bu i l d i n g s is o c c u pi e d b y c e l l a r s w h i l e th e b as e m e n t o f th e ,

gre a t e r h a l l On th e O ppo s i t e S id e o f th e c ou rty a rd a pp e a r s to

, ,

h av e b e e n u s e d a s s t a bl e s A t P e m brok e a l a rg e n a tu r a l c a v e rn
.

b e l o w th e h a l l a nd its a dj a c e n t bu i l d i n g s wa s t u rn e d to us e a s
a l o we r s tor e hou s e A vi c e wa s c on s tru c t e d i n th e roc k fro m
-
.

a grou n d fl o o r ch a m b e r n orth o f t h e h a l l a n d t h e m outh o f t h e

-
,

c a v e rn wa s c l o s e d by a wa l l i n wh i c h wa s a g a t e way op e n i n g
, ,

u pon a p a th fro m th e wa t e r s id e -
.

I f H e n ry I I m ay b e gi v e n th e ch i e f c r e d i t fo r th e con s t ru c t ion
.

O f r e c t a ngul a r k e e p s i n c a s tl e s H e n ry I I I w a s a l m o s t a s a ct iv e
, .

i n bu i ld i n g h a l l s T h e fi n e s t e x a m pl e O f h is work n o w r e m a i n i n g
.

is a t W i n ch e s t e r A t th e To we r o f Lond on a t S c a rborough a nd
.
, ,

a t N e wc as tl e th e n a m e a l on e o f h is h a l l s r e ct a ngul a r bu i l d i ng s
, ,

w i th h igh pi tch e d roo fs r e m a i n s

-
B u t i n a nd a ft e r h is r e ign
,
.
, ,

th e h a l l a n d th e a dj a c e n t d o m e s t ic bu i l d i n g s b e c a m e a fi x e d
fe a tu r e o f th e pl a n o f th e c a s tl e I n c a s tl e s w h ich u p to th i s
.
,

t i m e m ay h a v e po sse sse d s m a l l a nd i n con v e n i e n t h a l l s o r

, ,

po s s ibly h al l s bu i l t m e r e ly o f t i m be r n e w a nd m or e p e r m a n e n t ,

d o m e s ti c bu i l d i n g s we r e con s t ruct e d Th u s a t R o c k i n gh a m .
,

c as tl e th e b e a u t i ful d oor way o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry h a l l

,
-

w i th d e e ply u n d e rc ut m ou l d i n g s a n d j a m b s h a ft s w i th fol i a t e d -

c api t a l s s t i l l for m s th e e n tr a n c e to th e hou se o f th e s i x t e e n th

,
DU R AM r di
H : a ca th id
ng o n s o u s e of C n t bl h l l
o s a
’
e s a
 TH E D WE L IN G
L -
HO U SE I N TH E CA T S L E 20 5

an d v e n t e e n th c e n tu ri e s th e h a l l o f wh ich is prob a bly o f th e

se
,

e x ac t d i m e n s ion s o f its m e d i e v a l p r e d e c e s s o r 1 l n c a s tl e s wh i c h .

a re t h e m o s t p e r fe c t e x a m pl e s o f fort i fi c a t i on s uch as C a e rph i l ly

,

o r Con way th e h a l l for m s a n i n t e gr a l p a rt o f th e pl a n fi l l i ng its

, ,

n a tu r a l pl a c e i n th e
d e s ign ; a nd o f th e se ,

C a e rph i l ly wa s c o m
p l e te d a bout th e
e n d o f t h e r e ign o f

H e n ry l l l T he e n
.

th u s ia s m o f H e n ry
fo r fi ne a r c h i t e c tu r e ,

d o m e s t ic a s we l l a s
e c c l e s i a s t ic a l wa s ,

i m i t a t e d by m a ny o f
h is po we r fu l s ub
je c ts ; a nd i t is a c
t ua l l y fr o m t h i s
p e riod th a t we m ay
t r a c e th a t pro m i n
e n c e o f th e d o m e s t i c

e l e m e n t i n o u rc a s tl e s

wh i c h w a s e v e n tu a l ly
c ul ti v a t e d a t t h e e x

p e n se o ffo rt ifi c a t io n .

I n t h e d we l l i n g
hou se s o ft e n o f p a l a
,

t i a l s i z e wh i c h gr e w
,

u p w i th i n c a s tl e s ,

a nd r e ac h e d th e i r
p e r fe c t d e v e l op m e n t
i n th e th i rt e e n th a nd
fou rt e e n t h c e n tu ri e s ,

t h e m a i n a p a rt m e n t s ,

i n a dd i t ion to th e
h a l l we r e th e gr e a t
C kin h C t r
,

h a m b e r th e k i tch e n
, R o c g a m a s l e D o o way o f b al l
w i th its o ffi c e s a nd ,

t h e ch a p e l T h e n or m a l pl a n a s a l r e a dy s ho w n wa s th a t o f th e
.
, ,

fi rs t fl -
o o r h a l l w i th th e gr e a t ch a m b e r a t o n e e n d a n d t h e k i t c h e n
, ,

1 rtifi d m r h
A t th e fo fD r t n m rt fo u n m i l th t
kin h r t h ll bri l t rh l thirt nth
e a no -
o us e o ay o ,
so e ee e s so u -
e as
am , is a fa c of th e f of th e
lt r t i n
of th e
nt ry lth h d t
R oc
b n b r d by l t r
g g ea a a e a ee
.

th e h as Th e
v l t d ll r t h ll ( t int t
ce u a o ug a e ee o s cu e a e a e a o s .
,

th e e as e n d o f th e ) i lm b ut th e
r t h mb r b v r b ilt b t v t nth nt ry
au e c e a at a 6 . 12 70 s a os ac

g ea c a e a o e wa s e u a ou f
th e e n d o th e se e n e e ce u .
20 6 MILI ARY T A R C I T ECT U R E
H

at th e oth e r Th e pl a n o f th e ch a p e l wa s not fi x e d bu t wh e r e
.
, ,

i t for m e d p a rt o f th e bl o c k o f bu i l d i ng s i t is u s u a l ly fou n d i n ,

c on n e c t ion w i th t h e gr e a t c h a m b e r e n d of t h e h a l l .

Th e m a in poi n t s o f th e h a l l m ay b e bri e fly r e c a pi tul a t e d .

T h e e n tr a n c e was i n v a ri a bly i n t h e s i d e wa l l n e x t th e b a i l e y a t ,

t h e e nd n e a r e s t t h e u s u a l pl a c e fo r t h e k i tch e n Th i s e nd wa s .
.

s c r e e n e d o ff fro m t h e h a l l by c u rt a i n s o r by a w ood e n p a rt i t ion

c on t a i n i n g o ne o r m or e d oor s T h i s s h u t ou t d r a ugh t wh i l e th e
.

p as sa g e th u s for m e d wa s g e n e r a l ly cov e r e d by its o wn c e i l i n g th e ,

s p a c e a bov e for m i n g a g a l l e ry wh i ch was e n t e r e d fro m a vi c e

,

a t a c orn e r o f t h e e nd w a l l A t t h e fu rth e r e n d o f th e h a l l wa s
.

t h e d ais wi th th e h igh t a bl e a t righ t a n gl e s to w h ic h we r e pl a c e d

,

t h e l ong t a bl e s i n t h e body o f th e h a l l T h e h a l l was cov e r e d .

by a h igh p i t c h e d t i m b e r roo f th e pri n c i p a l s o f wh i ch we r e

-
,

born e by c orb e l s i n th e s i d e wa l l s I n e a rly e x a m pl e s wa r m th .

,

was s uppl i e d by a l a rg e h e a rth i n th e m i dd l e o f th e fl oor a l i ttl e ,

b e l o w th e d ais th e s m ok e fro m w h i ch e s c a p e d th rough a l ouvr e

,

i n th e roo f a bov e ; but i t b e c a m e c u s to m a ry to m a k e a fi r e pl a c e

i n o n e o f th e s id e wa l l s 1
Light wa s a d m i tt e d th rough w i n do w
.

op e n i ng s i n th e s id e wa l l n e x t t h e wa rd ; but wh e re th e out e r ,

w a l l o f t h e c a s tl e wa s s e c u r e fro m a tt ac k a s a t W a r w ic k or ,

Lud l o w w i n do w s we re m a d e t h e r e a l s o Th e s e w i n d o ws we r e
, .

u s u a l ly o f two l i ght s d iv id e d by a m u l l i on w i t h s i m pl e t r ac e ry
, ,

i n th e h e a d Th e y a l s o h ad a t r a n s o m b e l o w wh i ch th e y we r e
.
,

c lo se d by s hutt e r s th e u pp e r p a rt o f t h e w i n do w a l on e b e i n g
,

gl a z e d I n th e h a l l a t Lud l o w th e d a t e o f wh ich is a bou t 1 3 0 0

.
, ,

th e r e we r e th r e e two l ight w i nd o w s n e x t th e wa rd w h i l e th e
-
,

c u rt a i n w as pi e rc e d by th re e s i ngl e l igh t op e n i ng s T h e h e a rth —

.

s tood i n th e body o f th e h a l l j u s t b e l o w t h e d ais a n d w a s c a rri e d ,

by a p i e r i n th e c e l l a r b e n e a th I n th e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry th e .

m idd l e w i n d o w n e x t th e w a rd w a s bl o c k e d a nd a fi r e pl a c e ,

i n s e rt e d : th e h e a rth was th e n r e m ov e d Th e h a l l for m e d th e .

c h i e f l i vi n g roo m o f th e hou se a n d i n i t t h e m aj ori ty o f th e l ord s

’
-
,

re t i n u e n ot on ly h ad th e i r m e a l s bu t s l e pt ,
.

T h e gr e a t ch a m b e r a s t i m e we n t on b e c a m e th e n ucl e u s o f
, ,

a n u m b e r o f p ri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s I n th e m o s t s i m pl e e x a m pl e s
.
,

i t is a r e ct a n gul a r a p a rt m e n t b e h i n d th e d ais co m m un ic a t in g ,

w i th i t d i r e c t ly th rough a door way on o n e s i d e o f th e e n d wa l l .

\V h e re th e h a l l o c c u pi e d th e grou n d fl oor a v i c e o r a s a t , , ,

Wa rk worth a s t r a igh t s t a i r fu rn i s h e d a n e n t r a n c e to i t A t
, ,
.

Lud lo w wh e re th e k i t c h e n wa s a d e t a ch e d bu i ld i n g a nd a t
, ,

S tok e s ay th e r e wa s a fi rs t fl o o r ch a m b e r a t both e n d s o f -

1
As nh rt
Pe T h e e ar h th t r m in t k y dd n S At Ha
rb i l tt fi r p l i t in rt d v r l r t r h l l
at s u s . s o ne -
e a s at o e sa . o
th e g e a e ac e n th e we s wa ll wa s se e se e a ye a s af e th e a
was u .
 TH E D LN
WE L I G -
HO USE IN TH E C A TL E S 207

th e h a l l T h e d o m e s t i c bu i l d in g s a t Lud l o w a re v e ry sy m m e tri
.

c a l ly a rr a n g e d th e h a l l i n t h e m idd l e be in g s l ight ly r e c e s se d
, , ,

b e t we e n two proj e c t i ng bl oc k s o f bu i ld i n g e ac h with a ch am b e r ,

on th e fi r s t floo r O f th e se th a t a t t h e e as t e nd o f t h e h a l l
, ,

b e h i nd th e d ais was e v id e n tly th e m or e i m port an t ; a nd i n th e

, ,

fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry i t wa s on th i s s id e th a t a n a dd i t ion a l bl oc k
,

o f pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s wa s bu i l t Fro m e ach fl oor o f th e gre a t

.

c h a m b e r bl o c k a l a rg e g a rd e rob e to we r was e n t e r e d th i s to we r
-

proj e ct s fro m th e n orth c urt a i n of th e c a s tl e a nd was a dd e d ,

S tk
o e sa y

wh e n th e rl i e r h a l l wa s r e m od e l l e d a nd th e h al l a n d its
ea

a dj oi n in g bl ock s a ss u m e d th e i r pr e s e n t s h a p e

M
.

a n orbi e r c as t l e c on t a i n s a n i n t e r e s t i n g e x a m pl e o f th e
e n l a rg e m e n t o f do m e s t i c bu i l d in g s w i th a s ol a r bloc k a t e ith e r
,

e n d o f th e h a l l Th e c as tl e s t a n d s on ri s i n g grou n d i n a d e e p
.

v a l l e y a bou t h al f a m i l e fro m th e s e a Th e i n n e r wa rd or c as tl e
, .

prop e r is s u rrou n d e d by a cu rt a i n w i th a g a t e hou s e i n th e e a s t

,

wa l l . Th e d we l l i ng hou s e is upon th e we s t s id e o f th e wa rd a t
—
,

t h e e n d O ppo s i t e th e m a i n e n t r a n c e a n d con s i s t s o f t wo d i s t i n c t
,

port ion s Th e e a rl i e r con s i s t s o f a fi rs t fl

. o o r h a l l a n d gr e a t ch a m
-

b e r a bov e c e l l a r s T h e r e wa s a fl oo r a bov e th e gr e a t ch a m b e r
.
,

p rob ably form in g a bo we r fo r th e l ad i e s of th e hou s e hol d t h e ,

20 8 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

h a l l corr e s pon d i n g i n h e igh t to th e se two u ppe r s t ag e s Th e .

pr e se n t e n tr a n c e to th e h a l l is i n th e s i d e wa l l a t th e e nd n e x t
t h e gr e a t ch a m be r a n d was prob a bly m a d e w i th th e out e r s t a i r
, ,

a g a i n s t t h e wa l l i n th e th i rt e e n th c e n t ury
,
Th e h al l i t s e l f wi th
.

its a dj a c e n t bu i ld in g s a pp e a r s to b e o rig in a l ly o f th e l a t e r p a rt o f
th e t we l fth c e n tu ry : th e c e l l a r s be l o w h a v e s e m ic i rcu l a r b a rr e l
v a ul t s I n th e se con d h a l f o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry a ne w bl oc k
.

o f bu i l d i n g s was m a d e a t t h e oppo s it e or s outh e n d o f t h e h a l l .

I t w a s n o w prob a bly t h a t th e n e w e n tr a n c e wa s m a d e Th e .

po s i t ion o f th e d ais s e e m s to h a v e b e e n r e v e r se d a n d a w i n d o w ,

i n th e s out h e nd wa l l o f th e h a l l bl ock e d by a fi r e pl ac e B e h i n d
-
.

M an o rbi r C t l
e as e t r t ir Ch p
; Ou e s a to a e l

th i s wa l l an d e n t e r e d by a d oor way i n its we s t e nd was th e ne w

, ,

gr e a t ch a mb e r a long n a rro w bu i ld i n g w i th its p ri n c i p a l a x i s

, , ,

a t right a n gl e s to th a t o f th e h a l l a n d wi th a floor a bov e

, At .

e a c h e nd o f th e s outh wa l l o f th i s a p a rt m e n t is a p a ssag e T h at .

a t th e we s t e nd p ass e s a l on g t h e l i n e o f t h e c u rt a i n to a g a rd e

rob e to we r wh i ch proj e ct s a t th e s outh we s t a n gl e o f th e c as t l e :

-

t h e p assag e is s t i l l roo fe d wi th fla t s l a b s on con t i n uou s corbe l l i n g ,

a n d is we l l l igh t e d by l oop s i n th e c u rt a i n Th e oth e r p as s ag e

.
,

a t th e s outh e as t corn e r o f th e gr e a t ch a mb e r for m s a l obby to

-

a l a rg e ch a p e l w h i ch w as bu i l t a cro s s th e s outh we s t a n gl e o f
,
-

th e wa rd so th a t a s m a l l t ri a ngul a r y a rd wa s l e ft be t we e n i t a n d
,
 TH E D WE L L I G N -
HO USE I N TH E CA T S L E 2 09

th e c u rt a i n Th e r e is a se p a r a t e ou t e r s t a i r to th e ch a p e l
.

pl ac e d l i k e th e s t a i r to th e h a l l a t righ t a n gl e s to th e wa l l T h e
, ,
.

w hol e grou p o f bu i l d i n g s w i th its two out e r s t a i r s is un e x c e l l e d

, ,

fo r pi ctu r e sq u e n e s s i n a ny c as tl e
M
.

T h e k i tch e n a t a n orbi e r w a s pl a c e d a t a ny r a t e w h e n t h e ,

th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry a l t e r a t i on s we r e u n d e rt a k e n ( prob ably a bout

-

a t right a ngl e s to th e h a l l a n d ol d e r gr e a t ch a m b e r ,

a g a i n s t th e n orth c u rt a i n O wi ng to th e c on fi n e m e n t o f th e
.

s p ac e w i th i n t h e cu rt a i n a n d t h e gro w i ng n e c e s s i ty o f pri v a t e
,

a c co m m od a t ion th e po s i t i on o f th e k i t c h e n was n ot fi x e d s o
,

r e gul a rly i n th e c a s t l e a s i n th e ord i n a ry d we l l i ng hou se A t -

.

B e rk e l e y wh e r e th e h a l l wa s bu i l t a g a i n s t th e e as t cu rt a i n
o f th e i n n e r w a rd th e k i t c h e n is a polygon a l bu i l d i n g d i vid e d
, ,

fro m th e s c r e e n s by a bu tt e ry a n d occupyi n g a m or e o r l e s s ,

n or m a l pl ac e i n th e pl a n A t W a rk worth . a s we h a v e

n ot i c e d th e k i t c h e n is i n its prop e r pl ac e n e a r th e e n t r a n c e
, ,

e n d o f th e h a l l b ut m ay h a v e b e e n a t fi r s t a s e p a r a t e s truc
,

t u r e Th e origi n a l po s it ion o f th e k i tch e n a t C a rd i ff ( 1 9 1 )

.

se e m s to h a v e c on for m e d to th i s pl a n T h e d e s i r a b i l i ty o f .

pl a c i n g th e k i t c h e n wi th i n e as y r e ac h o f th e h a l l is obviou s
K
.

At e n i l w orth wh e r e th e m agn i fi c e n t h a l l bu i l t to w a rd s th e
, ,

e n d o f t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry occup i e s th e w hol e n orth s i d e

,

o f t h e i n n e r wa rd a n d is on a fi r s t fl oor a bov e a v a u l t e d c e l l a r
, ,

t h e pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s for m e d a w i ng a g a i n s t t h e w e s t c urt a i n

o f th e wa rd wh i l e th e k i tch e n wa s a g a i n s t t h e e as t c u rt a i n
, ,

a n d was w i th i n e a s y r e a c h o f th e s t a i r to th e h a l l and th e ,

p a s sag e b e l o w i t wh i c h l e d i n to th e c e l l a r T h e k i tch e n a t .

Lud l o w ( 1 0 6 ) was a s e p a r a t e bu i l d in g oppo s i t e th e e n t r a n c e to th e ,

h a l l a nd th e we s t e rn s ol a r bl oc k a nd pl ac e d ag a i n s t th e n ort h
'

out e r wa l l o f th e s m a l l c ou rty a rd wh ic h cov e r s th e k e e p I n the .

two gr e a t E d wa rd i a n c as tl e s o f C on w ay a n d C a rn a rvon w h e r e ,

t h e h a l l s we r e l a rg e a n d t h e s p ac e l i m i t e d th e k i tch e n s we r e ,

bu i l t ag a i n s t th e c u rt a i n oppo s i t e th e h a l l 1
.

Th e c h a p e l was a l s o a v a ri a bl e fa ctor i n th e pl a n I t h as .

a l r e a dy b e e n r e m a rk e d th a t i n s o m e e a rly c as tl e s th e ch a p e l
, ,

wa s a c ol l e gi a t e chu rch s t a n d i n g se p a r a t e ly w i th i n th e pr e c i n ct s
,

o f t h e c as t l e a n d s o m e t i m e s as a t H a s t i ng s fi l l i n g up w i th th e
, , , ,

hou s e s o f th e d e a n a n d c a n on s o r th e i r d e put i e s a v e ry c o n ,

s id e ra b l e p a rt o f t h e e n c l o s u r e I n d e e d n e a rly all th e ru i n s l e ft
.
,

w i th i n t h e c u rt a i n a t H as t i ng s a re tho s e o f th e l a rge c ru c i form

chu rch a nd th e bu i l d in g s i n con n e ct ion w i th i t A t Lud lo w t h e .

N or m a n ch a p e l wa s a d e t ach e d bu i l d i n g i n th e i n n e r wa rd
T h i s was th e pri v a t e ch a p e l o f th e l ord o f th e c as tl e a nd i n th e ,

1
r h
A t H a lec th e c e n wa s a t kit hang l e s to th e a ll ag a ns ri ht
th e h i t
so u th rt in
cu a .
g ,

2 4
 2 10 M IL IT A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

i xt e e n th c e n tu ry wa s j oi n e d by a g a l l ery to th e bl oc k o f
“

bu i ld i ng s a t th e e as t e nd o f th e h a l l th e n av e wa s th e n d ivi d e d
i n to two floor s s o th a t th e fi r s t floor for m e d a pr iv a t e g a l l e ry
,

or s ol a r wh i l e th e hou se hol d u s e d th e grou n d fl

,
oor Th is -
.

m e thod o f d ivi s i on o f th e we s t e nd o f th e ch a p e l i n to two

floor s is v e ry u s u a l i t wa s e m pl oy e d t wi c e a t Wa rk worth both ,

i n th e c h a p e l a tt a ch e d to th e d o m e s t i c bu i l d i ng s a l r e a dy
d e s c ri be d a nd i n th e c h a p e l o f th e l a t e r to we r hou se on th e
,
-

m ou n t . I t m ay a l s o b e s e e n i n th e c h a p e l at B e rk e l e y a nd ,

i n m a ny m a n or hou se s a s a t C o m pton Wyn i a t e s A t Lud l o w

-
,
.

we h a v e n ot ic e d th a t th e r e wa s a s e con d c h a p e l fo r th e g a rri s on
i n th e out e r wa rd bu i l t i n th e fou rt e e n t h c e n tu ry : w i t h th i s th e
,

a rr a ng e m e n t a t th e To we r o f Lon d on m ay b e co m p a r e d w h e r e ,

t h e roy a l ch a p e l o f S t J oh n is i n t h e W h i t e to we r bu t th e ,

g a rri s on ch a p e l o f S t P e t e r wa s bu i l t o n th e n orth s i d e o f th e
i n n e r wa rd T h e c h a p e l a t e n i l worth wa s ag a i n s t th e s ou th
. K
w a l l o f th e ou t e r w a rd Th e r e was a ch a p e l on th e s outh s i d e
.

o f th e i n n e r wa rd a t A l n wi c k A s a ru l e ho we v e r o n ly o ne .
, ,

c h a p e l w oul d b e provi d e d T h e ch a p e l s fou n d i n to we r k e e p s

.
-

h a v e a l re a dy b e e n d i s cu s s e d : w i th th e e x c e pt ion o f N e wc a s tl e
a n d O l d S a ru m th e y we r e a s a ru l e pri v a t e ch a p e l s or m e r e
, , ,

or a to ri e s .

I n l a t e r c as t l e s two con s i d e r a ti on s d e t e r m i n e d th e p l a n n i n g
,

o f th e c h a p e l I t wa s pl a c e d so th a t th e a l t a r s hou l d b e a s
.

n e a rly a s po s s i bl e a g a i n s t th e e as t wa l l a nd s o th a t th e r e s hou l d ,

b e d i r e ct a cc e s s from th e priv a t e a p a rt m e n t s to t h e g a l l e ry a t
t h e we s t e n d T h e s e con d i t ion s a re m e t both i n th e e a rl i e r a nd
.

l a t e r ch a p e l s a t \V a rkwo rth : th e y c a n b e t r a c e d i n th e pl a n o f
B od i a m a n d oth e r l a t e m e d i e v a l c as t l e s A t B e rk e l e y ( 1 8 6 ) w h e r e .

t h e s ol a r bl oc k was a t righ t a ngl e s to th e h a l l a g a i n s t th e s ou th , ,

or m or e corr e ctly th e s outh we s t c u rt a i n th e c h a p e l fi l l s th e

, ,
~

a ngl e b e t we e n t h e bu i l d i n g s a nd th e e n t r a n c e is m as k e d by a ,

v e s t i bu l e fro m w h i ch a v i c e l e d to th e pr i v a t e a p a rt m e n t s Th e .

a l t a r is pl a c e d r a th e r n orth o f e as t a g a i n s t t h e w a l l a t th e b a c k

o f t h e h a l l d a i s a n d t h e g a l l e ry a t t h e oppo s i t e e n d w as e n t e r e d
,
‘ '

fro m th e gr e a t c h a m b e r Th e m a i n a x i s o f t h e ch a p e l is a t a n
.

obtu se a n gl e to th a t o f th e h a l l a nd a v e s t ry was m a d e i n th e ,

s outh e a s t c orn e r
-
wh e r e t h e wa l l d i vid i n g i t fro m t h e h a l l is
,

th ic k e s t I n th e pl a n o f th e gr e a t We l s h c a s tl e s o f th e l a t e r
.

p a rt o f th e th i rt e e n t h c e n tu ry t h e ch a p e l wa s u s u a l ly i n c l o s e
c on n e ct ion w i th th e d o m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s A t C on way w h e r e .
,

th e r e is a l s o a be a ut i fu l or a tory w i th a v a u l t e d c h a n c e l on th e , ,

fi r s t floor o f th e n orth e a s t to we r th e c h a p e l was for m e d by

-
,

sc r e e n i ng off t h e e as t e rn port ion o f th e gr e a t h a l l A t H a rl e ch .

th e ch a p e l wa s bu i l t a g a i ns t th e n orth c urt a i n th e s ol a r bl oc k ,
 TH E D N
WE LL I G -
HO U SE I N TH E C A TL E
S Z I I

prob ably occ u py i n g th e a n gl e b e t we e n ch a p e l a n d b a ll T h e

K
.

ch a p e l at id we l ly wa s i n th e two u pp e r s t a ge s o f t h e s out h e as t -

to we r o f th e i n n e r wa rd a n d wa s i n c l o s e c o m m u n ic at ion w ith
,

t h e h a l l a nd th e a p a rt m e n t s a dj oi n i n g i t Th e po s it ion of th e
.

b e a ut i ful l i ttl e ch a p e l a t B e a u m a ri s is so m e wh a t i s ol a t e d on ,

t h e fi r s t floor o f t h e to we r i n th e m id d l e o f t h e e as t cu rt a i n o f
th e i n n e r wa rd . Th e on ly co m m un ic a t i on w i th th e h a l l bl oc k
on th e n orth s id e o f th e c ou rt wa s th rough a l on g a nd n a rro w
p ass ag e i n th e th i c k n e s s o f th e c u rt a i n ; a nd th e ch a p e l is too
s m a l l to h a v e s e rv e d fo r t h e d e vot i on s o f a l a rg e g a rri s on It .

was s o a rr a ng e d ho we v e r th a t if t h e e n t r a n c e to th e to we r we r e
, , ,

l e ft op e n t h e s e rvi c e m igh t b e fol lo we d by wor s h i pp e r s i n th e

,

b a i l e y b e l o w A m pl e roo m ho we v e r was giv e n to th e c o n

M
.
, ,

g re gat io n i n m o s t c ase s : th e fi rs t fl o o r c h ap e l at an orb i e r

-

is a ch a m b e r o f con s id e r a bl e s i z e I t h a s a po in t e d b a rre l
.

v a u l t a nd s t a n d s a bov e a c e l l a r wh ich a l so h as a poi n t e d b a rr e l

,

v a u l t a nd con t a i n s a fi re pl a c e Th e fa s h ion of fou n d i n g

.

col l e gi a t e e s t a bl i s h m e n t s i n c as tl e s d i d n ot c e ase u n t i l th e e n d
o f th e m idd l e a g e s Th e c h a p e l
. th e t h i rd w ith i n th e c as tl e
—

w h i c h was b e gu n d u ri n g th e fi ft e e n t h c e n t u ry a t Wa rk worth
b e a r s w i tn e ss to a n i n t e n t ion o f th i s k i n d on t h e p a rt o f o ne
o f t h e e a rl s o f N orth u m b e rl a n d ; bu t th e actu a l d e t a i l s o f th e
propo s e d found a t i on a re n ot k no wn and p rob abl y we r e n e v e r ,

pl a c e d on p a p e r .
 C HA PTE R IX

C A S T LE S O F T H E T H I R T E E N T H C E N T U R Y : TH E
FO R T I F I C A T I ON O F T H E C U R T A I N

TH E kee p h ad a t r a d it ion a l i m port a n c e i n th e s c h e m e o f th e

c as tl e , a nd th e m a i n e n e rgy o f th e c as tl e bu i ld e r s o f th e t we l fth
-

c e n tu ry wa s d i r e c t e d to wa rd s s t r e n gth e n i n g its po we r o f r e s i s t
an c e . B ut th e i m prov e m e n t o f s i e g e a rt i l l e ry n a tu r a l ly tu rn e d
th e i r a tt e n t ion to th e s t r e n gth e n i n g o f th e out e r d e fe n c e s as we l l .

T h e d ay o f th e p a l i s a d e w a s p as t a nd th e s ton e cu rt a i n c a l l e d
,

fo r m or e s c i e n t i fi c t r e a t m e n t th a n i t h ad y e t r e c e i ve d . I n th e
th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry , th e n m i l i t a ry e n gi n e e r s b e g a n to con c e n t r a t e
,

th e i r i n ge n u ity u pon th e out e r wa l l s a n d e n tr a n c e s o f th e c as t l e .

Th e i r i n t e r e s t wa s t r a n s fe rre d by d e gr e e s fro m th e k e e p to th e
cu rt a i n , wh i l e , a t th e s a m e t i m e th e do m e s t ic e m pl oy m e n t o f
,

t h e k e e p c e a s e d i n fa vou r o f th e m or e co m fort a bl e q u a rt e r s
a g a i n s t t h e c as t l e w a l l
. I n th i s way , as s c i e n t i fi c fort i fi c a t i on
d e v e l op e d , t h e k e e p d ropp e d i n to a s e con d a ry po s i t i on , or wa s
l e ft out o f th e pl a n a l tog e th e r .

I n t r a c i n g th i s gr a d u a l d i sa pp e a r a n c e o f th e k e e p i t s houl d
,

b e k e pt i n m i n d th a t t h e s ton e k e e p , w h e n we fi r s t m e e t w i th i t ,
is a ct u a l ly a s uppl e m e n t o f m or e p e rm a n e n t m a t e ri a l a dd e d to a
p a l i sa d e d e n cl o s u r e I n e a rly wa l l e d e n cl o s u r e s l i k e R ich m on d
.
,

or Lud lo w, th e s ton e d e fe n c e s m ad e th e s p e c i a l provi s ion o f a

k e e p un n e c e ssa ry : th e whol e c a s t l e , prot e c t e d by its s ton e wa l l ,
h ad i n i t se l f th e s tr e ngth o f a k e e p .I t wa s on ly wh e n i t be c a m e
l i k e ly th a t th e s ton e cu rt a i n m igh t s ho w l e s s r e s i s t a n c e th a n its
bu il d e r s a n t ic i p a t e d , th a t , i n both th e c as tl e s j u s t m e n t ion e d , a
to we r k e e p was provi d e d I n both c as e s, th e to we r s tood i n th e
-
.

for e fron t o f th e d e fe n c e o f th e pri n c i p a l w a rd o f th e c as tl e . In

t h e fi r s t i n s t a n c e i t prot e ct e d th e c u rt a i n w h i l e , if a l l e l s e fa i l e d
, ,

its use th e pr i m a ry u se o f s uch bu i ld i n g s , as a n ul t i m a t e pl a c e o f

,

r e t i r e m e n t fo r th e d e fe n d e r s , cou l d b e d e m on s t r a t e d D u ri n g th e
.

r e ign o f H e n ry I I , th e s ton e k e e p wh e th e r a to we r or a s h e l l on
.
,

th e m ound , wa s th e d o m i n a t i n g fe a tu r e o f th e s ton e wa l l e d c as t l e
-
.

A t Con i s brough a nd P e m brok e ( 1 8 1 ) th e gr e a t to we r s t i l l k e e p s

its prid e o f pl ac e , bu t th e cu rt ai n s of t h e ward i n wh i ch i t
PE M BR K
O E : inne r id
s e of ga th
e o us e
 TH E F R T I F I CAT I N
O O OF T H E C U RTA I N 2 1 5

t nd s h a v e b e e n bu i l t or r e con s t ruct e d wi th a vi e w to e ffe ct u a l

s a

fl a n k i n g ; wh i l e th e two s e m ic i r c ul a r to we r s wh ich gu a rd e d th e
s outh e rn cu rt a i n o f t h e i n n e r w a rd a t P e m brok e we r e e vid e n tly

a n a d d i t ion a ft e r t h e k e e p h ad be e n bu i l t I n c as tl e s l i k e
M
.
,

a n orb i e r th e ol d e s t p a rt s o f wh i ch a re o f t h e l a t e r p a rt o f t h e
,

t we l fth c e n tu ry th e bu i l d e r s r e tu rn e d to t h e origi n a l k e e p l e ss
,

pl a n o f R i c h m on d a nd Lud l o w T h e c a re wh i c h i n th e e a rl i e r .
, ,

c a s t l e s h ad be e n e x p e n d e d u pon a s i n gl e r a l ly i n g poi n t i n th e
,

s ch e m e o f d e fe n c e was no w a ppl i e d to t h e whol e out e r w a l l o f

,

th e c as tl e so th a t i t b e g a n to offe r a con n e ct e d fron t to a n

,

a tt a c k .

D u ri n g th e t r a n s i t i on ho we v e r th e k e e p as we h av e s e e n
G
, , , ,

r e c e i v e d it s fu l l s h a r e O f a tt e n t ion A t C h at e a u a i l l a rd ( 1 6 3 ) i t .
-

was a n i n t e gr a l p a rt o f o ne u n i t e d d e s ign th e out e r d e fe n c e s of ,

wh ich r e m a i n to b e d e s c ri be d Th e gr e a t to we r is a t th e h igh e s t .

po i n t o f th e i n n e r or th i rd wa rd wh ich for m s a n i rr e gu l a r ov a l , .

B u t b e for e r e ach i n g th i s wa rd t wo out e r l i n e s o f d e fe n c e h a d

, ,

to b e for c e d T h e re w as on ly o ne po s s i bl e a pp ro a ch fo r a
.

b e s i e gi n g a r m y a l on g th e i s th m u s on t h e s outh e as t s id e o f th e
,
-

c l i ff O n th i s s id e th e c a s t l e prop e r w a s p rot e ct e d by a po we r fu l
.

ou t work wh ich offe r e d a s h a rp a ngl e to th e i s th m u s W h e n

, .

P h i l i p A ugu s tu s be g a n to us e h is m a ch i n e s a g a i n s t th e c as t l e i n
F e bru a ry 1 2 0 3 4 th e rou n d to we r a t th e a p e x o f th i s horn work 1
-
,
-

wa s th e m a i n obj e c t o f h is a tt a c k T h e s l op i n g s id e s o f th e .

a n gl e we r e fl a n k e d by t wo s m a l l e r rou n d to we r s wh i l e t h e ,

e n tr a n c e c l o s e to t h e n orth a n gl e w as cov e r e d on o ne s id e by a
, ,

cyl i nd ric a l to we r to wh i ch th e r e wa s prob ably a corr e s pond i n g

,

to we r i n th e oppo s i t e c u rt a i n T h e h orn wor k was s u rrou n d e d .

-

by a n ou t e r d i tch T h e s t r e ngth o f th e c u rt a i n s e e m s to h a v e
.

be e n l i ttl e a ffe ct e d by th e s i e g e e n gi n e s B r e ac h e s both h e r e —

.
,

a nd i n th e i n n e r w a rd we r e n ot m a d e u n t i l P h i l i p s m i n e r s h ad
’

we a k e n e d th e m as on ry by bori ng g a l l e ri e s b e n e a th i t A v e ry .

d e e p d itc h w i th pe rpe n d i cu l a r s id e s c ut i n t h e ch a l k s tr e tch e d , ,

a c ro s s t h e w hol e r idg e a n d d iv id e d th e out w ork fro m t h e m id d l e

,

w a rd wh ich w as c a pp e d a t t h e a ngl e s by cyl i nd ri c a l to we r s a nd

, ,

con t a i n e d bu i l d i n g s o f w h i ch t h e s u b s t ruct u re s a nd s o m e c e l l a r s ,

e xc a v a t e d i n t h e c h a l k a re l e ft Th e c u rt a i n o f th i s wa rd wa s
, .

con t i n u e d a l on g th e fac e o f th e pr e c i pi c e and th e n orth e as t e rn -

s l op e so
,
a s pr ac t ic a l ly to e n c l o s e t h e i n n e r wa rd Th e two .

wa rd s ho we v e r we r e n ot con c e n t ric fo r th e i n n e r w a rd occu pi e d

, , ,

o ne e n d o f t h e s p a c e e n cl o s e d by t h e m id d l e w a rd fro m wh i c h ,

1
rd h rn w rk d m i l n
T h e wo r v l i w r pp l i d in l t r ” “ ”

rti fi ti fl nk d t rk hi h pr nt d l i nt n l fi ld
s o -
o ,
e u e, or a e n, e e a e a e
fo wo w g e to th e
id tt k h d n in m idd l nrl
ca on to a e ou s c e se e a sa e a e ,

th e s e ofa To e fe th e age s th e
nm b rbi h v b iv n
on ac s uc ce s e
.

ge e a
a e of m a c an se e s to a e een g e .
2 16 M I L I A RY A R T C I T E CT U R E
H

it wa sd i vid e d by a d i tch Th e wa l l o f th e i n n e r wa rd was th e .

m o s t r e m a rk abl e a nd origi n a l o f th e d e fe n c e s o f th e c a s t l e I ts .

whol e out e r fac e s a v e on th e s id e n e x t th e pr e c i pi c e was for m e d

.
,

o f a s e ri e s o f con v e x c u rv e s i n t e r se ct i n g w i th e a ch oth e r so th a t ,

no fl a t s u r fa c e wa s l e ft Th e wa l l is s ol id a nd l ook i ng a t its .
,

fl ut e d out e r s u r fa c e we m ay we l l a d m i r e P h i l i p s m i l i t a ry s k i l l
, ,

wh i c h fou nd i t a n ot too for m i d a bl e ob s t ac l e A g a t e wa y i n t h e .

e a s t fa c e g a v e a cc e s s to th e i n n e r w a rd fro m t h e n a rro we s t port ion

o f t h e m i dd l e wa rd a n d t h e d i t c h a t th i s poi n t was origi n a l ly

,

c ro s se d by a s ton e c a u se way T h e proj e ct i ng s pu r o f th e gr e a t .

to we r fa c e d th e g a t e way Th e w hol e for m id abl e d e s ign was .

p e r fe ct fro m th e po i n t o f vi e w o f fl a n k i n g wh i l e th e pl a n was a ,

s t e p to w a rd s t h e con c e n t ri c a rr a n g e m e n t o f o n e wa rd w i th i n

a n oth e r Th e pro m i n e n c e o f th e k e e p i n th e pl a n was ho we v e r

.
, ,

a n a rch a ic fe a tu r e ; a n d t h e h i s tory o f t h e s i e g e o f 1 2 0 4 s ho ws

v e ry c l e a rly th a t th e gre a t to we r was pr a ct i c a l ly a s upe rfl u ity ,

a nd th a t th e l as t hop e s o f th e d e fe n d e r s we r e c e n t r e d i n th e

wa l l o f th e i n n e r wa rd W h e n P h i l i p s m i n e r s h ad e n d a n g e r e d
.
’

its s t abi l ity a n d h is e n gi n e s we r e brough t to pl ay upon th e

,

1
we a k e n e d s ton e wor k th e i r hop e was l o s t
G
.
,

Th e i n v e n t iv e s k i l l s ho w n i n th e i n n e r w a l l o f C h at e a u a i l l a rd -

wa s n ot d i s pl ay e d a g a i n i n th e s a m e fo r m B ut a s t e p i n t h e .

fl a n k i ng o f th e c u rt a i n by rou n d to we r s is se e n i n th e wa l l o f
Con i s brough H e r e th e i n n e r wa rd is n e a rly ov a l a nd th e ,

s o uth e rn h a l f o f t h e c u rt a i n i n wh i ch is con t a i n e d th e e n t r a n c e ,

fro m th e ou t work s is s t r e n gth e n e d by s m a l l s ol i d to we r s wi th

,

b att e r in g b ase s proj e ct i n g s o m e two th i rd s o f a c i r c l e fro m th e

,
-

wa l l 2
S uch s ol id proj e ct i on s fo r fl an k i n g pu rpo s e s a re fou n d
K
.

a t S c a rborough a n d n a r e s borough a nd cou l d b e e a s i ly a d d e d ,

to a n e a rl i e r wa l l wh e n n e c e s s i ty r e qu i re d For th e con v e n i e n c e
,
.

o f th e d e fe n d e r s ho we ve r l a rg e r to we r s w i t h roo m s on e a ch
, ,

floor we re d e s i r a bl e ; a nd th e a c tu a l i m prov e m e n t o f th e d e fe n c e s
o f t h e c u rt a i n is s e e n i n t h e m u l t i pl ic a t ion o f s u ch to we r s s o a s ,

to l e av e n o p a rt o f th e wa l l un fl ank e d Th e c i rcu l a r o r polygon a l .

-

for m wa s a l m o s t u n iv e r s a l ly a d opt e d fo r th e m .

1
ini p r ti n
Th e m l Ch t G i ll rd w r s uc c e s s fu a e au
ith t th ir dn r m in r In i C y by
ng o e a o s, so at -
a a , e e no t
w wn th e th e of th e
t int i tr diti l m th d d nd m in
ou e o a ge to e s . s e ge o uc

of Sa Po l th e w as
t r f b rt p rty b i r d dd
c o un -
n 141 1, a o na e o us e to u er e
o ne o f th e o we s o t he A o f th e
d m ir pr p r ti n w d n ty h vr r tr
a se c o u -
. a e s e ge s e sce n e to
th e Th e o we we
h pp rt i ht t r hi h ll xp t d ly
a e e a a o s . oo e s a s, e , e no t s o ng
th e we g of th e we w fe an d
b ri d m in m i h ir r m in h v n v r m l i ht
e no ug to s u o o , c une ec e ,

th e th e T e
h dditi ll pr b b ly m d t r b i l din
u e en nee a s a e
. e e co e to g .

o n s to th e wa ,
2
T a e so o n a f e th e
r t yl indri l t w r r l i r p rt
e s e are a o a u g
f th e g e a c ll m T h e wa se e s to b e o f th e e a e of

t w l th t ry m h v l d b i l y r m fi r t N
o ca o e . a
th e e f a nd th e fo th e
tr t r m in
ce n u ,
ay a e e nc o se a e s . o
ac e s o f a m o un e a .
C I
ON S BR O UG H : b rbi n
a ca of i r b il y
nne a e

MAN RB I R CA T E r
O E S L f om so u th -
we s t
 TH E F R TIF I C A TI N
O O OF TH E CU RTA I N 2 1 9

W a rk wort h ( 4 9 ) is a n e x a m pl e o f a t we l fth c e n t ury c as tl e i n -

w h i c h a n a ppro ac h wa s m ad e to a n a d e qu a t e ly d e fe n d e d cu rt a i n ,
a l though w i th l on g d i s t a n c e s b e t we e n t h e to we r s T h e a rr a n g e .

m e n t ho we v e r is a c o m pl e t e c on t r as t to th e h a ph a z a rd proj e ct ion
, ,

o f to we r s fro m e a rl i e r c u rt a i n s , a s a t Lud lo w T h e c a s tl e s t a n d s .

h igh on t h e righ t b a n k o f th e Coqu e t : th e ri v e r b e n d s rou nd i t ,

s o th a t th e on ly l e v e l a ppro a ch is fro m th e pl a t e a u on t h e we s t

s id e ,
a n d t h e to w n c l i m b s t h e ton gu e o f l a n d be t we e n t h e c a s tl e

a nd t h e ri v e r 1
Th e m oun t is a t t h e a p e x o f t h e c a s tl e s i t e
. ,

i m m e d i a t e ly a bov e th e to w n O n t h e we s t s id e o f th e e n c lo s u r e
.

t h e c u rt a in , wh ich is s tron g a n d th i c k , is u nbrok e n by a n y to we r :

a g a i n s t t h e i n n e r fac e a re t h e d o m e s t i c bu i ld i ng s T h e s out h .

wa l l w h i c h c on t a i n s t h e g a t e hou s e is fl a n k e d by two a ngl e

, ,

to we r s o n th e we s t by th e to we r k n o w n a s C rad y fa rgus , a nd
,
”

o n th e e a s t by a s qu a re to we r c a l l e d t h e A m bl e to we r ,
In .

t h e e as t w a l l , w h ich c o m m a n d e d th e a sc e n t fro m t h e to w n , is
a h a l f o c t a gon to w e r , i n e ac h fac e o f w h i c h is a hug e l oop fo r
-

a c ro s s b o w s o th a t a fe w a r c h e r s c ou l d e ffe c tu a l ly r a k e th e p a t h
-
,

o ut s id e w i th th e i r fi re O f th e se to we r s C ra d y fa rg us proj e c t s
.
,

i n to t h e c as tl e e n c lo s ur e w i t h a bl un t a ngl e its wa l l s on th i s ,

s id e b e i n g a m e r e c on t i n u a t i on o f t h e c u rt a i n Th e b a se m e n t .

wa s e n t e r e d fro m t h e c e l l a r b e h i n d t h e h a l l t h e fi r s t floor fro m ,

th e gr e a t c h a m b e r a bov e a n d th e s e c on d fl oor by a s t a i r i n t h e
,

th ic k n e s s o f th e wa l l fro m th e v e s t i bul e or l a nd i n g we s t o f th e ,

gre a t c h a m b e r Th e proj e cti on o f th e e a s t e rn to we r is e n t i r e l y

.

out wa rd : its i n t e rn a l fa c e wa s fl at T h e r e wa s a b a s e m e n t a n d
.

t wo floor s : t h e fi r s t floo r h a d a n e xt e rn a l s t a i r fro m th e w a rd ,

bu t i t d o e s n ot a pp e a r h o w th e se con d floo r wa s r e ach e d though ,

th e j a m b o f a d oor m ay s t i l l b e se e n Th e e a s t to w e r h a d a .

g a rd e rob e n e a r th e e n tr a n c e o f th e b a s e m e n t a nd on th e fi r s t
—

floor : i n C ra d y fa rgus th e r e a re on ly t r a c e s Of g a rd e rob e -

a rr a n g e m e n t s A l though th e s p a c e e n c l o s e d by th e w a l l s w as
.

l a rg e a n d th e fl a n k i ng by no m e a n s p e r fe ct , th e two m o s t a ss a i l
,

a bl e s id e s o f t h e fort r e s s w e r e v e ry s e c u r e T h e g a t e hou s e , a .

bu i l d i n g o f a bou t t h e y e a r 1 2 0 0 for m e d a n i n t e r m e d i a t e
proj e c t ion i n th e s outh wa l l be t we e n C rad y fa rgus a nd th e A m bl e
to we r : th e g at e wa y is r e c e s s e d b e t we e n two h a l f o c t a gon tu rre t s -
.

T h e pr e fe r e n c e o f polygon a l for m s fo r th e d e fe n c e s o f th i s c as tl e
r
is r a th e r ch a r ac t e i s t i c o f th e n ort h o f E n gl a n d T h e re was .
,

ho we v e r a c on s e rv a t iv e s pi ri t i n th i s d i s t ri c t wh i ch is s e e n i n
, ,

th e r e t e n t ion o f t h e r e ct a n gu l a r for m fo r t h e A m bl e to we r .

E v e n i n a fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry c as tl e l i k e D uns ta n b u rgh th e a n gl e

-

”
to we r s a re r e c t a n gu l a r i n fo r m ; wh i l e th e p e l e to we r o f th e
“
-

1
The p iti on of pp l by t A o wn an d tl ithin
w r t s we e p of th e
dn h t imil r
os e ca s e, a g ea
E e , is so m e w a s a .
2 20 M ILI ARY AR T C I T E CT U R E
H

n orth e rn bord e r s t hroughout th e m i dd l e ag e s s h o ws n o i m port a n t

, ,

v a ri a t ion fro m th e s q u a r e for m .

Th e i m port a n c e gi ve n to t h e g at e hou s e at W a rk w orth wa s

'

a s ign o f t h e t i m e s We h av e s e e n h o w a t L e we s a nd T i ck h i l l
.
, ,

t h e fi r s t though t o f th e bu i l d e r s wa s to prov id e th e i r e a rth

work s w i th a s ton e hou s e o f e n t ry N or m a n g a t e hou se s we r e .

v e ry s i m pl e i n con s t ru c t ion Th e g a t e hou s e a t W a rk worth on .

,

t h e ot h e r h a n d wa s a nyth i n g bu t s i m pl e i n its a rr a ng e m e n t s
, ,

a nd a ll t h e for e thought po ss i bl e wa s t a k e n fo r its d e fe n c e .

Th e r e a re th r e e s tori e s th e l o we s t of wh i c h is th e v a u l t e d h a l l
,

o f e n t r a nc e to th e c a s t l e fl a n k e d i n t h e grou n d fl o o r o f th e h al f
, ,
-

oct agon to we r s by gu a rd roo m s d e s c ri b e d i n th e s u rv e y o f 1 5 6 7

,
-

as a port e r s l odg e a n d a p ri s on T h e d e fe n c e s o f th e p as sa g e
’
.

n e e d c lo s e a tt e n t ion T h e e n t r a n c e was cl o se d by a g a t e w h ic h
.

op e n e d o ut wa rd s an d s tood a bou t 4 fe e t i n a d v a n c e o f th e
,

port c ul l i s : th e s p ac e b e t we e n wa s co m m a n d e d by a rro w l oop s -

i n th e wa l l s o f t h e gu a rd roo m s T h e h e r s e o f th e port c u l l i s .

s e e m s to h a v e b e e n w ork e d fro m t h e s e c on d floo r o f t h e g a t e

hou se : th e u pp e r a n d bro a d e r port i on ra n i n a groov e wh i c h

1

c e a s e s a t t h e l e v e l o f th e s t ri n g cou r s e b e l o w th e v a u l t o f t h e -

p a s s ag e wh i l e th e l o we r d e s c e n d e d to th e grou n d B e yon d
, .

th e portcu l l i s th e p as s ag e w a s k e pt u n d e r ob s e rv a t ion th rough

,

c ro ss loop s i n th e s id e w a l l s
-
T h e v a u l t s topp e d 5 fe e t s hort .

o f t h e i n n e r g a t e w ay a n d th e p a ss a g e w a s cov e r e d by a w ood e n
,

roo f O n e a ch s id e o f th e i n n e r g a t e way we r e t h e e n tr a n c e s
.

to th e gu a rd roo m s w h ich fl a n k e d th e w hol e p a ss ag e

-
,
.

T h e pl a n o f th e c as tl e g at e h o u s e a t W a rk worth wa s th a t o f
th e gr e a t m aj ori ty o f m e d i e v a l g a t e hou s e s w h e th e r i n c a s tl e s ,

o r i n th e wa l ls o f fort i fi e d to wn s Th e grou n d fl o o r o f th e .
-

m a i n bl ock o f bu i l d i ng w h i ch g e n e r a l ly h a d two u pp e r floor s , ,

con t a i n e d th e h a l l o f e n t ry a nd wa s fl a n k e d by two c yl i nd ri c a l o r ,

oct agon a l to we r s th e l o we s t s tori e s o f wh ic h w e r e gu a rd roo m s

,
-
,

a nd we r e pi e rc e d w i th Ioop s co m m a n d i n g t h e a ppro a ch a n d t h e

p a s sag e U s u a l ly th e g at e way was pl a c e d a t t h e b a c k o f a n

.

a rch e d r e c e ss w h ich for m e d a porch

,
T h e po s i t i on o f th e g a t e .

a nd portcul l i s a t \V a rk wo rth wa s r a th e r e x c e pt i on a l O rd i .

n a ri ly th e portc ul l i s d e sc e nd e d i n fron t o f th e g a t e w h i c h ,

op e n e d i n wa rd s a nd w a s s e c u r e d w h e n c l o s e d by o ne o r
, , ,

m o r e d r aw b a r s -
T h i s ho we v e r w a s i m po s s i bl e w h e r e th e g a t e
.
, , , ,

as a t W a rk worth op e n e d ou t wa rd s s o th a t th e u s u a l a rr a ng e
, ,

m e n t h a d to b e r e v e r s e d B ut w h i l e th e a c t u a l pl a n o f t h e .
,

g a t e hou s e k e pt its g e n e r a l c h a r a ct e ri s t i c s w i th l i tt l e c h an g e th e ,

1
A p rt m nt kn n C n t b l l d in r fir t fl
ow th e
’
g , we th e r
th p rt ll i pr b b ly d d d thr h thi k
a e s, as o s a e s o g e on s oo
o f th e th e th e
th ll thi fl r hi h pi r d wi d
ga e o use : o cu s o a e sce n e o ug c ne ss
o f th e s o u wa of s oo w c wa s no t e ce fo r a n ow .
,
 K
WAR WO R T H ga th
e o use

K
WAR W O R T H : t r o we on mo u nt
 TH E F RT I F I CAT I N
O O OF TH E C U R TA I N 22 3

d e fe n c e s o f th e e n t r a n c e we r e m u l t i pl i e d T h u s t h e B y wa rd .

to we r th e o ut e r g at e hou s e o f th e To we r o f Lon don h a d a n o ut e r

, ,

portcu l l i s i n fron t o f a wood e n d oo r op e n i n g i n wa rd s b e h i n d ,

wh i ch w a s a s e con d port c ul l i s blo c k i n g th e e n t r a n c e to t h e

r
,

i n n e r a nd w id e r port ion o f th e p as s a g e w h ich h a d a t i m be ,

c e i l i n g I n a d d i t ion to th i s be t we e n t h e out e r portc u l l i s a nd

.
,

t h e g a t e th e v a u l t wa s c ro s s e d by a ri b pi e r c e d w i th t h r e e hol e s
, , ,

w h i c h a l l o we d th e d e fe nd e r s to h a r as s a n a tt ac k i n g p a rty fro m
a bov e a n d a l s o c ou l d b e u se d fo r s t r e n gth e n i n g t h e g a t e i n t i m e
,

o f s i e g e by a t i m b e r fr a m e work t h e u pp e r e nd s o f w h i c h we r e ,

fi x e d i n th e hol e s S u c h hol e s wh ich we r e n ot m e re ly m ac h ic o l a

.
,

t ion s i n th e v a u l t a re fou n d e l s e wh e r e as i n th e g a t e hou se s o f

, ,

P e m brok e a nd W a r w i c k c a s tl e s a nd th e we s t g a t e hou s e o f th e
to wn o f S outh a m pton I n th i s l as t c ase a s i n gl e r e ct an gul a r .
,

g a t e to we r proj e c t e d fro m th e i n n e r fa c e o f th e w a l l on ly n e x t
-

t h e to w n Th e g at e o f th e p as sa g e t h rough t h e grou n d floo r

.

was d e fe n d e d u pon it s out e r fac e by th e s e hol e s a lon e : th e r e

we r e t wo portcu l l i se s bu t both we r e u pon th e m n e r s id e o f th e
,

g at e I t is po ss ibl e t h a t s uc h hol e s we r e origi n a l ly l e ft to fi x

.

t h e c e n t e ri n g of t h e v a u l t wh e n i t wa s fi r s t bu i l t : th e y c onv e rg e
to wa rd s o ne a no th e r a nd p rob a bly w e r e n ot fi l l e d u p a ft e r wa rd s
’

, ,

i n v i e w o f th e i r d e fe n s i v e use }
,

O ne pro m i n e n t fe a t u r e , ho we v e r o f t h e d e fe n c e s o f a g a t e ,

way as t i m e we n t o n wa s th e p rov i s i on o f m ach icol a t i on s i n

, , ,

th e s h a p e o f l on g r e c t a n gu l a r s l i t s i n t h e v a u l t o f th e p assa g e ,

a n d i n t h e a rch i n fron t o f t h e port c u l l i s I n s o m e c ase s wh e r e .

th e y occu r i n con n e ct i on w ith a port c ul l i s th e y m ay h a v e b e e n ,

u se d fo r a h e a vy wood e n fr a m e wh i c h cou l d on oc c as ion r e i n ,

forc e th e 1 ron h e r s e o f t h e portcu l l i s A t W a rk worth th e r e 1 5 n o .

origi n a l a rr a n g e m e n t o f t h i s k i n d : th e wa l l o f th e fi r s t floor
a bov e th e g a t e way proj e c t s s l ightly upon a ro w o f corbe l s but ,

th i s was d on e m e r e ly to gi ve i t ad d i t ion a l s t r e ngth A t a l a t e r .

d a t e ho we v e r th e p a r a p e t a t th e top o f th e g a t e hou s e was

, ,

c orbe l l e d ou t a n d th e s p a c e s b e t w e e n th e c orbe l s l e ft op e n fo r
,

m a ch icol a t ion s Fro m th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e th i r tee nth c e nt u ry

.

on wa rd s th e u s u a l a rr a n g e m e n t as at C h e p s to w or T utbu ry was
, , ,

to c a rry th e p a r a p e t upon a n a rch i n a d v a n c e o f th e m a i n fa c e

o f t h e g a t e hou se fro m o n e to we r to t h e oth e r a n d to l e a v e t h e
, ,

s p ac e be t we e n th e p a r a p e t a n d t h e m a i n wa l l op e n s o th a t i t ,

co m m a n d e d th e fi e l d i m m e d i a t e ly i n fron t o f t h e portc ul l i s .

Th e e ffe ct o f r e c e ss in g t h e fron t o f th e g at e hou se w i th i n a t a l l

1
n id th t m l t n l
Th e mm o d p r d thr h th h l
was
b i r m r l nd Thi v l bl m t ri l l d h rd ly h v
co ea a o e ea ou e o ug e se o es on

th e is wo u
b n m p l d thi p rp d r d i k lim h v r m h v
e s e ge s a e e e ge . s a ua e a e a a a e

fo r Po w o we

b n d ith v m r d dly t qu c
ee e o ye s u o se . e e -
e, e ,
ay a e
ee us e ,
w e en o e ea e ffe c .

2
5
224 M I LI T A RY A R C I T E CT U RE
H

m gn i fic n t fro m t h poi n t of vi w o f d e s ign

out e r a rch y wa is a e ,
e e .

d ign of g t hou r e a ch e s it s h igh e s t po i n t i n th e gr e a t

The e s a e se s

g a t e hou se o f D e n bigh w i th its oct a gon a l g a t e h a l l , a nd i n th e -

K
,

i ng s g at e way a t C a rn a rvon wh e r e th e e n cl o s i n g a rch , r e c e ss

’
,

i ng th e two l o we r s t ag e s o f th e g a t e hou se , b e a r s th e out e r wa l l

f th e upp e r floo r
K id w l ly
o
I n s o m e i n st an c e s a s at P e m brok e ( 2 2 4 ) a nd e
,

Pe m br k C t l
o e as e I nt ri r
e o o f ga t e wa y

wh e r e th e g a t e hou se p ass ag e was d e fe n d e d by i n n e r an d out e r

portc ul l i se s th e r e a re a s m a ny as th re e ch ase s o r s l ot s i n th e
,

v a u l t b e t we e n th e out e r a nd i n n e r e n t r a n c e s A t P e m b rok e . ,

wh e r e th e g at e hou se h as th e u n u s u a l fe a tu r e o f two fl a n k i n g
to we r s o f s e m ic i rcu l a r proj e ct i on on th e s i d e n e xt th e wa rd
, ,

a n a rch was th ro wn ou t fro m o n e to we r to th e oth e r s o m e ,

d 1 s ta n c e a d v a n c e o f th e i n n e r a r c h wa y I t is d i ffi c u l t to se e
.

h o w th l s 1 n n e r b a rbic a n a s i t m ay b e c a l l e d wa s i n t e n d e d to b e
, ,
 TH E F R TIF I C T I N
O A O OF T H E C U RTA I N 22 5

of use to a n a l r e a dy s trongly prot e c t e d g a t e way ; but th e s p a c e

w i th i n i t m ay h a v e b e e n cov e r e d by a wood e n pl a t for m a cc e s s i bl e ,

fro m th e fi r s t floor o f t h e g a t e hou s e fro m w h i ch th e i n t e rior o f ,

t h e c a s t l e cou l d b e co m m a n d e d a nd a n e n e m y w h o h a d for c e d a n ,

e n tr a n c e coul d b e se riou s ly a n n oy e d Th e v a u l t o f th e e n t r a n c e
.

p assa g e wa s g e n e r a l ly a poi n t e d b a rr e l v a ul t s t r e ngth e n e d by -

,

t r a n s v e r s e r ib s at i n t e rv a l s ; bu t th e bro a d e r s p a c e i n th e c e n tr e
o f th e p ass a ge wa s
o ft e n c e i l e d a s i n th e
,

B y wa rd to w e r w i th ,

t i m be r Th e e n t r a n c e
.

p ass ag e s o f th e i n n e r
g a t e hou se s o f H a rl e ch
( 2 7 4 ) a n d B e a u m a ri s

( 2 36 ) we r e roofe d w i th
wood e n c e i l i ng s s up ,

port e d by t r a n s v e r se
ri b s O f s ton e s e t w i th
o n ly a n a rro w i n t e rv a l
b e t we e n th e m .

Th e grou n d fl o o rs -

of th e fl a n k i ng to we r s
o f t h e g a t e hou s e w e r e

u s u a l l y v a ul t e d T h e .

l odg e s fro m w h i c h th e
to we r s w e r e e n t e r e d ,

u pon e ac h s i d e o f th e
i n n e r p a s s a g e h ad ,

s ton e c e i l i ng s w h e n
t h e p a ss a g e i t se l f w as
v a u l t e d th rough its
w hol e l e ngth or w h e n ,

th e y for m e d o ne roo m
w i th th e grou n d fl o o rs - id
K we ll y as l e I e o r o f ga e way C t nt ri t
o f t h e to we r s T he .

ord i n a ry pl a n h o we v e r w as to t re a t th e fl a n k i n g to we r as a n
, ,

out e r gu a rd roo m a ppro ac h e d fro m th e i n n e r l odg e I f i t wa s

-
,
.

c yl i nd ri c a l i n pl a n t h e i n t e ri or w a s a rr a n g e d a s a polygon a n d
, ,
1
v a u l t e d w i th ri b s s pri n gin g fro m s h a ft s i n th e a ngl e s Th is .

1
hi pp i
T sa r l e s o f c o u se to al mo s al l aul e o we s w c are c yl t v t dt r ca l hi h indri
in p n th t , ,

l a and n o t to ga e o use o we s al o e e g th e o we s o f th e r n t
e wa r inn r rd
C v n h r th r v tin int i p n
.
,
.

of B ut e e w e e e e is no a ul g th e er or l a o f c yl in d ri
t r ti p n in t rn n t r
o uc y .
, ,

ca l o we s is so m e m e s o lyg o a l t h e we s e a gl e o we s a t

r h fl r b t t rn
-

H a le c o n al l o o s as we l l a s in th e a se m e n I n th e e a s e ang l e

t t int ri r b nt indri
.
,

o we r s o f th e s am e c as l e th e o f th e ase m e s is c yl ca l

C rk d rib th n t r i rt
e o ,
.

l a 1 1 7 3 e sc e s e se a gl e o we s nac c u a e ly
,
.
,
-
.
2 2 6 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

pl a n m ay b e s e e n i n t h e B y wa e an e to we r o f t h erd to w r d M i dd l
To we r o f Lon don I n both to we r s th e i n n e r p a rt o f th e p ass a g e
.

was c e i l e d w i th t i m be r a n d t h e a dj ac e n t ch a m b e r s for m e d l obbi e s

M
,

to th e v a u lt e d groun d fl o o rs o f th e to we r s
-
I n th e id d l e to we r .
,

ho we v e r th e l e ft h a n d l obby wa s occup i e d by a vi c e l e a d i ng to
,
-

t h e fi r s t floor ; a n d i n t h e s a m e po s i t ion i n t h e B y wa rd to we r
a s qu a r e r e c t a ngu l a r ch a m b e r w i th a ri bbe d v a u l t .

A good n or m a l g a t e hou s e wh i ch m ay b e t a k e n a s typ ic a l of ,

t h e p e riod is th a t of R ock i ngh a m c a s tl e

, I ts d e t a i l s i nd i c a t e
th a t i t be lon g s to th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e r e i gn o f H e n ry I I I It .

is u pon th e e as t s id e o f t h e e n c l o s u r e a n d its proj e ct ion is a l m o s t ,

e n t i r e ly to wa rd s th e fi e l d Th e pl a n is a s u s u a l a r e c t a n gl e
.
, ,

w i th a p as s a g e th rough th e c e n t r e a n d w i th s e m i cyl i n d r ic a l ,

R oc kin h m C t l
g a as e ; Ga th
e o use

to we r s proj e ct i n g on e i th e r s id e of th e out e r e n tr a n c e N o .

v a ul ti ng wa s u se d T h e p assag e is e n t e r e d th rough a porc h

.

b e n e a th a d rop a rch th a t is to s ay a po i n t e d a rc h who se two

—
,

s e g m e n t s are d r a w n fro m c e n t r e s be l o w th e s pri n gi ng l i n e

a n d was gu a rd e d j u s t w i th i n th e a r c h by a portcu l l i s i n fron t
, ,

o f a wood e n d oo r A t th e i n n e r e nd o f th e p as s ag e w as a noth e r
.

d oor O p e n i ng s i n th e s id e wa l l s of th e p as s ag e co m m u n ic a t e d
.

w ith r e c t a ngu l a r ch a m b e r s ; a n d i n th e e as t w a l l s o f th e se we r e
1

d oor way s i n to se m i c i rcu l a r c h a m b e r s w i th i n th e to we r s T h e r e .

was on ly o n e u pp e r floor to th e g a t e hou s e a nd its to we r s In .

1
Th e ntr n h rd r m h r r t thi kn w iv n w
t r ll t k r m f r r w l b h p d l bb i h i h
e a ce s to s uc g ua
-
oo s, e e g ea c e ss as g e
to th e wa th e fo o w- s w
ld r f di l ty d pti tt ki r
ou e oo o na o e a e o e s, c
,

wo u be a so u ce o ffi cu an d e ce on to a n a ac ng fo ce .
 TH E FO R T I FI CA T I O N O F T H E
—

C U R T A IN 22 7

th i s s i m pl e bu i l d i n g o ne is r e m i nd e d a t on c e o f th e r e c t a ngul a r
,

s ton e g a t e hou s e o f t h e e a rly N or m a n c a s tl e wi th its u ppe r ,

c h a m be r I m prov e m e n t is s e e n i n t h e s ub s t i tut ion fo r t h e

.
,

origi n a l e n t r a n c e o f a c e n tr a l p a ss age fl a n k e d by ch a m b e r s
,

u pon th e groun d fl o o r ; i n th e a dd i t ion o f fl a n k i ng to w e r s o f

-

s c i e nt i fi c for m ; a n d i n th e prot e c t i on o f t h e t i m be r door s by

a n i ron portcu l l i s .

T h e g a t e hou s e a t N e w c as tl e k n o w n a s t h e B l a c k g a t e ,

w h ic h be c a m e th e e n t r a n c e to t h e c a s tl e i n th e th i rt e e n th
c e n tu ry is a n e x a m pl e o f a m o r e e l a bor a t e ly con s truct e d a nd
,

e xc e pt i on a l typ e T h e grou n d pl a n is s i m pl ic i ty i t s e l f a c e n tr a l
. ,

p a ss ag e fl a n k e d by to we r s c on t a i n i n g gu a rd ch a m b e r s T h e -
.

to we r s ,
ho we v e r a re n ot ,

m e r e l y proj e c t ion s fro m a

r e ct a ngu l a r body but fl a n k ,

th e w hol e g a t e wa y w i th a
w id e con v e x c u rv e T h e r e is .

a l a rg e s i n gl e v a u l t e d c h a m be r

on t h e groun d floor o f e ac h ,

l ight e d by l oop s wh i c h e n abl e d

t h e o c c u p a n t s to c o m m a n d t h e
c a s tl e d i tch T h e a rc h ite c
.
,

t u r a l d e t a i l s o f th e g a t e wa y _

a re v e ry s i m pl e but th e r e is ,

a s hort a rc ad e o f t r e foi l e d

arc h e s i n e ac h o f th e s id e
w a l l s a n d t h e v a u l t i n g o f th e
,

gu a r d roo m s pr e s e n t s s o m e
-

i ng e n iou s p e c u l i a ri t i e s Th e .
‘

upp e r port i on o f th e g a t e hou s e

was m uch a l t e r e d i n t h e s e v e n
te e n t h c e n tu ry T h e origi n a l
.
N e wc a s l e ; B l a c ga e t k t
d e s ign w i th its gr e a t s e g
,

m e n t a l fl a n k i ng to we r s m ay h av e b e e n t h e prototyp e o f t h e e v e n
,

m or e n obl e g a t e hou s e o f D un s ta n b urgh wh i c h is a work o f n e a rly ,

th re e qu a rt e r s o f a c e n tu ry l a t e r
—
1
.

T h e u p pe r fl
‘

o o rs o f th e g a t e hou s e m ay b e r e s e rv e d fo r d is

c us s io n u n t i l we co m e to th e con c e n t ri c pl a n i n w h ic h t h e g a t e ,

hou s e b e c a m e a bu i l d i n g o f e xc e pt ion a l i m po rt a n c e For .

m i l it a ry pu rpo s e s t h e o ne n e c e s s a ry upp e r c h a m be r w as th a t i n
w h i c h t h e m a ch i n e ry con t rol l i n g t h e portcu l l i s w as work e d In .

t h e floo r o f th i s roo m w a s th e upp e r e nd o f t h e groov e th rough ,

wh i ch by m e a n s o f a pul l e y i n t h e c e i l i n g th e i ron fr a m e wa s
, ,

1
k t
T h e B l a c ga e w as u l 1 2 4 7 : th e e b i t in
a nce wa s ntr
y an pr t t d b
t r b rbi in 3 5
o ec e
ou e a can 1 8 .
Wa ll e dt o wn in t t i
s a e o f s e ge
 TH E F RTI F ICATI N
O O OF T H E C U RTAI N 229

d r awn up or do wn h a ngi n g h e r e wh e n i t wa s n ot i n use to cl o s e

M
,

t h e e n t r a n c e be l o w a ny e x a m pl e s o f a portcu l l i s c h a m be r

Y
.

r e m a i n as a t B e rry P o m e roy a nd i n B o o th a m b a r a t o rk
,
1
.

T h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e c a s tl e u nd e r i m prov e d cond i t i on s o f ,

fort i fi c a t i on wa s d e fe nd e d by a n o ut work or b a rbi c a n

,
The .

te rm s e e m s to b e o f e as t e rn d e ri v a t ion was ,

u s e d i n d i sc ri m i n a t e ly to d e not e a ny out work by wh ich th e

pri n c i p a l a ppro ac h to a c a s tl e o r a g a t e way O f a to wn was
cov e r e d T h e wo rd b a r m k i n wh ich is po s s i bly as a l re a dy
.
“
,
”

,
”
n ot e d a c orru pt ion o f b a rbi c a n wa s a ppl i e d i n th e n orth
,
“
,
”
o f E n gl a nd to t h e out e r y a rd o f a p e l e or fort ifi e d ( l it e r a l ly , ,

p a l i s a d e d ) r e s id e n c e I n m a ny c as tl e s as a t Lud l o w D e nbigh
M
.
, , ,

or a n orbi e r t h e out e r wa rd was a n a dd i t ion or s u ppl e m e n t

,

to t h e pl a n o f th e c as tl e gu a rd i n g the a ppro ac h to th e i n n e r ,

Yo rk \V al mgate B a r

wa rd o r c a s t l e prop e r , a n d its c u rt a i n w as s ub s id i a ry to
th e s t ron gly fort i fi e d c u rt a i n o f th e i n n e r wa rd S uch out e r .

wa rd s o r b ase cou rt s r e se m bl e th e n orth e rn

-
“
b a r m k i n s, an
e x a ct p a r a l l e l to wh ic h is s e e n i n th e b as e cou rt o f th e fi fte e n th -

c e n tu ry fort i fi e d hou se o f W ing fi e l d C ove ri n g out wo rk s we re .

by n o m e a n s u n co m m on an d a l s o s e rv e d th e pu rpo s e o f a
G
,

b a rb i c a n A s a t C h at e a u a i l l a rd t h e y m ight t a k e th e form of
.
-
,

a w a l l e d out e r wa rd o r , as a t Ll a n d ov e ry t h e y m ight b e horn

, ,

s h ape d e a rth work s , th ro wn ou t a t a n e xpo se d po i n t i n th e

d e fe n c e s i n e ith e r c ase t h e y h ad th e i r o wn d i tch , an e xt e n s ion
,

o f th e m a i n d i tch o f t h e c a s t l e B ut t h e b a rbic a n prop e r was a .

wa l l e d e xt e n s ion o f a g a t e hou se to th e fi e l d , con fi n i n g th e

1
H l in th e m a so n yf o r th e b m to w hi ch p th e ll y was fix d m
in t Cn h dd l n
o es r ea u e e ay

be se e n, e .
g .
,
th e ga e wa ys at o way and R u a .
2 30 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

a ppro ach to th e l i m i t e d a re a o f a n a rro w p ass a g e T h e m o s t .

s i m pl e i n s t a n c e is th e b a rbic a n i n fron t o f \V al m gate b a r a t

Y ork wh e r e a g at e hou se origi n a l ly o f t h e t we l fth c e n t u ry
, ,

wa s s t r e ngth e n e d by th e add i t ion upon th e out e r s id e o f t wo , ,

p a r a l l e l wa l l s a t right a n gl e s to th e s id e s o f th e g at e way T h u s .
,

i n ord e r to forc e th e g a t e s a n a t t ac k i n g p a rty woul d h av e to

,

t r a v e r se a l on g and n a rro w a l l e y b e t we e n h igh wa l l s i n wh i ch ,

th e y we r e e x po s e d to th e m i s s i l e s o f th e d e fe nd e r s con c e n t r a t e d
u pon th e m fro m th e r a m p a rt s of th e g a t e hou s e a nd th e adj ac e n t
wa l l .

T h e b a rbic a n was i n fa c t a n a pp l i c a t ion to t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e

, ,

o f th e c a s tl e o f th e for m o f d e fe n c e h i th e rto a ppl i e d m o s t

s c i e n t i fi c a l ly to th e for e bu i l d i ng of th e k e e p
-
1
I ts g e n e r a l .

e m pl oy m e n t as a n ou t e r d e fe n c e wa s t h e d i r e ct c on s e q u e n c e o f

th e r e m ov a l o f i n t e r e s t fro m th e k e e p to t h e c u rt a i n N ot .

m e r e ly h ad t h e w a l l i t s e l f to o ffe r a s tout r e s i s t a n c e to a tt a c k ,

so th a t e v e ry poi n t wa s s i m u l t a n e ou s l y e n g ag e d i n a ct iv e
d e fe n c e ; bu t th e m a i n a ppro ach e s h ad to b e s o a rr a ng e d as
to i n vol v e a n e n e m y i n p e rpl e x i ty I n th e prot e ct i on o f th e .

m a i n a v e n u e s o f a cc e ss t o th e to wn o r c as tl e we a rr iv e a t a n ,

u n con sc i ou s r e prod uct ion i n s ton e o f th e m e thod s e m p loy e d by

pr e h i s tor ic bu i l d e r s o f e a rth wor k E x p e ri e n c e t a ught th e .

e ngi n e e r s o f th e t h i rt e e n th a n d fou rt e e n t h c e n tu ri e s t h e l e s s on s

wh ic h sh e h ad t a ugh t th e m a k e r s o f a i d e n C as tl e an d th e M ,

a dopt ion o f t h e con c e n t ri c pl a n o f fort i fi c a t ion

,
fol l o we d as a
m att e r o f cou r s e .

T h e con t r a ct ion o f t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e o f th e c as t l e by a
b a rbic a n is we l l s e e n a t B a m bu rgh C on i s brough a nd S c a r
,

borough I n th e fi rs t t wo i n s t a n c e s o wi n g to th e i s ol a t e d
'

po s i t ion o f th e fo rt r e ss a nd th e n a t u r e o f th e groun d out s id e

, ,

t h e m a i n a ppro a ch w ou l d h a v e t o b e i n a n y c as e by a p a th m a d e
u p t h e s t e e p fac e o f th e h i l l a nd i m m e d i a t e ly b e l o w th e c u rt a i n
, .

B a m bu rgh was un u s u a l ly we l l a i d e d by n at u r e a n d th e g at e wa y , ,

fl a n k e d by t wo s l e n d e r rou n d to we r s is a t a l e v e l con s id e r ably ,

lo we r th a n th a t of th e s u m m i t o f th e roc k ; i n th i s c ase t h e ,

r i s in g ro ad with i n th e g a t e way c u t i n th e b asa l t and co m , ,

m a n d e d by th e cu rt a i n a nd th e k e e p w i th i n t h e c u rt a i n was th e ,

b a rbi c a n o f th e c as tl e Th e h i l l on wh i ch Con i sbrough wa s se t

.
‘

is m e r e l y a s t e e p k n ol l w i th a w id e out e r d i tch on its l e ss

,

pr e c i pi tou s s id e T h e out e r wa rd on th e s out h we s t s id e o f th e

.
,
-

d it hc ,
w a s a pp r e n tly
a a n e a rth w or k w i thou t s ton e wa l l s
2
A .

1
d l ( ) th r
A t S an a 86 b rbi e e wa s a a ca n g ua rdin g th e e n tr n
a ce to a s h ll e

C ni br h i virt l ly tl o f o ne w rd i l t d hi ll
l ik R i C rn w ll
o s o ug s ua a ca s e a se t o n an so a e ,
e s t o rIn e l
‘

no t un e n o a ,
WAR W I CK b rbi n
a ca
 TH E F RT I F I CAT I N
O O OF T H E C U R T AI N 2 33

g a t e hou se wa s s e t on t h e e d g e o f th e d i tch i n a d v a n c e o f and ,

a t a l o we r l e v e l th a n t h e cu rt a i n of t h e i n n e r w a rd I ts a rr a n g e .

m e n t s s o fa r a s th e y c a n b e t r a c e d we r e n ot gr e a t ly s u p e rior to
, ,

tho se o f e a rl y s ton e g a t e hou se s I ts l a t e r a l w a l l s ho we v e r .

, ,

we r e prol on g e d u p t h e e dg e o f th e s l op e to t h e e n t r an c e o f t h e
i n n e r wa rd T h e l e ft h a n d wa l l j oi n e d a n a n gl e o f th e cu rt a i n
.
-

h a l f way up th e p as s ag e ; th e wa l l on th e right h a n d wa s c o n
-

t in ue d s o a s to cov e r t h e i n n e r g a t e wa y w h ich w as a t right a n gl e s ,

to th e p a ss a g e t hu s for m e d 1
A s at B a m bu rgh th e a ppro a ch i n .
,

th i s c a se is a n a rro w g a ng wa y b e t we e n h igh wa l l s co m m a n d e d ,

th roughou t fro m t h e r a m p a rt o f th e i n n e r w a rd a nd fo r th e , ,

s e c on d h a l f o f t h e d i s t a n c e p as s i n g i m m e d i a t e ly b e n e a th i t ,A .

p a s sa g e o f th i s typ e w i th a righ t a n gl e d tu rn a t its fa r e n d,

-
,

m ight e as i ly b e co m e a d e a th t r a p fo r a b e s i e gi ng for c e -
.

A t S c a rborough t h e c as tl e c l i ff is a l m o s t e n t i r e l y s e p a r a t e d
fro m th e to wn by a d e e p r a v i n e a n d t h e a ppro a ch is a l on g t h e ,

n a rro w ridg e b e t we e n th i s ch as m a nd th e n orth wa rd fa c e o f

th e roc k T h e g a t e hou se fl a n k e d by rou n d e d to we r s for m s p a rt
.
, ,

o f a s m a l l a nd i rr e gul a rl y s h a p e d w a l l e d o ut work o r b a rb ic a n

pl ac e d u pon th e ou t e r c u rv e o f th e r a vi n e Fro m th i s té te a zz .
-
’

pm” a s i t m ay b e c a l l e d a s tr a igh t p as s ag e wa l l e d on both

, , ,

s i d e s c ro ss e s t h e h e a d o f t h e ravi n e p a ss in g ov e r a br idg e on
, ,

its way a nd s k i rt in g on t h e l e ft h a nd t h e s h e e r e d g e o f th e c l i ff
, , , .

O n th e fu rth e r s id e th e s p ac e w i d e n s i n to th e ou t e r wa rd
, ,

c o m m a n d e d a n d n e a rl y bl o c k e d by t h e r e ct a ngu l a r k e e p T he .

wa l l on th e l e ft is c on t i nu e d a l on g t h e e d g e o f t h e c l i ff wh i l e ,

th a t on t h e right wh ich as b e i n g m or e op e n to a tt ac k is m uch

, , ,

t h e th ic k e r b e a r s a way w i th th e cu rv e o f t h e s l op e a nd j o i n s
, ,

t h e s outh c u rt a i n o f t h e i n n e r wa rd u pon its we s t fa c e .

T h e e x a m pl e s a l r e ady gi v e n i l l u s t r a t e th e pr e c a ut ion s w h i c h
t h i rt e e n th c e n t ury e n gi n e e r s too k to gu a rd th e i r c a s t l e s fro m
-

s u rp ri s e a n d s tor m ; a n d t h e a rr a n g e m e n t s fou nd i n t h e W e l s h

c a s t l e s o f E d w a rd I s r e ign a re e v e n m or e r e m a rk abl e I t w i l l
.
’
.

b e n ot i c e d th a t i n th e th r e e c as t l e s j u s t m e n t ion e d th e m a i n
g a t e hou s e is t h ro wn for wa rd to th e out e r e n d o f th e b a rbi c a n ,

w h i c h for m s a n a rro w p ass a g e u n i t i n g th e g a te h o us e to th e i n n e r

'

e n tr a nc e I n l at e th i rt e e n th a n d fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry c as tl e s
.
,

ho we v e r th e b a rbi c a n wa s a s we s e e i t a t \V a l m ga te b ar i n
Y
, ,

ork a n a dd i t ion to th e fron t o f a g a t e hou s e Th i s m e thod o f

K
.
,

c ov e ri n g g a t e w ay s by out e r d e fe n c e s is s e e n a t e n i l worth ,

w h e r e t h e a ppro ach to th e out e r wa rd o f th e c a s t l e ac ro s s th e ,

1
ntr n m
The mp r d m r p r t pl b rbi be to th e fe c a n o f th e

pl tf rm C n y
e a ce ay co a e o e e a c an

a nd wa
rb r h i pr b b ly in r t p rt
a o at o
ll
T h e wa th e wa ll
'

2
o f e /zcez n fe a t S ca
hi h d f nd d tl r m i d ti
o o ug s o a g ea a

w c e e e th e cas e fo ts fo un a on .

2 6
2 34 M I I TARY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

l a k e f0 1 m e d by th e d a m m in g u p o f two r ivu l e t s w a s brok e n u p

‘

i n to s e c t ion s by th r e e l i n e s o f d e fe n c e Fi r s t a n out e r e a rth wor k

.
, ,

se g m e n t a l i n s h a p e a n d s t r e ngth e n e d by rou n d s ton e b as t ion s

o
, ,
b

u a rd e d t h e a ppro a ch to t h e fi r s t g a t e hou s e B e y n d th i s g a t e
g
M
.

hou s e w h i c h for m e d a M e a u p o n t l i k e th e
,
’
-
i d d l e to we r a t

\V a rwick C tl
as e ; Ba rbi n
ca

Lon d on a l ong c a u s e way o r d a m w i th a wa l l on its e as t e rn

, ,

fa c e c ro s s e d th e l a k e to th e s tron g g a t e hou s e k n o w n a s
M
,

ort i m e r s to we r wh i ch gu a rd e d by two portcu l l i s e s s tood

’

, , ,

u pon th e e nd o f th e d a m i n a d v a n c e o f th e cu rt a i n B ut th e
,
.

ord i n a ry b a rb ic a n w h i ch w as c h a r a ct e ri s t i c o f th e c a s tl e s o f th e
,

fourt e e n th a nd fi ft e e n th c e n tu ri e s was n ot a l on g a nd e l a bor a t e ly

,
 TH E F RT I FI CAT I N
O O O F TH E C U RTA I N 2 35

prot e c t e d l i n e o f out e r d e fe n c e s bu t a s ton e bu i l d i n g th ro wn out

,

i n fron t o f a g a t e hou se so as to c on c e n tr a t e t h e a tt ac k i ng forc e

,

i n to a s m a l l s p a c e a nd pre v e n t a co m bi n e d ru s h on t h e pri n c i p a l
g a t e way T h e con t r a ct e d a ppro ach th u s m ad e was u s u a l ly i n
,

.
,

t h e l a t e r e x a m pl e s as a t \ V a r\\ 1 c k
, A l n wi c k a nd

Porch e s t e r a l l b a rbic a n s o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry a s t r a ight

, ,

l a n e be t we e n wa l l s A t P orch e s t e r i t is s e t i n fron t o f th e
.

t we l fth c e n t u ry g a t e hou se o f th e i n n e r wa rd wh i c h wa s cov e re d

-
,

i n th e e a rly fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry by a r e c t a ngu l a r proj e ct ion ,

pi e rc e d by l a t e r a l d oor way s op e n i n g u pon t h e s c a rp o f th e

i n n e r wa rd out s id e t h e c urt a i n .

T h e b a rb ic a n prop e r s o m e w h a t ,

l a t e r i n d a t e is co m po se d o f two
,

p a r a l l e l wa l l s gu a rd i ng th e d r a w
,

bridg e fro m t h e b as e cou rt or -

out e r wa rd A l oop c u t obl iq u e ly

.

th rough th e w e s t wa l l o f th i s pas
s ag e O pe n e d to wa rd s th e we s t
g a t e way o f t h e b ase cou rt so th a t -
,

a s u rpr i se o f t h e b a rbic a n cou l d

b e pr e ve n t e d I n th i s c ase as a t
.
,

A l n w i c k t h e a ppro ac h to t h e
,

b a rbic a n was a d r awbridg e ; but

a t A lm vic k w h e r e t h e d r a wbridg e
,

c ro s se d a n ou t e r Ioop O f t h e c as tl e
d i tch th e d i tch prop e r was c ro ss e d
,

by a s e con d d r awbridg e w i th i n
t h e b a rbi c a n .

A t L e we s about th e e nd o f
,

th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry a b a rbi c a n ,

was a dd e d to th e fron t o f a
N or m a n g a t e hou se wh ich wa s o f
m u ch th e s a m e ch a r a ct e r a s t h e M o n St M c el ; a ele t - -
i h Ch t t
g a t e hou se s at P orch e s t e r a nd
T i ck h i l l Th e a dd i t ion h e r e took th e s h a pe O f a s hort p ass ag e
.

w ith a a ll on e a c h s id e fi n i s h e d a t its out e r e nd by a ne w

,

a n d l o fty g a t e hou s e r i s i n g fro m th e m i dd l e o f t h e out e r d itch

,

o f t h e c as t l e a n d a ppro a ch e d by a m ou n t i n g
,
ro ad way T h e .

s h a pe o f th e n e w g a t e hou s e is a n O bl on g w i th its m a i n a x i s ,

pe rp e nd i cu l a r to th e ro ad bu t its a n gl e s we re c a pp e d by roun d
,

t u rr e t s corbe l l e d ou t at a poi n t n e a r t h e s pri n g o f th e e n t r a n c e

,

S uch t u rr e t s are k n o w n as b a rt i z a n s a n d a re ,

co m m on i n Fr e n ch m i l i t a ry a rch it e ctu r e o f th e th i rt e e n th a nd
fou rt e e n th c e n tu ri e s T h e y we r e n ot so u s u a l i n E n gl a n d a nd
.
,

are s e l d o m foun d on s uch a sc a l e a s at L e we s : s m a l l e r b a rt i z an s ,

2 36 LT
M I I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

corbe l l e d out at a po i n t n e a re r t h e b a ttl e m e n t s o f th e bu i l d i n g

i n wh ich th e y o c c u r m ay b e s e e n i n th e g a t e hou s e a t L i ncol n
, ,

a n d a t t h e a n gl e s o f t h e to we r s o f B e l say ( 3 1 3 ) an d Ch ip c h a s e i n
N orth u m b e rl a n d 1 T h e p a r a p e t o f th e b a rb i c a n g a t e hou s e a t
.

L e we s is brough t for wa rd fro m th e wal l on a ro w o f corbe l s

so a s to a l l o w roo m fo r s ix for m id a bl e m ach icol a t ion s T he .

work b e a r s s o m e r e s e m bl a n c e to t h e c/zritel e t wh ic h cov e r s th e

m a i n e n tr a nc e o f th e fort ifi e d a bb e y o f on t S a in t M -
M
ich e l
-

I n Fr a n c e a n out e r g a t e hou se l i k e t h a t a t L e we s or an out e r ,

e nc l o s u r e l i k e th a t a t S c a rborough bor e t h e n a m e o f f inite /e x o r

,

ba s h /l g .A ll s uch d e fe n c e s i n a d v a n c e o f a g a t e way wh at e v e r ,

t h e s p e c i a l n a m e th e y m ay b e a r m ay b e c l a ss e d u n d e r th e h e a d
,

o f b a rbi c a n s .

I n th e h igh e s t e x
a m pl e s o f m i l it a ry s k i l l

i n fo r t i fi c a t i o n a t —

C o n w a y ( 2 54 ) an d
B e a u m a ri s fo r
i n s t a n c e th e gr e at e s t
—

c a r e was t a k e n to cov e r
th e g at e wa y s wi th o h
l i qu e o r r ight a n gl e d -

approaches so t h at ,

s tr a igh t a cc e s s s hou l d

b e i m po s s i bl e to a n
e ne myr . The same
m e thod o f h a m p e ri n g
th e p at h o f a n e n e m y
wi th righ t a n gl e d t u rn s
ri C t
B e aum a s a s l e ; G a e way t is “ o t ice ab l e i n Fr e n c h
e x a m pl e s o f fo rtifi c a

t i on a nd n ot a bly i n th e g at e way s o f C a r c a s s on n e
,
In
E n gl a n d ho we v e r a n e n t r a n c e d e fe n d e d by a b a rbic a n i n a
, ,

s t r a igh t l i n e w it h i t wa s g e n e r a l l y pr e fe rr e d ; a nd e v e n i n ,

c as tl e s l i k e C a e rph i l ly a nd H a rl e ch th e s tr e n gth o f th e e n tr a n c e s
,

d e p e n d e d u pon th e d i s po s i t io n o f th e con c e n t ri c wa rd s o f th e
c ast l e a nd th e y we r e gu i l t l e ss o f th e d e v ic e s a nd t r a p s wh ich
,

a re o n e l e a d i n g fe at u r e o f B e a u m a ri s A good e x a m pl e o f a n
O bl iqu e a ppro a c h t o a th i rt e e n th c e n t u ry c a s t l e is a t P e m brok e
-
,

h pp r h v b n t r
1
T ey a k p nt r ta fe a u e o f th e at P o e f ac f a l so
k b rk hi h h v b rti
e a to a e ee ee c
Mic k l e gate , M o n , and B o o th a m a r s at Y o , w c z an s a t th e

tr n Li n pp r fl th
a e a
a gl e s At nc o l th e wa ll o f th e u o o r o f th e g a e o use ,
b t n b rti pr nt bt n fi d
o u e .
e
e we e th e use a gl e to th e el
i th Ch i b i t nd r bb t tin
a z a n s, e se s an o .

2
T h e m a n g a e o use ( B e ll e a se ) was u l T us
dd d d i rr
-
u e a o

( 1 2 36 th e c/zd tel e t wa s a e un e r P e e L e R o y in 1 3 9 3 .
T U B URY
T ga th
e o use

Y RK
O Mick l e gate b ar
 TH E F R T I F I CAT I N
O O OF T H E C U R T AI N 2 39

w h e r e th e m a i n g a t e way is c ov e r e d by a n op e n b a rbic an for m i n g

,

a r e ct a n gu l a r v e s t i bu l e t h e e n tr a n c e to wh i ch is i n a wa l l n e a rl y
,

a t righ t a ngl e s to t h e g a t e way . Th e we s t g at e o f T e n by is

cov e r e d by a n a l m o s t se m ic i rcu l a r b a rbic a n th e origi n a l e n t r a n c e
,

to wh i ch wi th a groov e fo r a portcu l l i s is on th e north s id e

, , ,

so th a t a n a n gl e h ad t o b e t u rn e d b e for e th e g a t e way was

r e a ch e d A t a m u ch l a t e r d a t e oth e r O p e n i ng s we r e pi e rc e d i n
.

t h e out e r wa l l o f th e b a rbic an a nd t h e cu riou s a rr an g e m e n t is

,

Cr
a c ass o nn e

k n o wn t o d ay by th e m i s l e ad i n g n a m e o f th e Fiv e A rch e s
-
“
.

Th e e as t s id e o f th e c h i e f wa rd of C a r e w c as t l e wa s prot e c t e d
by a r e c t a n gul a r out e r court e n t e r e d fro m th e fi e l d by a s m a l l
,

g a t e hou se T h e g a t e hou se o f th e i n n e r wa rd is i n th e s ou th
.

h al f o f th e e a s t wa l l a n d is fl a n k e d by a roun d a n gl e to we r
,
—

a n d a to we r w h i c h proj e ct s from th e m idd l e o f t h e wa l l Th e .

out e r fa c e s o f th e se two to we r s we r e j o i n e d by a wal l wh ich

O

thu s cov e r e d th e g at e hou s e a nd was pi e rc e d by a d oor way

, ,

s e t a l ittl e to t h e n orth o f th e m a i n e n tra n c e w ith its j a m b s

,
2 40 M I L I A RY A R T C I T E CT U R E
H

s l op i ng to th e l e ft T h i s g a v e a cc e ss to a wa l l e d in p ass ag e wi th
.
-
,

a n u pp e r floor l e a d i n g ob l iqu e ly to th e 1 nn e r e n t r a n c e
,
A s th i s .

s id e o f th e c a s tl e was on l e v e l grou n d a n d w as m u c h e x po s e d ,

s p e c i a l c a r e was t a k e n to gu a rd t h e a ppro a ch e s th e r e wa s h o w ,

e v e r on ly o n e portcul l i s a t t h e i n n e r e n d o f th e m a i n g a t e wa y
, ,

bu t th e wood e n d oor s fou r o f w h ich h ad to b e p asse d b e for e

,

t h e portc u l l i s was r e a ch e d we r e o f gr e a t s t r e n gth a n d e a ch w a s

, ,

c l o se d wi th se v e r a l v e ry m a ss i v e d r aw b a r s —
.

T h e to w n g a t e way a t T e n by m ay b e co m p a r e d to th e P ort e
d e L a on a t C oucy w h ich w as a l s o cov e r e d by a se m ic i rcu l a r
,

b a rb ic a n Wh i l e ho we v e r th e T e n by b a rb ic a n was d i r e ctly
.
, ,

a tt a ch e d to th e w a l l t h e b a rbi c a n a t C oucy was s e p a r a t e d fro m

,

th e g a t e way by th e to w n d i t c h a n d a bridg e a n d wa s a l tog e th e r ,

m or e e l a bor a t e T h e bridg e i t se l f c ro ss e d th e d i tch i n t wo

.

s e ct ion s d e s cr ibi n g a n ,

obtu se a n gl e at th e a p e x ,

O f w h i c h was a rou n d to we r .

T h e ro a d p a s se d th rough
th e to we r a n d tu rn e d th e
-

a n gl e at its i n n e r g a t e ,

fro m w h ich th e s e con d s e c

t ion o f th e bridg e p ass e d
s t r a ight to th e a ctu a l g a t e

way A t C ou c y al l th e .

r e s ou rc e s o f fort i fi c a t io n
we r e d i s pl ay e d ; wh i l e a t
T e n by th e a ppl i c at ion o f
th e s am e p ri n c i pl e wa s
T b
e n y ; WC S 1 G 3 1 3 s i m pl e a n d u n pr e t e n d in g 1
.

E qu a l ly m as t e rly is t h e
obl iqu e e n t r a n c e to th e c astl e o f e r a k i n S yr i a b e s id e wh i ch K ,

t h e e n tr a n c e s to Pe m brok e a nd C a r e w are o f s m a l l a ccou n t

?

T h e l ong r e ct a n gu l a r c as tl e o f e r a k is d i vid e d i n to two n e a rly K

e qu a l w a rd s by a w a l l p a r a l l e l to its m aj or a x i s Th e m a i n
-

g a t e way is on th e e a s t s id e o f th e j u n ct ion o f th e c ro ss wa l l w ith -

t h e out e r cu rt a i n but i n s t e ad of l e a d i n g d i r e ctly i n to th e c as tl e

, ,

th e p a th tu rn s to th e l e ft a ft e r p as s in g t h rough t h e g a t e wa y a n d ,

1
rti fi ti f C w r b i l t i thirt nth nt ry
T h e fo n th e th e
r d t r in r nt rt L n p r d d in 5 5 by
ca o ns o o uc y e e u ee ce u :
o we f of th e P o de was
b ti n p nt n l rm th r t f C y ( rt i n)
o un o e ao su e se e 1 1 a
of fo Th e Po d e So
m d nt rin n l f t wn ll th rn t
as o e ago a . so u e n ga e o o uc e ss o s

wa s in th e wa th e so u
C n ( rth F l in ) h m di p iti nby
a e a re - e e g a g e o o : e ga e at
way Po ll o ws th e sa T h e wa o f Te
r ri in lly b i l t r ly r i n d rd l tt r p t nt r nt
o —
y
-
e s e s os on . s
we e o g a in th e e g o f E wa 111
m r vn r nby f tr ti th ir
u ea . e e s a e , g a

ing u age fo r s e e m
ye a s to th e e n o f Te o r th e of
r i d Mrh pt m
c o ns uc on e
l
wa l s, we e s s ue 6 th 1 3 2 7 2 8 Pa t 2 E d w I I I ,
(
l ni m n pp it p 5
a c -
. . . . 1, .

2
P a n O a , A rt o
f LVa r, o os e 30 . .
 TH E F RT I F I CA T I N
O O OF TH E C U R TA I N 241

is c on fin e d w i th i n a l on g i n n e r b a rbi c a n fro m th e e nd o f wh ic h a ,

g a t e h ou s e a t ri gh t a ngl e s giv e s ad m i ss ion to th e i n t e rior o f th e

u pp e r wa rd .

T h e i m port a nc e a tt a ch e d fro m th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry on wa rd s
, ,

to th e g a t e way a nd its a ppro a ch e s a nd th e prom i n e n c e o f th e ,

g a t e hou se i n th e conc e n t ri c c as tl e o f E d wa rd I s r e ign wi l l no w .

’

b e u n d e r s tood I t no w r e m a i n s to s p e a k o f th e d e fe n c e s of th e
.

e x po se d fa c e o f c u rt a i n b e t we e n th e to we r s a n d o f t h e to we r s ,

th e m se l v e s Th e p rogr e s s to wa rd s e ffe ct i v e fl a n k i n g h as b e e n
.

t r ac e d a l r e a dy a nd th e to we r e d cu rt a i n s a t D ov e r ( 1 2 6 ) or th e
,

To we r o f Lon d on a re
e x a m pl e s o f s c i e n t i fi c

fl a n k i n g ac h i e v e d by
long e xpe r i me n t .

Th e to we r s ro s e a bov e
t h e l e v e l o f th e c u r
t a i n a n d we r e e n t e r e d
, x f

on th e fi r s t floor fro m
th e ra m p a r t wa l k -
,

wh i ch the y co m
m a nd e d . T h e wa l k ,

i n fa c t p asse d th rough
,

t h e to we r s as i t m a y ,

st i l l b e s e e n p a s s i ng
t h r o u g h th e ga t e
hou s e s a t ork T hu s Y .

e a c h to we r w a s t h e k e y

to a s e ct ion of wa l l ;
a n d a s t h e C ru sa d e r s
,

fou n d a t A n t io c h th e ,

wa l l c ou l d b e t a k e n
on ly by th e c a ptu r e
O f 5 6 1 1 13 1 3 1 t o we rs e a c h O u e s a to o we a n d am a t r t ir t r
wal r p rt k
in t n
-
,

o f w h i ch gu a rd e d a ow wall
s e p a r a t e s e c t ion .

T h e r a m p a rt wa l k b e t we e n th e to we r s o c c u pi e d a s fro m th e
-
,

e a rl i e s t t i m e s t h e top o f th e w a l l a nd w a s d e fe n d e d by b a ttl e
, ,

m e n t s u pon th e out e r a nd s o m e t i m e s by a l o w r e a r wa l l on th e
,
-

i n n e r s id e 1
. T h e ch i e f a cc e s s to i t wa s by s t a i r s i n th e to we r s ,

1
n rth rn r p rt k C
T he am a id n d b b i di
wa l o ucy was w y th e u l ng o f
r d thirt n p int d r h i t inn
o e at e e
-

a n a ca e o f th e e r fac e o f th e wall
nn tin ri int rn b tt rt t rn l
ee o e a c e s ag a n s ,

g a se e s o f al u r e sse s Pa o f th e we s e wa l o f th e
t th pt n id n d ti t r th t b i din
co ec e .

o wn o f S o u am wa s w e e s o m e m e l a e a n th e ac ua l u l
th l b dditi h pn tr g
o ,

of e wa l y th e a o n o f e igh te e n a r c e s u o th e o u e fa c e T he
r h r pi r d b n
,

s o ffi ts o f th e a c e s we e hi ti y l o g m ac co l a o ns a ne c e s s ary
pr ti n in x pti rr nt
—
e ce
e cau o s o e ce o na l an a ang e m e .
242 MIL IT A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

bu t s o m e t i m e s a s a t A l m vic k t h e r e w a s a s t a i r fro m th e i n t e rior

, ,

o f t h e c as tl e bu i l t a t right a ngl e s to t h e w a l l
,
I n th e s h e l l
k e e p on th e m ou n t a t T a m w orth th e r e is a s m a l l s t a i r w h ich
,

a s c e nd s i n t h e th i c k n e s s o f th e w a l l Th e pri n c i p a l a l t e r a t ion s
.

w h ich took pl a c e w i th r e g a rd to th e r a m p a rt wa l k we r e con -

c e rn e d w i th t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e p a r a p e t T h e d i vi s ion o f t h e
.

p a r a p e t i n to m e rl on s o r s ol i d p i e c e s by e m b r as u r e s h as b e e n
e x pl a i n e d a l r e a dy a nd i t h as b e e n se e n t h a t i n t h e fi r s t i n s t a n c e
, , ,

t h e e m br as u r e s a re pi e rc e d a t r a t h e r l on g i n t e rv a l s T h e t e n d e n cy .

gro ws ho we v e r to m u l t i ply e m
, ,

br a s u re s a n d n a rro w d o w n th e
m e rl on s b e t we e n th e m on th e ,

th e ory th a t th e a rch e r d is c h a rg ,

i n g h is a rro w th rough th e e m
br a s u r e c a n s h e l t e r h i m se l f a nd
,

re s tri n g-
h is b o w b e h i n d th e
m e rl on T h e m e rl on ho we v e r
.
, ,

i n work s d e s ign e d w i th a pu rpo s e

m a i n ly m i l i t a ry is u s u a l ly bro ad e r ,

th a n th e e m br a s u re a nd is i t s e l f ,

pi e rc e d w it h a s m a l l a rro w l oop -

s pl ay e d i n t e rn a l ly T h i s m ay b e .

s e e n i n th e to w n wa l l s o f A igu e s

M
-

ort e s ( 7 7 ) a nd C a rc a ss on n e
w h e r e t h e m e rl on s a re o f gr e a t
br e ad th a nd i n s u ch t ri u m ph s o f
,

fort i fi c a t ion a s th e c a s t l e s o f Ca r
n a rvo n ( 2 4 6 ) a nd C on wa y 1
Th e .

m e rl on s ho we v e r we r e n ot a l way s
, ,

provi d e d w i t h l oop s e v e n i n th e ,

E d wa rd i a n p e ri od T h e b a rb i c a n .

a t A l n wi c k a w ork o f th e

e a rly fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry is b a ttl e

C a r c a s so n ne m e n te d w ith pl a i n m e rl on s a n d
,

e m br a s u r e s I n th i s c a se th e r e
.
,

a re two fu rth e r poi n t s w h ich d e s e rv e n ot i c e Th e e m br as u r e s a t.

A l n w ic k we r e d e fe n d e d by w ood e n s h u tt e r s w h i ch h u n g fro m ,

t run n ion s work i ng i n groov e s i n t h e a dj a c e n t m e rl on s Th e .

s hu tt e r s c ou ld b e l i ft e d ou t a t pl e a s u r e a n d t h e e m br a s u r e l e ft
,

fr e e : th e d e vic e m ay b e n ot i c e d i n s o m e oth e r i n s t a n c e s ? A l so
b tt nt d nj C h pi id
,

1
I n th e a l e me o f th e on of o ucy e ac e ce o f so l wa ll
b t n r h d br r pi r d b rr p
o ,

e we e th e a c e em as u e s is y an a o w l o o
dr in i i r
e ce -

f l
‘

V io l e t l e D uc L a 0 7 2 d e Ca rca ss o nn e p 2 7 h a s a w f m l
pp r r h tt r pp r h tt r pr pp d
-
a
-
, ,
a .
g o ,
s a
d e v 1 c e w1 th a n u e a n d l o we s u e ( 2 4 5) th e u e s u e is
p b ir rd hi h n ir h k fi x d in
o e
o en y o n g ua s : w l e th e l o we r is u g in o n o o s e
‘
th e
fac e o f th e wall .
 AL NW I CK b rbi a can

AL NW I CK : ga th
e o use of k p
ee
 TH E F RT I F ICAT I N
O O O F TH E CU RTAI N 245

u pon th e m e rl on s a t A l n w i c k s t a n d s ton e fi gu r e s O f wa rr ior s ,

s om e t i m e s c a l l e d d e fe nd e r s a nd s u ppo s e d to b e d e s ign e d to
“
,

s tri k e t e rror i n to t h e e n e m y Th e pr e s e n t fi gur e s a t A l n w ic k .

a re co m p a r a t iv e ly mod e rn ; but t h e fas h ion was n ot u n co m m on

a nd w as pu r e ly orn a m e n t a l S i m i l a r fi gu r e s a re s e e n on th e
.

g a t e hou se o f t h e n e ighbou r i n g c a s t l e o f B oth a l a nd u pon th e

Y
,

g a t e hou se s o f ork : a m on g th e fi gu r e s on th e m e rl on s a t C ar
n a rvon wa s a n e a gl e w h ich g av e its n a m e to th e fa m ou s E agl e
,

to we r A n e n e m y wh o cou l d b e d a u n t e d by th e i l l u s ion o f
.

a r a th e r d i m i n ut iv e
arc he r o r s l i n ge r
b a l a n c i n g h i m se l f on
a n a rro w c opi n g m u s t ,

h a v e h a d v e ry l i ttl e
e x p e ri e n c e o f wa r fa r e .

T h e m e r l o n s we r e
t r e a t e d v e ry pl a i n ly i n
m a ny Fr e n c h e x a m pl e s ,

a s a t A vignon A igu e s

M
,

ort e s a nd C a r c a s ,

s on n e w h e r e th e y
a re fl a t topp e d a n d u n-

m ou l d e d wh i l e th e ,

e m br a s u r e s h ave fl at

si l ls I n E n gl a n d t h e y
.

we r e g e n e r a l ly fi n i s h e d
O ff by a g a bl e d cop i n g ,

a s a t C a rn a r von wh e r e ,

th e top o f e a c h is
m ou l d e d w i t h a h a l f
rol l to th e fi e l d
T h e s i l l o f th e e m S u e cl o s g O e g h tt r
wa ll o r a a e in p nin in prpt
br a s u r e h a s a l s o a n
i n n e r c h a m fe r I t m ay b e n ot e d t h a t th e fr e e do m w i th wh i c h
.

m a ch i col a t ion s we r e e m p loy e d i n th e p a r a p e t s of Fr e n ch c a s tl e s

a n d to w n w a l l s wa s u n u s u a l i n E n gl a n d
-
a c h i col a t e d p a r a p e t s . M
w e r e as a ru l e con fi n e d to t h e fron t s o f g a t e way s u n t i l th e
, , ,

l a t e r p a rt o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry wh e n th e y b e g a n a s a t , ,

L a n c as t e r a n d \V a rwic k to s ho w th e m se l v e s i n the to we r s o f ,

th e g a t e wa y a n d c urt a i n T h e y a re v e ry s p a ri ngly u se d i n th e
.

We l s h c as tl e s wh i ch are ou r n obl e s t e x a m pl e s o f m i l i t a ry a rch i

,

t e ct ur e ; a nd a n e ncez n te l i k e th e c i ty wa l l o f A v ignon i n wh ic h
'

, ,

1
Cf ti n of hrh prpt in B o nd , G o t/air A k z te c/ure
’

in
pp
. sec o s c u c a a e s rc

E ng l a nd , 38 5 8
-
. .

2 7
2 46 T
M I L I A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

th e w hol e p a r a p e t is m ac h i col a t e d a n d bu i l t ou t on l ong c orb e l s

ofc on s i d e r a bl e proj e ct ion is u n ,

k n o w n i n E n gl an d .

W a h t h a s j u s t b e e n s a i d o f t h e p a r a p e t s o f w a l l s a ppl i e s

n a tu r a l ly to th e p a r a p e t s o f to we r s T o we r s on th e cu rt a i n h a d . ,

a s we h a v e s e e n ,
a doubl e u se T h e y . fl a n k e d t h e w a l l s o th a t
,
'

ea ch p a i r c ou l d r a k e w i th th e i r s hot t h e e n t i r e f a c e o f t h e e n cez n te .

on t a in e d b e t w e e n th e m T h e y a l s o c o m m a n d e d t h e r a m p a rt
c
-
.

wa l k so th a t a n e n e m y w h o s c a l e d t h e w a l l w as s t i l l e x po se d
,

t o th e i r fi re a nd c on fi n e d to a l i m i t e d a r e a A d i s t in ct ion h o w .
,

v
e e r m u s t b e d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e c l o s e d a n d op e n typ e s o f to w er ,
,

a s t h e y m ay b e c a l l e d Th e ord i n a ry r a m p a rt to we r w a s o f two
.

or thr e e s t ag e s d i vid e d i n to a b ase m e n t a nd u pp e r gu a rd roo m

,
-

C rn rv n C t l Cr
a a o as e ; e ne ll a t dp r p t
e a a e

or roo m s Th e b a s e m e n t w a s s o m e t i m e s v a u l t e d a s i n th e
.
,

n orth e rn to we r a t P e v e n s e y ( 2 4 7 ) o r to we r s a t A l n wi c k F ire .

pl a c e s a n d g a rd e rob e ch a m b e r s a re o ft e n foun d i n t h e u pp e r
-

roo m s th e g a rd e rob e s b e i n g o ft e n pl a c e d a t th e j u n ct ion o f th e

1
,
-

to we r w i th th e cu rt a i n a n d corb e l l e d ou t ov e r th e ou t e r wa l l ?
,

A t C a r e w w h e r e th e r e w as n o k e e p bu t t h e c as tl e for m e d a
, ,

r e c t a n gu l a r e n c l o s u r e w i th d ru m to we r s a t th e a n gl e s a l l t h e -
,

1
ni rth
A t K e l wo t rtth e W a e th rt i b
o we r o n th e so u c u a n o f th e rt
fir p b nt ,
a se co u -
,

h as a e l a c e in t h e a se m e
rd r b b i t p r h r nt rin n r
.

2
G a e o e s u l u o n a c e s ac o s s re e e g a gl e s o f a wall o c c u
h r b ttr in t l th pt n i i r
- -

S l d e o f a l a ge th e we s wa l o f S o u am A s m la
tr r j ti n n rth rt i rh tr t ith
o n e ac u e ss o .

fe a u e o cc u s a t th e unc o o f th e cu a n o f Po c e s e ca s l e w
nt r dditi pr b b d
o
o n e o f th e R o m a o we s o a ly m a e
'

I n b o th c as e s th e a o n was
rt nth t r
in th e fo u e e cen u y .
.
 TH E F RT I F ICAT I N
O O OF T H E C U R TA I N 2 47

to we r s we r e provid e d w i th g a rd e rob e c h a m b e r s wh ich w it h th e

-
, ,

p as s a g e s l e ad i n g to th e m a re roo fe d by l o z e n g e s h a p e d s l ab s
,
—

c orb e l l e d ou t o n e a bov e a n oth e r I n t h e s outh e a s t to we r t h e -

fi rs t fl
.
,
-
o o r c h a m b e r h as a poi n t e d b a rr e l v a ul t a n d is en t e r e d by -
,

a n out e r s t a i r fro m t h e w a rd I n t h e e as t wa l l a re t wo g a rd e
.

rob e c h a m b e r s e n t e re d by e l bo w s h a pe d p as s ag e s E a c h h ad
,
-
.

a d oor O p e n in g i n w a rd s a n d wa s l ight e d by a s e p a r a t e l oop

, .

T h e c h a m b e r s we r e s o pl a n n e d t h a t th e s e a t s we r e pl ac e d on
oppo s it e s id e s o f a p a rti t ion wa l l w i th a c o m m on v e n t . .

T h e to we r a t C a r e w j u s t m e n t ion e d is a t e a rl i e s t o f
l a t e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry d a t e a n d h a s s e v e r a l ad v a n c e d fe a tu r e s
-
, .

T hough its proj e ct io n fro m t h e c u rt a i n is r e gu l a rly rou n d e d its ,

i n wa rd proj e c t ion is r e ct a n gu l a r s o th a t its pl a n is a c tu a l ly a n

,

Pe v e ns e y ; V a ul tin g in b ase m e nt n rth t r

of o o we

obl on g w ith a rou n d e d e nd I t s e e m s to h a v e b e e n i n t e n d e d

.

t o h a v e b e e n u se d i n con n e c t i on w i th t h e g a t e hou s e : its fi r s t

a n d s e con d floor s h ad n o d i r e c t co m m u n i c a t ion w i th e a ch oth e r ,

bu t bot h c o m m u n ic a t e d with th e g a t e hou s e a nd th e grou n d fl oo r ,

-

o f th e g a t e hou s e h a d a l a rg e l a t e r a l op e n in g i n t h e d i r e c t ion o f

t h e fi r s t floor o f t h e to we r T h e corr e s pon d i n g to we r a t t h e

.

n orth e as t a n gl e w as u s e d i n con n e ct ion w i th t h e d o m e s t ic

-

bu i l d in g s a nd h ad a v a u l t e d c h a p e l ( 2 4 8 ) u pon its fi r s t floor

, ,

fro m th e n orth w a l l o f w h ich op e n two roo m s fo r t h e u s e o f t h e

pri e s t w i th a g a rd e rob e i n th e se con d O ne to we r t h e re for e
,
-
.
, ,

was pu r e ly d e fe n s iv e a d d it i on a l pr e c a u t ion s h av m g b e e n t a k e n
, ,

n o d oubt to gu a rd a po s t e rn wh ich op e n s fro m th e b a s e m e n t

,

u pon th e s c a rp o f th e d itc h ; wh i l e t h e oth e r was m e r e ly a n

a n n e x e to o n e o f th e two d we l l i ng hou s e s w i th i n t h e e n c l o s u r e -
.
248 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

T h e us e o f t rn a nd south we st e rn to we r s a t Wa rk worth
th e e as e -

qu a l ly d i s t i n ct \V e h a v e s e e n th a t th e s ou t h we s t
(49 ) w -
a s e .

to we r ( Crad y fargus ) w as u s e d i n con n e ct ion w i th th e d o m e s t ic

bu i l d in g s : th i s m ay n ot h a v e b e e n its origi n a l pu rpo se bu t i t ,

w a s c e rt a in ly th u s e m pl oy e d e a rly i n th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry .

Th e gr e a t fe a tu r e o f t h e e as t to we r is th e hug e l oop i n e a ch
o f its fi v e out e r fa c e s d e s ign e d fo r a c ro ss b o w 1 6 fe e t l on g :
-

t h e s e l oop s s pl ay e d th roughou t a n d fa n t a i l e d a t top a nd botto m

,
-
,

th e fi n e s t e x a m pl e s o f c ro s s l oop s l e ft i n E n gl a n d a nd
-
a re ,

d e cl a r e th e m a i n pu rpo s e o f th e to we r a t on c e I n l at e r y e a r s .
,

C r w Ch p
a e a e l

w h e n th e c ro s s b o w w a s ou t o f fas h ion th e i n t e rior o f th e to we r

-

was s om e wh a t a l t e r e d , an d a fi r e pl a c e i n s e rt e d .

T h e b e s t e x a m pl e s o f cu rt a i n to we r s , both a bro a d a n d i n
-

E ngl a n d , for m com pl e t e cyl i n d e r s l i k e th e a n gl e to we r s a t Coucy ,

,
-

or polygon s, l i k e s om e o f th e to we r s a t C a rn a rvon B ut roo m was .

s p a r e d if th e cyl i n d e r or polygon w as l e ft i n c o m pl e t e , a n d its i n n e r

fac e m ad e n e a rly fl u s h wi th th e cu rt a i n T h e t wo to we r s on th e
.

c u rt a i n o f th e i n n e r wa rd a t P e m brok e proj e ct e d w i th se m ic ir
c ul ar cu rv e s i n to th e ou t e r w a rd , bu t we r e fl a t a t th e b a c k : t h e s outh

to we r cov e r e d th e g a t e way o f th e i n n e r wa rd wh i c h was n ot i n th e,

fa c e of th e wa l l , bu t rou n d a n a n gl e Th e to we r s o f th e ou t e r wa rd
.
,

on th e oth e r h a n d a re m o s t ly c o m pl e t e cyl i nd e r s th e s t a i r s we r e
,

v ic e s con t a i n e d i n r e ct a n gu l a r t u rr e t s o n o ne s id e th e out e r wa l l s ,
 TH E F RT I F ICAT I N
O O OF T H E C U R T A IN 2 49

o f wh ich cu rv e d to m e e t t h e c i rcu m fe re n c e o f t h e to we r s
are

M ’
a rt e n s to we r a t C h e p s to w a n d t h e to we r s o f t h e c u rt a i n o f t h e
,

fi ne e a rly fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry c a s tl e o f Ll an s t e ph a n a re c as e s i n
-

wh ich t h e proj e c t ion o f t h e to we r is on l y e xt e rn a l T h e to we r .

wh ich c a p s t h e e a s t e rn a n gl e a t Ll a n s t e ph a n is a h a l f cyl i n d e r —
,

s pri ngi n g n ot d i r e ctly fro m t h e c u rt a i n bu t fro m a bro ad r e ct

, ,
?
a n gu l a r proj e ct i on on its fa c e T h e v a ri a t i on s w h ich m igh t
b e n ot i c e d i n t h e a tt a c h m e n t o f to we r s to t h e c u rt a i n a re m an i

D r fma in t h S t ir v l t d h mb r in
t r b il y
oo o ga e o use a to au e c a e

ou e a e

Ch p t C t l
e s o w as e

fol d but as t i m e go e s on th e ord i n a ry c urt a i n to we r wh e r e i t wa s

, ,
-
,

n ot pl a c e d a t a n a n gl e o f a wa rd s tood fl u s h wi th th e c u rt a i n on
,

its i n n e r s id e W h e r e th e to we r s tood on th e c u rt a i n by i t se l f ,

1
Th t r pp r o we s art th nt ry d th r r
to b e o f th e fo u e e fo e

m h l t r in d t th t r i n r rt i
e se ea een ce u ,
an a re

th e o we s o f th e
F l int h dd l v r l t r tl nl t r r
uc a e a e an n e cu a n .

2
At R an d h th e a e - o we s we
th r rt r ir l t rd b i l b in fl ll hi h
,
u an, se e a o e ca s e s, g e

c e s , th e face o wa th e at wa w
h dd l n rl h r m p rt w l k rb ll d
e e - q ua e c s a ey e g a ,
on c ,

at R u a a s at H a e c , th e a a -
a wa s co e e o ut .
2 50 M I IT A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

u n att ach e d to oth e r bu i ld i n g s wi th i n th e c as tl e th e r e was u s u a l ly ,

a n e n t r a n c e to t h e b a s e m e n t d i r e c t fro m th e b a i l e y on o n e s id e ,

o f w h ich a v i c e i n a t urr e t a t t a ch e d to t h e to we r ro s e to th e u pp e r

floor s a n d roo f co m m u n i c a t i ng on th e l e v e l o f th e fi r s t fl oor w ith

,

t h e cu rt a i n T h e d oor wa y op e n in g on t h e c u rt a i n wa s fi tt e d -

M
.

w i th a s t ron g door a n d i n a rt e n s to w e r a t C h e p s to w c a s tl e
’

, , ,

wh e r e th e to we r wa s o f s p e c i a l i m port a n c e s t a n d in g as i t d o e s ,

a t t h e l o we s t a n d m o s t vu l n e r a bl e po i n t o f t h e s i t e wa s pro ,

v id e d w i th a portcu l l i s .

T h e r e we r e c ase s ho we v e r e s p e c i a l ly i n wa l l s o f to wn s
, , ,

w h e r e t h e cu rt a i n to we r a l though proj e ct i n g out s i d e a n d a bov e

-
,

t h e wal l a n d cov e r e d w i t h a t i m b e r roo f w a s l e ft op e n a t t h e

, ,

gorg e or n e c k w h e r e i t was fl u s h wi th t h e cu rt a i n so t h a t i t wa s
, ,

F r
o uge e s

s i m ply a n op e n to we r w i th a pl a t for m on th e fi r s t fl oor l e v e l

, ,

w i th th e r a m p a rt wa l k an d a r a m p a rt wa l k o f its o wn a t th e
-

,
-

l e v e l o f its b att l e m e n t s S u c h a to we r cou l d b e a ct iv e l y e m pl oy e d

.

i n t i m e o f wa r a n d h ad a ll th e a d v a n t ag e s o f th e ord i n a ry
,

c l o s e d to we r i n fl a n k i n g t h e w a l l a nd cu tt i n g th e r a m p a rt wa l k -

u p i n to s e ct ion s T h e n u m e rou s to we r s o f th e wa l l s o f A vign on

.
,

b te w e e n t h e g t e hou se s we r e a rr a n g e d t hu s
a 1
A t Con way th e
, .
,

h 1
T ll pi r d b y v n t
wa d fl nk d by thirt nin r t
n l r t r w r b n nd r p C l m nt V I in 5 fi ni h d
e se s, e ce se e ga e s a n a e y e ec
-

o we s , Po and
gu a
r m p rt r h d by t ir in t inn r
a e e eg u u e 1
e e e .
34 , s e
1 3 80 Th e a is e a c e fa c e o f th e
ll ll i M rt b i l t 5 C r nn
6 . . a s a s s e t a ga e s
th e wa T h e wa s o f A g ue s and o f
b rl i r m p l t d l t r th n i M rt b l n rl i r
s .
o e s, u 12 72 a cas so
-
e, -
,

a nd c o A g ue s
p ri d rti fi ti n rr p ndin th t d rdi n t l
e gun e a e e e a e a o e s, e o g to a n e a e -

o f fo o f o ur E wa Of
th r ll kn n Fr n h x m p l M nt int M i h l
e o ca o , co es o g to a a c a s es .

o e we ow -
e c e a ll
e s , th e wa s o f o Sa c e a re o f - -
 TH E F RT I F I CAT I N
O O OF TII E C U R T A IN 2 51

se m i cyl i n d ri c a l to we r s o f th e to w n wa l l s o f wh ich th e r e a re
-

t we n ty a nd th e s i m i l a r to we r s wh ich fl a n k th e g a t e hou se s a re
, ,

op e n to th e to wn : o ne to we r on ly on th e s ou th we s t s id e o f ,
-

th e to wn wh e r e th e wa l l tu rn s to j oi n t h e c a s tl e is wa l l e d a t
, ,

th e gorg e T h e wa l l s o f Ch e p s to w provid e furth e r e x a m p l e s o f

.

op e n to we r s A t C a rn a rvon . th e roun d to we r s on th e fa c e
o f th e to w n wa l l s a re op e n but th e a ngl e to we r s we r e c l o s e d ; ,
-

a n d th a t a t th e n orth we s t a ngl e was e n t e r e d th rough th e to w n -

c h a p e l w h ich was bu i l t a g a i n s t t h e cu rt a i n a t th i s poi n t

, Th e ,
.

op e n to we r wa s n ot as a ru l e u se d i n c a s tl e s : e v e n th e s m a l l
, ,

to we r s wh ich fl a n k th e out e r c urt a i n a t B e a u m a ri s h av e a wa l l

con t i n u e d a cro ss th e gorge .

E v e ry l a rg e c a s tl e was pro
v id e d wi th a po s t e rn or s a l ly ,

port . T h i s wa s g e n e r a l ly a
s m a l l d oor wa y pr e fe r ably i n t h e ,

b ase o f a to we r bu t O ft e n i n th e ,

c u rt a i n op e n i ng 0 11 th e l e a s t
,

fr e qu e n t e d s i d e o f t h e c as tl e In .

t i m e o f s i e g e i n a c a s tl e o f th e ,

ord i n a ry pl a n a po s t e rn m igh t ,

e as i ly b e a s ou rc e o f d a n g e r and

its e m pl oy m e n t i n th e s c h e m e o f
d e fe n c e was i n co m pl e t e ly u n d e r
s tood a t fi r s t B ut i t wa s u s e fu l
.
a a o ; o we of ow wa ll C rn rv n T r t n
fo r th e con v e y a n c e o f prov i s i on s .

to th e c as tl e ; a nd a po s t e rn as a t Wa rk worth is o ft e n fou n d i n , ,

c on n e ct ion w ith a k itch e n or s tor e roo m W h e re a c as tl e s tood —

.

n e a r a ri v e r a wa t e r g at e co m m u n ic a t i n g w i th a pri v a t e w h a r f
,
-
,

wa s m a d e A t P e m brok e wh e r e th e c a s tl e s t a n d s b e t we e n two
.
,

w a t e r way s th e r e we r e two wa t e r g a t e s o n e i n th e s outh s i d e o f

-
,
-
,

t h e ou t e r w a rd th e oth e r as a l r e ady m e n t ion e d for m e d by wa l l

, , ,

i ng i n th e m ou th o f th e c av e b e lo w th e gr e a t h a l l For th e .

s c i e n t i fi c e m pl oy m e n t o f th e po s t e rn ho we v e r we h a v e to l oo k , ,

to th e gr e a t c a s tl e s o f th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry ,

i n w h ic h th e m e a n s o f d e fe n c e d e s c ri b e d i n th i s ch a pt e r we r e
p e r fe c t ly c o ord i n at e d ; a nd w i th th e i n trod u ct io n o f a n e w
—
,
.

pl a n th e l a s t s ign s o f a m e r e ly p a ss i v e s tre n gth v a n i s h e d fro m

,

th e c a s tl e .

v ri d t r m thirt nth fi t nth

fo th e to th e f ee th
o se o f m r nt D fo
p rt ly thirt nth th F r (5) fi t nth nt ry
a o us a es ee ce n tu1 y : o

o f th e o se o f o f th e f ee
th int M l hi fl fi t nt ixt th nt ri
a re a ee ,
o ug e e s 2 0 ce u ,

a nd o f Sa of th e f ee h an d
thirt nth t ry m m C y l r dy b n r rr d
o se a o c e y s een ce u es .

The of has e fe A
li t m r rmi t n w ll in Fr n i ll b f d
ee cen u e e te o uc a ea ee e to
f th e n u e of ow w in
ii 3 dr h d p rt m t
s o o us e a ns a s a ce e o un

E nl art, 6 2 se q . m .
,
un e th e na e o f e ac e a en .
 C HA PTE R X

TH E E D WA R D I A N C A S T L E A ND TH E

C ON CE N T R I C P LA N

T
C A S L E S l i k e C a r e w e n cl o s i n g a r e ct a ngu l a r a r e a w i t h rou n d
,

to we r s a t th e a n gl e s we re th e fru i t of th e t r a n s i t ion i n th e
,

cou r s e o f wh i ch th e fort i fi e d c u rt a i n wa l l took th e pl a c e o f th e

p as s iv e s tr e n gth of th e k e e p A t C a r e w th e c a s t l e wa s prot e c t e d
.

u pon its m o s t e xpo se d s i d e by out e r d e fe n c e s of s ton e ; bu t on

a l l oth e r s id e s i t pr e s e n t e d a s i n gl e l i n e o f d e fe n c e fl a n k e d by ,

th e fou r for m id a bl e a n gl e to we r s -
A c as tl e t hu s d e fe n d e d wa s
.
,

l i k e t h e e a rly s ton e c as t l e s a t R i c h m on d a nd e l s e wh e r e a k e e p ,

i n i t s e l f ; bu t its wa l l n o l ong e r d e p e n d e d m e r e ly u pon its p ass i v e

-

s tr e ngth ,
bu t w as c a l cu l a t e d to r e s i s t a tt a c k s o n wh ic h th e
bu i l d e r s o f R i c h m on d a nd Lu d l o w h a d n o m e a n s of r e c kon i n g .

Th e c a s tl e of th e l a tt e r h a l f o f t h e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry t h e ,

gol d e n age of E ngl i s h m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e wa s th e n a n , , ,

e n c lo s u r e w i th i n a s tron g a n d w e l l fl a n k e d c u rt a i n w a l l
-
Th e .

k e e p wh e r e th e s i t e was ne w wa s d i s p e n se d w i th : w h e r e a n
, ,

ol d pl a n w as a l t e r e d or e n l a rg e d i t took a s e c on d a ry po s i t ion
,
.

Th e c as tl e s o f th i s a ge m ay b e d iv i d e d i n to th r e e s e p a r a t e
c l as s e s
. Fi r s t th e r e a re c as t l e s w i thou t k e e p s i n w h ich th e
, ,

fl an k e d c u rt a i n wa l l for m s th e s ol e l i n e o f d e fe n c e S e c on d ly .
,

th e r e a re o l d c as tl e s w h i ch by e x t e n s i on o f th e i r s i t e h a v e
, , ,

a dopt e d a con c e n t ri c pl a n of d e fe n c e A n d th i rd ly th e r e a re .
,

c a s tl e s n e w ly p l a n n e d i n w h i ch t h e d e fe n c e s are for m e d by two

,

or m or e con c e n tri c cu rt a i n wa l l s .

.I Th e gr a n d e x a m pl e s o f th e fi r s t cl a s s a re th e c a s t l e s of
C a rn a rvon ( 2 5 3 ) a n d C on way C on way was be gu n i n 1 2 8 5
by th e ord e r s o f E d wa rd I C a rn a rvon i n w h ich m or e a rch i
.
,

te c tu ra l s pl e n d ou r is s ho w n wa s be gun i n 1 2 8 3 a n d w a s n ot
, ,

fi n i sh e d u n t i l 1 3 1 6 B ot h c as tl e s we r e bu i l t i n con n e ct i on
w i th wa l l e d to w n s a nd occu pi e d a n a n gl e o f th e d e fe n c e s ; a nd
,

both s t a n d on a poi n t o f l a n d w h e r e a r iv e r m e e t s th e s e a s o ,

th a t two fa c e s o f th e s i t e we r e d e fe n d e d by wa t e r w h i l e th e ,

b ase was s e p a r a t e d fro m th e to wn by a n a rt i fi c i a l d i tch

C rk i
.

la
'

1
4 60 3 1 2 3 1 4
,
.
, ,
TH E E D WA R D IA N C A TL E
S A ND . C NC E NT R I C L A N
O P 2 r
2 54 M I IT A RY
L A R C H I T E CT U RE
 TH E E D W A R D IA N CA sTL E A ND C NC E NT R I C
O PL A N '

2 55

C a rn a rvon ho we v e r is s i tu a t e d on l o w grou nd a nd co m m a n d s
, , ,

t h e to w n on ly by th e h e igh t of its c u rt a i n a nd its form i d a bl e

to we r s wh i l e th e promon tory on wh ich C on way s t a n d s is r a i se d
h igh a bov e th e gr e a t e r p a rt o f th e to w n a nd co m m a n d s th e
w hol e
Th e pl a n o f both c a s t l e s is v e ry s i m i l a r T h e e n c l os u re i n .
,

both c a s e s a n i rr e gu l a r polygon o f a n obl on g s h a p e wa s d ivid e d ,

i n to two wa rd s by a c ro s s wa l l bu i l t a t a poi n t wh e re th e
1 -
,

c u rt a i n is s l ightly d r a wn i n on both s id e s a nd th e s i t e is ,

con s e qu e n tly n a rro we d A t Con way t h e m a i n e n t ra n c e is i n

.

th e we s t or e n d wa l l o f t h e l o we r wa rd oppo s i t e t h e c ro s s wa l l ,
-
.

T h e l o we r wa rd th u s e n t e r e d is a h e x a gon i n s h a p e fl a n k e d by
, , ,

s ix cyl i n d ri c a l or d ru m to we r s o ne a t e a ch o f th e a ngl e s a nd , ,

occu pi e s a bou t two th i rd s o f th e e n cl o s u re -

T h e re m a in in g .

t h i rd is th e u pp e r wa rd a n i rr e gu l a r r e ct an gl e fl a n k e d by fou r
,

d ru m to we r s th e two to we r s to the we s t b e i n g co m m on to both

,

w a rd s T h e whol e e n c l o s u r e is th u s fl a n k e d by e ight to we r s
.
,

fou r a t th e a n gl e s a nd two on e a ch o f th e s id e s
,
.

T h e two wa rd s a t C a rn a rvon ( 2 5 3 ) we r e m or e n e a rly e qu al ,

t h e upp e r wa rd pl a c e d a s i n Con wa y a t th e e nd n e x t th e
, , ,

con flu e n c e o f th e r i v e r a nd th e se a o c cu py i n g a bou t two fi fth s -

K
,
’
o f the s i t e T h e m a i n e n t r a n c e to t h e l o we r wa rd th e
. ing s ,

g a t e way is i n th e m i dd l e o f th e s id e wa l l n e x t th e to wn a nd
, ,

t h e w a l l o f d i vi s i on b e t we e n t h e w a rd s c ro sse d th e e n c l o s u r e
fro m a poi n t c lo s e to th e right o f th e i n n e r e n tr a n c e T h e .

c u rt a i n o f th e l o we r wa rd wa s bu i l t i n fi ve s e c t ion s w i t h a to we r ,

a t e a ch o f t h e proj e ct in g a n gl e s b e t we e n th e m W i th th e s e .

to we r s m u s t b e r e c kon e d th e two s pl e n d id g a t e hou se s th e

K
,
’
i n g s g a t e hou se a t th e n orth we s t a nd Qu e e n E l e a n or s g a t e
'
-
,

hou s e a t th e e as t a n gl e o f th e w a rd T h e cu rt a i n o f th e u pp e r .

wa rd was bu i l t i n fou r pi e c e s a n d th i s wa rd w i th its c ro s s wa l l , ,

-
,

for m s a n i rr e gu l a r p e n t a gon a t th e a p e x o f w h ich is th e fa m ou s ,

E a gl e to we r a t t h e po i n t w h e r e th e to wn wa l l j o i n s th a t o f th e
,

c a s tl e T h e r e a re n in e to we r s i n a l l cou n ti n g th e two g a t e
.
,

hou se s a n d a tu rr e t on e a ch o f th e n orth e a s t a nd s ou th e a s t
,
— -

s e ct i on s o f t h e cu rt a i n T h e to we r s a re polygon a l i n s h a p e th e
.
,

s t r a ight fa c e s b e i n g fo r t h e m o s t p a rt v e ry bro a d a nd th e a n gl e s ,

v e ry obtu s e ?

O f th e t wo c a s tl e s Con way w h i ch s t a n d s a s we h a v e , , ,

se e n ,
on th e b e tt e r s i t e wa s th e m or e e con o m i c a l ly d e fe n d e d
,
.

Th e l e a d i n g fe a t u r e s o f th e pl a n a t C a rn a rvon are th e two l a rg e

1
Th e r ll C r rv i n
wa
p ly l t r whi h fl k r t t h bi h h
c o ss -
at a na on s go e .

2
The o we s th e g e a D ad
h r t ri ti bt ti ll hr
o g o na c an ga e o use at en g
th e s am e c a l of o c an b e w th e
b n tripp d fr m r bb l r
ac e s c us e ang e s , as s se e n e e

mas o nry h as no t ee s e o th e u e co e .
M I IT A R Y
L AR C H ITE CT U R E

C o n wa y C tl
as e and T o wn
 TH E E D WA R D IA N C TL E
AS A ND C NC E NT RI C
O PLA N 2 57

g at ehou se s a nd th e E agl e to we r a t th e we s t e rn a ngl e wh ich

K
,

wa s vi rtu a l ly a s t ron g to we r or k e e p Th e i n g s g a t e hou se ’

.

for m e d th e m a i n e n tr a n c e Qu e e n E l e a n or s g a t e hou se s t a n d s
’
.

a t t h e h igh e s t po in t o f th e c a s tl e a n d is n o w i n a cc e s s ibl e fro m

,

ou t s i d e : wh e n i n us e i t m u s t h a v e b e e n a ppro a ch e d by a s t e e ply
,

ri s i n g bridg e a c ro s s th e d i tch 1
T h e re is a l s o a po s t e rn th rough
.
,

w h ich p rovi s ion s we r e n o d oubt brought to th e k itch e n i n t h e

, , ,

b a s e m e n t o f th e W e l l to we r wh ich c a p s th e a n gl e o f th e c urt a i n
K
,

b e t we e n t h e
’
i n g s g a t e hou s e a n d E a gl e to we r A t Con wa y .
,

th e re was n o s e p a r a t e s tron g to we r n or wa s t h e r e a r e a l g a t e ,

hou se : th e g a t e wa y is in a n a rro w e nd wa l l a nd th e to we r s on -
,

e a c h s i d e are i n c l o s e con n e c t ion w i th its m a ch i col a t e d r a m p a rt

wa l k . T h e r e is a l s o a se con d a nd s m a l l e r g a t e way i n th e wa l l
a t t h e oppo s i t e e nd o f t h e c a s tl e op e n in g on a pl a t form a t t h e ,

e dg e o f t h e roc k fro m w h i ch a s t a i r l e d to th e w a t e r
, .

Wh e re th e c u rt a i n wa s so we l l d e fe n d e d a s i n th e s e two
c a s t l e s a d oubl e e n t r a n c e wa s a s ou rc e o f s t r e n gth r a th e r th a n
,

we a k n e s s Th e probl e m fo r th e e n e m y wa s h o w to d i s t ri but e
.

h is forc e s s o a s to k e e p t h e w hol e e ncezm e u n d e r ob se rv a ti on

'

‘
, .

T o con c e n t r a t e a n a tt a c k u pon o ne g at e way was to run t h e

r i s k o f b e i n g o ut fl a n k e d a n d t a k e n i n t h e r e a r by a s ort i e fro m

th e oth e r .S tron g a s C h at e a u -
G
a i l l a rd a n d oth e r c a s t l e s o f th e

t r a n s i t ion h a d b e e n th e y h ad s i m ply m e t th e pro s p e c t o f a tt ac k

,

w i th s ucc e s s i v e l i n e s o f d e fe n c e C a rn a rvon a nd th e c a s t l e s o f
.

t h e E d wa rd i a n p e ri od g e n e r a l ly we r e n ot e n t i r e ly a r e fug e fo r
a b e s i e g e d g a rri s on : t h e y w e r e s h e l t e r s w h i ch provid e d a b a s e

o f op e r a t ion s fo r o ffe n s iv e a s we l l a s d e fe n s i v e s t r a t ag e m T h e .

m o s t i m po s i n g fe a tu r e o f th e d e fe n c e s o f C a rn a rvon c a s t l e is th e
l on g i rr e gu l a r l in e o f th e s outh a nd s out h we s t wa l l fron ti n g -
,

th e r iv e r S e io n t
o f l oop s o n e a bov e a n oth e r
,
H e re th e c u rt a i n is p i e rc e d by th re e ro ws
Th e l o we s t O p e n fro m a g a l l e ry i n
.

th e th i c k n e ss o f t h e wa l l : t h e m idd l e ro w fro m a n u pp e r g a l l e ry ,

w h ic h is n o w op e n i n t e rn a l ly con s tru ct e d on th e top o f th e ,

v e ry m as s i v e l o we r wa l l ; wh i l e th e top ro w is pi e rc e d i n th e
m e rlon s o f t h e b a tt l e m e n t s T h e wa l l cou l d b e gu a rd e d
s i m u l t a n e ou s ly by th r e e ro ws o f a rch e r s o n e a bov e a n oth e r n ot ,
—

a n i n vi t i n g pro s p e c t to a b e s i e gi n g forc e I t is obviou s th a t .

s uch a c a s tl e l a rg e e n ough to s h e l t e r a n a r m y cou l d a l so b e

, ,

h e l d by a r e l a t i v e ly s m al l body o f m e n s o e xc e l l e n t ly wa s th e ,

a r e a o f d e fe n c e con c e n t r a t e d and s o r e a d i ly cou l d e v e ry p a rt

,

o f t h e c u rt a i n b e r e a ch e d fro m th e i n t e rior o f t h e fortr e s s .

W h i l e th e a ctu a l d e fe n c e s o f th e c u rt a i n a t Con way we r e

m or e s i m pl e th a n a t C a rn a rvon th e i s ol a t ion o f th e s it e wa s ,

1
Th e thr h d
es o l t
o f th e g a e way was f o m 3 5 to 4 0 r
fe e a o e th e t bv
b tt
o om o f dit h
th e c .
2 58 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

gre a t e r a nd th e po s s ib i l i ty of a c t i v e m ov e m e n t i n a nd ou t of th e
,

s tronghol d w as l e ss T h e a tt ac k w a s bou n d to b e con c e n tr a t e d

.

u pon th e o ne m a i n e n t r a n c e ; a nd c on se qu e n t ly n e x t to th e ,

fl a n k i n g o f th e cu rt a i n th e ch i e f O bj e c t was th e d e fe nc e o f th e
,

g a t e way Th e e nd wa l l i n w h ic h th e g a t e way was pi e rc e d is

.
, ,

h igh a bov e t h e a dj a c e n t to wn a nd th e l e v e l pi e c e o f grou n d

i
,

n fron t wa s brok e n s hort by a s t e e p e dg e o f c l i ff a t th e foot o f ,

w h ich wa s t h e d itch Th e e n tr a n c e wa s th e r e for e a pp ro ac h e d

.

by a we l l gu a rd e d b a rbic a n a t r igh t a ngl e s to th e g a t e way T h i s

- .

ou t work wa s r e a ch e d fro m th e to wn by p a s s i ng a l on g a ri s i n g
c a u s e way w i th a d r a w bri dg e a t th e e nd w h i ch g a v e a cc e ss to ,

C rn rv
a a on

th e g a t e way o f th e b a rbic a n s t a n d i ng i n a dv a n c e o f th e n orth

,

we s t to we r A s hort ri s i n g p a th th e n l e d th rough a d oor way

.

c l o s e d by a w ood e n d oor to th e pl a t for m i n fron t o f th e g a t e way ,

a l ong t h e we s t s id e o f w h i c h a bov e th e d i t c h wa s con t i n u e d th e

, ,

out e r wa l l o f th e b a rb ic a n fl a n k e d by th r e e s m a l l ro un d to w e r s
, ,

op e n a t th e gorg e T h e p a r a p e t abov e th e g a t e w ay wa s m a ch i
.

c o l a te d a n d th e l a rg e corb e l s s t i l l proj e ct fro m t h e w a l l

1
,
I n to a .

n a rro w b a rbi c a n l i k e th i s on ly a s m a l l d e t ach m e n t o f a n a tt a c k

,

i n g forc e cou l d v e n tu r e ; i n d e e d th e po s i t i on is pr a ct ic a l ly im
,

pre gn abl e T h e n orth we s t to we r co m m an d s e v e ry i n ch o f th e

.
-

a ppro a ch a n d th e d r awbri dg e t h e portcu l l i s a n d u pp e r g a t e w a y

,

1
Th e tr
e as e n ga t e way was d f d di
e en e n th e sam e way
.
CARNAR V N CA T E t r
O S L : o we s an d r am p rt w l k
a -
a

CARNAR V CA T E i t ri r
ON S L : n e o
 TH E E D W AR D A I N CA T S L E A ND C NC E NT R I C
O PL A N 2 61

o f t h e b a rbi c a n and th e obl iqu e e n tr a nc e to th e g a t e way o f th e

,

c a s tl e for m e d s ucc e s s iv e and i n t i m id a t i n g ob s t ac l e s T h e m a i n

,
.

g at eway was cl o se d by a portcu l l i s wh ich was work e d fro m a

,

m u r a l c h a m b e r be t we e n t h e c ro w n o f th e a r c h a nd t h e r a m p a rt
,

wa l k . I t m ay b e n ot e d th at wh i l e th e obl iq u e e ntr a nc e a t
,

Con way h as s o m e l i k e n e s s to th e i ng e n iou s e n t r a n c e s a t B e a u

m a ri s t h e work s o f Con w ay h a v e a t l e a s t t wo po i n t s i n co m m on
,

w i th H a rl e ch th e c orbe l l ing ou t o f t h e r a m p a rt w a l k a g a i n s t
— - -

t h e i n t e ri or fa c e o f t h e to we r s a nd t h e c a rryi n g u p o f t h e

Cn
o way C tl
as e ; R am p rt
a -
wal k
t i r s o f th e fou r e a s t e rn to we r s i n to t u rr e t s a bov e th e l e v e l o f
s a

th e roo f T h e l o fty s t a i r tu rr e t s a bov e t h e roo f a re a l s o a pro

.
-

m i n e n t fe a tu r e at C a rn a rvon .

Th e a rr a ng e m e n t s o f th e r a m p a rt wa l k s at C on way a nd -

C a rn a rvon we r e o f th e u s u a l typ e A t Con w ay w h e r e th e

.
,

c ro ss wa l l b e t we e n th e wa rd s is s t i l l i n e x i s t e n c e th e r e is a wa l k
-
,

a l on g th e top s o th a t n o p a rt o f th e cu rt a i n is r e a l ly d i s t a n t fro m
,
.

a noth e r T h e do m e s t i c bu i l d i ng s at C a rn a rvon u n fortu n a t e ly n o

.

l ong e r s t a n d ; but th e po s i t ion o f th e h a l l a nd k i tch e n i n th e

i n n e r wa rd is s t i l l k n o wn P rob a bly as a t Con way th e r e was a
.
, ,
2 62 M IL I T A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

l a rg e h a l l fo r th e g a rri s on i n th e out e r wa rd Th e do m e s t i c .

a rr a n g e m e n t s a t Co n way c a n b e e as i ly fol l o we d a l though th e

,

k i tch e n abg a i n s t th e n orth c u rt a i n o f th e l o we r wa rd is gon e

, ,
.

T h e gre at h a l l w h i ch is bu i l t a g a i n s t t h e s outh c u rt a i n a n d
, ,

fo l l o 1 1 s t h e obtu se a n gl e for m e d by i t s t a n d s a bov e a c e l l a r bu t it s

6 , ,

floor 1 1 a s 0 11 a l e v e l wi th th e s u r fa c e of th e wa rd I ts t i m be r .

roo f was bu i l t u pon s ton e t r a n s v e r se a rch e s s p a n n i n g th e h a l l

,

t h e e a s t e nd was s c r e e n e d o ff a n d for m e d a c h a p e l T h e bu i l d
.

i n g s s u rrou n d i ng th e s m al l e r 0 1 u pp e r 1 1 a rd for m e d a s e p a r at e
m a n s ion d i st i n ct fro m th e gr e a t h a l l a n d its a pp e nd a g e s T h e
,
.

ch i e f fe atu r e s o f th i s s e t o f a p a rt m e n t s we r e t h e s m a l l e r h a l l ,

ag a i n s t th e s outh cu r

t ai n ,
th e se p a r a t e

w i thd r aw i n g rooms
c a l l e d th e K
i n g s and ’

e e n s c h am be r s
Q u ’

a n d th e s m a ll c h a pe l or

o r a tory i n th e n orth
e ast t o we r
Th i s ch a p e l wa s e n
te re d fro m th e m a i n
s t a i r o f th e to w e r bu t ,

a s tr a ight s t ai r al so

l e d to i t i n th e th i c k
n e s s o f th e e as t wa l l
fro m t h e po s t e rn g a t e -
,

a nd co m m u n i c a t e d
w i th a s i m i l a r s t a i r i n
t h e oth e r h a l f o f th e
wa l l l e a d i ng t o t h e
K
,

i n g s ch a m b e r a n d
’

th e l e s s e r h a l l Wa t e r
Cn C t F ir p h
.

o way as l e ; e l ac e in all
a t C a rn a rvon wa s s u p

pl i e d fro m a we l l i n
th e to we r we s t of t h e k itch e n : a t Con way a c i s t e rn wa s m ad e
n e a r th e s outh e as t corn e r o f th e l o we r wa rd
-
.

I I T h e r e a re ol d c as tl e s ho we v e r w h i ch we r e a d a pt e d to
.
, ,

th e n e w for m o f fort i fi c a t i on w it h a n i n g e n u i ty e qu a l to t h a t
s ho w n 0 11 n e w s i t e s a t C on w a y a n d C a rn a rvon .I n a l l ud i n g to
t h e l e s s on s l e a rn e d by th e C ru s ad e r s i n th e e a s t we h a v e
,

n ot ic e d th e con c e n t ri c for m o f fort i fi c a t ion w h i ch th e y s aw a t

Con s t a n t i n opl e Th e c i ty wa s g i rt by a t ri pl e wa l l e a c h r i n g
.
,

o f wh i ch w a s h igh e r th a n t h e o n e ou t s i d e i t . T h e ad va n t age
o f th i s wa s obv iou s w h i l e th r e e s u cc e s s iv e l i n e s o f d e fe n c e we r e
provi d e d th e thr e e cou l d a l s o b e u se d s i m u l t a n e ou s ly e a c h ro w
, ,
 TH E E D WA R D IA N CA TS L E A ND C NC E NT I C L A N
O R P 2 63

o f d e fe n d e r s d i sch a rgin g it s m i s s i l e s ov e r t h e h e a d s o f t h e n e x t .

Th e C ru s ad e r s , th e v a ri e ty a nd i ng e n u i ty o f who s e c a s tl e pl a n s
d e se rv e m uch a d m i r a t ion profi t e d by t h e con c e n t ric m e thod o f
,

wa l l in g a s t ronghol d a n d n on e o f th e i r fort r e ss e s is s o r e m a rk
a bl e as L e K
r a k d e s C h e va l i e rs r e bu i l t e a rly i n th e t h i rt e e n th
c e n t u r y, w h e r e t h e

ca n ta h1 o f th e in ne r
wa rd ri se s h igh a bov e
t h e c u rt a i n o f th e out e r
e n ce in te
?
A pp ro x i
m a t i on s to t h e c o n
c e n t ri c pl a n we r e n ot
u n k no wn e v e n i n E ng
l an d at an rly d a t e
ea .

Th e e a rth e n d e fe n c e s
o f B e r k ham pste ad
c a s tl e ( 4 2 ) a re con
c e n tri c a l though
,
no
a tt e m pt wa s m a d e to

c orre l ate the m by

giv i ng th e i n n e r b a n k s
c o m m a n d o f t h e ou t e r ?

1
rk
Le K a ( K a l a a e l t ’

rb it
-

H o s n) wa s e u l in 1 2 0 2
a nd h db
el y th e Fr nk ,

ti ii
a s

l l 1 2 7 1 ( E nl a rt
t r ti r rtr
.
,

I was a f o n e fo e s s
o f th e co u nt y of T o rip li
in i Syr a c o m ma ndin g th e
mo u a nt in ,

t
c o un ry to th e
t d m t d be is
rm r t
e as ,
an us
i i
t ng u sh e d f o th e g e a
t l K r k in M b
of
n r d b ilt
c as e e a oa ,

th e D
b t rr
ea ea s e a, u
d
d r d in t rn
a ou 40 , an
1 1 su en
“
1 1 8 8, th e e a s e
b l rk kin d m
e e

u wa o f th e of

Jr lm ( mn
e usa e
”
g o
O a , A rt
f W The e n
tr tl
o a r,

th e of

K r k b d rib d
a nce to ca s e

h as e e n e sc
b v pp
e a e

f t r
a o e, . 2 40 , 241 .

e o f th e d e
2
O ne
rkh m p t d
ea u

fe nc e s o f B e
ri rth n
a s ea

is th e se e s o f e a b as
ti n pp l i d tr
e ~

to t h e o u e
b k rth id
o s, a e

o n th e n o e of

t l pr b b ly
an s

th e c as e ,
dt ln tr
o a at a

a e o g a f e th e fo un d a
ti n f t r n h l d
o o th e s o g o . C y
o nwa C tl
as e ; O r t ry
a o

2 9
2 64 M I L I A RY A RT C I T E CT U R E
H

In th e pl a n o f th e cyl i n d ri c a l to we r k e e p a t L au n c e s ton we h a v e
-
,

a s t ri k i ng a ppl ic a t i on o f t h e con c e n t ri c pl a n to a s m a l l a r e a
G
.

I n Fr a n c e C h at e a u a i l l a rd w h e r e t h e i n n e r wa rd is n e a rly
,
—
,

s u rrou n d e d by th e cu rt a i n of th e m i dd l e wa rd wa s a n a p ,

pro ach to c on c e n tri c m e thod s ; bu t th e l e a d i n g i d e a was s t i l l

t h e e x cl u s i on o f a n e n e m y by l i n e s o f d e fe n c e a rr a ng e d u pon a n
e l on g a t e d pl a n w i th th e d onj on a s th e cu l m i n a t i n g poi n t
,
E ve n .

a t Cou c y w h e r e th e d e fe n s i v e provi s i on s a re so e l a bor a t e t h e

, ,

d onj on is th e gr e a t po i n t o f i n t e r e s t a n d th e c as t l e is n ot ,

con c e n t ri c i n pl a n I n fa ct th e con c e n tri c p l a n a l though l on g

.
, ,

k n o wn i n th e e as t wa s n ot ,

a dopt e d a s a b as i s o f pl a n

n i n g i n th e we s t u n t i l th e
t h i rt e e n th c e n t u ry was far
a d van ce d Th e forti fi c a t ion s .

o f C a rc ass on n e w h e r e th e ,
.

pl a n was a ppl i e d to a to w n
we r e b e gu n by S t
Lou i s an d fi n i sh e d by P h i l i p ,

I I I : be gu n e arl ie r t han .

C ae rph i l ly th e i r e r e ct ion ,

cov e r e d m o s t o f th e t i m e i n
w h i ch ou ch i e f con c e n t ri c
1
r
c a s t l e s we r e bu i l t .

T h e con c e n tri c pl a n m ay
b e d e s c ri b e d a s fol l o ws Th e .

s i t e on wh ich th e c as t l e was

bu i l t was s u rrou n d e d a s ,

u s u a l by a d i tch Th e i n n e r ,
.

s c a rp was c ro w n e d a nd ,

s o m e t i m e s p a rtly re ve te d by , ,

a w a l l fl a n k e d by to we r s a t , .

th e a n gl e s a n d i n th e l a rg e s t
Cr nn
,

a ca sso e ; P l an c as tl e s on th e i n t e r m e d i a t e ,

fa c e s W i th i n th i s wa l l and
.
,

d ivi d e d fro m i t by a n a rro w s p a c e o f op e n grou n d ro s e a s e c on d ,

a n d m uch h igh e r w a l l a l s o fl a n k e d by to we r s a t t h e a ngl e s a n d

,

on th e fa c e s T h i s i n n e r wa l l e n c lo se d th e m a i n wa rd o f th e
.

c as t l e th e i n t e r m e d i a t e s p ac e for m in g th e out e r wa rd or l i s t s
,
“
.
”

1
br dth
The li t i t rm di t d f f t n w ll
o f th e
“
th e ow
Cr n v ri t p w t rn th w t id th y
ea s s or n e e a e e e nc e o -
a s at
O n th e s e e and
v r n rr w pl v r d by r t n l r i h p
a ca s s o n e a es . es e so u -
e s ern s es e
’
, and in o ne th e B
t r r nd fl thi t y whi h l d d
a re e y a o ac e are c o e e ec a gu a s o s
o we The g o u oor o f s was a g a e wa be
h t ff p rt li t r m h th r tl d
.
-
,
c co u use to
o f th e s s f o O f th e an d it s e fe n c e s
m r id l t r
s u o o ne a e ac o e . ca s e
o e W l ll b e sa a e .
 TH E E D WA R D I A N CA T S L E A ND C NC E NT R IC
O PL A N 2 65

T h e r e wa s n o k e e p : h e r e a s i n the pl a n o f C on way a nd ,

C a rn a rvon r e l i a n c e was pl a c e d 0 11 th e cu rt a i n s T h e e n tr a n c e s
, .
,

ho we v e r we re e l a bor a t e ly d e fe n d e d by l a rg e g a t e hou se s a n d by
,

s u n d ry in g e n iou s d e vi c e s a s a t B e a u m a ri s fo r p e rpl e x in g a fo e
, ,

a n d th e c a s tl e wa s s o m e t i m e s r e i n forc e d a s a t C a e r h ill b p c i l
p y y s e a , ,

out e r d e fe n c e s bot h o f e a rth a nd s ton e A n e n e m y a tt a c k ing .

,

s uch a fortr e s s wa s e xpo s e d fi r s t to a d oubl e fi re fro m th e t wo

,

cu rt a i n s I f h e e ffe c t e d a n e n t ra n c e h e h a d to fi ght e v e ry s t e p
.
,

o f h is wa i n to t h e i n n e r w a rd wh i l e if h e was d riv e n by d e
y , ,

t e rm ine d r e s i s t a n c e a t th e g a t e way i n to th e n a rro w s p a c e o f th e ,

out e r wa rd h e was n ot m e r e ly i n d a ng e r fro m th e a rch e r s 0 11 th e

,

in n e r wa l but a l s o m ight fi n d h is way bl oc k e d by o ne o f th e c ro ss

'

wa l l s wh i ch b rok e u p th e s p ac e i n w h i ch h e was con fi n e d .

S uch a pl a n a l though i t m ight l a c k s o m e o f th e a d v a n t a g e s

,

o f a pl a n w ork e d ou t 0 11 a ne w s i t e cou l d b e a ppl i e d to th e n e w ,

d e fe n c e s o f a n ol d c a s t l e B oth a t Dov e r a n d th e To we r o f .

Lon don d u ri n g th e r e ign of H e n ry I I I a dd i t ion s we re m a d e .

,

w h ich g a v e e a c h c a s tl e a con c e n tri c pl a n 1

T h e e ffe c t a t D ov e r .

w a s to rin g th e i m po s i n g k e e p a bou t w i th a d oubl e wa l l : th e

i n n e r c i rc u i t ho we v e r is l a rg e ly of th e s a m e d a t e a s th e k e e p
, , ,

a n d t h e ou t e r is s pr e a d i n g a n d i rr e gu l a r i n pl a n A t Lon don .

t h e d e fe n c e s we r e m or e c l o s e ly pl a n n e d i n h a r m ony a nd o ne ,

fe a tu r e o f th e a d d i t ion s is th a t wh e n th e bu i l d in g s a re e x a m i n e d ,

c l o s e a t h a n d th e Wh i t e to we r origi n a l ly th e m o s t i m port a n t
, ,

fe a t ur e o f th e fort r e ss b e co m e s co m p a r a t i ve ly i n s ign i fi c a n t i n th e
,

d e fe n s i v e s ch e m e Th e i n n e r a n d ou t e r c u rt a i n s w i th th e i r
.
,

to we r s a re o f m or e th a n o n e d a t e fro m th e e n d o f th e t we l fth to
, ,

t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u ry ; bu t t h e mo s t i m port a n t w ork wa s don e

i n th e r e ign o f H e n ry I I I d u ri n g wh ich th e c on c e n tri c pl a n o f
.
,

th e fort r e s s wa s d e v e lop e d Th e b e s t id e a o f th e fort i fi c a t ion s

.

c an b e obt a i n e d fro m th e op e n s p a c e b e fore th e we s t fron t .

B e t we e n t h e c i ty a n d th e c a s t l e l i e s th e fo rm id ab l e d itc h w h i ch ,

ru n s rou n d thr e e s id e s o f th e fort r e ss th e fou rth s id e b e i n g

‘

gu a rd e d by th e T h a m e s a n d a n a rro we r d i t c h D ug by th e .

C on qu e ror s work m e n th e d i tch wa s w id e n e d a nd d e e p e n e d by

’

R ich a rd I s ch a n c e l l or W i l l i a m Long c h a m p : i t origi n a l ly s e e m s

’
.
,

to h a v e a d m i tt e d wa t e r a t h igh t id e T h e e n tr a n c e to th e c astl e
M
.

is a t th e s outh we s t a ngl e A g a t e hou s e c a l l e d th e

-
idd l e
.
,

to we r wh ich wa s cov e r e d by a n out e r d i tc h a nd ou t work s t a n d s

,
2
,

1 t p n r n tri rt in
A t N e wcas l e th e l a was ne a ly c o ce n c ; b ut th e c u a s o f th e
t inn r d
o u e r a nd wa r p int t r rd
me t at o ne o ra n d th e o u e wa was a l a ge
p nt inin d ti b i din hi inn r n r fi d
e ,

h m l s w l h w e a ly ll e
b k p ntri h th r r t id nt
s a ce c o
,
a g t e o e s c u g e t e e as ,

y th e e e Th e c o nce c sc e m e wa s e e fo e al m o s a l a nd

i tn b th in d n p ib
. a cc e ,

n o s m ul a e o us us e o f o l e s o f e fe ce wa s o ss l e
t r dit h tr t d v r b rbi n ik h
.

2
Cf th e o u e to co e th e a at A l nw c w e re
h p ib th r t k xt t
. c co ns uc e ca ,

t e r e wa s o ss ly a fur e o u wo r n e th e o wn .
2 66 M I IT A
L R Y AR C IT E CT U R E
H

0 11 coun t e r s c a rp o f th e gr e a t d i tch 0 11 t h i s s i d e 1 2 0 fe e t
th e ,

bro a d a nd gi v e s a cc e ss to a s ton e bridg e T h i s cro ss e d th e

,
.

d i t c h to th e B y wa rd to we r a g a t e hou s e a t th e s out h we s t a n gl e ,
-

o f t h e out e r c urt a i n T h i s cu rt a i n h a s b e e n m uch a l t e r e d a nd

.
,

its a ngl e s a l on g th e n orth fa c e a re c a pp e d by b a s t ion s wh i ch

b e l on g to th e a ge wh e n th e c a n n on h a d t a k e n th e pl a c e o f th e
c a t a pu l t A l on g its s out h fa c e to wa rd s th e n a rro w d i tch th e
.
, ,

qu a y a nd ri v e r b e yon d i t is fl a n k e d by to we r s th e ch i e f o f
, , ,

w h i c h is S t T ho m as to we r t h e wa t e r g a t e o f th e c a s tl e we l l
’
-
, ,
’
kn o wn by its n a m e o f T r a i tor s g a t e a nd l i k e th e B y wa rd a n d
M
, ,

i dd l e to we r s origi n a l ly a work o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry
,
?

Fro m th e bridg e l e a d i ng to th e B y wa rd to we r th e c u rt a i n o f th e ,

i n n e r wa rd fl a n k e d by th r e e to we r s th e B e a uch a m p to we r i n
, ,

th e m idd l e t h e D e v e r e u x n d B e l l to we r s a t th e a n gl e s
2
a ,
c an b e ,

s e e n co m m a n d i n g t h e n a rro w ou t e r w a rd T h i s a ppro a ch wa s .

a pp a r e n tly d e fe n d e d by th r e e ro ws o f a r c h e r s l i k e th e s outh ,

cu rt a i n o f C a rn a rvon Th e h igh e s t ro w oc c u pi e d th e r a m p a rt .

w a l k a n d to we r s o f th e i n n e r c u rt a i n Loop s w e r e m a d e i n th e .

fa c e o f t h e s a m e c u rt a i n b e l o w th e r a m p a rt wa l k fo r a s e c on d ,
-
,

ro w 0 11 t h e r a i se d grou n d l e v e l o f th e i n n e r w a rd
,
wh i l e a th i rd -

ro w cou l d b e s t a t i on e d b e h i n d l oop s i n th e out e r cu rt a i n Th e .

ou t e r wa rd v a r i e s i n br e a d th bu t th e p as s a g e to th e g a t e wa y o f
t h e 1 nn e r wa rd a l on g th e s ou t h fa c e o f th e i n n e r cu rt a i n is v e ry
,

, ,

n a rro w a nd is fl a n k e d by th e B e l l to we r a nd Wa k e fi e l d to we r
,
3
.

T h e i n n e r g a t e wa y is i n t h e grou n d fl o o r o f th e B l oody to we r -

wh i ch j oi n s th e W a k e fi e l d to we r ; a nd is i m m e d i a t e ly oppo s it e
th e wa t e r g a t e i n S t T ho m a s to we r A t i n t e rv a l s th e ou t e r
’
-
.

wa rd was tr a v e r se d by c ro ss wa l l s s o th a t a n u n h i nd e r e d c i rc u i t -

o f i t wa s i m po ss i bl e : o n e o f th e s e c ro ss e s i t 0 11 th e e a s t s i d e o f

t h e W a k e fi e l d to we r a n d is con t i n u e d a c ro ss t h e d i tch to t h e,

r i ve r b an k ?
Th e we l l fl an k e d a ppro a ch fro m t h e B y wa rd to we r -

a rr a n g e d s o th a t th e g a t e wa y to th e i n n e r wa rd m u s t b e e n t e r e d

1
th
A ll th l ik th kin h m d th r th e ga e R e s of
m p ri d h v ntr l p fl nk d by r d t r t rd
e se ga e o use s, e o use a t oc g a an o
th e sa o we s o wa
fi l d r it r t h v r ntr r t b r dth id
e e o ,
a e a ce a as s ag e , a e o un s
’
th e Twe e , h a s a n e a nc e o f g e a w e
n h d m it b t r m riv r i t ri r i b l n p lga
e . a o s e, ea ,
o

oa f o th e a n d th e

ith t fl nkin rd r m t r tr nl
e o ug to a a e n e o s an o o g oo ,
w T h e I o un d o we s ca p th e o u e a g e s, b ut
r l tiv ly m ll i m p rt n in pl n int ri r p l t lly
ou a g g ua oo s -
.

a re o f e a th e Th e is ac ua
p rt dit h b t n t r rd hm t y
e s a o a ce a e o oo .

o f th e e we e th e o u e wa a n d th e T a e s, a nd th e g a e wa
b rbi n p l d trid p dit h ( C l rk ii
a c
“
i e u o n th e
”

Th n l t r pp r b l n in r t p rt
s a a ca ace as c a ,
.

2
e se a g e o we s a f to t h e e n d o th e
t l th nt ry h mp t w r r lly tt r ib t d rin
ea to e o g -

g ea a
we f c e u : th e B e auc a is g e ne a to t h e e g
d rd I I I
o e a u e
ofE wa
h dj nt rt i l r ly f t w l t t ry
.

3
T e se a nd th e a a ce th e e f h ce n u th e
l dy t r dd d in f rt th t ry
c u a n a re a g e o
B oo o we was a th e o u e e n
h pr t ti y t id r it r t Cf p r w ll
e ce n u .

1
T us o e c ng th e q ua
’
e T a o s ga e th e s u
m ri
‘

ou s a at . .
-

B e au a s .
 TH E E D W A R D IA N CA T S L E A ND C NC E N T R IC
O PL A N 2 67

MA l N D I NO

Ce l l - :
a r J

A NS
PL OF C H APE L

K id w lly C t l
e as e ; P la n
2 68 MIL IT A RY AR C IT E CT
H U RE

by a right a n gl e d t u rn m ay b e co m p a r e d w i th th e e n tr a n c e s a t
-
,

Con way a nd B e a u m a ri s o r w i t h th e e a rl i e r a ppro a c h to th e m a i n

,

b a i l e y a t C on i sbrough .

I n s o m e r e s p e ct s t h e a l t e r a t i on s u n d e rt a k e n a t C h e p s to w ( 1 0 4 )
,

to wa rd s th e e nd o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry gi v e i t a pl ac e a m on g

Ch p t
e s ow ; B as e m e nt h m b r
c a e

con c e n tri c c a s tl e s T h e ri dg e 0 11 wh ich th e c a s tl e s t a n d s b e t we e n

.
,

th e to w n d i tch a nd a s h e e r c l i ff a bov e th e Wy e w a s too n a rro w ,

fo r con c e n tric tr e a t m e n t a nd th e a ctu a l pl a n s ho ws u s four

,

w a rd s on e nd e a ch on h igh e r groun d th a n th e l a s t
,
Th e fi r s t .

a nd l o we s t wa rd wa s th e E d wa rd i a n a d d i t ion T h e s e con d .
 TH E E D WA R D IA N C TL E AS A ND C NC E NT R I C L A N
O P 2 69

wa rd for m e d th e l o we r p a rt o f t h e b a i l e y o f th e e a rly c a st l e .

T h e t h i rd wa rd at a v e ry n a rro w poi n t i n th e ridg e wa s a l m o s t

, ,

fi l l e d by th e gre a t h a l l wh i c h was v i rtu a l ly th e gr e a t to we r ,

o r k e e p o f th i s c a s tl e ; a n d th e r e is on ly a n a rro w p a ssag e
m ou n t i n g t h e s l op e b e t we e n th e h a l l a nd t h e l o w cu rt a i n a bov e
t h e ri v e r T h e fou rth wa rd a t t h e h igh e s t po i n t a nd d ivid e d
.
, ,

fro m th e th i rd wa rd by a d e e p ri ft i n th e rock c on t a i n s a w id e
K
,

g at e way wh i c h a s a t id we l ly th e n e a re s t p a r a l l e l wa s t h e
, ,
— —

b ac k e n t r a n c e to th e c as tl e W e h a v e on ly to i m a gi n e th e d i tch .

n e x t th e to wn fi l l e d u p a n d th e out e r cu rt a i n con t i n u e d s o a s ,

to e m br a c e th e s e con d wa rd a nd gr e a t h a l l a n d to u n it e th e ,

fi r s t a nd fou rth wa rd s ; a nd we h a v e wh at is vi rtu a l ly th e pl a n

of Ki d we l ly Fr e e i n gr e ss an d e gr e s s fo r th e g a rr i s on so ,

we l l s tud i e d i n con c e n t ric pl a n s was provid e d by th e two g a t e ,

way s a t C h e p s to w Th e e x po se d con d i t i on ho we v e r o f th e
.
, ,

l o we r wa rd a t th e foot o f th e rid g e pro m pt e d a n a dd it ion to

, ,
‘

th e pl a n w h i ch r ec a l l s th e E a gl e to we r a t C a rn a rvon or th e ,

s t ron g to we r s a t t h e l a t e r m a n or c a s t l e s o f R a gl a n a n d W in fi e ld
g
-
.

P roj e ct i n g fro m th e l o we s t a n gl e o f th e cu rt a i n co m m a n d i n g th e ,

a ppro ac h fro m th e to w n an d cov e ri n g t h e g a t e wa y is t h e to we r

M
, ,

n o w c a l l e d th e a rt e n to we r rou n d e d to t h e fi e l d a n d fl at a t t h e ,

gorg e T h i s to we r e n t e r e d fro m th e grou n d l e v e l o f th e wa rd

.
, .
-

h ad its o wn port c ul l i s e d g a t e way an d a door wa y a l s o port c u l l i s e d , , ,

fro m th e fi r s t floo r to th e r a m p a rt wa l k o f th e c u rt a i n I t s th r e e
r
-
.

floor s we e v e ry a m ply pl a n n e d a nd proj e ct i n g fro m th e se con d , ,

floo r a nd p a rtly bu i l t on th e b a ttl e m e n t s o f th e cu rt a i n is a

, ,

s m al l ch a p e l o r or a tory w i th a n e a s t wi n d o w con t a in i n g
M
,

g e o m e t ric a l t r ac e ry T h e a rt e n to we r is a v a l u a bl e e x a m pl e
.

o f t h e prot e ct ion o f a d a n g e rou s a ngl e I ts fl a n k i n g c a p a c it i e s .

we r e i m prov e d by a s pu r o r h a l f pyr a m i d bu i l t a g a i n s t t h e b a s e : -

th i s m ay b e co m p a r e d wi th t h e r e c t a ngul a r pl in th s of th e two
we s t e rn a n gl e to we r s a t C a r e w fro m wh ich s pu r s r i s e a g a i n s t
-
,

th e rou n d e d s u r fa c e s o f t h e to we r s th e m se l v e s Th e fi r s t wa rd .

a t C h e p s to w c on t a i n s a l e s s e r h a l l a n d oth e r d o m e s ti c bu i l d in g s

0 11 t h e s id e n e x t th e ri v e r : th e s e wi th th e v a u l t s b e lo w th e m ,

con t a i n work o f gre a t b e a uty A ll th e E d wa rd i a n work a t .

C h e p s to w h as th a t s i m pl i c i ty a nd ad e qu acy o f d e s ign a d m itt in g ,

h e r e a n d th e r e o f b e a ut i e s o f d e t a i l wh i ch is foun d i n th e be st ,

m i l i t a ry work o f th e age
I I I T h e c as tl e s ho we v e r o f th e l as t t we n ty y e a r s o f th e
.
, ,

th i rt e e n th c e n t ury pl an n e d w i th a sy s t e m o f con c e n t ric d e fe n c e s

, ,

1 thirt nth nt ry rk in r t h ll ( ) Ch p t
The tl wo th e g of s o w ca s

n lly l b r t m i l it r rk p r id wh r m 3
ee -
ce u ea a 10 e e

i fo r y wo of t he E ng h s h
tl h v h p l nd r d b ty d t l th t f th r
s u us ua e a o a e a e o no e e
wh 1 c h
.

we of
r m i m ny indi ti n C
cas es a e s uc s e ou an e au e a1 as a o e e

e a n a ca o s at o uc y .
2 70 M IL IT A R Y AR C I T E CT U R E
H

m ay b e t a k e n wi th C a rn a rvon a n d C on way a s r e ac h i n g th e
, ,

h igh e s t p i tch o f m i l i t a ry s c i e n c e a tt a i n e d in m e d i e v a l E n gl a n d .

T h e e a rl i e s t o f th e s e C ae rph i l ly ,
w h i c h w a s b e gu n b e for e
?
t h e e n d o f th e r e ign o f H e n ry I I I wa s a l s o th e m o s t e l abor a t e .
,

Th e c a s tl e prop e r was pl a c e d i n th e m id d l e o f a l a k e for m e d ,

by th e d a m m i n g u p o f two s tr e a m s ; a n d i n th i s r e s p e ct th e

11 ”IV/ 1 1 111”
“
x

Be d ; 0
8

1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
(
‘

e P b i it A
Mu mmy” ,

M o a t .

B e d 0
5 La k e .

H al l l l fl lu

C rphi lly C t l l n
ae as e ; P a

S i tu a t ion wa s n ot u n l i k th t f K n i l worth
e a o e wh i c h was d e fe n d e d ,

0 11 th e s outh and we s t by a n a rt i fi c i a l l a k e a n d w as i rr e gu l a rly ,

con c e n t ri c i n th e ul t i m a t e d e v e l op m e n t o f its pl a n ?
T h e s id e s
1
I t b
was b t G i l b rt d C l r i hth r l l
67 b y tr of G
v th r l rt rd ( d
e g un a ou 1 2 e e a e, e ea o uc e s e
g
a nd s e of H fo
inn r rd K ni l w rth p int ithin t r l in
en ea e .

2
Th e wa l a y a t al l o s w of
d t r rd n rr th t v ry br d
e at e o an o u e e
e fe nc e Th e o u wa o w o n th e s o u a n d we s wa s
t rth i w t r h lf int ti b
. e ,
a e oa on
,
th e e a s an d n o
,
an d ts
p y r
es e n a was c ut u o se c o ns c o ss
 TH E E D W A R D IA N C A TL E
S A ND C NC E NT R I C
O PL A N 2 7 1

o f th e i s l an d we r e
n c l o s e d wi th i n s tron g r e t a i n in g wa l l s w h i c h
e ,

ro se to for m t h e cu rt a i n o f th e ou t e r wa rd Th i s cu rt a i n w a s .

l o w a nd wa s fl a n k e d n ot by to we r s but by c u rv e d proj e ct i on s
, , ,

for m i n g b a s ti on s a t th e a n gl e s YVith in th i s ou t e r d e fe n c e ro s e
.

th e r e ct a ngul a r i n n e r w a rd th e l o fty cu rt a i n o f w h i c h wa s
,

fl a n k e d by d ru m to we r s a t e a ch a ngl e a n d by a v e ry l a rg e ,

g a t e hou se w i th two d ru m to we r s i n e a c h o f th e e a s t a n d we s t
s id e s . T h e out e r wa rd h ad a l s o a fron t a n d b a c k g a t e hou s e ,

fl a n k e d by s m a l l d ru m to we r s i n its e a s t a nd we s t c u rt a i n s :
,

th e s e we r e d i r e ctly co m m a n d e d by th e i n n e r g a t e hou se s a nd ,

th e e n tr a n c e wa s n ot obl i qu e Th e i n n e r wa rd wa s s p a c i ou s
.

a nd ch e e r ful I n th e c e n tr e is th e we l l th e gr e a t h a l l
. th e
e xc e l l e n t s ton e work of wh i c h is s h e l t e r e d fro m t h e we a th e r by

C rphi lly C t l
ae as e

a m od e rn roo f was bu i l t a g a i n s t th e s outh c u rt a i n , a nd th e

,

c h a p e l wa s a t right a n gl e s to i t a t its e a s t e nd T h e k i tch e n .

w a s con t a i n e d i n a proj e cti n g to we r s outh o f th e h a l l w h i c h ,

bl o c k e d th e o ut e r wa rd a t th i s poi n t : b e n e a th th e k i tch e n was

a po s t e rn c o m m u n i c a t i n g d i r e ctly w i t h th e l a k e T h e pl a c e .

o f th e r a m p a rt w a l k i n t h e c u rt a i n n e x t th e h a l l wa s s u ppl 1 e d
-

by a g a l l e ry run n in g i n its th ick n e s s , a nd l oop e d to th e fi e l d .

t d f h h l l w r p rt m n t th rough w h i c h th e
A t t h e e a s e n o t e a e e a a e s ,

roo m s i n th e fi r s t floo r of th e e a s t g a t e hou se cou d b e r e ac h e d l .

T h i s pl a n , i n wh ic h th e m i l i t a ry a nd d o m e s t1 c e l e m e n t s we r e
it w l r
ll s d by dit h in r t f f th e in r f rd wa T he k
la
did rr nd tl d rth trd vr
wa as a so c o ss e a c on o ne . e

th e cas e , an o n th e no its o u e e e nce wa s a e y

d p d dit h
no t s u ou

ee ry c .

30
 2 72 M ILIT A RY AR C IT E CT U R E
H

so we l lo m bi n e d is i n t e r e s t i n g u pon its o w n a c c oun t B ut

c , .

m or e i n t e r e s ti n g s t i l l we r e th e out e r d e fe nc e s by wh ic h th e c a s tl e
w a s s u rroun d e d T h e w hol e e as t fa c e o f th e c as tl e on th e ou t e r
.
.

e dg e of t h e l a k e wa s gu a rd e d by a n out e r wa l l w h i c h h ad i n t h e ,

c e n tr e n e a rly oppo s i t e th e i n n e r g a t e wa y s a l a rg e g a t e hou se

, , ,

a n d w a s r e tu rn e d a t t h e e n d s i n to c l u s t e r s o f to we r s t h e l a rg e r
,

o f w h ich on t h e s outh cov e r e d a po s t e rn

, , A we t d i t c h d i vid e d
.

th i s out e r l i n e of d e fe n c e fro m th e v i l l ag e o f C a e rph i l ly a n d i n ,

its c e n tr e was a p i e r on w h i c h th e two s e c t ion s o f th e d r a wbridg e

me t N orth o f th e g a t e hou s e th e ou t e r c u rt a i n wa s d e fe n d e d
.
,

s i m ply by th e r a m p a rt w a l k : on th e s ou th s id e ho we v e r th e r e
-

, ,

wa s a n a rro w t e rr a c e l e ft i n th e r e a r o f th e c u rt a i n by w h ic h ,

C rphi ll C t l
ae y as e ; H a ll

a cc e s s was obt a i n e d to th e c as tl e m i l l a n d oth e r offic e s T h e s e .

two port ion s o f t h e c u rt a i n we r e s e p a r a t e d fro m e a ch oth e r by

th e g a t e hou s e a n d a d i vi d i n g wa l l wh i c h i n c as e of th e c a ptu r e
, ,

o f o ne p a rt o f th e c u rt a i n by b e s i e g e r s g a v e th e d e fe n d e r s a
,

d i s t i n c t a d v a n t ag e Th e i n n e r l a k e wa s c ro ss e d fro m th e pl a t
.

for m in fron t o f th e m a i n g a t e hou se by a d r a wbr idg e w h ich ,

prob a bly was w ork e d by a cou n t e rpo i se fro m th e i sl a n d s i d e .

T h e l a k e 0 11 th e n orth s id e o f th e c as tl e w as d i vid e d i n to a n
i n n e r a n d ou t e r m o a t by a b a n k of e a rth wh i ch s pr an g fro m th e
pl a t for m o f th e ou t e r g a t e hou se a n d c u rv e d rou n d th e n orth s id e
,

o f th e i s l a n d T h i s b a n k e n d e d a t a s e con d a nd s m a l l e r i s l a n d
.
,
'

th e s id e s o f w h i ch we r e re ve te d by a s ton e wa l l cov e ri ng t h e ,

we s t fa c e o f th e s tron ghold T h i s horn work or r a v e l i n was

.
-
TH E E D WA R D IA N C A TL E
S A ND C NC E NT R I C
O PL A N 2 73
2 74 MI LIT A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

H a rl h C tl
ec as e ; Ga th
e o us e

con n e ct e d by d r awbri d g e s a c ro s s th e ou t e r a n d i n n e r m o a t s w ith

th e m a i n l a n d a n d wi th th e we s t e rn g a t e hou s e s o f t h e c as t l e It .

is e vid e n t t h a t a fort r e ss l i k e th i s i n wh i ch e v e ry r e s ou rc e o f t h e
,

d e fe n d e r s a rt h as b e e n brough t i n to a ct i on g a v e a b e s i e g e r
’

v e ry fe w O pport u n i t i e s E v e ry e n t ry was gu a rd e d : if h e on c e
.

e ffe c t e d a n e n t r a n c e d e fe n c e a ft e r d e fe n c e h ad to b e forc e d wh i l e
, ,

th e r e s ou rc e s o f th e se v e r a l
l i n e s o f d e fe n c e c ou l d a l l b e
u se d a g a i n s t h im at on c e
M
.

or e ov e r h e h a d t o b e c a r e fu l
,

to cu t a l l c o m m u n i c a t ion s o ff
fro m th e r e a r e n t r a n c e a n d
po s t e rn s ; a n d th i s wa s a d if
fi c ul t m a tt e r w h e r e th e d e fe n ,

d e r s o f th e c a s t l e h a d s o m uch
fr e e d o m o f m ov e m e n t a n d
cou l d ass a i l h im fro m s o m a ny
d i ffe r e n t poi n t s I t is n ot .

s u rpri s i n g to l e a rn th a t th e
i m pr e gn a bl e fortr e ss o f C ae r
r h r id
H a l e c ; I nn e s e o f ga te h o us e '

ph i l ly is a l m o s t w i t hou t a
h i s tory Con s truct e d to d e .

fe n d th e l o we r v a l l e y o f t h e R hy m n e y a n d to cov e r th e c o a s t
c as tl e s rou n d C a rd i ff fro m a n a tt a ck fro m th e We l s h o f th e
v a l l e y s wh i c h s lop e s outh wa rd s fro m t h e B r e con B e a con s i t ,

a n d i t was n ot u n t i l th e ci vi l wa r
1
e n d u r e d n o i mport a n t s i e g e ;

1
p rti p n r h d C rphi lly in t Q I b l
T h e a san s o f th e D e s e se s e l ae
d d r r r nt d r p rd n r m whi h h
a ga s ue e n sa e
in 1 3 2 6 : its e fe n e s we e g a e a g e ne a l f H
h pn r n r x pt d 5 th F br r
‘

a o o c ug ,
,

s o n o f H ug l e D e s e se th e yo u ge , wa s e ce 32 6
pt d nd r J hn C l r iv d 7
e ,
1 e ua y 1 -

( P at I E d w I I I ,
. . I, m
. . O ne o f th e
. e fe e s, o o e, e ce e
 TH E E D W AR D IA N C A TL E S A ND C NC E NT R I C L A N
O P 27 5

th a t its m i l i t a ry c a p a c ity was r e a l ly t e s t e d a n d th e n on ly i n a n —

age wh ich h a d outgro wn th e m e thod s r e s pon s ibl e fo r it s s ch e m e

o f d e fe n c e
?

O f E d wa rd I s c a s t l e s i n N orth Wa l e s H a rl e ch ( 2 7 3 ) a nd
’
.
,

R hud d l an w ith l o fty i n n e r cu rt a i n s a nd cyl i nd ric a l a ngl e to we r s ,

,
-

h a v e m uch i n co m m on wi th e ach oth e r a nd w it h C a e rph i l ly T h e .

g e n e r a l pl a n of H a rl e ch is n e a rly id e n t i c a l w i th th a t o f th e i s l an d
d e fe n c e s o f C ae rph i l ly I ts s i tu a t ion 0 11 a l ofty roc k ho we v e r ,
.
,

d o e s n ot c a l l fo r e l a bor a t e out e r d e fe n c e s Th e roc k wa s i s ol a t e d .

fro m th e m a in l a n d by a d ry d i tc h c u t a c ro ss th e e a s t fa c e A .

c a u s e wa y a n d a d r a wbr idg e l e d to t h e g a t e hou se o f t h e out e r

wa rd wh ic h was fl a n k e d by b a rt i z an s
, Th e wa l l o f th e out e r .

wa rd , l i k e th a t a t C ae rph i l ly , is l o w a n d h as n o to we r s th r e e o f ,

its a ngl e s for m b a s t i on s wh i l e th e oth e r , a t th e l e as t a cc e s s i bl e

,

poi n t , is s i m ply c u rv e d Th e u n u s u a l ly l o fty c urt a i n o f th e.

i n n e r wa rd , s o m e 4 0 fe e t h igh , to we r s a bov e th e co m p a r a t iv e ly
s l ight out e r d e fe n c e s wh i l e t h e c e n t r e o f th e e as t s id e is occ u pi e d
by th e gr e a t g a t e hou s e proj e ct i n g fa r b a ck i n to th e i n n e r
wa rd T h e e n tr a n c e is fl a n k e d by two s e m i c yl in d ric a l to we r s ;
.
-

a n d i n t h e r e a r o f t h e g a t e hou s e a re two roun d tu rr e t s , r i s i n g

h igh a bov e th e roo fs R h udd l a n , wh i ch s t a n d s 0 11 t h e righ t

.

b a n k o f th e C l wyd , h ad a fa i rly bro a d out e r wa rd d e fe nd e d by

a d e e p a n d w id e d i tch on th e thr e e fa c e s on wh i c h t h e s it e is

fa i rly l e v e l T h e i n n e r wa rd h ad t wo g at e hou s e s, o f e qu a l s i z e
.

a n d i m port a n c e , pl a c e d d i a gon a l ly to e ac h o th e r a t th e n orth

e a s t a n d s ou th we s t a n gl e s of th e cu rt a i n
-
E ac h o f th e s e wa s .

fl a n k e d by two l a rg e d ru m to we r s ; wh i l e e ach o f th e two re

m a i n i n g a ngl e s was c a pp e d by a s i ngl e to we r .

T h e r e we r e a t H a rl e ch a h a l l a n d oth e r do m e s t i c bu i ld in g s
a g a i n s t th e c u rt a i n s ; bu t th e g a t e hou s e wa s a l s o a co m pl e t e
m a n s ion i n i t s e l f, wi th its o wn s m a l l ch a p e l or or a tory a bove th e
g a t e way T h e r e was a n out e r s t a i r to th e b a i l e y fro m th e m a i n
.

h a l l of th e g a t e hou se E x a ctly th e sa m e a rr a n g e m e n t occu r s a t

K
.

i d we l ly , wh i l e th e i m port a n c e o f th e g a t e hou se a s a d we l l i n g
r e a ch e s its cl i m a x i n th e h a l l o f th e n orth e rn g a t e hou se a t B e a u
ma s r i ?
Th e d u a l a rr a n g e m e n t o f a h a l l k i tch e n , e tc fo r th e ,
.
,

g a rri s on , a nd a pri v a t e d we l l i n g hou s e fo r th e con s t a bl e or th e -

l ord o f th e c as t l e , h a s a l r e a dy b e e n n ot i c e d a t Con wa y , wh i l s t its

gro wt h h a s b e e n t r a c e d i n con n e ct ion wi th th e c a s tl e o f D u rh a m .

p i l p rd n F br r (M i m hr i
o n z o th in T r e co rd of a

d fi nit
e ua e e s no
a s ec a a o y ,
.

e
rth rk r d bt
e s 1 e ge .

n rth t i d th e we s f t h e c as l e t
pr b b ly thi p ri d d fi nit d t i l
1 wo
Th e
d tr ti n tl
ea or e ou on o -
S e o lS

of o f th e uc o f th e cas

pr rvinnd r b i l din
o a s e o : no e e e a s es o e

a re
2
e se e
h dd l h v .

R a e e n t1 re l y d 1 sa ppe a re d tr of

fi r pl
Th e
l ti rt i
e u gs at u an : ace s

o ne o r two e ace s a re ef n th e c u a n .
2 76 LT
M I I ARY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

H a rl e c h pre se n t s two or th r e e i m port a n t poi n t s o f i n t e r e s t

I
.

e out e r wa rd wa s n ot bl oc k e d a t a ny poi n t as a t C a e rph i l ly

( ) Th , ,

by proj e ct i n g bu i l d i ng s bu t was con t i n uou s : i t was c ro sse d , ,

h o we v e r i n a t a ny r a t e o ne pl a c e by a wa l l w h ich b a rr e d a n
, ,

e n e m y s progr e ss ( ) O w i n g to h n at u r e o f the s i t e on ly
’
2 t .e ,

o n e g a t e hou s e wa s bu i l t B ut a s m a l l d oor way i n th e c e n t r e

.

o f th e n orth wa l l o f th e i n n e r wa rd op e n e d d i r e ct ly oppo s i t e
a po s t e rn fl a n k e d by h a l f rou n d b as t i on s i n th e out e r cu rt a i n
-
, , .

Fro m th i s poi n t a n e xt r e m e ly s t e e p p a th no w h a rd ly to b e ,

t r ac e d fol l o we d th e e dg e o f th e roc k rou n d e d th e n orth we s t

, ,
-

b a s t ion of t h e out e r wa rd a nd p a sse d c l o se b e n e a t h th e we s t ,

cu rt a i n to th e s ou th we s t a n gl e o f th e roc k H e r e doubl in g
-
.
,

0 11 i t s e l f i t d e s c e n d e d th rough a g a t e way i n to a l on g p assa g e

,

b e t we e n th e s l op e o f th e roc k a n d th e ou t e r wa l l a nd e n d e d a t ,

th e wa t e r g a t e wa y o f th e c a s t l e a t t h e foot o f t h e gr e a t cr a g
-
,

a n d n e a r t h e pr e s e n t r a i l wa y s t a t i on Th e wa l l w h ic h prot e ct e d .

t h e out e r fa c e o f th i s tortu ou s p a s s a g e for m e d a n o ut e r c u rt a i n

‘

to th e c as t l e d e s c e n d i n g th e roc k fro m th e s outh we s t a ngl e

,
-

o f t h e ou t e r w a rd con t i n u i n g roun d t h e foot o f t h e ro c k on it s

,

n orth s i d e a nd c l i mbi n g i t a g a i n to m e e t th e n orth e a s t b a s t i on ?

,
-

3 ) T h e r a m p a rt wa l k h a d n o m a ch i col a t i on s a nd as a t C on way
-
,

was con t in u e d rou n d th e i n n e r fa c e s o f t h e a n gl e to we r s -

0 11 corb e l l i n g T h i s l e ft th e i n t e ri or o f th e to we r s fr e e wh i l e
.
,

th e i r d oor wa y s a nd s t a i r s g a v e th e m r e a dy c o m m a n d o f th e
r a m p a rt wa l k T h e wa l l s a re n ot on ly l o fty bu t v e ry th ic k
-
.
, .

T h e se ct ion o f th e j a m b s o f th e h a l l w i n d o ws a n d t h e s m a l l
north po s t e rn po i n t s to th e fa c t t h a t th e l o we r p a rt o f th e wa l l s
was th ic k e n e d prob a bly a s a n a ft e rthough t wh e n th e i r pr e se n t
, ,

h e ight was d e t e r m i n e d upon T h e u pp e r p a rt o f th e wa l l s is .

ho m og e n e ou s a n d is e vi d e n t ly a h e igh t e n i n g
, ( 4 ) A l th ough .

vi c e s i n th e a n gl e to we r s co m m u n ic a t e d w i th th e r a m p a rt wa l k
- -
,

fr e e do m o f a ct ion w a s gi v e n to th e d e fe n d e r s o f th e to we r s by
th e provi s ion o f a s e p a r a t e s t a i r fo r tho s e tol d o ff t o gu a rd th e
i n t e r m e d i at e r a m p a rt s T h i s s t a i r is r e ach e d t h rough th e
.

b ase m e n t d oor way o f th e s ou th e as t to we r a nd br a n ch in g o ff -

, ,

fro m th e i n t e rn a l s t a i r a fe w fe e t a bo ve th e e n t r a n c e r e ach e s ,

a s m a l l e xt e rn a l pl a t for m H e r e a n a rro w ou t e r s t a i r w ith a

.
,

r e a r wa l l is c a rri e d u p th e fa c e o f th e fl
-
,
a t gorg e o f t h e to we r ,

a nd ,
t u rn i n g a l on g th e s ou th c u rt a i n a t l e ngth r e ach e s th e ,

r a m p a rt wa l k -
T h e pl a n n i n g o f th i s s t a i r w i th its c a r e fu l ly
.
,

cov e r e d grou n d fl o o r e n t r a n c e is v e ry i n t e r e s t i ng a n d c u r iou s

-

, .

N o wh e r e ho we v e r c an th e b e a uty o f th e con c e n tr i c pl a n
, ,

b e s o we l l a ppr e c i at e d a s at B e a u m a r i s o n e of E d wa rd I s
’
.

1
h dd p
At R u pr t t d b t
l an a assag e o e c e y an o u e r wall e n g in a squa e din r
t w r d nd d riv r b nk
o e ,
e sc e tr t e th e e -
,

a to th e wa e -
ga e .
 TH E E D W AR D A I N C A TL E S A ND C NC E NT R IC
O PL A N 2 77

l t t
a es W el h c
s as tl e s
?
i t e is fl a t a n d l o w on a t on gu e o f
Th e s

M
,

l a n d a t th e n orth e rn e n tr a n c e to th e e n a i st ra i t s T h e r e is .

n o a tt e m pt a t a ny e l a bor a t e out e r sy s t e m o f d e fe nc e s u c h a s ,

we s e e a t C ae rph i l ly Th e d e fe nc e s c on s i s t e d o f a d i tch fi l l e d
.
,

w i th wa t e r a t h igh t id e a n d a n i n n e r a nd ou t e r cu rt a i n th e
, ,

i n n e r c u rt a i n a s u s u a l c o m m a n d i n g th e out e r T h e i n n e r wa rd
, ,
.

is s q u a r e : i t h a s a d ru m to we r a t e ac h o f t h e a n gl e s a n d ,

a n oth e r i n t h e c e n tr e o f e a ch o f t h e e a s t a nd we s t s id e s Th e .

n orth a nd s outh cu rt a i n s are brok e n by g a t e hou s e s a l s o fl a n k e d ,

by d ru m to we r s ?
T h e n orth g a t e hou s e w a s t h e l a rg e s t a nd ,

u pon its fi rs t fl o o r wa s a n i m po s in g h a l l
'

Th e cu rt a i n o f th e .

ou t e r wa rd s u rrou n d in g th e i n n e r cu rt a i n wa s a d a pt e d to th e
, ,

B e a um a ri C t l
s as e P l an

proj e c t i on o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e d ru m to we r s a nd th e g a t e hou se s
o f t h e i n n e r wa rd by t h e con s t ru c t ion o f e a ch fac e w i th a s a l i e n t

a n gl e i n th e c e n t r e T h e re a re n o t r a c e s o f a ny c ro ss wall s -

b a rr i n g th e p a ss ag e o f th e ou t e r wa rd Th e out e r c u rt a i n . ,

w h i ch o wi n g to th e fl
,
a t s i t e is n ot t h e m e r e l o w b a s t i on e d wa l l
,

o f C a e rph i l ly o r H a rl e ch h a s a d ru m to we r a t e a ch a n gl e
,
O 11 .

e a ch o f th e n orth e a s t a n d we s t c u rt a i n s th e r e a re th r e e s m a l l e r
, , ,

1
C l rk ( i ) p l d t f nd ti n b mt 5 th e fo u
t r dr m t r l r th h
a a ou 1 29
a . 2 1 7 ac e s a e o o .

2
The m o we s and l o w : th e
inr nl pp d by m ll r t r b rm h
o ug
ou e u
p a re a ge 1 os g ,

o we s , wh 1 c h th e s a m e
r l ti th t r r d t wr r it r t
n e a es are ca e s a e ea uc
g
s g a e in
’
th e ga e a s th e to T a o

r L nd n
e a on to o use s ou e o un o e s

th e T o we of o o .
2 78 M I L I A RY A R T C I T E CT U R E
H

d ru m to we r s th e c e n t r a l o ne o f w h i c h c a p s th e s a l i e n t T h e
,
.

pl a n is th u s o f a m o s t s y m m e t ri c a l a n d u n i for m k i n d T h e .

s outh cu rt a i n o f t h e ou t e r wa rd h o we v e r h a s 1 1 0 i n t e r m e d i a t e , ,

d ru m to we r s a n d its s a l i e n t is n e a rly c a pp e d by th e ou t e r g a t e
,

w ay . T h i s g a t e wa y ho we v e r fl n k e d by r e ct a n gu l a r to we r s
a ,
1
, ,

is s e t obl i qu e ly to th e w a l l E n t e ri n g t h e out e r wa rd im m e d i.
,

a t e ly 0 11 ou r ri ght is th e s m a l l r e ct a n gu l a r b a rbi c a n pi e r c e d ,

w i th c ro s s l oop s w h i ch cov e r s th e i n n e r g a t e way s o th a t two

-
, ,

right a n gl e d tu rn s m u s t b e m a d e b e for e th e i n n e r wa rd is
-

e n te re d

Th i s e n t r a n c e m o s t c a r e fu l ly prot e c t e d s ho ws e v e n h igh e r
, ,

sk i l l th a n th e b a rbic a n o f C on way a n d th e e l a bor a t e p a s sa g e

fro m t h e wa t e r g a t e a t H a rl e c h -
B ut th e r e a re two fu rth e r .

r e m a rk a bl e d e fe n c e s i n th i s c a s tl e we h a v e se e n th a t a s a t .
,

C ae rph i l ly th e re is a l a rg e g a t e ho us e a t e i th e r e n d o f th e
o
,

i n n e r wa rd Th e r e a r g a t e h u se wh ich a s a l r e a dy n ot e d is
.
, , ,

B e a um a ri C t l
s as e

t h e m or e i m port a n t h a s n o b a rbic a n Th e r e a r g a t e way o f th e

, .

out e r wa rd is s e t obl i qu e ly to i t i n th e n ort h c u r ta i n e a s t o f th e ,

s al i e n t a n d is s i m ply a l a rg e po s t e rn i n th e wa l l
, O u t s id e i t .
,

ho we v e r th e wa l l is r e i n forc e d by fou r bu ttr e sse s e a ch o f wh ic h

, ,

is p i e rc e d by a l oop ; t h e out e r bu ttr e s se s a re l oop e d to th e

fi e l d th e i n n e r to wa rd s th e g a t e wa y Th e we s t e rn m o s t butt r e s s
, .

proj e ct s b e yon d th e r e s t a nd i t is c l e a r t h at th e d e s ign wa s ,

i n t e nd e d to c on c e a l a nd prot e ct th e po s t e rn fro m a tt a c k a n d ,

th a t th e we s t e rn s i d e i n th e d i r e c t i on o f th e i n t e ri or o f A n gl e s e y
, ,

wa s th a t 0 11 w h i ch a n a tt ac k w a s m o s t to b e e x p e ct e d T he .

1
t r th t
O f th e s e o we s t
a o n th e we s t r i nt p r
has a s al e o n th e
id hi h b rti n rb d th nit d int
n ou e
, or s u ,

es o f w t wo el le

th t tr pp r t t r i r d d int
s c a a s a re c o o ut : e se are u
z e o o ne ,

th e o u e fac e of th e of th e o we
m i ir l t r t r m ll r ith l id b t rn
so a u e s a ge s o un e o a
Th e o we w th e we s e
p rt pp r p rti n rb ll d m nl bt n t r
se c c e . e as e n IS s a e ,
a so a se :

of th e u we e th e o we
‘

ofi th e a
th rn pr j ti n pp r t t r
a e o o co e e
is e e g
d l e c ta ng ul a r T he u a g e s o f th e o we s
m p l t ly mm d ppr h whi l pr j t i n j t m nti n d
an a so u e o ec o . e s

th e e th e
w ld n l m ll b dy d f d r p t d b t n t y
co e e co an a o ac ,
o ec o us e o e

of we e th e e wa an d
p r ll
ou co ce a a e en
s a o e s os e e ga
h
t e s u wa
 TIIE E D W A R D IA N CA T S L E A ND C NC E NT R IC
O PL A N 2 79

oth e r d e fe n c e is th e s pu r wa l l wh i c h run n i ng a l m o s t a t right -

, ,

a n gl e s to t h e s ou th w a l l o f t h e out e r wa rd s hut o ff t h e m a i n ,

e n t r a n c e a n d th e b e a c h 0 11 wh ich i t op e n e d fro m t h e b e a c h 0 11

th e e a s t e rn s id e o f t h e c a s tl e T h e wa l l is p i e rc e d by a p as sa g e
.
,

is l oop e d i n both fac e s a n d is fl a n k e d by a h a l f rou n d to we r 0 11

,
-

t h e we s t fac e .

A l though a t fi r s t s ight th e to we r s o f B e a u m a ri s 0 11 its

, , ,

a b s ol u t e ly l e v e l s i t e l ook l o w a nd u n i m port a n t a nd pre se n t

, ,

a n e xt r a ord i n a ry c on t r a s t to tho s e o f H a rl e c h C a rn a rvon o r , ,

C on wa y th e a r e a o f th e c a s tl e is a ctu a l ly l a rg e a nd n o oth e r
, ,

E d wa rd i a n c as tl e pr e s e n t s s o p e r fe ctly s c i e n t i fi c a s y s t e m o f
d e fe n c e T h e out e r cu rt a i n i n ad d i t ion to th e r a m p a rt wa l k
.
,
-
,

h a s l oop s p i e r c e d a t r e gu l a r i n t e rv a l s i n its l o we r port ion ; th e

r a m p a rt wa l k is p a rtly c a rr i e d by con t i n uou s c orb e l l in g u pon
-

t h e i n n e r fa c e o f th e wa l l T h e i n n e r cu rt a i n m or e ov e r is
.
, ,

p i e r c e d on th e l e v e l o f th e fi r s t floor o f th e g a t e hou se s a n d
,

to we r s by a con t i n uou s v a ul t e d p ass ag e l oop e d to th e fi e l d

, , .

Th i s e xt e n d s rou n d t h e whol e wa rd a nd is brok e n on ly a t th e ,

n ort h we s t a n gl e wh e r e i t m e e t s th e n orth e rn g a t e hou s e E v e ry

-

, .

w h e r e in th e wa l l s o f th e c a s t l e wh e r e a l oop cou ld b e o f us e ,

i t wa s m a d e O f th e poi n t s n ot ic e d both the e n tr a n c e s a re

.
,

u n u s u a l a n d th e d e s ign o f th e po s t e rn a t th e r e a r s e e m s to b e
,

u n i qu e T h e s p ur wa l l though l e ss e l a bor a t e ly t re a t e d is fou n d

-

K
.
, ,

cov e ri n g a m a i n e n t r a n c e a t id we l ly a nd e l se wh e r e ; a nd th e
l on g p a s sa g e s i n th e th ick n e ss o f th e wa l l a re fou n d i n port ion s
o f t h e d e fe n c e s a t C a e rph i l ly a n d C a rn a rvon T h e to we r s a t .

B e a u m a ri s a re e n t e r e d by s t r a ight s t a i r s fro m th e gorg e ; a nd

throughou t th e c astl e i n th e g a t e hou s e s gre a t h al l a nd b a se
, , ,

m e n t s o f th e to we r s t h e m e thod o f c a rryin g a w ood e n roo f u pon

,

d e t ac h e d s ton e ri b s pr e v a i l e d wh ich is v e ry n ot ic e a bl e a l s o a t ,

Con way a nd H a rl e ch
K
.

id we l l y c a s t l e ( 2 6 7 ) a n oth e r l a t e th i rt e e n th c e n tury b u ild ing

1
,
-

s t a n d s 0 11 a s t e e p h i l l t h e e as t s id e o f w h i c h s l op e s a bru ptly
,

to th e G we nd rae th F a c h riv e r T h e c a s t l e is 0 11 th e oppo s i t e

K
.

s id e o f th e r iv e r to th e to w n o f i d we l ly a nd a l ong b as e c ou rt ,
-
,

o f wh i c h p a rt o f th e g a t e hou se r e m a i n s d e s c e n d e d th e s l op e ,

to wa rd s th e bri dg e A t th e h e ad o f th i s a sc e n t a b a rbi c a n
.

a n d d r a wbr idg e for m e d th e a ppro a ch to a s t ron g g a t e hou s e ,

fl a n k e d by two b a tt e ri n g to we r s a nd fu rth e r prot e ct e d by a s pu r ,

1
hi nd d b Cr n ik
T s wa s n o t fo u r t t rth
y th e o w l e th e g e a c as l e s o f N o
ik C rphi priv t nd ti n t p d b i
e ,

W al e s b ut l e ae lly was a a e fo u I a sse y m arr age

r rt nth nt i t p i n h Ln tr
, , ,
a o .
,

e a ly in th e fo u e e ury n o th e o f th e o use o f
t i p rt t n i h t ni rth
ce o ss e ss o ,
a ca s e .

S o m e o f th e m o s m o an E g l s c a s l e s 2 g K e l wo K na re s
b r h L t Lin n t r t i k rin v ri
—
, ,

a n cas e r co l P o n e f a c and P c e g c am e a t a o us
ti i t p i n thi r h in
o o ug , , , ,
—

m e s n o th e of o ya l a nd a t th e ac ce s s o of
b t C i d d h L t
o s se ss o s o u se , ,

H e nr y I V e c am e cas l e s o f th e
.
,
r o wn a s se z e o f th e uc y o f ancas e r .

3I
2 80 MIL IT A R Y AR C I T E CT U R E
H

wa l l c ro s s th e e n d o f th e d i t c h Th e g a t e hou se is i n th e
a .

e x t r e m e s outh e as t a n gl e o f t h e o ut e r w a rd
-
w h i c h d e s c r i bi n g , ,

a w id e c u rv e c ove r s th r e e s i d e s o f t h e n e a rly s qu a r e i n n e r wa rd
K
, ,

a nd is s e p a r a t e d fro m th e s ubu rb o f i d we l ly on th i s s id e
t h e r i v e r by th e d i t c h T h e s i t e w a s n a rro w a s a t C h e p s to w
.
, ,

a n d th e e as t wa rd s l op e so s t e e p t h a t t h e out e r w a rd was n ot
‘

c o m pl e t e d a l ong th i s s id e bu t its c u rt a i n w a s con t in u e d by

,

th e e as t e rn d ru m to we r s a n d c u rt a i n o f th e i n n e r wa rd T hr e e .

h a l f rou n d to we r s we r e m ad e i n th e cu rvi ng c u rt a i n o f th e
—

out e r wa rd ; a t th e oppo s i t e e x t r e m i ty to th e g a t e hou s e n e a r ,

t h e n orth e as t a n gl e a po s t e rn fl a n k e d by s m a l l d ru m to we r s
-
, , ,

g a v e a c c e s s to a n or th e rn e a rth wor k wh i ch m ay b e co m ,

p a r e d w i th th e horn work a t C a e rph i l ly bu t h ad n o r e t a i n i n g

-
,

wa l l
K
.

i d we l ly w i th its ou t work s i n fron t a nd r e a r a t on c e r e c a l l s

, ,

C ae rph i l ly T h e i rr e gu l a rly c on c e n tri c pl a n w i t h t h e i n n e r

.
,

wa rd 0 11 o ne s i d e o f t h e i n t e ri or o f t h e ou t e r is v e ry u n u s u a l , ,

bu t provid e s a l i n k b e t we e n th e c on c e n tri c pl a n a n d th e e x t e n
s io n o f th e e a rly pl a n o f C h e p s to w T h e provi s ion o f bot h .

fron t a n d r e a r g a t e way s is a fe a tu r e o f C ae rph i l ly C h e p s to w , ,

B e a u m a ri s a n d C on way ; a n d a s a t C a e rph i l ly R hud d l a n a n d

, , , ,

B e a u m a ris th e i n n e r wa rd a l s o h a s fron t a n d r e a r e n t r a n c e s T h e s e
K
,
.
,

ho we v e r a t i d we l ly a re m e r e door way s i n th e wa l l Th e i n n e r
, ,
.

wa rd was s m a l l w i th v e ry l a rg e a nd p e r fe c t d ru m to we r s a t its
,

a ngl e s : th e d o m e s t i c bu i l d i ng s a rr a n ge d 0 11 e i th e r s i d e o f i t l e ft

on ly a n a rro w p a ss a g e th rough th e m id d l e A to we r o f w h i ch .
,

t h e t wo u pp e r s tori e s for m e d t h e ch a p e l w a s bu i l t ou t u pon th e ,

e a s t s l op e fro m t h e corn e r o f t h e w a rd n e x t t h e s ou th e as t d ru m
,
-

to we r T h e g a t e hou s e th e n wh i ch h e r e a s a t H a rl e ch a nd
.
, , ,

B e a u m a ri s con t a i n s a l a rg e h a l l a n d oth e r a p a rt m e n t s a nd i n
, , ,

a dd i t i on to a vi c e to t h e u pp e r floor s h as a n out e r s t a i r a n d ,

l a nd i n g a g a i n s t its n ort h fac e was 0 11 th e out e r n ot th e i n n e r , , ,

l in e o f d e fe n c e a nd wa s prot e c t e d by th e d i tc h th e b a rb ic a n
, , ,

a nd th e b as e c ou rt b e yon d -
T h e r e a re r e m a i n s o f bu i l d i ng s
.
,

prob ably i n t e n d e d fo r th e g a rri s on i n th e out e r wa rd Th e ,

.

b a s e m e n t o f th e g a t e hou se wh i ch is b e l o w th e l e v e l o f th e w a rd
, ,

c on t a in s v a u l t e d ch a m b e r s I n o n e o f th e se is a l o we r v a u l t
.
,

w h ich h a s h ad a d o m e d roo f a n d m ay h av e b e e n u se d for s tor e s ,

or a r e s e rvoi r : i n a n oth e r th e r e a pp e a r to b e i n d i c a t i on s o f th e
m outh o f a we l l
K
.

T h e d e fe n s i v e pr e c a u t i on s t a k e n a t id we l ly we r e n ot s o
thorough a s i n t h e oth e r gr e a t We l s h c as tl e s o f th e t i m e a nd ,

th e ch i e f r e l i a n c e o f th e bu i ld e r s w as i n t h e s t r e ngth o f th e i r
wa l l s a nd to we r s T h e ou t e r c u rt a i n h a s th e p e c u l i a ri ty r a r e i n
.
,

E n gl i s h c as t l e s o f th e d a t e o f po s s e s s i ng a s t a i r bu i l t a g a i n s t i t
,
 TH E E D WA R D IA N C A TL E S A ND C NC E NT R I C L A N
O P 2 81

fro m th e
l v l of th e wa rd
e e ?
T h e in n e r wa rd h as s e v e r a l cu ri ou s
fe a tu r e s T h e s t a 1 r to th e cu rt a i n was a s tr a ight fl igh t o f s t e p s
.

prot e ct e d by t h e we s t wa l l o f th e m a i n e n tr a n c e fro m th e out e r

w a rd A p a th a l on g t h e b ac k o f t h e r a m p a rt o f t h e s outh
c u rt a i n l e d i n to the s outh we s t d ru m to we r from th e se c on d
.

floor o f wh i c h th e r a m p a rt wa l k was g a i n e d Th e wa l k t hough

-
.
,
m uch ov e rgro wn by i vy a n d oth e r we e d s s t i l l k e e p s its r e a r
wa l l ,
-

a n d is c on t i n u e d th rough th e to we r s a n
d rou nd t h e in ne r wa rd i
’

T h e two we s t e rn d ru m to we r s are i n t e r e s t i n g T h e u pp e r p a rt .

o f th a t on t h e n orth wh e r e i t fa c e s t h e wa rd is n ot a s i m pl e
,
,

c u rv e bu t 1 s brok e n i n to t wo con ve x cu rv e s w ith a re c e s s

,
,

K id l l C t l
we y ; T o we a t r th we s t n le
inn r rd
as e so u -
a g
of e wa

?
be t we e n : th e r e as on o f th i s is n ot a pp a r e n t T h e s outh we s t -

to we r s t a n d i ng a t a n a n gl e fro m w h ich i t co m m a n d s t h e

i n n e r fa c e o f th e gr e a t g a t e hou se h a s th e m o s t u n u s u a l p e c u l i a rity
,

o f h a vi n g a ll it s s t a g e s cov e r e d w i th v a u l t in g : t h e v a u l t s th e m

se l ve s a re s h a l lo w d o m e s r ath e r rud e ly c on s t ruct e d

,
I t is .

prob abl e th a t th e e ngin e e r s m ay h av e i n t e nd e d to e s t abl i s h a

c a t a pu l t 0 11 th e to we r i n t i m e o f s i e ge T h e s i tu at i on o f t h e .

to we r wou l d h av e b e e n e xc e l l e n tly s u i t e d fo r th a t pu rpo se but ,

1
The t ir
r m p rt l k b i l t i t
to th e r t in wa th e c u was, h vr o we

n r m l in d n t
s a a a -
,
u a g a ns a , e ,

th e e fe f o wn s
It m m p r d ith divi i n tr p ly n l
o a ce s o
w th e o f th e o u e face of th e
2
be
t r t k yi t m ll r h l t n
ay co a e s o o go a

o we at S o e sa n o t wo s a e a foc
-
ag o s
2 82 T
M I LI A R Y A R C I T E CT U R E
H

its u n u s u a l s t r e n gth m ay b e d ue m e r e ly t o its po s i t i on i n th e

l i n e o f a tt a c k T h e b ase m e n t s o f a l l th e to we r s a re v au l t e d
.
,

but th a t o f t h i s p a rt i cu l a r to we r i n s t e a d of b e i n g e n t e r e d fro m ,

th e wa rd or o ne o f th e d o m e s t ic bu i l d i n g s d i r e ctly is e n t e r e d by ,

a l ong a n d d a rk p assa g e i n t h e th i c k n e ss o f th e s outh wa l l fro m ,

th e l e ft h a n d s id e o f t h e d oor w a y o f th e i n n e r w a rd
-
Th e u n u s u a l .

pr e c au t i on s t a k e n w i th r e g a rd to th i s to we r a n d its e n t r a n c e s
giv e i t a pro m i n e n t po s it ion i n a n a ccou n t o f th e c as tl e ; a nd ,

a l though i t is 11 0 l a rg e r or l o ft i e r th a n t h e oth e r a ngl e to we r s -

o f t h e i n n e r wa rd i t h a s s o m e th i n g o f th e s p e c i a l i m port a n c e
M
,

a rt e n s to we r a t C h e p s to w or t h e E a gl e to we r a t C a rn a rvon
’
of .

A l though th e E d wa rd i a n c a s t l e i n W a l e s 11 as m a n y poi n t s o f
i n t e r e s t a nd provi d e s a h igh ly d e v e l op e d s ch e m e o f d e fe n c e y e t
,
-

its d e vi c e s a re s i m pl e wh e n co m p a r e d w i th t h e h igh e s t ach i e v e

m e n t s o f Fr e n c h forti fi c a t i on T h e e l a bor a t e c a r e b e s to we d u pon
.

th e out e r d e fe n c e s o f C ae rph i l ly a n d t h e v a r i e ty o f i n g e n u i ty ,

m a n i fe s t e d a t B e a u m a ri s a re e xc e pt ion s to th i s g e n e r a l s t a t e
,

m e n t ; w h i l e th e g e n e r a l pl a n o f C a rn a rvon is a s i m po s i n g as
th a t o f a ny c as tl e i n E u rop e B ut s uch c a r e fu l ly con t r iv e d
.

a ppro a ch e s a s th e b a rb i c a n o f C on way a n d th e l on g a s c e n t
fro m th e wa t e r g a t e a t H a rl e ch t a k e a s e con d pl a c e wh e n
-

com p a r e d wi th s uch a w ork as th e ou t e r a ppro a ch to th e c a s t l e

o f C a rc ass on n e as r e s tor e d w i th a pprox i m a t e fa ith fu l n e s s i n
,

t h e d r aw i n g s o f V io ll e t l e D u c T h e c as tl e s tood w i th i n t h e
- -

i n n e r wa l l o f th e to wn occu pyi n g a r e ct a n gu l a r s i t e on th e
,

s outh we s t -
s id e o f th is m as t e rp i e c e o f con c e n t ri c pl a n n i n g .

Th e e n tr a n c e fro m th e to w n wa s gu a rd e d by a s e m i c i rc u l a r
b a rb ic a n ; bu t th e a ppro a c h wh ich c a l l e d fo r th e m o s t wa t c h fu l
d e fe n c e wa s th a t fro m th e foot o f th e h i l l 0 11 th e e d g e o f wh i ch ,

th e c i ty s t a n d s W h e r e th e h i l l m e e t s th e pl a i n th e r e for e b e l o w
.
, ,

th e c a s t l e a gr e a t b a rbi c a n w a s con s truct e d w i th i n th e ou t e r

, ,

p a l i sad e a nd d i tch o f wh i ch wa s a gr e a t roun d to we r n ot u n l i k e ,

t h e gr e a t to we r 0 11 t h e m oun t a t W i n d s or s u rrou n d e d by a we t ,

d i tch Th e c e n t r e o f th i s c/zs e/e z was op e n to th e s k y : th e wa l l s

.
‘

we r e p i e rc e d wi th t wo ro ws o f l oop s b e l o w th e r a m p a rt Th is .

to we r gu a rd e d th e e n t r a n c e to a w a l l e d a n d c a r e fu l ly prot e ct e d
as c e n t wh i c h a ft e r m a k i n g a righ t a n gl e d tu rn l e d u p wa rd s
, ,
-
,

i n a s t r a igh t p a ss a g e co m m a n d e d by th e r a m p a rt o f th e ou t e r
1
,

1
dr in
V io ll e t l e D uc s aw g ( L a 6 17 2 d e C a rca sso nne,
’
7 5 ) s o ws a p h
k h n in thi p
- -
.

ra m a tt wa l o f th e e c l o s g wa ll s o f H e a l so
h p r db ri p d b rri r p d th t
p
-
0 11 e a c s a ssag e .

s o ws th e y a se e s o f l o o e a e s, s o l ace
h r d prt i d n rd d b di r
a s s age c o s se a
fo m e a se a a e l ne o f e fe c e , g ua y a fe w so l e s, a nd
p d n pr i r thr h p h
e ac e
c o m e ll e a n e e m y to th e M uc
i b r d d bi b h p d ntriv n
u s u e a z gz ag c o u se o ug as sag e .

a ll us o n h as e e n a l e a y m a e to o l q ue a n d e l o w s a e

i p din n y pr r nti it th vid nt r

co a ce s -

fo r m e g an e e m s q u y o f e s e is e f o m th e
’
th e a
ntr n rth rk ik id C t Ch pt r
o g e ss e
e a c e s to e a wo s l e Ma en as l e ( se e a e
TH E E D WAR D I A N C A TL E
S A ND C NC E NT R I C
O PL A N 2 83

Cra c as so nne
2 84 LT
MI I ARY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

c urt a i n o f th e to wn W h e r e i t m e t th e c u rt a i n i t t u rn e d to
.
,

th e righ t a l on g th e foot o f t h e wa l l a n d so r e a c h e d a g a t e way

, ,

i n to t h e ou t e r wa rd o r l i s t s o f th e to w n B ut h e r e th e p as s ag e
“
.
,

p ass i n g th rough a cov e r e d v e s t ibu l e t u rn e d b ac k on its o wn ,

cou r s e a nd e n t e r e d a n i n n e r b a rbic a n w ith two u pp e r s t ag e s

, , .

N ot u n t i l th i s was p asse d we r e th e l i s t s e n t e r e d a n d th e ch i e f
, ,

g a t e way o f th e c ast l e i n th e i n n e r cu rt a i n r e a ch e d A s we
, ,
.

t r a c e th i s p ass a g e we r e c a l l t h e as c e n t a t H a rl e c h a nd th e
,

t r a p s s e t fo r a n e n e m y a t B e au m a ri s ; bu t th e i r co m bi n a t ion
h e re is 0 11 a s c a l e u n d r e a m e d o f i n th o s e fort r e s s e s m i n ut e ly ,

c a l c u l a t e d though th e i r p l a n n i n g wa s .

D o mf o r nt C ; ase m a e s t
Th e wa l l g a l l e ri e s a g a i n , a t C a rn arvon a n d B e a u m a ri s a re
-
, ,

a d e vi c e o f gr e a t u t i l i ty u n u s u a l i n E n gl i s h c as tl e s a nd a re
, ,

p l a n i
1 e d a t C a rn a rvon w i th e xc e pt ion a l s k i l l w h i l e ,
a t C a e rph i l ly ,

t h e g a l l e ry i n t h e s out h wa l l b e t we e n th e h a l l a n d th e m o a t , is
,

a s ol ut ion o f t h e d e fe n c e o f a po i n t w h i ch th e s o m e w h a t c ro w d e d

pl a n o f th e do m e s t i c bu i ld in g s t h r e a t e n e d to l e a v e u n gu a rd e d .

B ut th e c ov e r e d g a l l e ry b e l o w t h e r a m p a rt s w a s n ot a pro m i n e n t
fe a tu r e o f m e d i e v a l d e fe n c e i n E n gl a n d O n th e oth e r h a n d ,
.

i t was u se d fr e e ly i n Fr a n c e T wo e x a m pl e s o f th e d e fe n s i ve
.

u s e o f cov e r e d g a l l e ri e s m ay b e gi v e n h e r e O n e is fro m .

Do m fron t , wh e r e , a s a t C oucy th e c a s t l e was s e p a r a t e d fro m

,
 TH E E D WA R D IA N CA T S L E A ND C NC E NT R IC
O PL A N 2 85

t h e wa l l e d to w n by a v e ry for m id abl e d i tch O n th e s id e n e x t .

th e c as tl e th e roc k wa s cov e r e d by a r e t a in i n g wa l l fl a n k e d by
,

t wo roun d to we r s a t th e e n d s a n d a polygon a l to we r n e a r th e ,

c e n tr e A t s o m e t i m e i n th e m idd l e a g e s prob a bl y l a t e i n
.
,

t h e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry t h e roc k b e h i n d t h e w a l l wa s pi e r ce d
,

by a l on g g a l l e ry co m m un ic a t i n g w i th a ll th r e e to we r s a nd
, ,

by s t a i r s a t i n t e rv a l s w i th t h e u pp e r wa rd a bov e Loop s we r e .

m a d e i n th e r e t a i n in g w a l l s o th a t th e a pp ro a ch u pon th i s s id e
,

wa s th u s provi d e d w i th a l i n e o f d e fe n c e b e l o w th e l e v e l o f th e
to we r s a nd c u rt a i n T h e g a l l e ry is n ot 0 11 o ne l e v e l th roughou t
.
,

bu t for m s a se ri e s o f se p a r a t e v a u l t e d c ase m a t e s con n e ct e d w i th

"

o n e a n oth e r by s hort fl ight s o f s t a i r s

1

1 11 th e s e con d c a s e a t Cou c y we h av e a c a s e o f a c l o se d
‘

, ,

g a l l e ry w i thou t l oop s wh i ch wa s d e s ign e d a s a cou n t e r m i n e

, ,
-

a g a i n s t t h e e ffort s o f th e s a pp e r s o f a n a tt a c k i n g forc e R e mai n s .

o f s u ch g a l l e ri e s e x i s t i n m or e t h a n o n e p a rt o f th e c as t l e ,

for m i n g a r e m a rk a bl e a dd it ion to d e fe n c e s wh i c h by th e m se l v e s , ,

we r e s t ron g e n ough to d i sc ou r ag e a tt a c k T o wa rd s th e e nd o f .

t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry th e c u rt a i n o f th e d onj on th e s t ron g e s t

, ,

to we r i n E u rop e wa s th i c k e n e d by th e a d d it ion o f a t a l u s
,

or b a tt e ri ng b a s e wh ich was pi e rc e d by a p a ss a g e T h e m a i n
,
.

obj e ct o f th i s work wa s to cov e r i n a s pri n g wh ic h h ad its s ou r c e

i n th e d i tch a t th e foot o f th e cu rt a i n t h e p ass age co m m u n i c a t e d
a t o ne e nd w i th a n e a rl i e r a n d we l l gu a rd e d p as s a g e l e a d i n g -

fro m th e do m e s t ic bu i l d i n g s to a po s t e rn i n th e w a l l w h i c h
c ro s s e d t h e we s t e n d o f th e d i t c h w h i l e a t th e oth e r i t co m , , ,

m un ic a te d by a s t a i r w i th th e r a m p a rt wa l k o f th e c u rt a i n a n d -

g a t e hou se o f t h e i n n e r wa rd B ut i t d id n ot m e r e ly for m a .

con ve n i e n t m e a n s o f a c c e ss to th e s pri n g I t a fford e d a n o pp o r .

t un ity to th e d e fe n d e r s o f c ou n t e r a ct i n g th e m i n e r s o f th e e n e m y ;
w h i l e if th e m i n e r s pi e rc e d th e i r way th rough th e t a l u s th e y
, ,

w ou l d b e m e t by th e th i c k cu rt a i n 0 11 t h e oth e r s id e o f t h e
p a ss age Th e p a s s a g e i t s e l f we l l prot e ct e d a t both e nd s wou l d
.
, ,

b e co m m a n d e d by th e d e fe n c e ; w h i l e th e s pri n g i n th e m i dd l e ,

to tho se n ot a cqu a i n t e d w i th th e g e ogr a phy o f th e pl a c e wou l d ,

for m a d a n g e rou s b a rri e r i n th e d a rk n e ss .

To s uch fi n i s h e d a ch i e v e m e n t s o f m i l i t a ry a rt a s th e se w h i c h ,

h a v e b e e n quot e d as s p e c i m e n e x a m pl e s ou r E n gl i s h c as t l e s c a n ,

a fford n o e x a ct p a r a l l e l I n th e m i l i t a ry as i n th e e c cl e s i a s t i c a l
.
,

a rch i t e c tu r e o f Fr a n c e pri n c i pl e s we r e wo rk e d ou t w i th a l ogi c a l

,

pr e c i s ion a nd co m pl e t e n e s s wh ich i n its pr a ct ic a l e ffe c t provok e s

, , ,

ou r won d e r T h e e ffort m an i fe s t e d i n t h e E d wa rd i a n c as t l e is
.

1
ripti n d p l i
D B l a nc h e tiere , L e D j de D mfro n t
pp 5 d t th r iv n i t r i th pr b b l p h
e sc o an an n on on o ,

9 63 The lly e a l e r th e
n tr ti
.
-
. a e e e g e s ac ua an o a e e oc

of co s uc on .
2 86 M IL IT A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

m or e h u m bl e ; t h e a ch i e v e m e n t m or e l i m i t e d . T h i s ho we v e r
, ,

is t ru e r a th e r o f t h e s c a l e o f th e c as t l e a n d th e d e t a i l s o f its
d e fe n c e th a n o f th e g e n e r a l id e a T h e m a i n obj e c t , o f fl a n k i n g
.

t h e c u rt a i n e ffe ctu a l ly a n d c om pl e t e ly , is a s ful ly r e a l i s e d a s

i n a ny for e ign e x a m pl e ; wh i l e i t m ay b e s a fe ly sa id th a t i n n o
c oun try we r e th e a d v a n t a g e s o f con c e n t ri c l i n e s of d e fe n c e be tt e r

e x h i bi t e d t h a n i n t h e W e l s h c a s tl e s w ho s e m a i n fe a tu r e s h a v e
,

b e e n i n d ic a t e d i n th i s ch a pt e r T h e wa l l s o f C a rc a ss on n e m ay
.

'

provi d e us w i th th e con c e n tri c pl a n o n its l a rg e s t s c a l e ; bu t

t h e W e l s h c a s t l e s s ho w a t l e as t a n e q u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e
v a l u e o f con c e n t ri c fort i fi c at i on s Th e d i ffe r e n c e l i e s i n th e fac t
.

th a t th e Fr e n ch e ngi n e e r proc e e d e d to s tr e n gth e n h is d e fe n c e s

by th e a d d i t i on of i n tri c a t e r e fi n e m e n t s a n d s ubt l e d e vi c e s ;
wh i l e th e E n gl i s h m a n s topp e d s hort a t th i s poi n t a n d w a s,

s a t i s fi e d w h e n h is a im o f provi d i n g a n d com bi n in g a d e qu a t e
to we r s a nd wa l l s o f d e fe n c e was a ch i e v e d .
 C H A PTE R XI

M I LITA R Y A R CH ITE CTUR E I N TH E LA TE R

M I D D LE A G E S FOR T I F I E D : T O WN S A ND
CA ST LE S

T H E s tr e n gth e n i n g o f th e c u rt a i n o f th e c a s tl e was p e r fe ct e d i n
t h e con c e n t ri c pl a n , i n w h ich a l s o w a s e s t a bl i s h e d , fo r th e t i m e
be i n g th e s u p e r iori ty o f d e fe n c e to a tt a c k B ut th e v e ry fac t
,
.

t h a t th e c as t l e h ad r e ach e d a po i n t a t wh ich furth e r d e v e l op m e n t

i n th e e x i s t in g con d i t ion o f th i n g s was i m po ss ibl e wa s fa t a l to ,

it s con t i n u e d e x i s t e n c e as a s t ron ghol d A c a s t l e l i k e C ae rph i l ly

.

d id n ot put a n e nd to l oc a l wa r fa r e : i t m e r e ly wa rn e d a n e n e m y
o ff a forb idd e n t r a c k I ts o wn s afe ty wa s s e c u r e d , b e c a u s e its
.

al m o st i m pre gn a bl e d e fe n c e s m a d e any a tt e m pt a t a s i e g e
ri d i cu l ou s O th e r c i rcu m s t a n c e s , ho we v e r c o m bi n e d to r e n d e r th e
.
,

c as t l e ob s ol e t e Th e ri s e o f to wn s an d th e gro wth o f a we a l thy

.

m e rc a n t i l e c l a s s h as t e n e d th e d e c l i n e o f fe ud a l i s m T h e fe ud a l .

b a ron was n o l o n g e r th e r e pr e se n t at iv e o f a n a l l i m port a n t c l as s , -

a n d h is fort r e ss wa s o f m i n or i m port a n c e c o m p a r e d w i th t h e

wa l l e d borough s wh ich we r e sy m bol ic a l o f t h e r e a l s t r e n gth o f

th e coun t ry B ut i n a dd i t ion to th i s s oc i a l t r a n s i t ion , th e r e took
.
,

pl a c e a ch a n g e i n wa rfa r e w h ic h h ad a fa r r e ac h in g i n flu e n c e -

u pon c as t l e a nd wa l l e d to wn a l i k e Fi r e a r m s c a m e i n to g e n e r a l -

M
.

u s e i n th e e a rly p a rt o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry
?
i s s i l e s fo r ,

wh ich h ith e rto th e on ly a v a i l a bl e m ach i n e s h ad b e e n tho se

i n vol vi n g d i s ch a rg e by tor s ion t e n s ion or cou n t e rpoi s e c ou l d
, , ,

n o w b e d e l i v e re d by t h e n e w m e thod o f d e ton a t i on T h i s p ro .

d uc e d a n a rt i l l e ry wh i ch cou l d b e w ork e d w i th gr e a t e r e c on o m y
o f l a bou r a n d d i s ch a rg e d th e m i s s i l e s th e m s e l v e s w i th gr e a t e r
,

forc e N ot m e r e ly c an a b a l l o f s ton e or i ron b e proj e ct e d w i th

.

gr e a t e r i m p e tu s t h a n c a n b e g i v e n by th e ol d e r m e thod s ; bu t
1
pr
Th e o g r e s s o f fi re ar m s E gl s in n i h r r
wa fa e wa s s l o w S e e th e
v ri rti b C t xvi
-
.

cle s yR o l ma n C l e ph an in A rr/1 2 0 1 jo urn a l l

xvii xviii ri t pi t r n in Chri t
a o us a .
, .
,
.
,

l a nd l The ea l e s c u e o f a ca no n is a M5

Ch r h x rd ritt in xviii hi r i t nti n

.
, . at s .

O fo w 1 32 6 ( l w l e th e e a l e s m e of a
h d nd pp xvi n
u c , en ,
. o

g un in E ng l a e a r s to b e in 1 33 8 ( l The lo g b o w
ntin d pp r p individ i h di r ti
an -
a 1 53 .
-

t o b e th e o ul a w e a o n o f th e ua l E ngl s so l un l
n t r thi d t
co ue e
l o g af e s a e .
2 88 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

Ga eth o us e , Ba rbi n
ca ,
an d C rt in
u a wa ll o f T o wn b tt r d by nn n h t
a e e ca o -
s o
 F RT I F I E
O D T O\ V N S A N D CA T
S L ES 2 89

th e d i re c t i on w h i c h i t t a k e s is m ore n e a rly hori z on t a l t h a n th a t

gi ve n to i t by t h e m a n gon e l a nd k i n d r e d m a ch i n e s I t is t ru e .

th a t a t fi r s t th e po we r o f c a n n on r e m a i n e d r e l a t i v e ly we a k bu t
, ,

th e i r gr a d u a l i m prov e men t m ad e th e ol d sy s t e m s o f d e fe n c e
u s e l e ss . Lo fty wa l l s w h ic h cou l d r e s i s t th e c a t a pu l t s o f th e
,

p as t we r e e a s i ly d i s m a n tl e d by c an n on s hot
,
-
H a rl e ch w i th ,

its l o fty c u rt a i n s a n d a n gl e to we r s wa s a n id e a l s t ron ghol d

-
, ,

as l on g as e xpl o s i ve s we re n ot e m pl oy e d fo r a tt a c k a n d
d e fe n c e B ut wh e n c a n n on a re d i re c t e d a g a i n s t s u c h d e fe n c e s
.
,

a nd t h e s u rfa c e o f t h e wa l l s is pou n d e d w i th S hot th e ,

h e ight o f th e fort i fi c a t ion s b e co m e s a d a n g e r ; a nd i n o rd e r to ,

pl a n t th e c a n n on o f th e d e fe n c e 0 11 th e wa l l s tho se wa l l s h a v e
,

A l e con n
to b e a s s ol id a s po ss i bl e to a void th e con s t a n t vi br a t ion a ri s i n g
fro m t h e d i s ch a rg e a n d a s l o w a s po s s ibl e to i n c r e as e th e i r
,

s t a bi l i ty a n d to pl a c e t h e e n e m y w i th i n r a n g e T h e c h a n g e is
.

obvi ou s if we c on tr a s t th e l o fty a nd co m p a r a t i ve ly s l e n d e r
M
,

to we r s o f C a rc a s s on n e o r A igu e s ort e s w i th th e m ass i v e d ru m

-

to we r s o f th e Fr e n c h c as t l e s or w a l l e d to w n s o f th e fi ft e e n th
c e n tu ry l i k e tho s e o f t h e c a s tl e o f A l e n on or to n
c ( 2 8 9 ) o f t h e w o f
M
,

Sai n t -
al o L a t e r s t i l l th e fl a n k i n g o f th e wal l s o f to wn s
,

a n d c a s tl e s s ho w s a t r a n s it i on fro m th e roun d to we r to th e b as t ion

a n d we fi n d m a ss i v e proj e c t ion s l i k e t h e Tou r G

a bri e l a t on t M
S ai n t -
M
ich e l w h i ch ri s e l i ttl e if a t a l l a bove th e l e ve l o f
, ,

th e a dj a c e n t wa l l Th e u l t i m a t e ou t c o m e o f t h i s t r a n s i t ion is
.

th e b as t ion pu r e a nd s i m pl e fl a n k i n g th e l o w a nd s ol i d e a rth e n
,
2 90 M I IT A R Y
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

b a n k w i th its re ve ting wa l l a s a t S a i n t P a u l d u V a r or l a t e r
,
- - -
, , ,
1
a t ou r o w n B e r w i c k o n T w e e d -
A s t e p fu rth e r bri ng s u s to th e
-
.

s c i e n t i fic fort i fi c a t i on o f th e se v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry to L i l l e a n d ,

A rr as a n d tho s e m agn i fi c e n t fort r e ss e s wh i c h t h e progr e s s o f th e

,

n i n e t e e n th c e n tu ry h a s a l r e a dy m ad e o f h i s tori c a l r a th e r th a n ,

pr a ct i c a l i n t e r e s t
,
.

W i th th e s e m od e rn d e v e l op m e n t s we h a ve n o con c e rn i n th i s
book a nd i n th e s e two con cl ud in g ch a pt e r s we c a n t r a c e m e r e ly
t h e l a t e r h i s tory fro m a d e fe n s i v e poi n t o f v i e w o f t h a t ty pe o f
, ,

fort i fi c a t ion who s e a d v a n c e we h a v e h i th e rto pu r s u e d a n d o f t h e ,

gr a d u a l a ma l g a m at ion o f th e m e d i e v a l c as t l e wi th th e m e d i e v a l

Sa int M-
a o l ; G ran d p rt
e o e

d we l l i n g hou se Th e ol d d i s t i n ct ion be t we e n th e c a s tl e a nd th e
-
.

bu r/z s t i l l a ss e rt e d i t s e l f D u ri n g th e gr e a t e r p a rt o f th e m idd l e
.

a g e s fro m th e N or m an con qu e s t to t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry t h e

, ,

1
r m p rt
T he int l dSa ( lp
P au of M riti m )
u V ar A es id
bln p h r b t Fr n i Ch r l V
a a s -
a -
es a re-
sa to
e o g to th e e o c o f th e wa s e we e n a c s 1 a nd T o th e
m p ri d b l n rti fi ti L Vr nt rp
a es . .

e o g th e fo ca o n s o f e o na , a nd A we T he
pr nt l l r i k r b n m h t l t r in 55 n l in
sa e e o ucca, .

wa s o f B e w c we e e g u s o e w a a e , 8, e c o s g a
p n id r b ly m ll r th ri in l m t n f rtifi d
e se 1

g a e ez n te o f th e o w , a s o
’

a n th e o
by d rd I
s ace co s e a s a e e

E wa
ith m br r pi r d in
.

2
l
H o es w i m y
asu e s fo r c a nn o n we re n th e
rtr d ri fi t th nt ry r r m d in
e an c ase s e ce
ll
wa s o f fo u ng th e f een r we e fo th e
t rn t r W rk rth by b l kin rdin ry r l p th r h
e s se s ce u , o
e , as
o we wo g th e o
m t th i r h i ht
e as e at a ,
oc a c o ss o o s o ug -

os of e e g .
 F R T I FI E T W N
O D O S A ND C A TL E
S S 29 1

c as tl e th e s t ronghol d o f th e i n d ivi d u a l l ord wa s t he h igh e s t

, ,

type o f fort i fi c a t ion a nd th e to wn a s a t B e r w i c k i n th e r e ign o f

, ,

E d wa rd I or a t Con wa y or C a rn a rvon w as w h e n wa l l e d l i ttl e

.
, , , ,

m or e th a n a n a p pe n d ag e o r ou t e r wa rd to th e c a s tl e W i th th e .

i n trod u c t ion o f fi re a r m s th e to wn b e g a n on c e m or e to t a k e its

-
,

pl ac e i n t h e v a n o f th e d e fe n c e Wa r fa re fro m th e t i m e o f .
,

th e w a r s o f E d wa rd I I I i n F ra nc e a nd ev e n e a rl i e r c e a s e d to
.
, ,

b e a n a ffa i r o f s i e g e s o f c a s tl e s B a ttl e s we r e fought m or e a n d

.

m or e i n th e op e n fi e l d a nd t h e r e d uct ion o f th e fort i fi e d to wn

, ,

Mo nt -
St -
M ih
c e l; To u r G bri
a e l

not of s t ronghol d s o f i nd i vi d u a l s , b e c a m e th e ch i e f obj e ct

O f c a m p a ign s Th e c as tl e
. r e l e g a t e d to a s e con d a ry pl ac e
, ,

d e v e l op e d m or e a nd m or e on th e l i n e s of th e d we l l i ng hou se ; -

a nd fi n a l ly , a s t h e c as tl e d i s a pp e a r e d th e to w n w i th it s c i t a d e l
, ,

b e c a m e a l l i m port a n t a s th e obj e c t o f a tt a c k a nd t h e b a s e o f
-

op e r a t i on s I n bri e f the s t e p s i n th e h i s tory o f forti fi c a t ion

.
,

a ft e r t h e C on qu e s t a re th e se Th e ti m be r d e fe n c e s o f th e
.

S a x on bu r/z b e c a m e o f s e con d a ry i m port a n c e to t h e t i m be r

d e fe n c e s o f th e N or m a n c a s tl e Th e s e we r e s u bo rd i n a t e d to
.

th e k e e p , th e s y mbol of th e do m i n ion o f t h e fe u d a l l ord T he .

 2 92 M I L I ARY T A R C I T E CT U R E
H

k e e p r e a ch e d its cl i m a x i n th e s ton e to we r A t th i s poi n t th e .

r e vu l s ion b e g a n Th e s tr e n gth e n i n g o f th e s ton e c u rt a i n m a d e

.

t h e k e e p ob s ol e t e ; a n d fi n a l l y t h e p e r fe c t ion o f th e cu rt a i n o f , ,

t h e c as tl e on c e a tt a i n e d m i l i t a ry s c i e n c e a ppl i e d i t s e l f to t h e ,

s t r e ngth e n i n g o f t h e wa l l o f th e to wn u n t i l a i d e d by s oc i a l , ,

ch a n g e s a nd s c i e n t i fi c i m prov e m e n t s th e c as tl e i t se l f b e c a m e ,

a l tog e th e r u n n e c e s sa ry .

T h e pri nc i pl e s o f d e fe n c e of th e w a l l e d to w n a re tho se of th e
c as tl e ; a nd h ith e rto we h a v e d r aw n i l l u s t r a t i on s fro m both wi th

l i ttl e d i s cri m i n a t ion I n both c ase s th e s a m e m e thod s o f a tt ac k

.

a re provi d e d a g a i n s t by t h e u se o f t h e sa m e m e a n s B ut i t .

m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d th a t th e a r e a o f th e to w n is l a rg e r th a n
t h a t o f th e c a s tl e a n d th a t wh i l e i n th e c as tl e th e b a i l e y is th e
, , ,

co m m on m u s t e r grou n d fro m wh i ch e v e ry p a rt of th e c u rt a i n
-

c a n b e e as i ly r e a ch e d th e r e c a n b e n o s u ch op e n s p a c e e n cl o s e d
"

by th e wa l l s o f a l a rg e i n h a bi t e d to w n o r c i ty T h u s w h i l e th e .
,

m a rk e t pl a c e i n o r n e a r th e c e n t r e o f t h e to w n wou l d s e rv e as
-
, ,

a g e n e r a l r a l lyi ng g ro u n d
l
i t wa s n e c e ss a ry a l s o to k e e p a cl e a r
-
,

s p a c e a t th e foot o f th e i n n e r s id e o f th e wa l l s s o th a t fr e e ,

co m m un ic a ti o n b e t we e n e v e ry p a rt m igh t b e p re se r1 e d Fro m
th e co n t i n uou s l a n e w h i ch w a s th u s for m e d b e t we e n th e wa l l
a n d t h e hou se s o f th e to w n a n d was c ro s s e d a t i n t e rv a l s by t h e ,

m a i n thorough fa r e s l e a d i n g to th e g a t e s a cc e s s wa s g a i n e d to ,

th e r e a r Of th e fl a n k i n g to w e r s a n d to th e s t a i r s by w h i ch fro m
M
, ,

t i m e to t i m e th e r a m p a rt w a l k wa s r e a ch e d
,
o s t to wn s w h i c h -
.

h a v e b e e n wa l l e d r e t a i n t r a c e s o f th i s a rr a n g e m e n t A t S outh .

a m pton th e p o m e rz u m ? a s th i s c l e a r s p a c e is c a l l e d i n m e d i e v a l
'

doc u m e n t s s u rvi v e s 0 11 th e e a s t s id e of th e to w n i n th e l a n e
,

B a c k o f th e W a l l s
”
s ti l l k n o w n as A t C a rn a rvon i t is n e a rly .

e n t ir e e x c e pt on t h e we s t s i d e of th e to w n
,
A t N e wc a s t l e ( 2 9 3 ) i t .

r e m a i n s i n a v e ry p e r fe c t s t a t e 0 11 th e n orth we s t s id e o f th e
‘

e nc l o s u r e wh e r e t h e w a l l s a n d th e i r i n t e r m e d i a t e tu rr e t s a re a l s o
,

fa i rly p e r fe ct ; a n d i t c a n b e t r a c e d i n a p a v e d l a n e on th e we s t
3
s i d e w h e r e th e wa l l s are gon e
,
N e a rly th e whol e e x t e n t o f th e .

i n n e r c i ty wa l l s o f B ri s tol o f wh i ch l i ttl e r e m a i n s c a n b e e a s i ly , ,

hi i v r l r ly n i
1
T rti fi d t I t ly n th e fo o wn s o f a t n
in th e ow
d d by d rd I d by kin Fr n th r di tri t
s s e yc ea see e , or s
fo un E wa th e of in th e
Fr n
e . an gs a ce so u e n s c s
of

p b k
a ce .

2
m m m = th e
[bo ne m u f th e wa ll s
'

Po th e Th e
rd w fir t pp l i d r d b nd ry th r t
en u s ac e s, at ac o .

wo m t o th e s a c of Ro and o o wn s ,
hi h l i m it d it
as a t s a e e ou a e e
w th e a u s zcz a o f th e c
' '

p
r ti n r t n l r ll t rr t N t l hi h
c e y .

3
Th e o f th e wa e wc as w
v ry l i ht pr j ti n r m ll pp r dt rm rit
re - e e c o ec a gu a
-
u e s at e, c a re
of f th e wa fo 3 86 w f
r nt d r b ili N v mb r i n th t
e s g o ec o o , a ea s to a e 1 : a o
a id wa s g m to th e an d ffs 9 th r
r p ir brid f t wn ( ih
a e ayo a on 2 o e e a ye a
fo r th e e ll a of th e wa s a nd ge o th e o Pat . 10 R c . II .
, pt 1 ,
.

m 8) .
 F RT I F I E T WN
O D O S A ND C A TL E
S S 29 5

t r ac e d by th e s u rvi v a l o f th e p ame rz um i n a se ri e s o f c u rv e d l a n e s
’

T h e l i n e of th e e as t wa l l o f N orth a m pt o n c an b e r e cov e r e d i n
t h e s a m e way ; a n d a l though a s a t ork m od e rn e n c ro a ch m e n t s ,
Y ,

h a v e i n m a ny pl a c e s r e m ov e d th e p o m e rz m zz i t u s u a l ly s u rvi v e d
’

to m a rk th e s i t e o f to wn wal l s e v e n l on g aft e r tho s e wa l l s h ad ,

b e e n d e s troy e d .

D u rin g th e e poch a t wh i c h fort i fic at ion r e ac h e d its h igh e s t

po i n t t h e wa l l o f a to w n wa s sy s t e m a t i c a l ly fl a n k e d by to we r s
,
,

wh ich a s we h a v e s e e n at Con way a n d A vign on we r e l e ft op e n

,
,

u pon th e s id e n e xt t h e to wn
G
.

a t e s w e r e m a d e i n t h e wa l l ,

wh e r e m a i n ro ad s a ppro a ch e d
t h e pl ace T hu s th e g a t e s o f
.

Coucy we r e th r e e a d m i tt i n g ,

t h e ro a d s fro m L a on S oi s s on s , ,

a n d C h a u ny A t C on way ( 2 5 6 ).

th e r e we r e th r e e g a t e s ; bu t
o f th e s e o ne co m m u n i cat e d

m e r e ly w i th a qu a y wh i l e ,

a n oth e r g a v e a c c e s s to t h e
c ast l e m i l l th e th i rd or n orth
we s t e rn g a t e a l on e was t h e
d i r e ct e n t r an c e to th e pro
m on tory 0 11 wh i c h t h e to wn
and c a s tl e we r e bu i l t At .

C h e p s to w wh e r e th e to wn a l s o
,

for m e d a m l d e s rzc th e r e was

’ '
— -
,

on l y o ne m a i n g at e way at th e ,

n orth we s t e n d o f th e to wn
-
.

Th e m a i n g a t e way o f Carn a r
von wa s on th e e as t s id e o f -

t h e to w n wh i l e oppo s i t e to i t , ,

i n th e we s t wa l l wa s a s m a l l e r
Cn rth
,

g a t e way op e n i n g l i k e th e o way ; P o
,
I sa f
Porth I s a f ( 2 9 5 ) a t Con way
1
,

u pon th e qu ay N ot a l l to wn s ho we v e r occ u pi e d po s it i on s l i k e
.
, ,

C h e p sto w Con way a n d C a rn a rvon wh e r e wa t e r t a k e s s o l a rg e

G
, , ,

a s h a r e i n th e d e fe n c e r e a t c e n t r e s o f co m m e rc e l i k e Lon d on
Y
.

an d ork to wa rd s w h i c h a n u m b e r o f ro a d s c on v e rg e d h ad
, ,

m any g a t e s n ot c oun t in g th e po s t e rn s i n th e i r w a l l s Fou r o f

Y
.
,

th e g a t e s o f ork r e m a i n Mic k l e ga te b a r 0 11 th e s outh we s t ,

-
,

t h rough wh i c h th e ro a d fro m T a d c as t e r e n t e r e d th e c i ty Wa l m ,

g a t e b a r 0 11 th e s ou th e a s t a d m i tt i n g th e ro a d fro m B e v e rl e y —

1
1 e th e l o we g a e Th e we s e r t g a e way is t h e u n rth t rn t pp r t
rth ga e
. .
,
o . e -
,

Po U ch af .
2 96 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

and Hull ,
M
on k b ar 0 11 th e e as t t h rough wh ich p asse d th e ro a d ,

from S c a rborough B o o th a m b ar o n th e n orth wh i ch w as t h e

, ,

e n t r a n c e fro m th e d i r e ct ion o f T h i r s k an d E as i ng wol d The .

g at e hou s e s a re a l l r e ct a n gu l a r s t ru ct u r e s th e pl a n a nd l o we r ,

port ion s o f wh ich are o f th e t we l ft h c e n tu ry a nd r e c a l l th e s ton e ,

g a t e hou s e s o f e a rly c as tl e s : th e u pp e r s t ag e s ho we v e r are o f , ,

t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry a nd h a v e t a l l b a rt i z a n s a t t h e out e r
,

a n gl e s . T h e gr e a t B a rgate a t S outh a m pton t h rough wh i ch th e ,

ro ad fro m th e n orth e n t e r e d th e c i rcu i t o f th e wa l l s is s i m i l a rly ,

a r e ct a n gul a r N orm a n g at e hou s e e n l a rg e d a n d s uppl i e d w i th ,

fl a n k i n g to we r s i n th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry : th e ou t e r fa c e was
fu rth e r s t r e n gth e n e d w i th i n a c e n t u ry o f th e se a d d i t ion s by
, ,

a h a l f oct agon a l proj e ct ion th e b a tt l e m e n t s o f wh i ch we r e

-

m ach icol a t e d T h e r e was a n oth e r g a t e on th e e as t s id e o f

.

S outh a m pton wh i ch n o w h as d i sa pp e a r e d
,
I n th e we s t wa l l .

th e r e ct a n gu l a r wa t e r g a t e a n d a po s t e rn r e m a i n ; w h i l e o n th e
-
,

qu ay a t th e s outh e a s t e rn a n gl e o f th e wa l l s t h e r e is a n oth e r
-
,

g a t e cov e r e d by a l on g s pu r work w h i c h proj e ct s fro m th e wa l l

,
-

a t th i s poi n t a n d c ro s s e d th e to w n d i tch For s m a l l e r g a t e -

.

hou se s l i k e th e we s t e rn g a t e hou se s o f C a rn a rvon a nd S outh

a m pton th e ol d r e ct a n gu l a r for m was s u ffi c i e n t
,
bu t th e pri n c i p a l
e n tri e s o f to w n s n e e d e d e ffe ct i v e fl a n k i n g A s a ru l e to wn .
,

g a t e h ou s e s o f th e E d wa rd i a n p e riod a nd th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry
g e n e r a l ly we r e fl a n k e d by roun d to we r s at th e ou t e r a n gl e s
V
,

l i k e tho se a t C on way W i n ch e l s e a o r th e \ e s t g at e a t ,

C a n t e rbu ry I n th e fi ft e e n t h c e n tu ry th e wa rl i k e ch ar act e r o f
.
,

th e d e fe n c e s o f E n gl i s h to w n s w as con s i d e r a bly l e s s e n e d Th e .

S ton e bo w or s outh e rn g a t e hou se at Li n col n a l on g r e ct a n gu l a r ,

bu i ld i n g w i th s l e n d e r a ngl e tu rr e t s o f n o gr e a t p roj e ct ion h ad ,

n o s p e c i a l provi s ion s fo r d e fe n c e b e yon d th e g at e s by wh ich i t

was c l o s e d H e r e an d th e r e wh e n t h e n e e d o f m i l it a ry d e fe n c e
.
,

c e ase d to e x i s t ch u rch e s we r e bu i l t u pon t h e wa l l s an d g a t e w ay s

,

o f to w n s T h u s a bov e th e S t J oh n s g a t e o f B ri s to l 0 11 th e ’
. ,
,

s out h s id e o f t h e c i ty ri se th e to we r a n d s pi r e wh i ch we r e
,

co m m on to th e ch u rch e s o f S t J oh n th e B a pt i s t a nd S t L aw r e n c e
wh i l e ch u r c h e s we r e bu i l t c l o s e to or i m m e d i at e ly a bov e th e e as t
a n d we s t g a t e s o f Wa r w i c k .

W h e r e o ne o f th e m a i n a ppro ach e s to a to wn c ro ss e d a ri v e r ,

th e d e fe n c e o f th e p as sag e was o f cou r s e n e c e s s a ry I n th e c a s e .

o f th e S t J oh n s g a t e o f B ri s tol a l r e a dy m e n t ion e d th e cou r s e o f

’

, ,

th e n a rro w r i v e r Fro m e 0 11 w h ich i t op e n e d was d e fe n d e d by a n

, ,

add i t i on a l wa l l on th e oth e r s id e o f th e s t r e am a n d i n th i s w a l l ,

cov e ri n g S t J oh n s g a t e wa s th e s tron gly fort i fi e d From e g a t e

’

Y
.
,

Th e c as e o f o rk wh e r e th e r i v e r n e a rly bi s e ct s th e wa l l e d
,

e n c l o s u re is mo s t u n u s u a l
, I n oth e r i n s t an c e s th e to wn w as
.
,
 F R TIF I E T W N
O D O S A ND C A TL ES S 297

c on fi n e d to o n e s i d e o f th e s t r e a m a nd th e a ppro a ch fro m th e ,

ri v e r wa s prot e c t e d by a b a rbi c a n w h i c h cou l d t a k e th e for m

,

e ith e r o f a n out e r d e fe n c e to t h e g a t e wa y i t s e l f or o f a té te d a
’
p o zz z ,
- -

on th e oppo s i t e s id e o f th e s tr e a m or o f a fort i fi e d p a s s ag e a cro s s

,

t h e bridg e O f b a rbi c a n s i n g e n e r a l m u ch 11 as b e e n s a i d a l r e a dy i
Y
.
.

a nd we h a v e s e e n a t ork a nd T e n by s o m e th i n g o f to wn
b a rbic a n s w h i l e i n t h e P ort e d e L a on a t Coucy we h a v e h ad
, ,

a n i n s t a n c e o f a b a rbic a n a ct in g a s a té te r l a p o n t 0 11 th e fu rth e r
’
- -

s id e o f a to w n d i t c h T h e a rr a n g e m e n t o f th e s ou th we s t e rn
K
-
.

a ppro a ch to e n i l worth c a s tl e is a good i n s t a n c e o f t h e c o m

bi n a t ion i n c as tl e fort i fi c a t i on o f té te a u po rzt fort i fi e d c a u se wa y

, ,
-
’
-
, ,

a n d g a t e hou s e w ith b a rbi c a n Fort i fi e d bridg e s we r e n ot u n

.

Mo n m th
ou ; Ga th
e o us e o n Mo nn o w brid ge

co m mon i n th e m id d l e ag e s ,
r e m a i n a re fe w
bu t t ho s e wh i c h .

T he fi n e s t e x a m pl e is th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry P on t
o f al l -

V a l e n t ré a t C a hor s ( Lot ) a n obl e bridg e o f s ix l o fty poi n t e d

,

a rch e s,
d ivid e d by pi e r s w h i c h a re s u ppl i e d w ith th e u s u a l
tri a n gu l a r s pu r s or c ut wa t e r s A t e ac h e nd o f th e bridg e is
-
.

a m a s s i v e r e ct a n gu l a r g a t e wa y to we r b a ttl e m e n t e d w i th pyr a , ,

m id a l roo fs a nd m ac h i c ol a t e d g a l l e ri e s b e l o w t h e b a tt l e m e n t s ;
,

w h i l e i n th e m id d l e o f t h e p as s ag e is a th i rd to we r t h e grou n d ,

flo o r o f w h ich w as g at e d and portc u l l i se d Th e bric k bridge

M G
.
,

c a l l e d t h e P on t d e s Con s u l s a t on t a ub a n ( T a rn e t a ron n e )
,
- -
,

wa s s o m e w h a t s i m i l a rly d e fe n d e d E x a m pl e s fro m oth e r .

c ou n tri e s a re th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry cov e r e d bridg e a t Tou rn a i

-
,

th e bridg e o f A l ca n ta rfit a t Tol e do a nd th e brid g e o f P r agu e , ,

33
298 M I IT A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

w h ic h w a s d e fe n d e d a bou t th e m id d l e o f t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry
w i th a t al l r e ct a n gu l a r g a t e to we r a t o n e e n d , a n d a g a t e w ay ,
-

fl a n k e d by to we r s o f u n e qu a l s i z e , a t th e oth e r I n E n gl a n d
U
.

t wo s m a l l e x a m pl e s o f forti fi e d bridg e s r e m a i n pon th e

M
.

bridg e a t on m ou th ( 2 9 7 ) is a g a t e hou s e w i th a m a ch icol a t e d

b a tt l e m e n t a n d a g a t e way w h ich was c l o se d by a portc u l l i s :
th i s s tood we l l i n a dv a n c e o f th e B rid g e g a t e o f th e to wn ,
w h ich wa s a t a l i ttl e d i s t a n c e fro m th e s tr e a m A t W a rk w orth , .

0 11 t h e s id e o f t h e bridg e n e x t t h e to w n , is a pl a i n r e ct a n gu l a r

g a t e hou s e th e a rch a nd grou n d fl

,
o o r o f w h i ch r e m a i n i n t a ct
-
.

T h e tri a n gu l a r p a tch o f l a n d s outh o f th e C oqu e t 0 11 w h i ch , ,

W a rk worth is bu i l t w as we l l d e fe n d e d 0 11 two s id e s by th e
,

ri v e r a nd 0 11 th e th i rd s id e by th e c as t l e a nd th e g at e hou s e
, ,

a t t h e bridg e w a s its on l y s ton e fort i fi c a t i on .

Th e progr e s s o f t h e a rt o f d e fe n c e u n d e r E d w a rd I wa s .

a c c o m p a n i e d by t h e e n c l o s u r e w i th i n d e fe n s i v e w a l l s o f a r e a s

a nd hou s e s n ot origi n a l ly i n t e n d e d fo r m i l i t a ry pu rpo s e s .

D i s put e s b e t we e n th e c a th e d r a l priory a nd th e c i t i z e n s o f
N or w i ch l e d to th e e n c l o s u re o f th e m on a s t e ry w i th i n a fort i fi e d
pr e c i n c t 1
th e roy a l l i c e n c e fo r th e con s t ruct i on of th e wa t e r g a t e —

b e a r s d a t e 2 7 th J u ly 1 2 7 6 ? O n 8 th May 1 2 8 5 th e d e a n a nd ,

ch a pt e r o f L i n col n obt a i n e d th e i r fi r s t l i c e n c e fo r th e e n c l o s u re
o f th e i r pr e c i n ct w i th a w a l l 1 2 fe e t h igh ; a n d t e n d ay s l a t e r
3

a s i m i l a r l i c e n c e w a s i s s u e d to th e d e a n a n d ch a pt e r o f ork ?
Y
O n l o th J un e th e d e a n a nd ch a pt e r o f S t P a u l s and
’
5
0 11 ,

1 s t J a n u a ry fol l o w i n g t h e d e a n a n d ch a pt e r o f E x e t e r
6
h ad ,

l e tt e r s p a t e n t to th e s a m e e ffe c t B i s hop B u rn e l l h a d l i c e n c e to
M
.

wa l l a n d cr e n e l l a t e th e ch u r c hy a rd a n d c l o s e o f We l l s 1 5 th a rc h ,

1 2 85 w h i l e h e was bu sy bu i ld i n g h is s t ron g hou s e a t A cton

B u rn e l l . Li c e n c e to c r e n e l l a t e th e priory o f Tyn e m o u th 0 11 its ,

e x po s e d s i t e w a s gr a n t e d sth S e pt e m b e r
, B i s hop W a l t e r
L an gton h ad l i c e n c e to w a l l th e c l o s e o f L ich fi e ld 1 8 th A pri l ,

L i c e n c e to th e a bbot a n d con v e n t o f P e t e rborough to

c r e n e l l a t e th e g at e o f th e abb e y a n d two ch a m b e r s lyi n g b e t we e n
th e g a t e a nd t h e chu rch w as gr a n t e d 1 8 th J u ly At
Li n col n wh e r e a l a rg e port ion o f th e c l o se wa l l s m ay s t i l l b e
,

s e e n th e r e was s o m e d e l ay i n bu i l d i n g
, T w o l i c e n c e s con fi r m i n g .
,

1
E v ry m t ry w r
as , o f c o u s e , s u rr d d b y a wa ll b ut was o l y it n
rt tr r t i p ri d th t h r rn td
e o na s e o un e
in c e a m c a se s a n d a f e a ce a n e o a s uc wa ll s we e c e e ll a e .

2
Pat 4 E d w I , m 1 2 13 E dw I , m 2 2
.
3
. . . . . . . .

4
Mid .
5
m 15 . .

11
1 5 1 211 , 1 4 E d w I , 11 1 2 4 . . . .
7
1 61 221 , m 1 9 .

8
Mini, 2 4 E d w I , m 8 9
Mini, 2 7 E d w l , m 2 9
pt bb t nv t r
. . . . . . . .

1"
Mini, 2 E d w 2, m 2 5 Th e a a n d co o f S t M a y s,
’

rk r n t th i x pt id t rd
. . . . o en
Y o , h ad l I ce nce to c e e ll a e e r wa ll , e c e o n th e s e o wa s th e
e 1 ty, 1 2 th J
uly 1 3 1 8 ( Mini, 1 2 E d w . pt
1, m. .
W EL L S : th
ga e o us e ot bi h p p
s o
’
s l
a a ce
 F RT I FI E T WN
O D O S A ND CA TS L ES 30 1

th e l e tt e r s p a t e n t o f 1 2 8 5 we r e gr a n t e d by E d wa rd I I i n o ne , .

ye ar ?
O n 6 th D e c e m be r 1 3 1 8 t h e l ic e n c e wa s a g a i n r e n e we d : ,

t h e w a l l m ight b e r a i s e d to a gr e a t e r h e ight th a n 1 2 fe e t an d ,
?
m ight b e c r e n e l l a t e d a n d p rovid e d w i th c re n e l l a t e d t u rr e t s
Fu rth e r 0 11 2 8 th S e pt e m be r 1 3 2 9 B i shop B urgh e rs h r e c e i v e d
, ,

l e tt e r s p at e n t p e r m itt i ng h im i n th e m o s t l i b e r a l t e r m s to
, , ,
’
r e p a i r r a i se c r e n e l l at e ; a nd t u rre l l ate th e wa l l s o f th e b i s hop s
, ,

p a l ac e 3
T hu s i n th e r e ign o f E d wa rd I I I th e re we r e n o l e s s
.
, .
,

th a n th r e e fo rt i fi e d e n c l o s u r e s w ith i n th e c i rcu i t o f th e wa l l s o f
Li n col n th e c as tl e th e c lo s e roun d t h e c a th e d r a l a nd th e
—
, ,

bi s hop s p a l a c e T o d ay a s we s t a n d i n the op e n s p ac e a t th e
’
-
.
,

h e a d o f t h e S t e e p H i l l to ou r l e ft is t h e g a t e hou s e o f th e c a s tl e ;,

wh i l e to ou r righ t is t h e E xch e qu e r g at e th e i n n e r g a t e hou s e ,

o f t h e cl o s e T h i s is a l o fty oblon g bu i ld i n g o f thre e s t ag e s

.
,

w i th a l a rg e c e n t r a l a rch way a n d a s m a l l e r a rch way 0 11 e a ch ,

s id e fo r p e d e s tri an s O n t h e we s t o r out e r s id e t h e fac e is

.

pl a in bu t 0 11 th e e a s t e rn s id e i t is brok e n by two h a l f oct agon

,
-

t u rre t s c on t a i n i n g v ic e s T h e r e wa s a l s o a n ou t e r g a t e hou s e
,
.
,

s o m e y a rd s to t h e we s t T h e s ou th e as t e rn g a t e hou se o f th e
4 -
.

c l o s e kn o wn as P o tte rgate s t i l l r e m a i n s a r e ct an gu l a r bu i l d in g
V
, , ,

w it h a n u ppe r s t a g e A t \ e l l s S a l i s bu ry an d N or w i c h t h e
5
.
, , ,

e nce in te o f t h e c l o s e m ay s t i l l e a s i ly b e t r a c e d ; wh i l e a t W e l l s ,

c l o s e by th e g a t e hou se o f th e c l o s e is th e ou t e r g a t e hou s e o f ,

T h e p a l a c e i t s e l f r e t a i n s its we t m o a t
’

t h e bi s hop s p a l a c e .
,

a nd is s ti l l a ppro a ch e d b y its d r a wbri dg e a n d th rough a fo rm id

a bl e i n n e r g a t e hou se wh i ch is fl a n k e d by two h a l f oct agon ,

-

to we r s
O f g a t e hou s e s of a bbe y s an d priori e s m a ny s t i l l r e m a i n , ,

s om e o f wh i c h l i k e tho s e a t B rid l i n gt on T e w k e s bu ry a n d
, , ,

Se1
pt m b r 5 ( d pt m F br ry
P at 9 E w H and 2 4 th
pt m
e e 1 31 . . .
, . 1 ,
. e ua
1315 6
pt m N l i r n ll ti n
-
. 2 , .

M ini, E dw fo r c e h ad
pr vi ly b n iv n li n h r d l h r xp l in th t 7
12 . . I , . . o c e nc e e a o

The se w e e ,

h m i id th r ri m l by ni ht m d l lin d ir b l
e o us ee ce ce s , g e e an e e . e a a
e an d o e s in th e c o s e a e wa
t r l d r m t i l i ht nri
o c e c g g es a e .

T h e ga e s we e to b e c o s e f o w g
d li r n ll t rh t
to s u se .

3
l
B urgh e rs h a s o h a ce nce t o c e e a e h is m o use s o f S o w

rk N tt l h m in Li l n hir Liddi t tl nd
ano -

Pa a nd e and ng o n in R u a l 6 th
N v mb I I I pt m pr h n iv li n
e e a n co s ,

e r 1 3 36
( P at 1 0 E d w m A co
r nt d J ly ( M i h pt m ) l ph
o e ,
2, . e e s e ce ce
. . . .

wa s g a e , 2 0 th u id , 1 R c II , m
2 6 to R a E rgh u ,
bi h p f li b ry r n ll t ity S l i b ry
1 37 7 1, . . . .

S a s u , t o wa ll a nd c e e a e t h e c of a nd h is

m n r h li b ry i h p W d f rd tt rn i h p C nnin
s o o a s u
’
o use s at S a s u B s o s
'

Po e e, B s o s a
m b r in W i l t h rb rn in r t Ch rd t k in v n
a o oo o g s,
-
, ,

and Ra s u y s, S e D o se , D e o ,
nnin i rk i h in F l t tr t
o e a s oc

g n B e s, and h s o us e S ee
So
h r r r th d b l t h in m fi th
ee .

1
T e e we e fo u o f e s e o u e ga e o us e s Th e f
'

th e e ez n fe

th i l
.

g a e o us e , P o tte rgate , was s ng e

ihpW r nt M r h tn
.

5
B s o yvill h a
d 1 3 3 1 2 , o f th e s o e s o f th e
th dr l rm d r id ti l h r p ir
a g a ,
I st a c -

o f Ol
d Sa u th e o l d o use s, fo r t h e of

th d r l nl r pr in t ( 5 I I I pt m
ca e a an es en a e a

th e c a e a a nd e c o s u e o f t h e ec c P at E dw ,
1, . . . . .
3 0 2 M I LI T A RY A R CH I T E C T U RE

Th rnt n bb
o o A ey ; Ga th
e o use
 F RTIFIE
O D T O \V N S A N D CA T S L ES 30 3

1
\V h a ll e y a re o f gr e a t s i z e , a nd we r e c a p a bl e o f o ffe rin g d e fe n c e
, ,

if n e c e ss a ry B ut by fa r th e m o s t i m port a n t o f m on a s t i c g a t e
.

hou se s is th a t a t T horn ton a bbe y i n Li n c ol n s h i r e a m a gn i fi c e n t ,

bu i ld in g o f bri c k wi th s ton e d r e s s in g s T h e l i c e n c e to th e
a b b ot a n d c on v e n t to bu i ld a nd c re n e l l a t e a ne w hou s e ov e r
“

” ?
a n d be s id e th e i r a bbe y g a t e be a r s d a t e 6 th A ugu s t 1 3 8 2 T he
g at e hou s e is a n obl on g o f th re e l o fty s t a g e s w i th h a l f oct agon -

tu rr e t s a t th e a ngl e s T h e s i ngl e a r c h way 0 11 th e groun d fl

. oo r -

is a ppro a ch e d th rough a n a rro w b a rbi c an , s e t obl iqu e ly to th e

bu i ld in g O n e ac h s id e o f th e e n t r a n c e is a bol d h a l f o c t a gon -

butt re ss T h e i n n e r fa c e o f th e e n tr a n c e is fl a n k e d by h a l f
.

Th r t n bb y
o n o A e l
; P a n o f ga e th o use

o c t a gon t urr e t s i n th e s outh e rn o f wh ich is t h e vic e wh i ch g i v e s

,

a c c e ss to t h e u pp e r floor s T h e r e a re n o s tr a ight s id e p a ss ag e s -
.

as i n th e E x ch e qu e r g at e a t Li n c ol n w h e r e t h e port e r s l odg e s ,

a re b e t we e n t h e m a i n a n d l a t e r a l e n t r a n c e s ; bu t a t T horn ton

a n a rch wa y wa s bu i l t i n t h e s out h w a l l o f th e c e n t r a l p a s s ag e ,

a n d a d i a gon a l s id e e n t r a n c e c on s t ruct e d w ith a w id e i n n e r ,

a rch wa y T h e out e r e n t r an c e ( 3 0 3 ) was prot e ct e d by a port c u l l i s

.
,

Li n
1 rn t h hrh
ce c e to c e e ll a e W a ll ey th e c u c a n d c l o se wa s g a e “
r nt d
J
ro th pt
uly 1 3 4 8 ( P a t 2 2 E d w I I I 2 m
, ,

i h pt rth r i rn t bb
. .
, ,
. . .

2
P at 6 R c 1 m 2 2 a fu l c e nc e to c e e ll a e th e a e y
pr i t b r d t th M ( i h pt m
. . . e , .

e c nc ea s a e 1 3 89 , 6 ay Pat . 12 R c . . 2, .
30 4 LT
M I I A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

a nd th e l odg e s a nd t u rr e t s 0 11 e i th e r s id e h ad l oop s t th e fi e ld o .

O n th e fi r s t floor o f t h e g at e hou s e is a s p a c i ou s roo m wh i ch ,

co m m un i c a t e s by m u r a l p as s a g e s w i th t h e fi r s t floor o f th e a n gl e
t u rr e t s a nd w i t h g a l l e ri e s i n th e a dj a c e n t wa l l s T h e se a re a l l .

p rovid e d w i th l oop s s o th a t th e a ppro a ch to th e m on a s t e ry was

,

ef fe ct u a l ly co m m a n d e d T h i s g a t e hou se is n e a rly con t e m por a ry

.

1 1 ith t h e W e s t g a t e o f t h e c i ty o f C a n t e rbu ry 1 1 h ich was b e gu n ,

by A rchbi s hop S ud bu ry a bou t bu t th e C a n te rb u ry a t e 1 1 ay or

g

t a k e s th e o rth od o x fo r m o f a c e n t r a l p as s a g e r e c e sse d be t we e n
t wo roun d to we r s wh i ch a re bol d proj e ct ion s fro m a r e ct a n gu l a r
,

pl a n a nd its a r c h i t e ctu re c a n n ot co m p a r e w ith th e m ou ld e d

,

a rch wa y s e l a bor a t e
,
r ibb e d v a u l t in g a nd c a n opi e d n i c h e s o f ,

?
T horn ton
’

Forti fi e d c l o s e s a bb e y s a nd bi s h op s p a l a c e s bri n g u s b ac k
, ,

to th e c as tl e i n th e h i s tory o f wh i c h is th e e pi to m e o f th e a rt
,

of d e fe n c e Th e con c e n t ri c pl a n d i s pl ay e d th e r e s ou rc e s o f th e
.

d e fe n d e r s i n th e i r m o s t s c i e n t i fi c for m bu t th e con c e n t ri c pl an , ,

as we h a v e s e e n is n ot v e ry co m m on a n d its s y s t e m a t i c use
, ,

i n E n gl i s h a r c h it e ct u r e w as pr act i c a l ly con fi n e d to a s i ngl e p e ri od

K
.

T h e s i t e as a t ,
id we l ly d id n ot a l way s a l l o w o f th e ful l ,

e x t e n s i on of t h e out e r wa rd s o a s co m pl e t e ly to e n c i r c l e th e ,

i n n e r A s a ru l e we fi n d th a t th e E n gl i s h c a s tl e o f th e fou r
.
,

te e n th c e n tu ry con s i s t s l i k e R ich m on d a n d Lud lo w i n th e i r

M
,

e a rl i e s t fo r m or l i k e C a r e w o r
,
a n orb i e r of a s i n gl e b ai l e y ,

w i th ou t a k e e p T h i s e n c l o s ur e is fl a n k e d by to we r s a t
.

a d e qu a t e i n t e rv a l s a nd is e n t e r e d th rough an i m po s i n g g a t e h ou s e
,

b e t we e n two d ru m to we r s N o E n gl i s h c as tl e o f th i s typ e ca n .

co m p a r e w ith th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry c as tl e o f S a i n t A n d r e a t
V
- -

i l l e n e uv e d A v igno n ’
w h i ch k e pt wa tch u pon th e c as t l e
o f th e pop e s 0 11 th e oppo s i t e b a n k o f th e R h One o r w i th th e
V
,

B r e ton c a s tl e s of Foug er e s ( 2 5 0 ) a n d i tré T h e c a s t l e o f .

Cae rl ave ro c k n e a r D u m fri e s n ot th e fa m ou s c a s t l e b e s i e g e d ,

by E d 1 1 a rd I but a c a s t l e fou n d e d i n 1 3 3 3 0 11 a n e w s i t e 1 8
.
, ,

a good i n s t a n c e o f a s i m pl e p l a n i n wh i ch a s i n gl e wa rd is ,

s u rrou n d e d by a fl a n k e d c u rt a i n T h e c as t l e s t a n d s on 10 1 1 a n d .

m a rsh y g ro un d n e a r th e S ol 1 1 ay fi rth
0t A 11 i s l a n d s u rrou n d e d .
,

by a bro a d we t d itch w h i ch i n th e r e a r o f t h e c as t l e a ss u m e s , , ,

t h e proport ion s o f a s m a l l l a k e is e n cl o s e d by t h r e e s e ct i on s o f ,

cu rt a i n for m in g a n e qu i l a t e r a l t ri a n gl e A d ru m to we r l o w a n d .
,
3
o f r a th e r s l e n d e r p roport ion s cov e r e d e a ch a n gl e o f th e b ase
'

1
i h pt m
P at 3 R c
b ti r t n l r t h tt l bb y i r l i r th
. . . 2 , . 10 .

e au ful
2
Th e of Ba
h rnt n Li r ll t gu
r nt d Jn
ec a a ga e o use e a e s ea e an
T o wa s g (9 th P at
I I I pt
o . c e nc e to c e ne a e a e u e 1 3 39 . 12
E dw m
th t r r m i dj t rt in i n
. .
,
. 2 ,
.

3
O ne of ese o we s e a ns : th e o th e r, w th i th e a ac e n cu a ,
s go e .
 S T K AY h l l
O E S a

ST O K E AY C
S A ST LE r
f om so u th -
we s t
 F R TIFI E T W N
O D O S A ND CA T S L ES 30 7

wh i l e at p e x wa s a l o fty g a t e hou s e fl a n k e d by d ru m
th e a ,

to we r s ,
a nd a ppro a ch e d by a d r a wbridg e Th e i n t e rio r o f th e .

c a s tl e is s o m e w h a t con fi n e d a nd th e ol d e r d o m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s
,

we r e m uch e n l a rg e d i n th e s i x t e e n th c e n tu ry by a m a n s ion ,

s o m e w h a t i n th e s tyl e o f t h e Fr e n c h R e n a i ss a n c e w h ich wa s ,

bu i l t a g a i n s t th e c u rt a i n to th e l e ft h a n d o f th e e n tr a n c e T h e .

ol d h a l l occu pi e d th e b as e o f th e t ri a ngl e wh i l e th e k i tch e n

, ,

o ffi c e s we r e a g a i n s t th e righ t h a n d c u rt a i n -
.

Li ce n c e s to c r e n e l l at e m a n s ion s a re c o m m on i n th e P a t e n t
rol l s o f th e E d wa rd s an d R i ch a rd I I I n th i s way m a ny pri v a t e .
,

d we l l i n g hou se s r e ac h e d th e r a n k o f c a s tl e s wh i l e s t i l l r e t a i n in g
-
,

Vil l n v
e eu e d A v 1 gn o n
’

s t ron gly m a rk e d fe a tu r e s o f th e i r do m e s t i c obj e ct Th e fort i fi e d .

hou se o f S to k e say ( 30 6 ) i n S h rop s h i r e wh ich L aw re n c e o f Lud l o w ,

h ad l ic e n c e to c r e n e l l a t e 1 9 th O c tob e r 1 2 9 0 ? is a c a se i n poi n t
, ,

wh e r e th e m o a t e d m a nor hou se w i th its s t ron g to we r we l l d e se rv e s

-
, ,

t h e n a m e o f c as tl e A t th e s a m e t i m e m a ny o f th e hou s e s fo r
.
,

w h i c h l i c e n c e s o f c r e n e l l at ion we r e gr a n t e d we r e n e v e r m or e th a n
m a n o r hou s e s to wh ich we r e ad d e d fort i fi c a t ion s o f a l i m it e d
-

k i nd Th i s was th e c a se w i th H e n ry P e rcy s hou se s o f S pofforth

.
’

L e c o n fi e l d a n d P e t worth th e l ic e n c e for w h i ch b e a r s d a t e 1 4 th
Y
, ,

O ctob e r 1 30 8 ?
Ma rk e n fi e l d h a l l i n ork sh i r e for wh ich a
pt
,

1
Pat . 1 9 E dw I. .
,
m . 2 .
2
I biza, 2 E dw . . 2 ,
m . 1 9 .
30 8 M I IT
L A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

l ic e n c e w as gr a n t e d 2 8 th F e bru a ry 1 3 0 9 1 0 ? is s t i l l o ne o f ou r -

m o s t v a l u a bl e e x a m pl e s o f d o m e s t i c a s d i s t i n ct fro m m i l i t a ry , ,

a rch i t e c tu r e S u c h fort i fi c a t i on s a s t h e se hou s e s h a d or s t i l l

.

h a v e we r e n ot d e s ign e d to s t a n d a s i e g e bu t to e n s u r e pri v a c y ,

a n d k e e p o ff c a s u a l m a r a ud e r s E v e n i n th e s i x t e e n th c e n tu ry .
,

d we l l i n g hou s e s l i k e Co m pton Wyn i a t e s i n W a r wi ck s h i re or

-
’

M
Tol l e s h un t aj or i n E ss e x we r e s u rrou n d e d by a m o a t or s i m ply
by a wa l l .

A g a i n s t th e s e m i n or fort i fi c a t ion s ho we v e r we m u s t pu t th e , ,

c as e s i n w h ich th e proc e s s o f c r e n e l l a t ion d e fi n i t e ly m e a n t

c on v e r s i on i n to a c a s t l e D u n sta n b urgh w h ich T ho m a s o f
.
,

L an c a s t e r h ad l i c e n c e to c r e n e l l a t e i n is a m i l it a ry s tron g
hol d o f th e m o s t pron ou n c e d typ e I ts e x po se d po s i t ion u pon .

t h e Northu m br i a n co as t wa s o ne r e a s o n o f its s t r e n gth : co as t

c a s tl e s n e e d e d s tron g d e fe n c e s a nd we fi n d th a t d u r i n g th e , ,

p e riod o f th e wa r s w i th Fr a n c e a n d l a t e r th e fort i fi c a t ion o f ,

c as tl e s l i k e D ov e r wa s a con s t a n t m e thod o f pr e c a u t i on a g a i n s t
i n v as ion 3
D uns ta n b u rgh h as m uch i n co m m on w i th th e ord i n a ry
.

s t ron g d we l l i n g hou s e s o f N orthu m b e rl a n d

-
I ts b as e cou rt is .
-

a v e ry l a rg e e n c l o s u r e occu pyi n g m o s t o f th e a r e a o f th e,

pro m on tory 0 11 w h i ch th e c a s t l e is s i tu a t e d ; ivh ile th e a ctu a l

c a s tl e c on s i s t s o f a s m a l l a nd gl oo m y b a i l e y A wa l l fl a n k e d a t .
,

e ac h e n d by a r e ct a n gu l a r to we r s h ut o ff th e e n cl o se d s p a c e ,

fro m t h e m a i n l a n d I n th e wa l l b e t we e n th e two to we r s ro s e
.

t h e gr e a t g a t e hou s e w h ich s t a n d i n g i n th e fron t o f a tt a c k

, , ,

g a v e a cc e ss to th e s m a l l e r wa rd an d con t a i n e d u pon its u pp e r ,

floor s th e ch i e f d o m e st i c a p a rt m e n t s S t ro ng ly d efe n d e d a s
'

th i s g a t e hou se wa s w i th t wo d ru m to we r s o f gr e a t s i z e fl a n k i n g
,

t h e e n tr a n c e th e i m m e d i a t e a cc e s s w h ich i t g a v e to t h e h e a rt
r
,

o f t h e c as tl e wa s e vid e n tly a s ou c e o f d a n g e r A t a l at e r d a t e .
,

t h e e n tr a n c e wa s wa l l e d u p a n d a n e w g a t e way m a d e i n th e ,

c urt a i n a t a po i n t n e a r by Th e g a t e hou s e thu s was pr a ct i c a l ly .

tu rn e d i n to a k e e p a nd th e proc e ss wh ic h h ad t a k e n pl a c e a t
,

R i c h m on d to wa rd s t h e e n d o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry w as vi rtu a l ly
r e p e a t e d w i th th i s e x c e pt ion th a t th e a ctu a l fa bri c o f th e g a t e
, ,

hou s e r e m a i n e d a nd was n ot s u p e r s e d e d by a ne w for m o f s t ron g

,

to we r P r e c i se ly th e s a m e th i n g h a pp e n e d at Ll a n s t e ph a n i n
.

C a r m a rth e n s h i r e T h i s c a s tl e o n e o f th e m o s t i m po s i n g o f
.
,

We l s h s tron ghold s s t a n d s 0 11 a s t e e p a nd a l m o s t i s ol at e d h i l l
, ,

w h e r e th e To wy e n t e r s th e B ri s tol C h a n n e l I t is d i vi d e d by a .

cro s s wa l l i n to a l a rg e ou t e r wa rd a nd a n i n n e r wa rd wh i ch
'

1
P at 3 E d w m; 1 8
t pt
. . .

2
2 8 th A ug us 1 3 1 5 ( P a t 9 E d w m
i i phr y d k tr rv y
. . . I ,
.

3
S e e a c o mm ss o n to H um of G l o uce s a nd

r p ir d t v t pt
e , u e e , to su e
e a e fe c s in D o e r c a s l e , 2 2 n d M ay 1 42 5 ( P at .
3 H en . VI .
,
. 2, m .
 F RT I F I E T WN
O D O S A ND CA T S L ES 30 9

o c cu p i e s th e top o f th e s l opin g s u m m i t o f th e h i l l T h e ch i e f .

bu i l d in g s we r e i n t h e out e r wa rd a n d th e fi n e s t o f th e m w a s th e ,

gr e a t g a t e hou s e s i tu a t e d a t th e h e a d o f th e l a n d wa rd s l op e o f
,

t h e h i l l a nd con c e a l e d fro m t h e ri v e r by th e con v e x c u rv e o f t h e

,

cu rt a i n a nd by a l a rg e to we r a t t h e e as t e rn a n gl e o f th e
e n cl o s u r e T h i s g a t e h ou s e is o f t r a p e z oid a l for m : th e g a t e way
.

a n d its d ru m to we r s fron t t h e fi e l d bu t th e bu i l d in g s pre a d s ,

i n wa rd s a nd h as two m uch s m a l l e r rou n d to we r s at it s i n n e r

,

a n gl e s I t was u n d e s i r a bl e ho we v e r th a t th e g a t e hou s e wh i c h
.
, , , ,

fro m t h e m i l i t a ry a nd d o m e s t i c poi n t o f vi e w a l i k e wa s th e ,

pri n ci p a l bu i ld in g i n t h e c as t l e s hou l d b e th e poin t 0 11 wh i c h ,

t h e be s i e g e r s c ou ld con c e n t r a t e a ll th e i r for c e C on se qu e n t ly .
,

t h e g a t e way was block e d n ot l on g a ft e r i t wa s bu i l t a n d a n e w ,

e n t r a n c e w as m a d e b e s id e i t i n t h e c u rt a i n T h e way i n to th e .

h igh e r wa rd a t Ll a n s t e ph a n wa s c l o s e d by a s m a l l r e ct a n gu l a r
g a t e hou s e bu i l t n e a r o ne e nd o f th e d i vi d i n g cu rt a i n
,
.

T h u s a t D un s tan b urgh a n d L l a n st e ph an c a s tl e s i n w h i c h ,

th e s y s t e m o f d e fe n c e wa s n ot fou n d e d upon t h e con c e n t ri c pl a n ,

bu t r e l i e d u pon th e s tr e n gth o f a n a d e qu at e ly fl a n k e d c u rt a i n ,

g a t e hou s e s wh i c h a re wort hy o f C ae rph i l ly a n d H a rl e c h a nd ,

s t a n d u pon t h e out e r l i n e o f d e fe n c e ? r e v e rt e d to t h e con d it i on

o f ke e ps T h e po s s ibl e u s e o f a k e e p as a n u l t i m a t e r e fug e
.

n e v e r c e ase d a l tog e th e r to h a v e we igh t w i th c a s t l e bu i l d e r s -

.

T h e P e r c y s a ft e r th e i r pu r c h a se o f A l n w i c k e a rly i n th e fou r
,

te e nth c e n tu ry ? a l though th e r e was a m pl e roo m fo r a l a rg e

m a n s ion i n o n e or oth e r o f th e w a rd s bu i l t th e i r d we l l i n g as ,

a c l u s t e r o f w a l l s a n d to we r s rou n d a c ou rty a rd on t h e m ou n t

b e t we e n th e two wa rd s S o m e p a rt o f th e s ub s tructu r e th e .
,

g a t e hou se w i th its o c t agon a l fl a n k i n g to we r s a n d th e c u riou s ,

t ri pl e a r c h e d r e c e ss a t t h e h e a d o f t h e we l l
—
are t h e m o s t

th a t r e m a i n s to us o f th e e a rly fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry m a n s ion bu t -

w i th th e s e is i n c orpor a t e d t w e l fth c e n tu ry work w h i c h s ho w s -

th a t th e P e rcy s bu i l t th e i r hou s e u pon th e l i n e s o f a n O l d e r

h ou s e u pon t h e m ou n t ?
T h u s t h e d we l l i n g hou s e a t A l n wi c k -

is i n r e a l i ty a k e e p o f u n u s u a l for m a l a rg e bu i l d in g w i th
'

, ,

fl a n k i n g to we r s bu i l t u pon a m ou n t wh i ch h as b e e n con s i d e r a bly

l e v e l l e d to a l l o w o f m or e roo m fo r th e hou se an d its i n t e rn a l
cou rty a rd
t i r b r d th t
1
I w ll b e e m e m e e th i
a t h e g a e o use o f th e q uas c o nc e c ca s l e ntri t
id n i di t nt r Ll n t ph it t d p
-

ofK we lly o ly a fe w m l e s f om an is al s o s ua e
t r in d n ,
s a a s e u on ,

th e o u e l e o f e fe c e
ihp n d nr r t n th
.

2
B s o B e k e fe o ffe H e y P e rc v o f th e m a no a n d ow

N v mb r (
19 ,

m P at 3 E d w
b n l r dy p int d th t thi l d r h m h v i mpl
o e e 1 30 9 . . .

3
I t h as
tk rm ri b i l din i t n ir l in l r
ee a ea o e o ut a s o e o us e ay a e s y

e n th e fo f f th e e g wa ll ofa

h ll k p
a o a se es o u gs ag a ns c c a ge
s e -
ee .

34
310 LT
M I I ARY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

The s t ron g to we r r e pr e se n t i n g th e s u rvi v a l o f th e k ee p is

, ,

fou n d i n a n oth e r gr e a t n orth e rn c as tl e o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry ,

R a by th e c as tl e o f th e N e vi l l e s wh e r e i n oth e r r e s p e ct s t h e
, ,

d o m e s t i c e l e m e n t is v e ry p ro m i n e n t ( 3 R a by l i k e A l n w i c k is , ,

occu pi e d to d ay bu t 11 0 s uc h d r ast i c ch a n g e s a s h a v e c on v e rt e d
-
,

th e hou s e 0 11 th e m ou n t a t A l n w i c k i n to a co m fort abl e m od e rn

r e s id e n c e we r e n e c e ssa ry h e r e T h e r e is a n ou t e r g a t e hou s e
.

s l ight ly i n a d v a n c e o f th e n ort h a n gl e o f th e c as t l e wh ich w as s u r ,

rou n d e d by a m o a t a nd is n e a rly r e ct a n gu l a r T h e bu i ld i n g s a re .

c l u s t e r e d roun d a m a i n cou rty a rd th e e n t r a n c e to wh ich is a g a t e

,

h ou se w i th a l on g
v a u l t e d p as sag e b e
h i n d i t i n t h e we s t
bl oc k o f bu i l d i ng s .

A t e ith e r e n d o f t h e
we s t fron t are t wo
m ass i v e r e c t a ngu l a r
t o w e r s : C l i ffo r d s ’

to we r a t th e n orth ,

e nd is a l m o s t d e,

t ac h e d a n d cov e r s t h e ,

n orth a ngl e im m e d i
a t e ly oppo s it e th e
g a t e way Th e re .

m a i n in g to we r k n o wn ,

B u l me r s to we r ’
as ,

proj e ct s 0 11 fi ve s id e s
fro m t h e s outh a ngl e
o f t h e bu i l d i n g an d ,

is th e s t ron g to we r or
k e e p o f th e c a s tl e .

T h e k i tch e n i n th e ,

n orth bl oc k is a l s o
ikC t h d
,

A l nw c as l e ; VV e l l ea -
con t a i n e d w i th i n a
s t ron
g to we r wh ich ,

d o e s n ot proj e ct ho we v e r fro m th e r e s t o f th e bu i l d i n g s B ut
, , .

i t was i n th e n orth o f E n gl a n d th at t h e k e e p s u rvi v e d m o s t

p e r s i s t e n t ly . M
i d d l e h a m c ast l e r e c e i v e d m uch a l t e r a t i on a t th e
h an d s o f its N e vi l l e o wn e r s i n th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry ; bu t th e
t we l fth c e n tu ry k e e p was r e t a i n e d as th e c e n t r a l fe atu r e o f
-

t h e e n cl o s u r e K
T h e r e ct a n gu l a r k e e p o f n a r e s borough is e n t i r e ly
.

of th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry : i t s tood b e t we e n an ou t e r a nd i n n e r
1
J h L rd N vi ll bt in d l i r i h p tfi d
f o m B s o H a e l o f D u am rh
r n ll t by i tt
o n, o e e, o a e c e nce
to c e e a e Ra
( n 1 37 8 O 8
. . S co ,
R a b} , it; Ca s tl e a n d its L o rd s, 1 9 0 6 ,
P 47 )
F R TIFI E T W N
O D O S A ND C A TL E
S S 31 1
3 I 2 M I I T A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

w a rd , a nd its gr e a t p e cu l i a ri ty is th a t th e on ly p a s sag e fro m o n e

to t h e oth e r was th rough th e fi r t floor o f th e k e e p
s
?

T h e t r ad i t ion o f t h e r e ct a ngu l a r to we r , ho we v e r , w a s s y s t e m a
t i c a l ly pr e se rv e d i n th e b ui l d i n g s k n o w n as p e l e to we r s T h e s e -
.

for m e d t h e c h i e f d e fe n s i v e s t ru ctu r e s o f e ncl o s u r e s c a l l e d p e l e s ,

a w ord d e ri v e d fro m th e L a t i n p il u m ( a s t a k e ) Th e t we l fth .

c e n tu ry to we r o f B o we s, a l a rg e a nd i m port a n t r e ct a n gu l a r to we r
w h i c h gu a rd e d th e p a s s ov e r S ta in m o o r fro m t h e v a l l e y o f th e
E d e n to th a t o f th e T e e s is a n e a rly i n s t a n c e o f th e pe l e to we r ; ,
-

a n d prob a bly a l a rg e p a l i sa d e d e n c lo s u r e or b a r m k i n was a t

t a c h e d to i t I n th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry we fi n d l a rg e p e l e to we r s
.
-

l i k e tho s e a t B e l say ( 3 1 3 ) or Ch ipc h as e , or th e gre a t to we r hou s e o f -

E as t G
i l l i n g th e proport i on s o f wh i ch r e c a l l th e r e ct a ngul a r k e e p s
,

o f a c e n tu ry a n d a h a l f e a rl i e r B e l s ay w i th its tr ac e ri e d two .
,

l igh t op e n i ng s 0 11 th e fi r s t fl oor a nd l a rg e b a rt i z a n s corb e l l e d ,

out a t th e a n gl e s o f its b a tt l e m e n t s is t h e m o s t h a n d s o m e ,

bu i l d in g o f its k i n d i n th e n orth o f E n gl a n d T h e o rd in a ry .

p e l e to we r , ho we v e r is o f a r a th e r l a t e r d a te a n d th e l a rg e
-
, , '

m aj ori ty o f N ort h u m bri a n e x a m pl e s a re o f th e fi ft e e n th , a nd

n o w a nd th e n o f th e s i xt e e n th c e n tu ry H a l ton to we r , n e a r
?

A ydon c as tl e a n d th e s m a l l to we r i n th e co r ne r o f th e ch u r c h
,

3
y a rd a t C orbri dg e a re we l l k n o w n e x a m pl e s ; 1 vh il e o n e of th e
,
-
.

m o s t i m po s in g s p e c i m e n s is t h e obl on g to we r o f th e m a n o r
hou s e o f th e a rchb i s hop s o f ork a t H e x h a m Th e n or m a l Y .

e l e v a t ion wa s o f t h r e e S tori e s T h e grou n d fl o o r i n w h ich w as .

-
,

t h e d oor w ay , was v a u l t e d a s a p rot e c ti on agai n st fi re ; i t

’

m ay h a v e b e e n u se d as a s t abl e a nd c e rt a i n ly wa s u s e d '
,
as a

s tor e roo m -
Th e door wa s o f wood bu t its ou t e r fac e
.
,
w as

1
idd l h m h r p l n
At M r b i l din r th r x pti n l
w th e o f th e fo g is
th r p thr h t r p rt r nd fl r
e a ,
e e a e -
u a e e ce o a ,

e was a th e e a s e n f th e g o u o o r o f th e fo
b i l di thi h v r n ly rm rth rn
e assag e o ug a o -
e

o we wa s n o t t h e wa y f o th e th e
th rn h l tl fir t fl r t r Kn r b r h
u ng : s, e ,
o no e to
f f th e Th e o f th e o we
hi h r m d r t rd r m i v ry r in t t th r
so u e a o cas e. s oo at a es o o ug ,

w fo in b ut
l r indi ti m i ntr n n r rth t n l
c e a g ea g ua oo s a e u o us s a e e e a re
-
,

o ns o f th e th e n o e , a nd th e
inn r ntr i th ll ri ht n l t r ti ll r m i
c ea ca ,
a n e a ce ea -
e as a g
n th e wa to th e
h r i l vi in th l l by hi h inn r rd l d
e e a nc e so u at a es ou e s e a ns
g , g ,
.

T th e s o u wa , w c th e wa be
r h d h n e t r l d hi t r r n v r nt in d
e e s a so a ce e co u
w e th g a e s w e e c o s e T s o we , o f c o u se , e e co a e
d m ti b i l din tl kit h n w i b m t
e ac e .

th e g s o f th e c as e b ut t h e a s n th e

hi h th r r thr d r ntry r m inn r rd ppr h

o es c u c e a se en ,
to w e e we e oo s ofe fo th e e wa Th e a
h t y r m t id m h v b n ri in y b ilt
c ee o ac .

ga e wa f o g c aus e wa
rh
to e ac ou s e se e s to a e ee a s u on

t r r 5 3 by } t t r K
a c es .

2
The l ym o we of B e sa 4 7 1 fe e Th e o w e o f
b r h hi h i m p ri d m r t hi l th t
e as u e s 1 . n are s
w o f th e e a s u e s 6 2 b y 4 fe e w of

G i l lin m r 5 by 5 t
o o ug ,
c s 5 sa e e o ,
e a
fe e
hi i id h v b n m di v l vi r 79
h r h hi h 7
g e as u e s 2 1 .

3
T th e ca ag e o f th e c w
ppr pri t d th dr l pri ry C rl i l p l t r f rm
s s sa to a e ee e e a u c ,
c
w as t o th e c a of A e e - o we
p rt r t ri f l d thb r vi r mb l t
a o a e e a o a s e . o s

o f th e E o n a nd ca ag e o f
a ec o es o s Ro u y and o f th e E e o n,
N o rth um b e rl an d .
 Y CA
BEL SA S TL E
 F RTIFI E T WN
O D O S A ND C TL E AS S 31 5

p rot e ct e d by a h e a vy fr a m e w or k o f i ron T h e fi rs t fl oor

'

.
,

r e a c h e d by a m u r a l s t a i r was th e m a i n l i vi n g roo m T h e ,
-
.

s e con d fl oo r wa s a s l e e pi n g roo m ; a n d th e b a ttl e m e n t s a t th e -

top we re g e n e r a l ly m a c h i col a t e d a rd e rob e s a re u s u a l ly fou n d . G -

i n th e s e to we r s ; bu t th e y c a n h a rd ly b e c a l l e d co m fort a bl e
r e s id e nc e s a nd h a d a l l th e d i s a d v a n t ag e s o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry
,
-

to we r k e e p w i thout its roo m in e s s T h e y a re foun d n ot on ly

-
,
.
,

i n N orth u m b e rl a n d but th roughou t t h e n orth e rn coun t i e s a nd

,

t h e s outh o f S c otl a n d wh i l e i n t h e h i l l cou n try o f D e rby s h i r e

, , ,

t h e p e l e s e e m s to h a v e b e e n a fa vou ri t e for m o f s tron ghol d .

Th e t we l fth c e n tu ry to we r o f P e a k c as tl e is o n e o f tho s e
-

e x a m pl e s w h i c h a l l i e s t h e p e l e to we r to t h e n or m a l to we r k e e p ; - -

wh i l e H a d don h al l gr a d u a l ly d e ve l op e d fro m a n e n cl o s u r e wh ich

w as n e i th e r m o r e n or l e s s th a n a p e l e w i th a to we r a t o n e a n gl e 1
.

I n th i s con n e ct ion a word s hou l d b e s a id a bout the fo rtifi c a

t ion o f c h u r c h es E we n ny priory c h u r c h i n
. l a m org a n w i th G ,

its c r e n e l l a t e d c e n t r a l to we r a nd t r a n s e pt is ou r on ly i m port a n t ,

e x a m pl e o f fort i fi e d r e l igiou s bu i l d i ng s s uch a s w e r e co m m on

i n th e c e n t re a nd s outh o f Fr a n c e th e c a th e d r a l o f A l bi —

T rn h u r h s o f R oy a t ( P uy d e D om e
( a ) t h e c c e ) or L e s S a i n t e s — -

M
-
,

a ri e s s u r l a Me r ( B o uch e s d u R h on e )
2
- - -
N on e o f ou r a bb e y s
- -
.

is prot e c t e d by a d onj on l i k e th a t o f Mo n t m aj o ur n e a r A rl e s
, , .

T h e r e a re ho we v e r a c e rt a i n n u m b e r o f chu r c h e s i n d i s tri ct s
, , ,

e x po s e d to c on s t a n t wa r fa r e th e a rch i t e ct ur e o f w h i ch if n ot , ,

e x a ctly m i l it a ry was y e t po s s ibly c on s truct e d w i th a vi e w to

,

d e fe n c e T h e m ass i v e s truc t ur e o f s o m e t we l fth c e n tu ry to we r s -

M Y
.
,

l i ke e l s on by i n n orth or k s h i r e is prob ably d ue to th e i d e a ,

th a t th e y cou l d b e con v e rt e d i n to s t ronghol d s i n c as e o f a ,

r a id fro m th e S c ott i s h bord e r I n t h e fou rt e e n th a nd fi ft e e n th .

c e n tu ri e s wh e n S c otl a n d wa s d r e a d e d a s a con s t a n t fo e t h e
, ,

1
t r p rd
The e m pp i d
e l e ya is a b rt t
l e to th e a se c o u o f th e c a s l e o f
r dh in i h pt h r th r i ib t
- -

P u P at 1 R c 1 m I w e e e e is a l ce nce to G l e r
r n ppl r nt t ti
oe . . .
,
.

d e U m fra v ill e e a l o f A gus to a y a e to th e aug m e n a o n o f

a h p in tip nd in
c a la s s e
’
h ntr,

th e c a r in
y o f St M a y
,
“
l e P e l e ye rd e o f
P ro d h o we
F r h h r h hi h
”

( ii t x mp l
.

5 )
6 2 3 7 3 q uo e s 2 4 2 e a es of c u c es w
rti fi ti n M t
E n l a rt
h r m in m id l d th r d p rt
.
-
e nc c

s ow s o f fo o f th e and s o u

m nt Fr nt in thi k t l t r r r
e a ca o os an . e n e a
s of a fe w ; b ut t h e th e
n rth rn r nti r ( 5 i i in rd n d p rt m nt )
e anc e c o a c es c us e s o c c u ne a
fo n th e A s ne , 1 0 th e A nd
t L d i ll n h r i r d pir t r
o e e 1 e ne s e a e , a

of a ng ue o c a n d R o us s o , w e e n oa s o f a e s we e

( r ne ri nt l r lt m n l r r rtifi d
o n th e c o a s

mm Py e e s O e a e s , 2 2 H e au A o g th e a g e fo
hrh r on
th dr l d i r L d ev int F
co
-
e ,

c u c e s w e e t h e ca a s o f A g e , B ez e s , e , and S a

( er l t ) l n ( r e e ri nt l ) m i r ( ri ) Vivi r ( é )
e o o ns -

E Py n e s O e a e s , Pa A eg e , A rd ch e ,
S int C l d ( J r ) bb y h r h i t ni ( in )
H au ,
e e s -
e s

and u a , a n d th e a c u c es o f Sa n D e Se e ,
int V i t r M r ill ( h hn) Ch i i ( t
a au e -
e s -

B o uc e s d u R o e , La a se D e u H au e
L ir ) M i ( rn G r )
Sa
rn ( S on L ir )
at a se es -
c o - -
-

Ta a o nne , an d T o u Th e
x m pl d in hrh
o e , o s sac et -
us -
a e et o e - -
.

y ll
was fo o we o n e o r t wo c u c e s o f th e s a
m
di tr i t h N t n N tt
o f E we nn
p i l G r
e a e e

s c , s uc as ew o o d i
ag e , an n th e e n nsu a o f o we .
31 6 M ILIT A RY A R C IT E CT U R E
H

h a bi t o f gi vi n g a dd i t i on a l s e c u ri ty to th e c hu r c h to we r s i n
th i s d i s t ri c t wa s co m m on S o m e oth e r w i s e s i m pl e c hurch .

to we r s a s a t B ol ton o u S wa l e a nd D a n by W i s k e i n n orth -

Y
-

ork s h i r e h av e th e i r l o we s t s t a g e v a u l t e d prob a bly to m i n i m i s e

, ,

t h e d a ng e r o f fi re T h e d oor way to th e to we r s t a i r a t B e d a l e
.
-

w as d e fe n d e d by a portc ul l i s and th e r e a re a fi r e pl ac e ,

a nd g a rd e rob e u pon t h e fi r s t floor

-
A t S p e n n i thorn e i n th e .
,

s a m e n e ighbou rhood th e b a ttl e m e n t s o f th e to we r bo rro we d

,

a n orn a m e n t fro m m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e a n d a re c ro w n e d w i th ,

fi gu r e s o f d e fe n d e r s
“
l n bord e r d i s t ri ct s i t is n ot u n u s u a l
.
”

to fi n d th e grou n d fl o o r o f th e to we r roofe d w i th a poi n t e d

—

b a rr e l v a u l t a s a t W h ic k h a m i n cou n ty D u rh a m w h e r e th e
-
, ,

chu rch s t a nd s on a h igh h i l l n e a r th e con fl u e n c e o f th e Tyn e

a n d D e r we n t T h i s is a v e ry g e n e r a l c u s to m i n S ou t h W a l e s
.
,

wh e r e th e to we r s a re u s u a l ly m ass i v e an d u n bu tt r e s s e d a n d ,

s t an d u pon a b a tt e r in g pl i n th 1
I n P e mbrok e s h i r e a m or e .

s l e n d e r typ e o f to w e r pr e v a i l s w h i c h u s u a l ly b a tt e r s u p wa rd s ,

th rough its whol e h e ight : th e grou n d fl o o r is v a u l t e d a nd i n -

,

m a ny c ase s th e whol e c h u rch or a t a ny r a t e t h e n a v e is c e i l e d , , , ,

w i th a b a rr e l v a u l t I t d o e s n ot fol l o w th a t th e obj e c t o f th i s
-
.

for m of c on s truct i on is d e fe n s i v e : l a c k o f t i m b e r a nd th e c o n se ,

qu e n t e m pl oym e n t o f l oc a l s ton e fo r rubbl e v a u l t i n g is p a rtly ,

r e s pon s i bl e fo r i t B ut i n n o p a rt o f th e cou n t ry a re m i l i t a ry
.

a nd e ccl e s i a s t ic a l for m s o f a rch i t e c t u r e s o c l o se ly a l l i e d Th e

M M
.

b a rr e l v a u l t s o f on k ton pri ory ch u rch a nd S t a ry s at P e m

-
’

brok e a re s i m i l a r to tho se o f th e ch a p e l a nd its s ub s t ructu r e

w h ich occu py th e n orth w e s t corn e r o f th e i n n e r w a rd o f -

P e mbro k e c as tl e : tho s e o f th e chu rch a t a n orb i e r h a v e th e i r M

cou n t e rp a rt s i n th e v a u l t s o f th e c as tl e c h a p e l and th e l a rg e
roo m on its groun d fl oor -
.

I f th e p e l e to we r m ay b e r e g a rd e d a s a d i r e ct s u rvi v a l of th e
-

r e ct a n gu l a r k e e p i n a s i m pl i fi e d for m i t is p rob abl e th a t th e ,

r e ct a ngul a r k e e p w i th its a n gl e tu rr e t s a l s o h a d a s h a r e i n th e
, ,

origi n o f a typ e o f c a s t l e or s tron g hou s e w h i ch b e c a m e co m m on , ,

e s p e c i a l ly i n th e n orth o f E n gl a n d d u ri n g th e fou rt e e n th a n d ,
2
fi ft e e n th c e n tu ri e s T h e pl an o f th i s s p e c i e s o f c as t l e is a
“

r e ct a n gl e wh i ch i n th e l a rg e s t e x a m pl e s a s a t B ol ton i n
, , ,

We n s l e yd a l e h as a n op e n cou rty a rd i n th e c e n tr e ; bu t its

,

n r Cri kh
A t Ll a nfi h ang e l c wm D u, e a th r fir p p n
o we ll , e e wa s a e l ace u o
fir t fl r t r nti r nt nt k r i
c

th e o f th e o we l e c e ly : th e ve fo r th e s mo e e m a ns in
rn r t r t t r
s oo u
o n e o f th e c o ur e s o f t h e o we
n t t pr r tti h i v i n p n rth r b rd r
e .

T h e co s an e ss u e o f S c o t h e no is
i tr t d b prit ilit r hit t r in ti
s n as o u o e n o e
ll us a e y th e e s s e nc e o f m a y arc e c u e th e c o un e s o f
No rth b r d C b r nd Th
um e l an and um e l a t i i ti k d
us, as l a e as 1 399 , W ll a m S r c l a n
d t k b i di rith t rti i th t t
.

un e r o o h u l cas l e fy ng o wn a nd th e
“
ng o f P e n fo r fo
h dj t tr i h pt pt
t e a
w o l e a ace n co un y ( P a t 2 2 R c
”
2 , m 1 6 ; (f 3, m. . . . . .
 F RT I F I E T WN
O D O S A ND CA T S L ES 31 7

d i s t i n gu i s h in g fe a tu re is th e provi s ion o f fou r to we r s e a c h a t a n ,

a n gl e o f th e s t ructu r e S uch k e e p s as tho s e o f Col c h e s t e r a n d

K
.

e n i l worth wh e r e th e tu rr e t s a re o f con s id e r a bl e s i z e a n d
,

proj e ct ion s ugg e s t th i s pl a n a nd s o m e o f th e e a rl i e s t e x a m pl e s

, ,

l i k e H aughton on t h e n o rth Tyn e th e ol d e s t p a rt s o f wh i c h ,

a re o f t h e th i rt e e nth c e n tu ry h a v e l i tt l e to d i s t in gu i s h th e m fro m ,

t h e ord in a ry r e ct a n gu l a r k e e p T h e a n gl e to we r s a t H a ughton .
-

a re o f n o gr e a t pro m i n e n c e ; but i n t h e e a rly fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry ,

-

c a s tl e o f L a n gl e y to th e we s t o f H e xh a m th e y a re a s t ri k i n g
, ,

fe a tu r e o f t h e bu i ld i n g a nd o n e is e n t i re ly d e vot e d to a s e ri e s o f
,

g a rd e rob e s a rr a nge d i n th re e s tori e s w ith a com m on pi t i n th e

-
, ,

b a s e m e n t A bu i ld i n g w ith a s om e wh a t s i m i l a r pl a n to th e s e
.

n orth e rn c as tl e s is th e m a n or hou s e o r c a s t l e wh i c h R obe rt

V
-

B u rn e l l bi s hop o f B a th a n d \ e l l s a nd ch a n c e l l or o f E n gl a n d
, ,

u n d e r E d wa rd I bu i l t a t A cton B u rn e l l i n S h rop h i r e
.
,
s
‘
H e re , .
,

ho we ve r t he bu i ld i n g is o f a thorough ly d o m e s t i c ty pe w i th
, ,

l a rg e two l igh t w i n d o w op e n i n g s o f gr e a t b e a uty w h i c h a t on c e

- -
,

r e m ov e a ny s u s p ic ion a s to its m i l i t a ry c h a r a ct e r T h e c a s t l e o f .

th e S c rop e s a t B ol ton a n d th a t o f t h e N e vi l l e s a t S h e ri ff H u tton

r e pre se n t th e h igh e s t d e ve l op m e n t o f th i s qu a d r a n gu l a r pl a n .

T h e l i c e n c e to c r e n e l l a t e B ol ton w a s gr a n t e d i n th e
l i c e n c e fo r S h e ri ff H utton be a r s d a t e B oth c as t l e s a re
l a rg e bu i l d in g s w ith a c e n t r a l cou rty a rd a nd i n both th e m i l i t a ry ,

id e a l was u ppe r m o s t S h e ri ff H utton is n o w i n a co m pl e t e s t a t e

.

o f ru i n bu t B ol ton is fa i rly pe r fe ct ; a n d fro m its s t ructu r e o ne

,

i m port a n t fa ct m ay b e d e d uc e d W h i l e th e u s u a l pr e c aut i on s .

fo r d e fe n c e we re c a r e fu l l y pr e se rv e d a nd th e out e r op e n i ng s i n ,

th e wa l l s i n t e rfe r e d l itt l e w i th t h e g e n e r a l s ol id i ty o f s t ru ctu r e ,

t h e d o m e s t i c bu i ld i n g s rou n d th e cou rty a rd for m e d p a rt a nd

p a rc e l o f th e fa bri c i t s e l f Th e y we re n ot m e r e ly bu i l t u p .

a g a i n s t or w i th i n t h e cu rt a i n bu t t h e c u rt a i n wa s a ct u a l ly th e i r ,

out e r wa l l a n d n ot s i m ply th e i r d e fe n s i v e cov e ri ng I n fa ct t h e

,
.
,

m a n or hou s e i n th e s e c a s e s was n ot a s e p a r a t e bu i l d i n g w i th i n
-

th e e n cl o s u r e o f t h e c as tl e ; bu t th e c as tl e wa s a l s o th e m a n or
hou se T h e s a m e c o m bi n a t ion o f m i l it a ry w i th do m e s t ic a i m s
.

is n ot i c e a bl e i n th e con t e m por a ry c a s t l e o f R a by of

wh ic h th e pl a n a l r e a dy d e s cri be d a ppro x i m a t e s i rr e gu l a rly

, ,

t o th e typ e 4
C a s tl e s a k i n to B o l ton a nd S h e ri ff H utton
.

1
B ish O p B u ne ll was u l r o us e in 1 2 8 4 b i di
H e l e f th e thi h t kin
C J k tr pr r rk
ng s g .

at o n way o n 2 sth uly to l o o af e th e o g e s s o f th e wo

,
s ( Pat .

E dw I , m
i h pt m nt r t i ti ll p r rv d
12 . . .

2
4 th J ul y ( P at 3 R c A f
i th pt b r
. . . 1 ,
. co ac s s e se e o
,
S e e m e 1 37 8
4
pri i h pt m
.

3
2 6 th A l ( P at 5 R c
b id r b J hn L rd N vi ll ( d r p ib l
. . . 2, .

T h e u l e o f R a y, o wa s l
ti fi ti tt
,
o e e . a so e s o ns e

fo r th e fo r ca o n o f S h e riflH u
‘

on .
31 8 M I L I A RY A R T C I T E CT U R E
H

a re Lu m l e y th e l i c e n c e fo r wh i ch was gr a n t e d i n
,
an d

C h i l l in gh a m t h e a n gl e to we r s o f wh i c h a re o f a m uch e a rl i e r
,
-

d a t e th a n is u s u a l i n c as t l e s o f th i s pl a n : A t C h i l l i ngh a m th e
m e d i e v a l work is s o m e wh a t ob s cu r e d by a l t e r a t ion s m a d e i n
th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry bu t th e origi n a l pl a n is r e t a i n e d , .

S u rvi v a l s o f th e qu ad r a n gu l a r pl a n m ay b e t r a c e d i n s o m e o f th e
gr e a t m a n or hou s e s o f th e e a rly R e n a i ss a n c e p e riod I t is n ot
-
.

d i fficu l t t o d e t e ct i n th e pl a n o f H a rd w i c k h a l l wh i l e th e
grou n d pl a n o f W ol l a ton h a l l ( 1 5 8 0 ) is prob a bly d e ri v e d fro m
-

a s i m i l a r s ou r c e S m a l l e r hou s e s l i k e B a rl borough h a l l n e a r
.
,

S h e ffi e ld or W ootton l odg e n e a r A s hbou rn e h a v e a k i n sh i p

, , ,

w i th i t a l though i n th e s e c a s e s a n d e s p e c i a l ly i n th e fi r s t th e
i
, , ,

e l e v a t ion is m or e to we r l i k e th a n is u s u a l i n m e d i e v a l bu ld i n g s
-

o f th e typ e I t is n e e d l e ss t o s ay th a t th e s e R e n a i s s a n c e
.

bu i l d in g s a re w i thou t a ny m i l i t a ry ch a r a c t er .

T h e t r ad i ti on a l for m o f t h e r e ct a ngu l a r k e e p w as a l s o
r e s pon s ibl e n o doubt fo r th e gr e a t to we r hou s e wh ich for m e d
, ,
-

th e p ri n c i p a l fe a tu r e a nd is n o w t h e on ly port ion l e ft o f th e
, ,

c a s tl e o f T a tt e r s h a l l i n L i n col n s h i r e T h e d i s cu ss ion o f th i s .

bu i l d i n g b e lon g s m or e prop e rly to th e l as t ch a pt e r o f th i s boo k ,

fo r its g e n e r a l con s tru cti on a n d a rch i t e c tu r a l fe a tur e s a re tho se

o f a n age i n w h ich t h e m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e o f t h e m id d l e a g e s

w as a l r e ady l i ttl e m or e th a n a s u rvi v a l T h i s a ge o f t r a n s i t ion .

b e gi n s i n th e l as t q u a rt e r o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry ; a n d a s ,

a l r e a dy po i n t e d ou t c as t l e s l i k e B ol ton a n d R a by c l e a rly s ho w
,

its i n flu e n c e D u ri n g th e l a t e r h a l f o f th e fou rt e e n th an d th e
.

fi ft e e n th c e n t ury ou t s i d e th e n orth o f E n gl a n d i t is r a r e to fi n d
, ,

a c a s t l e w h i ch a ctu a l ly d e s e rv e s th e n a m e T h e l a rg e pr i v a t e .

r e s id e n c e w i th a c e rt a i n a m ou n t o f d e fe n s i v e pr e c a ut ion s b e c a m e
, ,

i n c r e a s i ngly co m m on ; a nd wh e r e a l t e r a t ion s we r e m a d e to ,

e x i s ti n g c as t l e s th e y we r e g e n e r a l ly e n t i r e ly i n th e d i r e ct ion
,

o f do m e s t i c co m fort .

T h e r e a re ho we v e r a fe w s tri k i ng e xc e pt ion s wh i ch b e l on g
, ,

t o th e l a t e r p a rt o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry T h e two polygon a l -

G
.

to we r s uy s to we r ( 3 1 9 ) a nd Cze sa r s to we r
,
’

w h i ch cov e r
’

th e a n gl e s o f th e e a s t e rn c u rt a i n a t a n d fl a n k th e g a t e

hou se w i th its b a rb i c a n a re c as e s i n poi n t Fe w c a s t l e s s ho w ,

.

fe a tu r e s o f th e m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e o f a ll p e ri od s to s u ch
ad v a n t a g e Th e pl a n is th a t o f a n e a rly N or m a n m ou n t a n d
.
-

hi d t
T s iv
a e is g e n in t h e 4 3 rd R e o o f th e D e u y K e e e o f th e p rt pt pr
bi rd p i t ithin p tin t
-

P u l c R e co T h e l ce n ce a s th e c as l e w as w th e al a

r t db ih p
s 71 . . a e ,
, ,
was g a n e y B s o S k irl aw
i n h t k t rt i
.

T h e l ce ce to T o m as d e H e o u to m a e a ca s l e o r fo al ce
2 ”
of
“

Chil in h b r d t
l g am e a s a e 2 7 th a ua y 1 3 4 3 4 ( P at 1 8 E d w I I I 1 m Jn r pt
r in n t r h vr h irdt
-
,
. .
. .
, .

S o m e o f t h e m as o n y th e a g l e o we s is o we e of a m uc e a rl e
th n thi
a e -
, ,

a s .
WAR W I CK : G uy s
’
t r
o we
 F R T I F I E T WN
O D O S A ND C A TL E S S 32 1

b a i l e y c a s tl e wh i c h h as i n cou r s e o f t i m e b e e n s u rrou nd e d w ith

,

a s ton e cu rt a i n ; 1 wh i l e a m agn i fi c e n t r e s id e n ce i n th e m a i n a ,

bu i ld i n g o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry h as gro w n u p on th e s ou th ,

s id e o f th e b a i l e y n e x t th e r i v e r 2
Th e m o s t co m m a nd in g .

Wa r i k C tl C r t r
w c as e ; ae sa
’
s o we

m i l i t a ry fe a tu r e s ho we v e r are th e to we r s j u s t m e n t ion e d 1 2 8
, , ,

and 1 4 7 fe e t h igh r e s p e ct i v e ly T h e whol e ch a r a ct e r o f th e s e

.

1
nt r m in
Th e m o u t th e we s e nd o f nl r
th e e h ll k p b ut th e
m m it b rmvd
e a s at c o su e , s e -
ee
i h as
th b rbi n in t rt i w l l ld r
on ts s u ee n e o e .

2
T h e ga e o us e a nd th e e as th e o
p rti n d l l in h r rk h m h m p rl
a ca cu a n, a s e as e
o f th e we we th e wo of T B e a uc a of

W r wi k ( d C r t wr twr r rk
o o g o use e o as ea
-
.

, ,
’
an d G ’
we e th e wo of h is
hm di d in
a c . ae sa s o e uy s o e

so n T o as , wh o e 1 40 1 .
32 2 M I IT A RY
L AR C I T E CT U R E
H

to we r s is Fr e n ch r a th e r th a n E n gl i sh T h e i r gr e a t h e ight m ay .

b e c on tr as t e d w ith t h a t o f t h e c on t e m por a ry r e ct a n gu l a r to we r s
a t R a by th e lo ft i e s t o f w h ich is on ly 8 1 fe e t h igh a n d d e p e n d s
, ,

fo r its d e fe n c e a l m o s t e n t i r e ly u pon th e th i ck n e ss o f its w a l l s .

T h e n e a r e st p a r a l l e l to th e W a r w ic k to we r s on th e oth e r h a n d , ,

is s u ch a bu i l d i n g a s th e fi fte e n th c e n tu ry T ou r T a lbot a t -

F a l a i se a l o fty cy l i n d ri c a l to we r bu i l t a t a n a ngl e o f th e d onj on

, ,

a s is g e n e r a l ly s t a t e d d u ri ng t h e E n gl i s h occup a ti on o f n orth e rn
,

Fr a n c e 1
. T h e ch i e f ch a r a ct e ri s t i c s o f th e t o we r s a t Wa r w i c k
are t h e bol d c orb e l l i n g ou t o f th e i r p a r a p e t s w i th a ro w o f ,

m ac h icol a t i on s a n d th e provi s i on o f a c e n t r a l tu rr e t ri s i n g
, ,

s o m e d i st an c e a bov e t h e l e v e l o f t h e r a m p a rt w a l k a fe a t u r e - —

m
co m on i n Fr n c a e bu t m o t u n u u a l i n E n gl a n d
s ,
s
?
Th e
v a u l t i ng o f both to we r s th roughou t is a l s o a Fr e n ch fe a tu r e ;
a nd i n e v e ry r e s p e ct th e y b e a r t r a c e s o f a n i n fl u e n c e wh ich ,

b e gi n n i n g i n th e cyl i n d r ic a l d onj on s o f Ph i l i p A ugu s t u s c a s t l e s ’

a n d of C oucy s u rvi v e d to a l a t e d a t e i n Fr a n c e a n d m ay h a v e
, ,

a ffe ct e d E ngl i s h m i l i t a ry w or k i n th a t cou n t ry bu t h ad l itt l e ,

r e s ul t i n E n gl a n d i t se l f W h i l e th rougho u t th e fi ft e e nth c e n t u ry
C
.
, ,

t h e Fr e n ch c as t l e m a i n t a i n e d its h a r a ct e r a s a s t ronghol d a nd ,

e v e n k e pt th a t ch a r a ct e r wh e nR e n a i ssa n c e i n flu e n c e w a s s tron g i n

C
th a t cou n try th e m i l i t a ry h a r a ct e r o f th e E ngl i s h c ast l e s t e a d i ly
,

d i m i n i s h e d Th e wa r s o f th e R o s e s we r e a s u c c e s s ion o f b a ttl e s i n
.

op e n fi e ld i n w h ich c a s t l e s a n d wa l l e d to w n s pl ay e d v e ry l i ttl e p a rt
,
.

A n d wh i l e th e m i l it a ry ch a r a ct e r o f W a r w i c k con t i n u e d to b e e m
h a s is e d d u ri n g t h e p e r iod o f t r a n s i t ion t h e n e igh bou ri n g c as tl e
p
K
,

of e n i l worth i n co m m on w i th m o s t E ngl i s h c a s t l e s wa s t r a n s
, ,

for m e d d u r in g th e sa m e p e ri od fro m a s t ron ghol d i n to a p al a c e

, ,
.

T h e m o s t i m po s i n g o f ou r l a t e r c a s t l e s wh i ch m ay b e ,

c on s id e r e d pri m a ri ly a s m i l i t a ry bu i l d i n g s is B od i a m i n S u s s e x ,

O n 2 1 5 1: O c tob e r 1 3 8 5 S ir E d wa rd D a ly n g rugge h ad l ic e n c e
,

to c r e n e l l a t e h is m a n or o f B od i a m by th e s e a an d to m a k e “
,
” “

a c as t l e th e r e o f i n d e fe n c e o f t h e a dj a c e n t cou n t ry a g a i n s t th e
" 3
king s e nem ies
’
Th e m a i n obj e ct o f th i s l i c e n c e wa s e vi d e n t ly
.

1
Thi is th e usua l d t iv n t r hi h nt r d r m
fo r th e o we , w c is e e e f o th e
fir t fl r r t d nj n d r m l r fl r th l r d nj
s a e g e
-

“
o f th e g e a fo th e o we oo o f
tt h d id k p L vr
s oo o o , an e e s se o on
to o n e s e o f t h e E e fe e P o n tal is , L e C fi d fea u d e C o u cy ,
p d p rt r m l d t i t r hilip t
a ac e ee . .
-

82 , e a s f o th e us ua a e to a ss g n th e o we to P A ug us us ,
nt ri rl i r d t i l rt in ly pp r p ri d m h
.

t wo ce The to b e o f a
r l i r th n fi t nth nt ry
u es ea e e a s ce
. a a ea e o uc
th e fee
t rr t tt h d m t r C nw y rl h
ea e a ce u .

2
Th e u e s a a c e t o so e o f th e o we s a t o and H a e c
id in ntr h r i d t rr t r l l k
a a re

a t th e s th e c e S uc u e s we e us e fu a s o o
p t t h r p t d p n th m l d in rm d nd r
e , no t e a se . o ut -

o s s , a n d a wa c e fo th e e fe e s o n th e
r m p rt l k b l m v m nt hi h th y m i ht bl
os e u o e co u
wa e o w of s w ll no t b e a e to fo o w
th m l v
a a o e e c e g
-

fo r
i h pt m
e se es .

3
Pat 9 R c
. I,
. 22 .
. .
 H U R M N C EAUX
ST O : ga th
e o use

DI M
BO A : no r th fr t
on and ga th
e o use
 F R TIF I E T W N
O D O S A ND CA T S L ES 32 5

to provid e a ga i n s t
Fre n c h a tt a c k u pon th e port s o f R y e a nd
a

\V in c h e l se a a t t h e m outh o f th e R oth e r : i n th e fol lo w i n g

‘

M
,

a rch , S ir E d w a rd wa s n a m e d fi r s t u pon t h e co m m i ss ion

a ppoi n t e d by l e tt e r s p a t e n t to fort i fy a nd wa l l th e to w n o f
R ye .
1
B od i a m s t a n d s u pon th e l e ft b a n k o f th e R oth e r s o m e ,

m i l e s a bov e R ye a nd c o m m a n d s fro m its s i t e a t s o m e l i ttl e

, ,

h e ight a bov e th e v a l l e y a l on g s t r e tc h o f m a r s h i n th e d i re ct ion

,

o f t h e m outh o f t h e ri v e r T h e w a l l s o f t h e c as tl e d e s c e n d s h e e r
.

i n to a l a k e for m e d by t h e d a m m i n g u p o f a s tre a m Th e c as tl e
, .

is s i m pl y a r e ct a n gu l a r e n cl o s u r e s u rrou n d e d by a l o fty c u rt a i n .

E a c h a ngl e is c a pp e d by a c yl i n d ri c a l to we r a nd i n th e m idd l e ,

o f e a ch fac e is a r e c t a n gu l a r to we r : t h e gr e a t g a t e hou s e ho w ,

e v e r i n t h e n o rth fa c e h a s t wo r e ct a ngu l a r to we r s o ne on e a c h
, , ,

s id e o f th e e n t r a n c e T h e to w e r i n t h e c e n tr e o f th e oppo s i t e
.

fa c e is t h e l e s s e r g a t e hou s e o f t h e c a s t l e T h e pl a n b e a r s a
V G
.

s t ri k in g a n a l ogy to th a t o f t h e c a s tl e o f i l l a n d r a ut ( i ron d e ) ,

bu i l t a b ou t 1 2 5 0 : N u n n e y i n S o m e r se t ( 1 3 7 3 ) a n d S h i rbu rn i n
O x ford s h i r e ( 1 3 7 7 ) a re c o e v a l E n gl i s h e x a m pl e s T h e i n t e rio r .

is s u rrou n d e d by d o m e s t i c bu i ld i n g s A g a i n s t t h e s outh c u rt a i n.

we r e th e h a l l a nd k i tch e n : t h e s c r e e n s a t th e we s t e n d o f th e
h a l l fo r m e d a p a s s a g e to th e l e s s e r g a t e way T h e wa l l d i vid i n g .

t h e s c r e e n s fro m th e k i t c h e n s t i l l r e m a i n s w i th th e thr e e door ,

w a y s w h i c h g a v e a c c e s s to th e k i tch e n p a n t ry a n d butt e ry , ,

T h e pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s we r e r e tu rn e d a l on g t h e e as t c u rt a i n ,

a nd a t th e i r n orth e n d w a s t h e c h a p e l w h i c h h a d th e u s u a l ,

a rr a n g e m e n t o f a w e s t e rn g a l l e ry e n t e r e d fro m t h e ch a m b e r s
,

on th e fi r s t fl oor o f th i s r a n g e o f bu i ld i n g S e rv a n t s qu a rt e r s .
’

a n d b a rr a c k s o c c u pi e d th e we s t s id e o f t h e e n c lo s u r e A l l th e .

bu i l d i ng s we r e pl e n t i fu l ly s u ppl i e d w i th g a rd e rob e s i n th e -

to we r s ; a nd th e u pp e r port i on o f th e s outh we s t to we r wa s -

a rr a ng e d a s a pig e on hou s e -
.

I n s pit e o f th e a m pl e s p a c e gi v e n to th e do m e s t ic bu i l d i ng s ,

t h e d e fe n s iv e n a tu r e o f th e w ork s a t B od i a m is v e ry c l e a rly
a pp a r e n t,
n ot on ly i n the s tr e ngth o f th e w a l l s th e h e igh t o f ,

w h i ch ( 4 0 fe e t ) is e qu a l to th e h e igh t o f th e w a l l s a t H a rl e ch ,

bu t i n th e provi s ion m a d e fo r th e d e fe n c e o f th e a ppro a ch e s .

T h e m a i n g a t e wa y w a s prot e ct e d by a b a rbic a n wh i c h occupi e d ,

a s m a l l i s l a n d i n t h e l a k e s o m e 5 4 fe e t i n fron t o f t h e g a t e hou s e
,
.

A c a u s e wa y w h i c h is i n p a rt a t a ny r a t e origi n a l con n e ct e d th e
, , , ,

g a t e way w i th th e b a rbi c a n ; bu t it is prob a bl e th a t th i s h a d a

bridg e a t o ne o r both e nd s A bridg e s p a n n i n g a ga p o f 6 fe e t
.
, ,

c on n e ct e d th e ou t e r e nd o f t h e b a rbic a n w ith a n o c t a gon a l i s l a n d

i n th e m id d l e o f th e bro a d m o a t T h e s tr a igh t c a u se way by

.

w h i c h th i s i s l a n d is no w r e a ch e d fro m t h e m a i n l a nd d o e s n ot
1
P at 9 R. ih
c . pt . 2, m . 24 .
32 6 M I L I A RY A R T C IT E CT U R E
H

r e pr e s e n t th e origi n a l a ppro a ch bu t a l on g e r and m or e tort uou s

a ppro ac h wa s pl a n n e d fro m a p i e r s e t a g a i n s t th e we s t b a n k o f

t h e m o a t a nd j oi n e d prob a bly by a d oubl e d r aw br idg e to t h e

, ,

oct a gon a l i s l a n d wh ich thu s s tood a t a poi n t wh e r e th e ro a d

, ,

co m m a n d e d th roughou t by th e c u rt a i n a nd its fl a n k i n g to we r s ,

t urn e d a t a righ t a n gl e to wa rd s th e n orth g a t e hou s e o f th e c a s tl e .

T h e a ppro a ch to th e s m a l l e r or s ou th g a t e h as n o w d i s a pp e a r e d
bu t two wa l l s proj e c t i n to th e m o a t on e a ch s i d e o f th e e n t r a n c e ,

Bo di m C t l C rt rd
a as e ; ou ya

an d ag a i n s t th e s ou th b a n k o f th e m o a t r e m a i n s th e p i e r on wh i ch
th e ou t e r d r a wbri dg e d ropp e d .

T h e l a bou r a nd p a i n s wh i ch we r e t a k e n to s tr e n gth e n th i s
c a s tl e a re s ho wn by th e r e v e tt i n g o f th e e a rth work n ot on ly o f ,

th e m a i n i s l a n d bu t a l s o o f th e l e sse r i s l a n d s i n t h e m o a t a n d
, ,

of port i on s o f th e c a u se w ay s o f a ppro a ch Th e i s ol a t ion o f th e

.

c a s tl e i n th e m id d l e o f a l a k e m a h a v e b e e n s ugg e s t e d by th e
y
pl a n a d opt e d a t a m uch e a rl i e r d a t e a t L e e d s i n
, ,
K
ent Th e.

gre a t b a rbi c a n o f L e e d s ho we v e r d i vid e d by w e t d i tch e s i n to

, ,

th re e s e p a r a t e p a rt s form s th e a ppro a ch to th e m a i n bri dg e

,

a c ro s s th e m o a t I t i s i n fac t th e {c te d a p o n t o f th e c as tl e a nd
i
‘

- -
.
, , ,
 F R TIF I E T W N
O D O S A ND CA T S L ES 32 7

do e s n ot o c cupy a s e p a r a t e i s l a nd a s a t B od i a m b e t we e n th e , ,

m a i n l a n d a nd th e g a t e way .

Th e g a t e hou s e o f B od i a m is a n i m po s i ng bu i ld i n g a n d th e ,

c as t l e bu i ld e r s fro m th e d ay s o f E d wa rd I on wa rd s p a i d a n
-
,
.
,

a tt e n t ion to th e i r g a t e hou s e s a l m o s t e q u a l to th a t w h ich th e l a t e

N or m a n bu i l d e r s h ad gi v e n to th e i r to we r k e e p s 1
To th e s a m e -
.

t we n ty fi ve y e a r s w i th i n wh ich B od i a m wa s bu i l t a nd th e two
-

gr e a t to we r s a t Wa r w i c k we re co m pl e t e d b e lon g s t h e gr e a t e s t ,

o f E ngl i s h g a t e hou se s th a t o f th e c a s tl e o f L a n c a s t e r
,
It .

is k n o w n to h a v e b e e n bu i l t a s l a t e as a bou t 1 4 0 5 fo r th e a r m s
o f H e n ry Va s pri n c e o f W a l e s a pp e a r o n a s h i e l d a bov e th e
.

g a t e wa y I t is th e r e for e o ne o f t h e l a t e s t m i l i t a ry work s i n th e
.

c a s t l e s o f th e d uchy a n d th e l as t o f t h e s e ri e s o f g a t e hou s e s
,

wh i ch o we d th e i r o rigi n to l ord s o f th e hou s e o f L a n c a s t e r a nd ,

i n c l ud e s th e n obl e s t ructu r e s a t D uns ta nb urgh T utbu ry a nd th e

K
, ,

gr e a t to we r b e t we e n th e wa rd s a t n a r e s borough T he .

c a s t l e to w h ich i t wa s a d d e d wa s s u rroun d e d by a cu rt a i n ,

l rg e ly o f t we l fth c e n tu ry d a t e a nd con t a i n e d a to we r k e e p
a -
2
,
-

a n d do m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s w h i ch a pp e a r to h a v e b e e n i n th e m a i n

o f t h e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry S i tu a t e d a t t h e h e a d o f a v e ry s t e e p
.

h i l l a nd fl a n k e d by two h ug e oct agon a l to we r s th i s g a t e hou s e is

, ,

t h e p e r fe ct ion o f th e typ e w h ich is s e e n w i th m or e s l e n d e r ,

fl a nk i n g to we r s a t B oth a l a nd i n th e k e e p o f A l n w i c k T h e
,
.

w i n do w op e n i ng s to wa rd s th e fi e l d a re fe w a nd s m a l l : th e
b a ttl e m e n t s a re bol d ly corb e l l e d ou t a nd m a c h i c ol a t ion s o f l a rg e ,

s i z e a re l e ft b e t w e e n th e m a n d th e wa l l I n a corn e r o f e a c h .

o f th e
‘

fl a n k i ng to we r s ri se s a tu rr e t th e i n t e ri or o f wh i c h ,

a pp a r e n tly s e rv e d a s a m a g a z i n e fo r a m m u n i t ion T h e i n t e rio r .

o f th i s g a t e hou s e a l though th e s p a c e is a m pl e is fu l ly i n k e e pin g

, ,

w i th its s o m br e e x t e ri or E a ch o f th e two u pp e r floor s con t a i n s

.

1
int r tin t h b n in
An tr r
e lo g d rd
g to t h e l a e ye a s o f E wa I
th t nbi h hi h pr b b b i t b
g g a e o us e
r L t
e es ,
.
,

is of D e w c wa s o a ly u l y H e n y d e acy th e l a s
r Lin n d r n b r h fl nk d b t n
a g , ,

ea l o f co l ( H e e a o l e a c way a y two o c ag o a l
t r iv thr h p t n ntr h b nd
. e ,

o we s g a ssag e t o a n o c a g o a l c e al a ll
hi h l r t n rd r inn r t
,
e s a cce s s o ug a e yo ,

w c is a s m a l e o c ago a l o om Th e ga e way to th e
n r id t n bi gua
t ntr n
e -
.

e c l o s u e is se t in a s o l
e o f th e o c ag o
q ue ly to th e o u e r e Th e
pl pp r nt ni pp r p rti n th bd
a ce
,
.

a n is a ly u q ue Th e u e o o o f th e g a e o use is a ly
r in d hv b h tripp d th r tt
a e .

a nd th e wa ll s e e n m uc b ut e e is a s a ue p ro
bb nd r t b v tr n r h hi h ni h
u e ,
a e s e ,

a l y o f th e fo u l e f a o e th e e n a ce a c way w c is s e t in a c e
p n tr t d ith n id r b nt r nt d t i
e , ,

and a el w e a l e am o u o f o nam e al e a l
b rr v t b t h br rt i t r
ea e a co s .

el a ul
2
The of a a se m e n c am e in o ne o f th e c u a n o we s
rti rk tt d nt rin hi h it b i t hi
a - -

e a n s th e m a s o f th e wa l e u l T s is
g on w c wa s
p r i t nt rt d rk n ri i tt r t
ce e .

ly ass e e to b e a m a o f R o m a o g n A s a m a e o f fac no
p rt pr nt t pr v d r i r th n b innin
e s s e .
,

o f th e cas l e c a n b e to b e e a l e th e
t t tr hn r it hv vd h d
a e se o e a eg g
o f th e we l f h c e n u y w e R o ge o f P o o u m a y a e m o e th e
hn rhr r n rth th ibb t
,
ea

o f h is e e f o m P e wo am o f th e R l e T h e c as l e
h v r i p rt ithi p rt t id i it i it r
o ou so u ,
.
,
o we e l e s a ly w n and a ly o u s e th e l m s o f a R o m an m l a y
t ti
s a on .
, ,
32 8 M IL I T A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

th r e e roo m s o ne i n th e c e n tr a l bl oc k o f th e g a t e hou s e th e oth e r s

, ,

i n th e to we r s a t th e s id e s T h e s e roo m s a re l a rg e a nd l o fty.
,

a nd th e i r origi n a l wood e n c e i l i ng s s t i l l r e t a i n tr a c e s o f c ol ou r ;

bu t th e y a re gl oo m y a n d i l l l ight e d to th e l as t d e gr e e T h e -
.

a p a rt m e n t s on t h e fi r s t floor c o m m u n ic a t e d i r e ctly w i th o ne
a n oth e r bu t tho s e on t h e s e c on d floor a re e n t e r e d fro m a n ou t e r
,

p a s s a g e wh i c h p asse s b e t we e n th e m a nd th e i n n e r or we s t wa l l
,

o f th e g a t e hou se Th e gu a rd roo m s o n th e grou n d fl

. o o r a re
- -

a ppro a ch e d i n th e u s u a l way by door way s n e a r th e i n n e r ,

e n tr a nc e T h e m a i n s t a i r is a v ic e i n th e s ou th we s t corn e r o f
.
-

bu i l d i ng .

I n th e i m port a n t a d d i t i on s m a d e to th e c as t l e of W a rk worth
‘

a bou t 1 4 0 0 t h e co m pro m i se a tt a i n e d b e t we e n t h e r e qu i r e m e n t s
,

o f d e fe n c e a n d co m fort is v e ry s tri k i n g T h e pl a n o f th i s c a s tl e .
,

th roughou t its h i s tory l i k e t h e pl a n o f W a r w i c k r e m a i n e d th a t

, ,

o f th e o rig i n a l m ou n t a n d b a i l e y fort r e ss W e h a v e n ot i c e d
- -
.

a l r e a dy t h e a d d i t ion o f th e s ton e cu rt a i n to t h e b a i l e y a n d t h e ,

bu i l d i n g o f a l a rg e m a n s ion a g a i n s t its we s t e rn a nd s outh e rn

fa c e s . I t is prob a bl e th a t a s h e l l k e e p wa s a dd e d to th e m ou n t -
,

wh e n t h e s ton e c u rt a i n w as m ad e ; for th e fou n d a t i on s o f th e

pr e se n t s tron g hou s e on th e m ou n t a re o f m as on ry o f a n e a rl i e r
a nd rough e r ch a r a ct e r th a n t h e e l a bor a t e ly d r e s s e d s ton e w ork o f

th e hou s e i t s e l f T h i s hou s e . w h i c h c o m bi n e s t h e fe a tur e s

o f k e e p a n d pr i v a t e r e s id e n c e i n a m o s t u n u s u a l w a a pp e ar s
y ,

to h a v e b e e n bu i l t by th e fi r s t e a rl o f N orthu m b e rl a n d w h o ,

d ied i n T h e s h a p e is th a t o f a s qu a r e w i th ch a m fe r e d
a n gl e s ; bu t fro m th e c e n tr e o f e ac h fa c e proj e c t s a bol d
h a l f oct a gon s o th a t th e groun d pl a n is a
-

,
r e e k c ro s s w i th -
G
s hort a r m s a nd a l a rg e c e n t r a l bl oc k T h e e l e v a t ion con s i s t s .

o f a b as e m e n t a n d th r e e floor s T h e b a s e m e n t con t a i n s t a n k s .

a n d a v a u l t w i th a corb e l l e d roo f w h i c h wa s c e rt a i n ly a pri s on ,

.
,

a n d b e a r s a s tron g l i k e n e s s to a s i m i l a r v a u l t i n t h e i n n e r g a t e

hou s e a t A l n w i c k T h e r e is n o b as e m e n t s t a i r c o m m u n ic a t ion
.
,

w i th th e v a u l t s b e i ng th rough t r a p door s i n t h e floor a bov e On -

.

th i s floor a re a n u m b e r o f d a rk v a u l t e d s tor e roo m s o ne o f wh ic h -

,

w a s th e w i n e c e l l a r a n d h a s its o w n s t a i r to t h e d a i s e nd o f th e
-

h a l l 0 11 th e floor a bov e T h e two u pp e r fl oor s a re c o m p a r a t i v e ly

.

ch e e r fu l a nd we l l l ight e d : a s h a ft i n th e c e n tr e o f th e bu i l d i n g
g a v e l igh t to th e i n n e r p a s s a g e b e t we e n th e h a l l a nd k i tch e n .

T h e m a i n s t a i r is i n t h e s ou th h a l f oc t agon th e ch i e f door way -

,

b e i ng i n th e we s t fa c e o f th i s proj e ct ion on th e fi r s t floor Fro m ,

.

1
hiT s is th e a e y Ba d t pr p d b t C B o rd e r H olds : H H rt h rn
t ii pr p d l t r d t Mr
o o se e s, . . a s o e

( A rc/z’e al I n st , N e wc as l e , v o l )
t dt r ik th th r f n ith r i th 5
di r t
. . . . o o se a a e a e, c . 1 43 40 -
.

B a es a e is m o e l e ly an th e o e : or e e s r
e e an y ec
e v1 d e nc e .
 F R T I F I E T WN
O D O S A ND CA T S L ES 32 9

th e l obby on th e s e con d floo r a t th e h e a d o f t h e s t a i r two d oo r , ,

way s op e n T h a t on th e righ t l e a d s i n to th e h a l l wh ich occu pi e s

.
,

t h e s outh e as t a ngl e o f t h e c e n t r a l blo c k a n d is o f t h e fu l l h e igh t

-
,

o f t h e t wo u pp e r floor s Th a t o n t h e l e ft l e ad s to th e s e rv a n t s ’
.

qu a rt e r s a nd th e k i tch e n s wh i c h occ u pi e d th e we s t e rn p a rt o f ,

t h e s e c ond floo r a nd c o m m u n i c a t e d by s e p a r a t e door way s wi th

,

t h e h a l l a nd ch a p e l T h e gr e a t k i tch e n fi l l e d th e n orth we s t
.
-

a ngl e o f t h e c e n t r a l blo c k a nd l i k e t h e h a l l wa s t wo s tori e s i n

, , ,

h e ight T h e n orth h a l f o c t a gon a nd th e n orth e a s t a ngl e o f t h e

.
- -

m a i n bl oc k a dj a c e n t to i t we r e d i vid e d i n to t wo floor s , Th e .

lo we r roo m i n th e h a l f oct agon wa s prob a bly t he pri v a t e roo m -

o f t h e m a s t e r o f t h e hou s e co m m un i c a t i ng w i th t h e l o we r roo m ,

i n th e m a i n blo c k wh ich was prob a bly t h e c o m m on roo m o f

,

h is i m m e d i a t e r e t i n u e S i m i l a rly u pon th e u pp e r floor we r e a

.
,

l a d i e s bo we r a nd a s e p a r a t e roo m fo r th e cou n t e ss o f N orth

’

u m b e rl a nd s o wn u s e B e t we e n t h e pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s a n d th e
’
.

h a l l occu py i n g t h e c e n t r e o f th e e as t s id e o f th e m a i n bl oc k
,

a n d t h e h a l f oct agon -
b e yon d wa s th e ch a p e l Th e c h a n c e ] ,
.
,

i n th e h a l f oct a gon wa s th e h e igh t o f both floor s ; bu t th e

-
,

we s t e rn p a rt o f th e ch a p e l was i n t wo floor s th e u pp e r for m i n g ,

a g a l l e ry wi th a d oor way fro m t h e l a d i e s bo we r Fro m th e ’

.
,

s outh e a s t corn e r o f th i s g a l l e ry a n oth e r d oor way op e n e d u pon

-
,

a n a rro w s ton e g a l l e ry for m e d by th e i n t e rn a l th i ck e n i ng o f

,

t h e l o we r p a rt o f th e e a s t w a l l o f t h e h a l l : th i s m ay h a v e
s e rv e d th e pu rpo s e o f a m i n s t r e l s g a l l e ry o r m ay h a v e be e n ’

u se d by t h e l ad i e s o f th e hou se wh e n th e y w i s h e d to wa t c h .

t h e fe s t i vi t i e s be l o w T h e wa l l b e n e ath th i s g a l l e ry is p i e r c e d
.

by a lon g v e s t ry o r p ri e s t s ch a m b e r op e n i n g ou t o f th e ’

s ou th wa l l o f t h e c h a p e l a n d bu i l t w ith a ri s in g floor i n , ,

ord e r to gi ve h e ad way to th e s t a i r fro m th e wi n e c e l l a r

- -

b e lo w . T h e grou nd fl o o r o f th e c h ap e l
-
al so co m m un i c a t e d
w i th t h e h a l l and th e m e n s a p a rt m e n t s I n a dd i t ion to th e
'

roo m s a l re a dy m e n t io n e d th e r e we r e th i rd fl o o r roo m s i n t h e
,
-

s outh we s t a n gl e o f th e
-
m a i n blo c k a n d i n t h e we s t e rn h a l f
oct a gon wh ic h co m m un i c a t e d w i th th e g a l l e ry o f th e ch a pe l
,
.

T h e a r e a cov e r e d is n ot l a rg e bu t t h e i ng e n u i ty o f th e pl a n ,

is r e m a rk abl e ; a n d t h e d i s po s i t ion o f th e v a riou s a p a rt m e n t s

m u s t h a v e r e qu i r e d a n a m ou n t o f thought a nd s k i l l wh i c h n o ,

oth e r m e d i e v a l d we l l i n g hou s e s ho ws i n so h igh a d e gre e-

.

Wh i l e th e l o we r porti on s o f t h e wa l l s o f th e s t rong hou se at

W a rk worth a re o f gre a t s ol id ity a n d s tr e n gth th e u pp e r floor s ,

are l ight e d by l a rg e t r a c e ri e d wi n d o w op e n in g s a nd th e t a l l -
,

oblon g w i ndo ws o f th e h a l l a n d tho se o f th e c h a n c e l o f th e ,

ch a p e l con v e y n o i d e a o f th e m i l i t a ry pu rpo s e o f th e bu i ld i n g
,
.

I t is a c u ri ou s fac t th a t i n s pi t e of th e p a i n s wh i ch we r e e vi d e n tly
,
3 30 M IL IT A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

e x p e n d e d u pon th i s to we r hou s e t h e p e ri od o f its e m pl oy m e n t

-
,

a s a r e s id e n c e s e e m s to h a v e b e e n u n u s u a l ly s hort Th e v a ri ou s .

l ord s o f Wa rk worth we r e n e v e r s a t i s fi e d w i th o ne r e s id e n c e fo r
an l e ngth o f t i m e ; a n d th e r e is e vi d e n c e th a t w h e n J oh n d u k e
y
V
,

o f B e d ford wa s s e n t by h is fa th e r H e n ry I
,
to p ac i fy th e , .
,

n orth a ft e r N o rth um b e rl a nd s r e b e l l ion h e took u p h is qu a rt e r s

’

a t W a rk worth i n t h e g a t e hou s e L a t e r i n th e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry
.
,

th e ol d m a n s ion a l r e a dy d e s c ri b e d i n th e b a i l e y wa s r e s tor e d
, , ,

a n d a l t e r e d : a porch to we r wa s m a d e a t th e n orth e a s t e n d o f
— -

th e h a l l a nd a s t a i r t u r i t i n t rud e d i n th e s ou th e a s t a n gl e Th e
“
- -
, .

d we l l in g hou s e wh i ch h ad b e e n bu i l t w i th i n th e c a s t l e a bou t
-
,

1 200 ,
was con v e rt e d i n fa ct i n to a s t a t e ly m a n s io n ; a n d th e
, ,

hou se on th e m ou n t wa s pr a ct i c a l ly a b a n don e d N o be t te r .

i n s t a n c e c ou l d b e fou n d o f th e gr a d u a l we a k e n i n g o f th e m i l i t a ry
i d e a l i n fa vou r o f d o m e s t i c co m fort A ll th e c as tl e s o f th e l a t e r .

fou rt e e n th a nd fi ft e e n th c e n tu ri e s a re e x a m pl e s o f th i s i n s o m e
d e gre e . A t Wa r w i c k th e d o m e s t i c bu i ld i ng s a re a t l e a s t o f
e qu a l i m port a n c e w i th th e d e fe n c e s T h e d we l l i n g hou s e a t .
-

Lud lo w gr a d u a l ly i n c r e a se d i n s i z e a nd s pl e n dou r wh i l e n oth i n g ,

was a dd e d to its m i l i t a ry d e fe n c e s E v e n t h e out e r wa l l s o f B ol ton .

,

a s tron g a n d we l l gu a rd e d c as tl e a re p i e rc e d w i th w i n d o ws w h i ch
-
,

ad m i t a con s id e r a bl e a m ou n t o f ligh t B od i a m a n d R a gl a n .

r e lyi ng on th e gr e a t br e ad th o f th e i r m o a t s h a v e l a rg e ou t wa rd ,

w i n do w op e n i n g s I n a l l th e se i n s t a n c e s ho we v e r th e d we l l i ng
.
, ,

hou se e v e n a t R a gl a n is s t i l l r e g a rd e d a s a hou se w i th i n a c a s t l e
, , .

I n th e pl a n n i n g of th e to we r hou s e at W a rk worth th e m i l i t a ry
a nd do m e s t i c i d e a l s we r e both p r e se n t to th e m i n d s o f th e
bu i ld e r s N e i th e r c a n b e sa i d to pr e v a i l : th e bu i ld i n g was
.

e qu a l ly u se fu l a s hou s e a n d c as t l e T h e h a l l a t W a rk worth on .
,

t h e oth e r h a n d wh e n i t was r e bu i l t was tr e a t e d w i th an a rch i

, ,

t e c tura l s pl e n dou r qu it e a p a rt fro m a ny i d e a o f its po s i t ion

w ith i n th e w a l l s o f a pl ac e o f d e fe n c e T ho se wa l l s h ad b e co m e .

ob s ol e t e a nd t h e hou s e wa s th e o n e obj e ct pr e se n t to th e a i m s
,

o f th e r e s tor e r s A s t e p furth e rwa s ta k e n a t H u r s t m on c e a u x

.

w h e r e t h e gr e at bri c k hou se h a s th e se m bl a n c e o f a c a s tl e bu t ,

l i ttl e of its r e a l i ty A t C a r e w i n P e m brok e sh i r e th r e e s t a g e s i n

.
,

th e d e v e l op m e n t o f th e d o m e s t i c i d e a l a s a ppl i e d to m i l i t a ry
a r c h it e ctu r e c a n b e s tud i e d i n C
l o s e prox i m i ty O n th e e a s t s id e .

o f th e wa rd are th e e a rl i e r do m e s t i c a p a rt m e n t s s o m e wh a t ,

c r a m p e d a nd gl oo m y w i th ou t e r w i n do ws wh i ch w h e r e v e r th e y
, ,

occu r a s i n th e c h a p e l ( 2 4 8 ) a nd a dj ac e n t roo m s a d m i t d ayl igh t

, ,

v e ry fa i n tly O n th e we s t s i d e is th e gr e a t h a l l bu i l t i n th e
.

fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry by R hy s a p T ho m as w i th its i m po s i n g porch ,

to we r a nd e n t r a n c e s t a i r a l a rg e a nd a m ply l igh t e d roo m O n

,
.

th e n orth are th e add i t ion s m ad e i n th e s ix t e e n th c e n tu ry by

 R G N CA
A LA STL E

TH O R NT N ABBEY
O : ga th
e o use and b rbi
a c an
 F TIF I E T WN
OR D O S A ND C T
AS L ES 33 3

S ir J oh n P e rrott
. Th e e as t e rn roo m s are tho se o f a hou s e
w i th i n a c a s tl e : th e we s t e rn h al l is th a t o f a hou se wh i ch ,

a l though m i l i t a ry con s id e r a t ion s h a v e h ad n o p a rt i n its pl a n n i n g

,

is s t i l l con fi n e d w ith i n a n e a rl i e r cu rt a i n
. O n th e n orth s id e ,

ho we v e r th e c urt a i n h a s b e e n brok en th rough a nd a s e ri e s o f

, ,

a p a rt m e n t s h a s b e e n bu i l t ou t b e yond its l i m i t s procl a i m i ng

, ,

w i th th e i r lon g m u l l ion e d w i n do ws p i e rc i ng th e wa l l s fro m floor

to roo f th a t th e d ay o f c a s tl e s
,
ov e r a nd th at th e d we l l ing
,

hou s e h as th e fi e l d to i t se l f.
 C H A PTE R X II

TH E AGE OF TR A NS I T I ON : TH E FOR T I F I E D
D WE L L I N H O U S E G -

S OM E a ccou n t h a s no w be e n gi v e n o f th e ch a n g e w h i ch c a m e
ov e r th e E ngl i s h c a s t l e i n th e fou rt e e n th a n d fi ft e e n th c e n tu ri e s .

Th e l i fe o f th e fe u d a l w a rri or i n h is s tronghol d gr a d u a l ly b e c a m e
t h e l i fe of th e cou n t ry g e n t l e m a n i n a hou s e w ho s e fort i fi c a t ion ,

s uch as i t was w as o f a m e r e ly p r e c a ut ion a ry ch a r a c t e r

,
I t no w .

r e m a i n s fo r u s to s ay s o m eth i n g o f tho se d o m e s t i c bu i ld i ng s
w h ich a re th e pri n c i p a l fe a tu r e o f th e E n gl i s h c a s t l e s o f th e l a t e r
m id d l e a g e s a n d o f tho s e hou s e s w h i ch w h i l e pr e s e rv i ng th e
, ,

n a m e a nd to s o m e e x t e n t th e a pp e a r a n c e o f c a s tl e s we r e ,

d e s i gn e d pri m a ri ly a s d we l l i n g hou s e s I n th e s e e x a m pl e s th e
-
.

m a i n l i n e s o f th e n or m a l d we l l i n g hou se pl a n w h i c h h a v e a l r e ady
-
,

b e e n d e s c ri b e d w e r e pr e se rv e d
,
Th e h a l l s ti l l for m e d th e
.

n ucl e u s o f th e bu i l d i n g s a n d th e c e n tr e o f th e l i fe o f th e hou s e
hol d : th e k i tch e n bu tt e ry a nd p a n try s t i l l too k th e i r pl a c e a t
, ,

t h e e nd o f th e h a l l n e x t t h e s c r e e n s w h i l e th e two s tori e d bl oc k
,
-
,

w i th th e gr e a t ch a m b e r on t h e fi r s t floor wa s fou n d a t t h e oth e r ,

e nd b e h i n d th e d a i s B ut w i th th e i n cr e a s e o f co m fort a nd
.
,

s pl e ndou r c a m e t h e d e s i r e fo r m o r e s p a c e a n d gr e a t e r pri v a cy
,
.

Th e gr e a t h a l l a t Lud l o w r e con s t ru c t e d i n th e e a rly p a rt o f

th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry h a d a fi rs t fl
,
o o r c h a m b e r a t e i th e r e n d
-

o f th e h a l l a n d th e ad d i t i on s m a d e to th e s e d o m e s t ic bu i ld i ng s

i n th e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry con s id e r a bly i n cr e ase d th e n u m be r o f

pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s i n a hou s e wh i ch was a l r e a dy o f gr e a t s i z e
M
.

At a n orbi e r
( 2 0 8 ) t h w hol d w l l i n g hou w n l a rg e d a n d
”

e e e s e a s e -

th e n u m b e r o f roo m s i n cr e a s e d by a r e con s tru c ti on i n th e s e c on d

h a l f o f th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry Th e d we l l i ng hou s e i n th e i n n e r
.
-

wa rd o f C on wa y th e h a l l a n d its a dj a c e n t roo m s a t C ae rph i l ly

, ,

we r e pl a n n e d on a m or e l i b e r a l s c a l e th a n h a d b e e n though t
n e c e s s a ry i n th e c a s tl e s o f th e e l e v e n th a nd t we l fth c e n tu r i e s .

Th e e ss e n t i a l ly m i l i t a ry ch a r a c t e r ho we v e r o f th e E d wa rd i a n
, ,

c a s tl e c r a m p e d th e fr e e d e v e l op m e n t o f d o m e s t i c bu i l d i n g s
w i th i n th e pr e c i n c t ; a n d i t w as n ot u n t i l t h e m i dd l e o f th e
fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry th a t th e pl an o f th e d we l l i ng hou s e i n th e -
 TH E F RTI FI E
O D D WE L IN G L -
HO U SE 335

c as t l e h ad r e a ch e d th e s t ag e a t wh i ch i t be g a n to b e con s id e r e d
fo r its o wn s a k e a p a rt fro m th e c u rt a i n wa l l wh i c h prot e ct e d i t
, .

T h e d e v e l op m e n t o f t h e pri v a t e m a n s ion w i th i n th e c as t l e is
we l l i l l u s t r a t e d a t Porch e s t e r T h e ou t e r d e fe n c e s o f t h e c a s tl e .
,

t h e t we l fth c e n tu ry gr e a t to we r , t h e cu rt a i n o f t h e i n n e r wa rd th e
-
,

fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry b a rbican , we r e a ll k e pt u n d e r r e p a i r ; fo r th e
-

Fr e n c h wa r s o f th e fou rt ee n th a nd fi ft e e n th c e n tu ri e s m ad e
t h e d e fe n c e o f Port s m outh h a rbo u r a d e s i r a bl e fac tor i n E n gl i s h
s t r a t e gy a nd th e con s id e r a t i on s w h ic h pro m pt e d t h e bu i l d i n g o f
,

B od i a m a l s o d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e m i l i t a ry c h a r a ct e r o f Porch e s t e r
c a s t l e s hou l d b e pr e se rv e d Th e b a rb ic a n ho we v e r , was t h e l a s t .
,

i m port a n t a dd i t ion to th e d e fe nc e s T h e l a t e r work i n c l ud e d .

th e r e m od e l l in g o f th e t we l fth c e n tu ry h a l l a g a i n s t th e s ou th -

c u rt a i n T h i s wa s i n gre a t p a rt r e bu i l t , th e h a l l on th e fi r s t
1
.

floo r b e i n g s u ppl i e d w i th l a rg e t r ac e ri e d w i n d o ws to wa rd s t h e
i n t e ri or o f th e b a i l e y : l a t e i n t h e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry a porch w i th ,

a n u pp e r floor wa s a dd e d a t t h e e nd n e x t t h e s c r e e n s A l on g .

t h e we s t s id e o f t h e i n n e r wa rd be t we e n t h e gr e a t h a l l a n d th e ,

k e e p a s m a l l e r h a l l wa s a dd e d l a t e i n th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry
, o
,

t h e to we r s u pon t h e e a s t cu rt a i n w e r e con v e rt e d to d o m e s t i c
pu rpo s e s a n d a r a n g e o f bu i l d i n g s wa s e v e ntu a l ly a d d e d u pon
,

th i s s id e o f th e b a i l e y
E xt e rn a l ly Porch e s t e r c a s t l e is s i m ply a fortr e s s : i n t e rn a l ly
, ,

t h e d o m e s t i c bu i ld i n g s ri v e t th e a tt e n t ion , a nd on ly th e i m po s i n g
m a ss o f t h e k e e p ( 1 3 1 ) r e m i n d s us o f th e m i l i t a ry origi n o f th e
s t rongh ol d S i m i l a rly , i n th e C orn i s h c as tl e o f R e s to rm e l wh e r e
.
,

t h e o ne wa rd is n e a rly c i rcu l a r i n s h a pe , a n d is s u rroun d e d by a

d e e p d i tch th e w hol e i n t e rio r fa c e o f t h e cu rt a i n is c ov e r e d by a
,

s e ri e s o f d o m e s t ic bu i l d i n g s w i th p a rt i t i on wa l l s r ad i a t i n g fro m

o
,

t h e c e n t r e o f t h e pl a n T h e po s i t i n o f t h e h a l l k i t c h e n a n d
.
, ,

gr e a t ch a m b e r c a n e a s i ly b e t r a c e d t h e c h a p e l w as on th e e a s t
s id e o f t h e wa rd s e p a r a t e d fro m t h e h a l l by t h e gr e a t ch a m b e r
, ,

a n d t h e c h a n c e ], w i th a s u b s t ructu r e for m e d a r e ct a ngu l a r pro ,

j e c t io n f ro m t h e cu rt a i n a t th i s poi n t H e r e too a s a t Porch e s t e r

M
.
, , ,

Lud l o w or a n orbi e r , t h e d we l l i n g hou s e wa s m a s k e d by t h e

,
-

fort r e s s B u t th e r e a re a l s o c as tl e s i n w h ich th e i m port a n c e o f

.

t h e d we l l i ng hou s e , a s t i m e we n t on b e g a n to ov e r s h a do w its
-
,

m i l it a ry s u rrou n d i n g s A t T utbu ry t h e s t ron g po s i t ion o f th e

.

c a s tl e a n e n t r e n c h e d s t ronghol d wh ich was prob a bly d i tch e d

,

1
r b
N e w wo r h t r in rk
h n b rt we Po 3 86 , w R B a rd o lf,
t bl pp int d i m pr m n rp t r
s e e g un at c es e I e o e

th e was d to
t k m t ri l ki xp n ( i h pt m Thi
co ns a e, a o e to e ss a so s, ca e n e s , e tc .
, an

th e P at 8 R
’

pr b b ly pp l i b i l din b rbi n h ll m l h v
a e a e a s at ng s e e se . c . . 2 , . s

e s to th e of th e b ut th e
b n r m d ll d thi p ri d h r id r b l r m i t l th
o a a u g a ca , a a y a so a e

T e e a ns o f we f
nt r rk b tr t r h ll l r dy t d
ee e o e e at s e o . a re c o ns e a e e

o f th e
ce u y wo In th e su s uc u e a ,
as a ea no e .
3 36 M ILI T A RY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

a bou t for th e fi r s t t i m e l on g b e for e th e C on qu e s t th e h igh m ou n d ,

r a i se d by th e N or m a n fou n d e r o f th e c a s t l e a nd th e fi ne fou r ,

c n tu ry g t hou a ppro a ch e d by a n as c e n t w h i c h
1
te e n th e -
a e se

wa s c o m m a nd e d by th e w hol e l e n gth o f th e e a s t e rn cu rt a i n s t ri k e ,

th e v i s i tor far l e s s th a n t h e r e m a i n s o f t h e gr e a t h a l l a nd its

a dj a c e n t ch a m b e r s T h i s b e a u t i fu l work oft e n a tt ribut e d l i k e
.
, ,

so m uch e l s e i n c a s t l e s o f t h e d u chy of L a n c as t e r to J oh n o f
G
,

a u n t is prob a bly of th e m i dd l e o f t h e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry : th e r e
,

is a r e m a rk abl e s i m i l a ri ty b e t we e n th e d e t a i l s o f t h e s ton e work

h e r e an d a t W ing fi e ld a ,

hou s e th e d a t e o f wh ich
is we l l k n o wn to b e
s o m e wh a t l at e r t h an
1 44 1 A s a w hol e th e .
,

c a s tl e s wh i ch l i k e T u t ,

bu ry b e c a m e m e rg e d i n ,

th e po s s e ss ion s o f t h e
hou se of L a n c as t e r a nd ,

c a m e to th e C ro w n on
th e a cc e s s ion o f H e n ry
I fu rn i s h us w i th s o m e V
o f t h e b e s t e x a m pl e s o f

c as tl e d we l l i ng hou se s
on a p a l a t i a l s c a l e A t .

P on t e fr ac t fo r e x a m pl e , ,

a r a n g e o f bu i l d i n g s ,

k n o wn l a t e r as J oh n o f
au n t s bu i l d i ng s ro se G ’

u pon t h e s i t e o f th e
e a s t e rn m ou nd The .

d r a w i ng s of P on t e fr a c t
and of e l bou rn e in M
D e rby s h i r e pr e se rv e d
C C t tr r th
,

ar e w as l e ; E n ance to g e a a ll a mong th e d u chy re

cord s s ho w u s c as t l e s ,

w h i ch h a v e u tt e rl y ch a n g e d th e i r as p e c t a n d h a v e b e co m e p a l a c e s ,
.

N o wh e r e h o we v e r is th i s m or e n ot i c e a bl e to d ay th a n a t K e n il
, ,
-

worth w h e r e t h e e re c tio ri of th e gr e at h a l l m ay b e fa i rly att ri

G
,
?
but e d to J oh n of a u n t Th e whol e o f th e n orth and p a rt o f th e
1
t
Th e s th N rm t l pp r in rp r t d
o use o f th e to b e
in rt nth nt ry rk t r r h w y whi h v r d by
o ne ga e o a n cas e a ea s co o a e
th e fo u wo th e o u e wa s
b rbi b in m r ly i dd d r l i r w rk i n r ll
ee -
ce u , a c a , c co e e a
fa c The wa s of
th r l l th n d p rt f rt nth nt ry
a c an, e g e e a ng a e to e a e o . n e
th e we of th e
n l r m ntga e o use e a so e ng e e , as a ou ee -
ce u

J h G nt d k L t r 3 99 g t h
e a ge e .

2
o n of au wa s u e of an c as e 1 62 -
. Th e a e o us e of
 TH E F RT I F I E
O D D WE L ING
L -
HO U SE 33 7

we s t s i d e of th e i n n e r wa rd on t h e s u m m i t o f th e r a i se d grou nd ,

on wh i c h th e c as tl e s t a n d s a re cov e r e d by a s pl e nd i d s e ri e s of ,

l a t e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry bu i ld i ng s , ch i e f a m on g th e m th e h a l l
-
,

prob a bly th e fi n e s t a p a rt m e n t o f its d a t e i n E ngl and , We s t

m i n s t e r h a l l a l on e e x c e pt e d L a t e r s t i l l j u s t as a t C a r e w, ,

t h e t r a n s for m a t ion o f t h e s tron ghol d was co m pl e t e d by th e

a dd it ion i n H e n ry V I I I s t i m e o f a p a rt m e n t s wh ich h av e
,
.
’

, ,

n o w d i s a pp e a r e d a l on g t h e s outh s id e o f t h e wa rd ;
,
a nd , i n

t h e r e ign o f E l i z a b e th , t h e s outh we s t a n gl e wa s fi l l e d by a -

t a l l bl oc k o f bu i l d i ng s
e r e ct e d by th e e a rl o f
Le i c e ste r .

O ne m ay co m p a r e t h e
gro wth o f t h e d o m e s t i c
l
e eme n t at e n i l worth K
w i th t h a t o f t h e Fr e n ch
c h at e a u o f B lois wh e r e ,

t h e m i l i t a ry a s p e ct o f th e
bu i l d i ng wa s obl i t e r a t e d
by d e gr e e s To th e gr e a t .

h a l l i n th e n orth e as t -

c orn e r o f th e c a s tl e b a i l e y
l

we r e ad d e d fi rs t th e , ,

bu i l d i n g s o f C h a rl e s o f
O rl é a n s ( 1 4 4 0 6 5 ) on th e -

we s t fa c e ?
T h e n c am e
th e l at e oth i c wor k on G ,

t h e e as t of Lou i s X I I
, .

( 1 49 8 I n th e s ix
te e n th c e n t u ry th e h a l l
was j oi n e d t o C h a rl e s o f
O rl é a n s bl o c k by th e
’

R e n ai ssan ce pile o f
bu i l d i n g rai se d u n d e r K e l wo a s l e ; E n anc e to a ll ni rth C t tr h
Fr a n c i s I a nd H e n ry I I . .

T h e c as t l e by th i s t i m e h a d b e co m e a p a l a c e a nd th e t r a n s ,

for m at ion w as co m pl e t e d in th e se v e nt e e nth c e n tu ry ( 1 6 3 5 )

by t h e e r e ct ion o f th e t a l l r a n g e o f P a l l a d i a n bu i l d in g s i n th e
n orth we s t a n gl e wh i ch is th e m o s t pro m i n e n t fe atu r e i n th e
-
,

L n t r tl k J h f G nt t b i l t nti l t r
no wn a s
’
e way, was no t af e

i d th p3
a ca s e cas e, o n o au s ga u u

th i rt th r ly i n
See
h
Thi h ll pr b b ly b i l t l t i 7
s ea . . 2 .

1
was th e th e
rt Chnthr l ntl ry
s a o a u a e n e en or ea

fo u
h v r b ilt h p l th i d
ee ce u .

2
m th e c th e so u e of th e
nl r
a e s a so s e e s to a e e u a e on S

e c o su e .
3 38 M I I T A RY
L AR C IT E CT U R E
H

n orth e rn vi e w o f th e c h at e a u A s i m i l a r w ork o f t r a n s for m a t ion .

1

took pl a c e a t A m boi se u n d e r Lou i s X I I a n d Fr a n c i s I I n both . .

th e s e i n s t a n c e s h o we v e r th e c h i e f ch an g e s we r e m ad e a t a p e ri od
, ,

wh e n th e R e n a i s s a n c e was e x e rc i s i n g a po we rful i n flu e n c e on
Fr e n ch l i fe a nd t hought A s a ru l e Fr e n ch c a s tl e s o f th e .
,

fou rt e e n th an d e a rly fi ft e e n th c e n tu ri e s w h i l e i nc r e as i n g i n
C
,

s pl e nd ou r pr e s e rv e d m u ch o f t h e
,
h a r a ct e r o f th e fe ud a l s t ron g
hol d T h e two s pl e n d i d h a l l s a nd th e n orth e rn r a ng e o f bu i l d
V
.

i ng s a t Cou cy bu i l t by E ngue rra n d I I l ord o f Cou c y i n t h e

,
.
, ,

l a s t qu a rt e r o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry we r e a d d e d w i thou t d e tri ,

m e n t to t h e s t r e n gth o f th e fort r e ss ; a n d to th i s s a m e pe riod

b e l on g s th e t a l u s cov e ri n g th e s pri ng at th e foot o f th e donj on
c u rt a i n a w ork o f pu r e l y m i l i t a ry ch a r a c t e r
?
I n th e C h at e au x o f
M
,

ehu n s u r Y é v re ( C h e r ) bu i l t by J oh n d u k e o f B e rry b e t we e n
- -
, , ,

1 3 7 0 a nd 1 3 8 5 a n d P i e rr e fon d s ( O i s e ) bu i l t by Lou i s d u k e o f
, , ,

O rl é a n s b e t we e n 1 39 0 a n d 1 4 2 0 t h e s pl e n dou r o f t h e p a l a c e w a s
, ,

e qu a l ly b a l a n c e d by th e s t r e ngth o f th e fort r e ss .

I n t r a c i n g th e d e v e l op m e n t o f th e c as t l e u n t i l i t is m e rg e d
i n th e m a n or h ou s e we m u s t n ot forg e t th a t th e fort i fi e d d we l l i ng
-
,

hou s e wa s n ot m e r e ly th e c r e a t ion o f a n age wh i ch was c e as i ng to

bu i l d c a s t l e s M
a ny o f t h e s t ronghol d s to w h ich a l l u s ion h a s
.

b e e n m a d e e s p e c i a l ly i n th e n orth a nd we s t o f E ngl a n d we r e
, ,

d we l l i ng hou s e s r a th e r th a n c as t l e s
-
A cton B u rn e l l A ydon .
, ,

Ma rk e n fi e l d H a ughton or tho s e h ou se s w h ich l i k e Mo rth a m

Y Y
, , ,

in ork s h i r e o r a n wa t h i n We s t m orl a n d h a ve p e l e to we r s ’
,
-

a tt a ch e d to th e m wh e th e r as p a rt o f th e i r origi n a l e qu ip m e n t
,

o r a s a l a t e r a d d it i on a re a l l fa bric s i n wh i c h m i l i t a ry pr e c a u t ion s
,

h ad to b e t a k e n bu t th e e v e ryd a y n e e d s o f th e oc c u p a n t s we r e
,

fi r s t con s id e r e d A c as t l e is a m i l i t a ry po s t wh ich m ay i n c l ud e
.

o n e o r m or e d we l l i ng hou s e s w i th i n its w a l l s : th e hou s e w h i ch

-

m ay b e t u rn e d i n to a c a s t l e wh e n occ a s ion r e qu i r e s is on a , ,

d i ffe r e n t foot in g B i s hop s p a l a c e s s u ch a s A u c k l a n d C a wood

.
’

, , ,

We l l s or Li n col n are e x a m pl e s o f th e l a rg e m a n or hou s e i n

, ,
-

wh i ch fort i fi c a t ion w as m e r e ly a m e as u r e o f pr e c a u t ion Th e .

s pl e n d id hou s e s o f t h e bi s hop s o f S t D a vi d s a re n ot th e l e a s t
’

r e m a r k a bl e o f th e r e m a i n s o f m e d i e v a l a rch i t e ct u r e h a l f d o m e s t i c ,
-
,

h a l f m i l i t a ry w h ich a re co m m on i n s outh we s t Wa l e s B i s hop

-

G
-
.
,

H e n ry o we r ( 1 3 2 8 4 7 ) d e v e l op e d a t S wa n s e a c as tl e a nd a t h is
-
,

m a n or hou s e s o f L a m ph e y a n d S t D a vi d s a typ e o f a rch i t e ctu r e

’
-
,

wh i ch d e s e rv e s m e n t ion on a c cou n t o f its origi n a l i ty Th e .

th r e e hou s e s m e n t i on e d a re s o m e w h a t d i ffe r e n t fro m e a ch oth e r .

1
S e e th e aw dr in by dr t A n o ue d u e c e a u and Cr
l an s in W H \Va , p rd
g
t
. .

Franc/z C/zzifm ux a n d G a rd en s in {b e X VI I /I C en fw y , P l a e s I I I , I V ,
p
. .

a nd
p bv
1 1. .

2
See 2 85 a o e . .
H A DD N pp r
O 2 u e co u rt rd
ya and t wr
o e
 TH E F RTIFIE
O D D WE L ING
L —
HO U SE 34 1

S wa n s e a c as t l e is a l a rg e bl o c k o f bu i ld i ng obvi ou s ly m i l i t a ry ,

i n c h a r a ct e r a nd i n g e n e r a l a ppe a r a n c e n ot u n l i k e th e e a rl i e r
,

c as t l e wh ich s o n obly c o m m a n d s th e to wn o f H a v e r ford we s t

G
.

B i s hop o we r s h a l l a t L a m ph e y is a pl a i n bu i l d i n g th e c h i e f
’

a rch it e ctu r a l fe a tu r e o f w h ich is t h e gr e a t c e l l a r on t h e grou n d

floor : th i s w a s cov e r e d by a poi n t e d b a rr e l v a u l t origi n a l ly -

,

s tr e n gth e n e d by h e a vy t r a n s v e r s e ri b s m o s t o f w h i ch h a v e
,

T h e v a s t p a l a c e of S t D a v i d s on th e oth e r h a n d
’
fa l l e n a w ay .
, ,

d i s pl ay s i n a ll its d e t a i l s a nd e s pe c i a l ly i n the oge e h e a d e d

,
-

doo rw ay o f th e porch o f its l a rg e r h a l l a s u m ptuou s n e s s o f ,

d e cor a t ion wh i c h is n ot o ft e n fou nd i n th e do m e s t i c a rch i t e ctu r e o f

th e t i m e . T h e gr e a t h a l l on th e we s t s id e o f th e cou rty a rd t h e ,

L m ph y
a e P a l a ce

sm a l l e r h a l l a nd pri v at e a p a rt m e n t s on t h e s outh s id e t h e v a u l t e d ,

c e l l a r s w h i c h o c cu py th e whol e o f th e b as e m e n t i n e ac h r a ng e ,

a re pl a n n e d u pon a s c a l e e qu a l to th a t o f a c a s t l e o f fi rs t r a t e -

si z e
. B ut a l though th e s e bu i l d in g s d i ffe r s o m u c h i n g e n e r a l
,

ch a r a ct e r th e y h a v e a c o m m on fe a tu re i n th e p a r a pe t pi e r c e d
, ,

w i th a ro w o f w id e poi n t e d a r c h e s a n d co rbe l l e d ou t a bov e th e

.

top o f th e w a l l s Co m p a r a t iv e ly rough a nd c o a r s e a t S wa n s e a
.

a nd L a m ph e y th i s p a r a p e t a t S t D a vid s is t re a t e d ’

w i th m uch d e l i c a cy a n d th e j a m b s o f t h e a r c h e s a re fu rn i s h e d
,

w ith s l e n d e r s h a ft i n g W h e th e r th e r e wa s a ny t hought o f its

.

e m pl oy m e n t i n w a r is a d oubt fu l poi n t a l though i t m igh t b e

u s e fu l i n s uch a c as e i t w as prob a bly i n t e n d e d i n th e fi rs t

,

i n s t a n c e m e r e ly as a n orn a m e n t T h e corbe l l i n g is v e ry s l ight

.
,
34 2 M I LI T A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

w i thou t m a ch icol a t ion Th e w h ol e d e s ign o f th e p a r a p e t is a

.

c u ri ou s fe a tu r e w h i ch d e s e rv e s s p e c i a l n ot i c e Th e r e is a n oth e r .

a nd l a t e r h a l l a t L a m ph e y we s t o f th e e a rl i e r bu i ld i n g ; a n d
,

a dj oi n i n g th i s on th e n orth is t h e h a n d s o m e ch a p e l bu i l t by
V rly i n th e s i x t e e n th c e n tu ry Th e g a t e hou se
,

B i s hop a ugh a n e a .

Ll awh a d e n a n oth e r m a n or o f th e bi s hop s o f S t D av i d s ’

at , ,

a pp e a r s to b e o f th e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry and w i th its fl a n k i ng , ,

to we r s rou n d e d to th e fi e l d h as a m ore d i s t i n ct ly wa rl i k e a pp e a r
, ,

a n c e th a n a nyth i ng a t L a m ph e y or S t D a v id s
’
.

We m ay no w t a k e a fe w typ ic a l e x a m pl e s wh ich i l l u s t r a t e
t h e c h an g e fro m t h e fort i fi e d r e s i d e n c e to th e l a rg e d we l l i n g
h ou se wh i ch was a cco m pl i s h e d by th e b e gi n n in g o f the s ix
,

te e nth c e n t u ry A t a co m p a r a t iv e ly e a rly d a t e a d i vorc e

.
,

be t we e n m i l i t a ry an d d o m e s t i c a rch i t e c tu re is m a n i fe s t i n s uc h
a hou se as S tok e say H e r e th e h a l l a nd its a dj a c e n t
bu i l d in g s a re tho se o f a pri v a t e ho u s e pu r e a nd s i m pl e ; a nd
t h e d e fe n s i v e port ion o f t h e pl a n is con fi n e d to th e pol ygon a l
to we r a t th e s outh e n d o f th e r a n g e o f bu i l d i ng s w h ich i n t i m e , ,

o f war cou l d b e u se d as a se p a r a t e s tron ghold a nd wa s

, ,

i ng e n i ou s ly pl a n n e d a n d we l l l igh t e d 1
B ut a t S tok e s ay ( 2 0 7 ) .

t h e to we r a pp e a r s to b e a s o m e wh a t l a t e r a d d i t i on t o a th i rt e e n th
c e n t ury d we l l i n g hou s e D e fe n s iv e pr e c a ut i on s are a dd e d O f
. .

th e oppo s i t e c as e i n w h ic h th e y d i s a pp e a r H a dd on h a l l
, ,

t h e m o s t a tt r a ct i v e a n d m o s t thorough ly pr e s e rv e d o f E ngl i s h
m e d i e v a l hou s e s is th e b e s t e x a m pl e
,
I n its e a rl i e s t s t a t e i t .
,

a pp e a r s to h a V e b e e n a m e r e p e l e occu pyi n g a port ion o f its

.

pr e se n t s it e w i th a to we r a t its n orth e a s t a n d h igh e s t corn e r

,
-
.

T h e ch a p e l i n wh ich l a rg e port ion s o f t w e l fth c e n tu ry w ork -

st i l l r e m a i n was prob a bly bu i l t o ut s id e t h e p a l i s a d e a s th e

, ,

p a roch i a l ch a p e l o f th e h a m l e t o f N e th e r H a dd on A s t i m e .

we n t on t h e fort i fi e d e n cl o s u r e e n l a rg e d its bou nd a ri e s

,
A wa l l .

wa s bu i l t rou n d i t a n d th e ch a p e l wa s t a k e n i n to th e l i n e o f
,

c i r c u m fe r e n c e ?
I n th e fou rt e e n th c e n t u ry th e pr e s e n t h a l l was
1
thr pri ip l t r
Th e h tr n t r t k y ( )
fe a u e s of o we S
i i l ti fr m r n b i l di dj i i it n ly ntr n b in
ee nc a t e s o g at o e sa a re 1

th e ge o f u its
rm t id m h b m nt fi r t fl r ( ) divi i
ts so a on o a ng s a o n ng ,
o e a ce s e g
fo th e o u s e , a n d o n th e th e of

t w rd fi l d i t m ll h l t n ) t ir rri d
t e a se e s oo ; 2 s on

its face o a s th e e n o two s a f o c a go s 3 th e s a s ca e

r m fl r fl r i thi kn t ir fr m b m nt
a
fo n th e ll
e s s o f th e wa The s a th e
fir t nd fl r r tr n l bby fir t fl r
oo to oo c o a se e .

to th e s an d se c o o o s c o s se s th e e n a c e o o n th e
in rd r r h r nd fl h m b r p d
s oo ; -

b ut, th e o o f, th e s e c o h a s to b e a ss e
thr h w t ir nt r d m br r f ind Thi
o e to e ac oor c a e -

o ug , a n d a n e I n th e e a w ow s wa s

p l nn d p rt ly i h m nd C i br h iv d dr
s a e e e as u e o .

a s at R c a nd e th e e fe n e s

mpl t ntr l t i r p rt ly k p t ir ithin

a e a ,
o on s o ug , to g
o f th e s a , a nd th e s all w th e wa o f
t w r hi h l t p n tt k d l d th r r l i ht d
co e e co o a to ee
th e o e w c was e as o e to a ac , an c o u e e fo e b e
m t
g e ne
ly
o s s a fe

hi w d n t rd f h t l th nt ry li
.

2
T s o wa s th e e nd o we f The
t t d th t with t r ll ti ( k
as o e t e ce u ce nce .

s a e ll w
a th e wa as to b e )
o u c e n e a o n s s in e erne l l a .
H A DD N h p l
O c a e
 TH E F RTIFIE
O D D WE LLIN G -
HO USE 34 5

bu i l t be t we e n th e u ppe r a nd l o we r cou rt s A t its n orth e nd .

1

we r e t h e s c r e e n s for m in g t h e co m m u n ic a t ion be t we e n th e t wo
,

cou rt s wi th th e p an t ry butt e ry a nd p a ssa g e to th e k itch e n

, , ,

l e ad i ng d i r e ctly ou t o f th e m A t th e s outh e nd be h i n d th e d a i s
.
, ,

wa s th e c e l l a r w ith th e gr e a t c h a m be r a bo ve L a t e r on a po rch .
,

w i th a n u pp e r ch a m be r wa s bu i l t a t t h e e n t ry to th e s c r e e n s .

D u ri ng th e fi ft e e n t h c e n tu ry th e u pp e r cou rty a rd wa s gr ad u a l ly,

s u rrou nd e d by bu i ld i n g s ; a n e w ch a n c e l a n d oct a gon a l be l l t u rr e t -

we r e bu i l t to th e ch a p e l a n d a t th e e n d o f th i s pe ri od th e ol d , ,

cu rt a i n wa l l b e t we e n th e c h a p e l and th e gr e a t c h a m be r was
, ,

cov e r e d by a n ou t e r wa l l on e i th e r s id e a nd r e d uc e d to th e s t a t e ,

o f a m e r e p a rt it ion wa l l on w h i c h wood e n u ppe r bu i ld i n g s we r e

c a rri e d W id e w i nd o ws we r e op e n e d i n t h e we s t wa l l s o f th e
.

c e l l a r a nd th e gr e a t ch a m be r a n d th e c e l l a r was tu rn e d i n to ,

a pri v a t e d i n i n g roo m a t t h e b a c k of t h e h a l l
-
E a rly i n th e .

s i x t e e n th c e n tu ry t h e bu i l d i n g s rou n d t h e e n t r a n c e cou rt we r e
,

co m pl e t e d a nd th e t i m b e r s t ag e e as t o f th e ch a p e l was re bu i l t
,

i n s ton e Fi n a l ly i n th e r e ign o f E l i z a be th c a m e th e a dd it ion

.
, ,

w h i c h m a rk s th e l as t s t a g e i n th i s t r a n s i t ion fro m pe l e to
d we l l i n g hou se wh e n on th e s out h s id e o f th e u ppe r cou rt
-

, ,

y a rd wa s bu i l t th e l ong g a l l e ry w it h its ro w o f w id e m u l l ion e d

, ,

w i n d o ws a n d d e e p b ay s proj e c t i n g to wa rd s th e g a rd e n
,
\V h il e .

t h e m a nor hou s e a t W ing fi e l d n ot m an y m i l e s d i s t a n t is p rac ti

-
, ,

c a l ly a l l o f o ne p e riod a nd i l l u s tr a t e s a d e fi n it e c o m pro m i s e
,

b e t we e n wa r a n d p e a c e H a d don is a gro w th o f fro m fou r to,

fi ve c e n t u ri e s a nd fro m a n e a rly d a t e s ho we d a t e n d e n c y to r id
,

i t se l f o f its m i l it a ry ch a r a ct e r .

W ing fi e ld m a n or is p rob a bly th e m o s t s t ri k i n g e x a m pl e o f

a l a t e r E n gl i s h m a n or hou s e w i th c e rt a i n d e fe n s i ve fe a tu r e s
-
.

I t was b e gun by R a l ph Lord C ro m we l l b e t we e n 1 4 4 1 a nd , ,

1 4 55 . I ts po s i t ion is n a tu r a l ly s t ron g Fro m a n a l mo s t i s ol a t e d .

h i l l w i th s t e e p s l op e s to th e e a s t n orth a nd we s t i t com m a nd s
, , , ,

th e v a l l e y i n w h i ch i t s t a n d s bu t is i t s e l f co m m a n d e d by th e ,

m u c h h igh e r h i l l s w h i c h s e p a r a t e i t fro m t h e D e r we n t v a l l e y on
th e we s t T h e bu i l d i n g s are a rr a n g e d rou n d tw o cou rty a rd s
?

1
Theh itt r i r th
al l m ay b e a l le ea l e rt nth t r
an th e fo u e e ce n u y : th e

wnid m
o ws i di t p ri d r t hi m n
th e Th e g e a c e y and

h v b tt l m t r dd d h n p r h h ll b ilt
se e to n ca e e o 1 2 90 —
1 310 .

th e y a e e n we e a w e th e o c to th e a was u
h p iti m di v l tr h ld h
ea e .

2
S uc o n fo r a l was n o t unusua T us
i h m nd t l i mm nd d by m h hi h r hi ll rth d
a os e e a s o ng o .

R c s o n t h e no
th t I n m di v l r r h v r b r rm d r iv d
o c as e s co a e uc g e an

we s wa fa e , o we e , e fo e fi re a s ha
ll d v l p m t n my l d h v in d l itt l dv t by
-
so u -
e e a
. e ce e
a n y fu wo u
pyin mm ndin p iti n m di t n r m p l tt k d
e e o en , an e e a e ga e e a an ag e
e f o h
In rl i m t ry r hi h b i d W i d tt m pt d
o ccu g a c o a g o s o a t s o e s a c t e ac e a ac e .

1 6 4 4 , th e P a fo c e w c ng fi e l
br h ll r m ntri h m m n l i ht ly hi h r r nd
a en a e s e ge a e e to
th e wa s f o Pe to th e
th t hi d i m p ib l m v d
g e g ou
e ac c co o , on s g

T s was fo un e , an d th e c anno n h ad t o b e

w d t id rb r dm dn
so u e as
-
. o ss o e

to a oo o n th e we s s m
e o f th e a no e fo e a ny a age was o e .

37
M ILI T A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

n o a r u Q U A D H A N G L E

Q U A D R A N G L I

W ing fi e l d M a n o r; P l an
 TH E F R T I FI E
O D D WE L LI N G -
H O USE 34 7

Th e out e r a nd l a rg e r cou rt wh ich is e n t e re d by a wid e g a t e wa y , ,

w i th a po s t e rn on o n e s id e a t t h e s ou th e n d o f th e e as t wa l l , ,

con t a i n e d s tor e hou se s a nd fa r m bu i ld i n g s wi th a l a rg e b a rn on

- -
,

t h e s ou th s id e T h i s b a se cou rt l i k e th e b a r m k i n o f a fort i fi e d
.
-
,

hou s e i n th e n orth o f E n gl a n d wou l d b e u se ful i n t i m e o f wa r ,

fo r th e p rot e ct ion o f t e n a n t s a n d th e i r floc k s a n d h e rd s wh o h a d ,

n o oth e r m e a n s o f d e fe n c e A g a t e hou s e i n th e n orth wa l l gi v e s.

a d m i ss ion to t h e s e con d cou rt w h i c h was s u rroun d e d by bu i l d i ng s ,

on a ll s i d e s but th e e as t T h e whol e l e n gth o f th e n orth s id e .

wa s c ov e r e d by a m agn i fic e n t bloc k o f bu i ld i ng s wh ich i n c l ud e d ,

th e h a l l k i tch e n a nd ch i e f pr iv a t e a p a rt m e n t s
, ,
T h e s e bu i l d
i n g s h a v e n ot re c e iv e d th e fu l l a tt e n t ion wh ich t h e y d e se rve bu t ,

th e y obviou s ly b e l on g to two p e riod s o f work t h e gre a t k i tch e n ,

bl oc k a t th e we s t e nd b e i n g a dd e d a s a n a ft e rthought 1
T h e pl a n .

is c u rio u s a n d u n u s u a l T h e h a l l occ upi e s th e e a s t e rn e xt r e m i ty

.

o f th e bl o c k A l tho ugh th e roo f a n d a l a rg e p a rt o f t h e s ou th

.

wa l l a re e n t i r e ly gon e a n d th e n orth wa l l wa s m ut i l at e d by t h e
,

l a t e r p a rt i t ion o f th e h a l l i n to two floor s a nd a n u m b e r o f roo ms ,

t h e por c h w i th its u pp e r ch a m be r a n d th e b ay w i nd o w a t oppo s i t e

, ,
-
,

e n d s o f t h e s out h w a l l a re s t i l l fa i rly p e r fe c t T h e h a l l was t h e

,
.

fu l l h e ight o f th e bl o c k a nd h ad a h igh pi tch e d roo f w i th l a rge

,
-

w i n do w op e n i n g s i n t h e g a bl e s : i t is n ot Ce rt a i n wh e th e r t h e
fi r e pl a c e wa s i n th e c e n t re o f th e roo m w ith a l ou vr e i n th e roo f ,

fo r t h e s m ok e o r i n th e s ou th wa l l
,
Th e por c h l e d i n to s c r e e n s .

a t th e we s t e n d ov e r w h i c h wa s prob a bly a m i n s t r e l s g a l l e ry ’

.
,

A t th e n orth e n d o f t h e s cr e e n s w a s a l obby fro m w h ich a vi c e ,

l e d to t h e u pp e r floo r o f t h e bu i ld i n g d ivid i n g th e h a l l fro m t h e

k i tch e n ; wh i l e a w i d e a nd we l l m ou l d e d d oo r way op e n e d pon -
U
a s t a i r w h i c h d e s c e nd e d i n to th e g a rd e n b e h i n d t h e h a l l On .

t h i s s id e th e s l op e o f th e grou n d is v e ry a brupt a nd th e h a l l ,

is bu i l t upon a v e ry l a rg e a nd h a n d s o m e c e l l a r d i vid e d i n to
tw o l ong it ud i n a l h a l v e s by a ro w o f fi ve c ol u m n s T he a i s l e s .

th u s for m e d a re v a u l t e d i n obl ong c o m p a rt m e n t s u pon bro a d

fou r c e n t r e d rib s
-
T h e bol d wa v e m oul d i ng s o f t h e ri b s a n d th e
.
-

c a rvi ng o f th e bo s s e s a t th e i r j u nc t ion a re c a rv e d w ith a m asc ul i n e

vigou r o f d e s ign wh ich gi v e s th i s c e l l a r a pl ac e a m on g th e h i e f C
a r c h i t e ctu r a l m a s t e rpi e c e s o f it s a ge T h e re is a s hort v ic e w i th .

bro a d s t e p s a t e ach corn e r o f th e c e l l a r : tho s e a t th e n orth e a s t -

a nd s ou th e a s t corn e r s co m m u n i c a t e d d i r e c tly w i th t h e d a i s a nd
-

s id e bo a rd o f t h e h a l l th e e n t r a n c e to th e s ou th e as t s t a i r b e i ng
,
-

1
dditi n thi d r p ibly
The rk J h l b t we th e wo of Ta
nd r l hr b ry ( d h m Cr ll l d m n r
a o s at s en e o ss o n o ,

of S e ws w o m we th e
h rt ly b r i d th r l rt i ly did m b i l din W d
s e co ea u . to o so a o
e fo h s Th e ing fi e l
h rt r lly mpi l d G by W
s o e ea . ea ce a n so e u g at
W fi M
c a e fu u id e
'
'

th e s b ut e l rz H
dm d p
se e o ,
co e to z zzg a no r, . .

E un s, . 1 1 .
 34 8 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U R E
H

a l obby op e n i ng on th e b ay w i n do w Th e s ou th we s t v ic e wa s
-
.
-

e n t e r e d from th e cou rty a rd w h i l e th e n orth we s t s t a i r op e n e d

,
-

i n to a roo m on o ne s id e of th e p ass a g e fro m th e h a l l to th e

k i tch e n .

T h e k i tch e n a nd its o ffi c e s we r e n ot e n t e r e d i n th e u s u a l way ,

d i r e ctly fro m th e s c r e e n s A bl oc k o f bu i l d i ng s wi th its m a i n

.
,

a x i s a t righ t a n gl e s to th a t o f th e h a l l i n t e rv e n e s T h e r e a re , .
,

ho we v e r th r e e d oor way s as u s u a l i n th e we s t wa l l o f th e h a l l
, , , .

O f th e s e th e m i d d l e a n d l a rg e s t wa s th a t o f a c e n t r a l p a s s a g e
,

l e a d i ng to th e k i tch e n A s m a l l e r d oor way on e i th e r s i d e o f

.
,

th i s g a v e a cc e ss to two grou n d fl
,
o o r roo m s b e n e a th w h ich w e r e
-
,

W ingfi e l d M a n r C ll r h
o ; e a of a ll

c e l l a r s T h e whol e floor a bov e th e s e e n t e r e d by a vi c e fro m th e

.
,

l a rg e l obby a t th e g a rd e n e nd of th e s c r e e n s wa s th e gr e a t
C h am be r wh ich h ad a h i gh pi t c h e d roo f a nd was l ight e d to wa rd s
,

-
, , ,

th e cou rty a rd by a l a rg e w i n d o w o pe n i n g o f fou r l ight s w i th

,
-
,

good r e ct i l i n e a r t r a c e ry a nd t r a n s o m s be n e a th a s e g m e n t a l ,

a rch . I t n e e d h a rd ly b e s a id th a t th e po s i ti on o f th e gr e a t
ch a m b e r a t th e e n t r a n c e e nd o f th e h a l l is m o s t u n u s u a l T h e
, ,
.

b e s t p a r a l l e l e x a m pl e is fou n d i n c on n e ct ion w i th th e h a l l o f
’
th e th i rt e e n th c e n tu ry b i s hop s p a l a c e a t Li n col n
-
H e r e th e .

s l op e a t th e n orth e n d o f th e h a l l pr e v e n t e d th e con s t ruct ion

o f a l a rg e bl oc k o f bu i ld i ng s on th a t s i d e A t th e s outh e nd .

th e grou n d fe l l away a l mo s t v e rt i c a l ly a nd h e r e upon a v a u l t e d , ,

 I G FIE D
W N L : b ay w
-
ind ow o f h ll
a
 TH E F RTIFI E
O D D WE L L I G N -
HO USE 35 1

s ub s tru c tu re was bu i l t a bl o c k o f t wo s tori e s th e l o we r o f w h ich

, ,

c on t a i n e d t h e p a n t ry butt e ry a n d p a s s a g e to t h e k i t c h e n s w h i l e
, , ,

t h e u pp e r w as th e gr e a t ch a m be r T h e k i tch e n wa s con t a i n e d .

i n a d e t ac h e d to we r be t we e n wh i c h a nd th e i n t e r m e d i a t e bl o c k
,

w a s a bridg e w i th a c ov e r e d p a ss ag e on th e fi r s t floor
, The .

t wo s tori e d blo c k h a s no w b e e n c on v e rt e d i n to th e bi s hop s

’
-

c h a pe l o f wh i c h th e w i n d o w s o f th e gr e a t c h a m be r for m th e
,

c l e r e s tory ; wh i l e t h e p a s s ag e ac ro s s t he k i t c h e n brid ge h a s
be e n tu rn e d i n to a v e s try .

A t W ing fi e l d t h e gr e a t c h a m be r wa s e vi d e n tly pl ac e d a t
t h e e n tr a n c e e n d o f th e h a l l to a vo id t h e ty pe o f con s truct ion
w h i ch h ad b e e n a dopt e d a s a p zs a l /er a t L i n c ol n a n d t h e s id e
’

o f th e h a l l was cho s e n wh e re th e grou n d wa s c o m p a r a t i v e ly

l e v e l N e v e rth e l e ss a t t h e d a i s e nd o f th e h a l l w h e r e th e re
.
, ,

is a fa l l o f se v e r a l fe e t i n th e grou nd th e r e a re c on s id e r a bl e ,

r e m a i n s o f bu i l d i n g s on th e lo we r l e v e l ; a nd i t is po s s ibl e th a t
t h e fi r s t k i tc h e n bu i l d i ng s m a y h a v e be e n pl a n n e d a t th i s e n d .

T h e po s i t ion w i th e a s y a cc e s s to th e l a rg e c e l l a r a n d by a
, , ,

s t a i r w h ich s t i l l p a rtly r e m a i n s to th e h a l l w ou l d n ot h a v e , ,

b e e n i ncon v e n i e n t a nd e x p e n se i n bu i l d i ng w ou ld h a v e be e n
,

s a v e d by th i s r e v e r s a l o f t h e u s u a l a rr a n g e m e n t w h ic h pl ac e d ,

th e m o r e co s tly gr e a t c h a m b e r bl oc k on l e v e l foun d a t ion s ,

a l though a t t h e fa r e n d o f t h e h a l l T h e fou r s t a i r s o f t h e .

c e l l a r m ad e i t e as y w h a t e v e r th e po s i ti on o f th e k i t c h e n m igh t b e
, ,

to s e rv e food d i re c tly to th e d a i s or th rough th e s c r e e n s to th e ,

l o we r e n d o f th e h a l l H o we v e r wh e th e r th i s was th e origi n a l
.
,

a rr a ng e m e n t o r n ot th e k i tch e n bloc k we s t o f t h e gr e a t ch a m b e r
,

wa s a n a dd i t ion m a d e prob a bly a fe w y e a r s a ft e r th e origi n a l

pl a n n in g o f th e hou s e ?
T h e c e n t r a l p assa g e b e l o w th e gr e a t
c h a m b e r w a s con t i n u e d to t h e k i tch e n p a ss i n g b e t we e n a l a rg e ,

p a n t ry a n d bu tt e ry I ts s ou th wa l l n e x t th e bu tt e ry is p i e r c e d
.
, ,

by two bro a d a rch e d op e n i n g s for m i n g a butt e ry h a t c h u pon a ,

m a gn i fi c e n t s c a l e th rough wh i ch d ri n k w ou l d b e s e rv e d T h e r e
,
.

we r e u pp e r floor s to t h e butt e ry a nd p a n try ; bu t t h e k i t c h e n

i t s e l f w h i ch c on t a i n e d th r e e fi r e pl a c e s fi l l e d th e w hol e w e s t
, ,

e n d o f t h e bl oc k I ts floor is s l op e d a n d groove d to fa c i l i t a t e
.
,

d r a i n a ge : t h e fl o o r d r a i n s we r e e m pt i e d th rough s pout s i n t h e
-

we s t wa l l .

Th e u s e o f th e bu i ld i n g s on th e s outh s i d e o f t h e i n n e r cou rt
y a rd o n e i th e r h a n d o f t he g a t e way c a n not b e d e t e r m i n e d w i th
, ,

c e rt a i n ty ; bu t th e we s t s id e o f th e c ou rt is cov e r e d by a n
1
T h isr ly b n r m l fo th e s m a ll p n ty rd n rth o n th e

t id r t h mb r bl k kit h b l k th r n
c an c e a e se e o e c o ur a o

f th e g e a c The is
h v b n b ilt in t w t r t h mb r i l r
we s s e o a e oc . c en oc e e se e to
th e wa ll o f th e g a nd ts o we
t ith t b din
a e ee u up aga s es ea c a e

s ag e , w ou any on g .
352 MIL IT A R Y AR C I T E CT U R E
H

i m port a n t r a ng e o f bu i l d in g s b e t we e n th e k i tch e n on th e n orth ,

a n d t h e h igh to we r a t t h e s outh we s t corn e r o f t h e e n cl o s u r e -

.

O f t h e s e bu i ld in g s w h i ch b e l on g to th e ori gi n a l fi fte e n th c e n tu ry
,
-

w ork l i ttl e r e m a i n s bu t th e we s t a nd th e fou nd at ion s o f th e

,

e a s t w a l l i n w h i c h we r e t wo b ay w i n do ws
,
Th e y we r e prob a bly —
.

a s u i t e o f pri v a t e roo m s con t a i n i ng a s m a l l e r h a l l o r pri v a t e

,

d i n i n g roo m s u c h a s is fou n d a t C on wa y a nd Porch e s t e r a nd i n

-
, ,

m o s t o f ou r c a s tl e s fro m t h e l a t e r th i rt e e n th c e n t u ry on w a rd s ?

A t th e s ou th e n d o f th i s bl oc k s t a n d s th e o n e d i s t i n ct iv e ly m i l i t a ry
fe a tu r e o f th e m a n or hou s e th e t a l l to we r o f fou r s tori e s w h i ch
-
, , ,

c on t a i n i n g co m fort a bl e a p a rt m e n t s i n t i m e o f p e a c e cou l d b e ,

i s ol a t e d a n d con v e rt e d i n to a s tronghol d i n t i m e o f wa r ?

Th i s provi s i on a l a rr a n g e m e n t fo r d e fe n c e is c h a r a ct e ri s t i c o f
t h e a ge Th e pri m a ry obj e c t o f th e hou s e a t W ing fi e l d wa s
.

co m fort a n d pl e a s u r e ; a nd its typ e is a s fa r r e m ov e d fro m th e

m i l i t a ry p e r fe c t ion o f C a e rph i l ly or H a rl e ch a s i t c a n po s s i bly
be . Th e n e e d o f a p e rp e tu a l g a rr i s o n w a s n ot fe l t ; fo r i n c a se ,

o f wa r s i e g e wou l d b e on ly th e l a s t r e s ort o f a n a tt a c k i n g forc e

,
.

Con s e qu e n tly th e d e fe n c e s o f th e hou s e a p a rt fro m th e ac c o m m o

, ,

d a t ion fo r b a rr a c k s a nd th e sa fe ty o f r e fug e e s i n th e b ase c ourt -

,

a nd fro m ord i n a ry s tr e ngth o f t h e g a t e way s we r e r e s t ri c t e d

3
,

to th e provi s i on o f a to we r a s a l a s t r e s ou r c e Th e h ou s e h o w .
,

e v e r w h i ch th e bu i l d e r o f W in fi e l d con s tr uct e d a t T a tt e r s h a l l i n
, g
Li n col n s h i r e b e t we e n 1 4 3 3 a nd 1 44 3 on th e s i t e o f a n e a rl i e r ,

s tronghol d too k t h e s h a p e o f a bri c k to we r o f fou r s t a g e s w i th a

, ,

b as e m e n t h a l f b e l o w th e groun d T h e r e is a n o c t a gon a l
tu rr e t a t e a ch a ngl e th e vi c e w h i c h l e a d s fro m th e grou n d fl
,
o o r to -

t h e roo f b e in g con t a i n e d i n th e s o ut h e a s t tu rr e t T h e wa l l s -

a re o f con s id e r a bl e th ic k n e s s th roughou t bu t a re p i e rc e d a bov e ,

t h e b a s e m e n t w i th l a rg e two l igh t w i n d o ws two i n e a ch s t a g e o f

-
,

t h e we s t wa l l I n th e e a s t wa l l a re th e ch i m n e y s o f th e fi r e pl a c e s
.

on th e groun d fl o o r a n d fi r s t fl oor ; bu t b e h i n d th e se t h e wa l l is
-

p i e rc e d by m u r a l p as sa g e s l ight e d to th e fi e l d Th e n orth w a l l
,
.

on th e fi r s t a nd th i rd floor a l s o is pi e rc e d by p as sa g e s T h e s e .

1
At Cn
rh tr h vr
wa , P o c e s e , e tc , yl r h ll pr b b ly
o we e , th e wa s
int nd d rri n r t h ll
o a ge a . o a

fo r th e us e o f th e g a Th e g ea a t W ing fi e ld wa s

nti lly h ll d ll i h in hi h in r rt k pt it
e e so a .

th e ofa we ng o use , w c th e is e
prt r b rt h r p ib ly n h ll pr vid d
e s se a a ne c o u-
qu e
se a a e f o m th e as e c o u , w e e a co m m o wa s fo r
r i ht l d d th r
o ss -
a o e
t h e m e n a t a m s wh o m g b e o ge
Thi t r l ik th t t k t r d n ly by tr
- -
e e .

2
o we , at S o e s a y, c a n b e e n e e
d r Thi t t rr t nt inin br d vi d r
s e a o an o u e

s is a t th e fo o ofa u T h e o o wa y
p rt l li nd d by l it ll r t ir
oo . e co a g a oa ce .

h a d n o o c u s , b ut wa s c o m m a in th e wa f o m th e s a ,
hi h nd l t ntr n l bby
e a s
w c a s ce s o n th e e f o f th e e
t t r i n r rty rd h d b l d r
a ce o .

3
Th e g a e wa ys o f th e o u e a n d n e c o u h ad o u e o o s
Th r pr vi i p rt ll i h t y ll p t rn
a s e ac .

e e was n o s o n fo r E ac g a e wa h as a s m a
tr n id in r h y hi l d d tr
o o cu se s os e .

e o f th e m a a c wa T s wo u b e use af e th e
r td r b n l d i ht
en a ce o n o n e s .

g ea o o s h ad ee c o se fo r th e n g .
W ING F I D tr
EL s o ng t r
o we
 TH E F RT I F I E
O D D WE L LI N G -
HO U SE 355

com mu n ic a t e d wit h ch a m be r s i n th e tu rre t s a nd w i th g a rd e

robe s Th e i nt e rn a l fe a tu r e s th e v a u l t e d s t a i r s a nd p a s sag e s i n
.
,

th e th ic kn e ss o f t h e wa l l s a n d t h e s ton e fi r e pl a c e s on th e u pp e r
,

floor s w i th r e ct a n gu l a r m a nt e l s orn a m e n t e d w i th s h i e ld s o f a r m s
,
1
,

a re e l a bor a t e a nd s u m ptuou s ; bu t th e to we r is a s h e l l a n d th e ,

fl oor s abov e th e v a u l t e d b a s e m e n t a re gon e A pe c u l i a r fe a tu re .

o f t h e to we r ho we v e r is t h e cov e r e d g a l l e ry w h ich is corb e l l e d

, ,

ou t on s ton e a rch e s a bov e e a c h wa l l o f th e bu i ld i n g be t we e n t h e

tu rr e t s : th e floor is m a ch i col a t e d b e t we e n th e corb e l s a nd t h e ,

g a l l e ry h a s r e ct a n gu l a r w i n do ws op e n in g to t h e fi e l d S u c h a .

g a l l e ry is se e n i n Fr e n c h m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e a s fo r e x a m pl e , , ,

i n th e Pon t V a l e n tré a t C a hor s bu t a pp e a r s to b e u n iqu e ,

i n E n gl a n d 2 I n th e s am e p a rt o f Li n col n s h i r e a nd a bou t t h e
.
,

sa m e pe riod to we r s o f t h e typ e o f T a tt e r s h a l l a re n ot un co m m on

K
, .

y m e to we r i n th e fe n s n orth e a s t o f S l e a ford H u sse y to we r on -

M
, , ,

t h e n ort h e a s t s id e o f B o s ton a n d t h e To we r on t h e
-
oor be t we e n
, ,

T a tt e r s h a l l a n d H orn c as t l e a re c ase s i n poi n t : n on e o f th e se , ,

ho we ve r c an co m p a r e w i th T a tt e r s h a l l i n be a u ty a nd s i z e o r
, ,

c a n s h o w a nyth i ng l i k e t h e s a m e un ion o f d e fe n s i v e w i th pu r e ly

d o m e s t i c a rr a n g e m e n t s .

B r ic k w ork was e m pl oy e d i n a l l th e s e Li n c ol n s h i r e to we r s :
-

th e y l ie i n a d i s t ri ct wh e r e s ton e wa s n ot a bu n d a n t a nd wh e r e ,

bri c k m a k i n g on th e s pot wa s a m or e s i m pl e proc e s s th a n

- -

th e c on v e y a n c e o f bu i ld i n g s ton e fro m A n c as t e r or L i n c ol n -
.

I n th e fi ft e e n t h a nd s i xt e e n th c e n tu ri e s bri c k was v e ry fr e e ly ,

u s e d fo r d o m e s t i c a r c h it e c tu r e i n th e e as t e rn cou n t i e s ; an d
hou s e s l i k e O x b urgh i n N or fol k or th e r e ctory a t H a d l e igh
i n S u ffol k w i th th e i r g a t e hou s e to we r s a re pro m i n e n t e x
G
, ,

3
a m pl e s o f l a t e fi fte e n th c e n tu ry w ork T h e ol d h a l l a t
-
ains .

borough i n L i n col n s h i r e is a l a rg e m a n s ion o f th e fi ft e e n th

a nd s i xt e e n th c e n tu ri e s T h i s a g a i n is ch i e fly o f bric k bu t
.
,

w ith a con s id e r a bl e a m ou n t o f t i m b e r a n d pl a s t e r e m ploy e d

i n th e h a l l a nd o ne o f t h e w i n g s ; wh i l e t h e b ay wi nd o w o f th e
Y
-

h a l l is o f th e gr e y ork s h i r e l i m e s ton e i n l a rg e bl o c k s wh i ch ,

wa s m uch u se d i n t h e c hu r c h e s o f th e l o we r T r e n t v a l l e y At .

o n e co rn e r ho we v e r is a polygon a l to we r e n t i r e ly o f bric k w ith

, , ,

c ro s s l oop s i n th e wa l l s o f t h e grou n d fl
-
o o r a n d b a ttl e m e n t s a t -
,

t h e top Th e se b att l e m e n t s a re c orbe l l e d ou t s o a s to g i v e a n

.
,

i m pr e s s i on o f m a c h i c ol at i on th e r e is h o we ve r n o m ach i c ol a t ion , ,

1
T h
hv r nt ly b n r m v d r t d tri m nt thi th e of
bl t r
e se a e e ce ee e o e , to g ea e e s

o we
hi h t r m hi l t d ri
no e .

2
o we Wi i
ng fi e ld d fl o rd s a c u
'

Th e
ntr t in thi r p t tt r h ll
g at s no t ac co a e , an a o us
to T a
l t thirt th nt r h ll Litt l W nh m n r d l i h
co as s es ec e s a .

is
'
3
Th e H
r ly x m p l b r i k h i thi di tri t
a e een -
ce u y a at e e a ,
ea a e g ,

an e a e a e ofa c o use n s s c .
3 56
M I I T A RY
L A R C I T E CT U R E
H

p c b t w n t h corb l s a re a rch e d an d fi l le d
a t all a n d th e s a e s e e e e -
e
,

T h pri n c i pl h e r is t h e sa m e as th a t a t
w ith s i m pl e t r a c e ry . e e e

Ta tt r h ll C t l
e s a as e

T tt r h l l : th e r id n c i prov id e d w ith i t s
\V ing fi e l d a n d a e s a e s e e s

t ron g to r
we w c h i h at T a tt e r s h a l l a s a t W a rk w orth is i d e n t i ca
l
i
,
s ,

W
,

w i th th e r es d n
e ce i t s e l f . B u t w h i l e ,
a t a rk worth c on
,
s i d e
r a
 TH E F R TIF I E
O D D WE L LI NG -
HO USE 3 57

t ion s o f s a fe ty a nd c o m fort we r e fa i rly b a l a n c e d w i th pe rh a p s a ,

s l ight i n cl i n a t i on o f t h e s c a l e s to s a fe ty a t T a tt e r s h a l l i n s pi t e
, ,

B A S CMKN T G R N
OU
'
D I LO O R

H R S T f LOO R S E CO N D ( LO O R

'
n 1R D FLO O R f O U R Y H KLO O R
T tt r h ll C t l
a e s a as e ; P l an
of th e cove r e d g a l l e ry w i th its m a ch i col a t e d floo r ,
th e b a l an ce
on th e s id e o f co m fort B oth . at T a tt e r s h a l l a nd Wingfi e ld th e

38
 3 58 T
M I L I A RY A R C I T E CT U
H RE

s pl e n d id r e s id e n c e is s tud i e d i n th e fi r s t i n s t a n c e wh i l e th e
G
,

d e fe n s i v e s tronghol d is a s e c on d a ry i d e a Th e to we r a t a i n s .

borough is s i m ply a n i m i t a t ion o f th e s trong to we r s o f th e p a s t ,

c on c e iv e d i n a d m i r a t ion o f th e i r s tr e n gth a n d con s e rv a t iv e l ov e

?
o f th e i r b e a u ty bu t w i th n o se ri ou s i d e a o f pr a c t ic a l u t i l i ty
,

Th e fi n e m a n or hou s e o f Co m pton i n a s e cl ud e d D e von

-

s h i r e v a l l e y a fe w m i l e s we s t o f To rqu a y wa s prob a bly bu i l t

G
,

a bou t 1 4 2 0 by o n e o f th e fa m i ly o f i l b e rt Th e m a i n e n tr a n c e .
,

i n th e c e n tr e o f th e e a s t fron t b e n e a th a t a l l a rch way i n c l ud i n g

,

t h e grou n d fl o o r a nd
-
fi r s t floor i n its h e igh t is fl a n k e d by ,

bol d r e ct a ngu l a r proj e ct i on s fi n i s h i n g i n c orb e l s s o m e fe e t a bov e

th e grou n d . I t d o e s n ot l e a d ho we v e r i n to a v a u l t e d p as s a g e
, ,

b a rr e d by port c u l l i s e s a nd fl a n k e d by gu a rd roo m s bu t i n to o n e -
,

gi vin g d i re ct a c c e s s to th e h a l l T h i s n o l on g e r e x i s t s a nd a .
,

m od e rn bu i l d i n g cov e r s p a rt of t h e s i t e bu t t h e we a th e ri n g o f ,

t h e h igh p i tch e d roo f s t i l l r e m a i n s , a n d a t its s ou th e n d we c a n

-

s t i l l s e e t h e e n t r a n c e s o f t h e k i tch e n a n d butt e ry a nd th e s t a i r ,

d oor o f th e m i n s tr e l s g a l l e ry T h e c ou rty a rd a nd do m e s t i c
’
.

bu i ld i n g s a re e n c l o se d by a wa l l w i th a con t i n uou s r a m p a rt
wa l k fro m t h e p a r a p e t o f w h i c h a re c orb e l l e d ou t a t i n t e rv a l s
,

m ach icol a t e d proj e ct ion s wh i c h a re s o a rr a n g e d a s to b e d i r e ct ly

a bov e d oor wa y s a n d w i n d o ws a n d th u s to prot e c t t h e m o s t
,

vu l n e r a bl e po i n t s o f th e hou se s uch as th e l a rg e fou r l igh t e a s t

,
-

w i n do w o f th e ch a p e l n orth o f t h e h a l l
,
T h e hou se w a s n ot .

s u rrou n d e d by a d i tc h ; bu t th e s p a c e be t we e n i t a n d th e ro a d

prob ably for m e d a b a se cou rt a l though a n y r e m a i n s o f fort i

-

fi c at io n h a v e d i sa pp e a r e d T h e whol e bu i ld in g is a good
.

e x a m pl e of t h e re v e rs a l o f th e u s u a l p roc e s s T h e d we l l i n g
'

-
.

hou s e h a s n ot gro w n u p w i th i n a c a s t l e bu t h a s b e e n con v e rt e d ,

by a ve ry th o ro righ proc e ss o f wa l l i n g a nd c r e n e l l at ion i n to a

fort i fi e d po s t to w h i ch th e n a m e o f c as tl e m ay we l l b e a ppl i e d
'

Th e s i tu a t ion is a nyth i n g bu t co m m a nd i n g bu t th e hou s e ,

lyi ng h i dd en i n its v a l l e y m igh t b e a for m id abl e ob s t a cl e l i k e

, ,

t h e n e ighbou ri n g c as t l e o f B e rry P o m e roy to m a r a ud e r s pu s h i ng ,

th e i r way i n l a n d fro m To r B ay .

Th e ch a r a ct e r o f hou s e fi r s t a nd c as tl e a ft e r wa rd s wh ich is , ,

r e m a rk a bl e a t W ing fi e l d is a l s o pro m i n e n t i n two o f th e gr e a t

Y
,

ork sh i r e r e s i d e n c e s o f th e hou se o f P e rcy S pofforth a n d ,

W r e ss e l l pri nc e ly m a no r hou s e s d ign i fi e d by th e n a m e o f c a s tl e

,
-
.

B ut p e rh a p s th e b e s t e x a m pl e i n E ngl a n d o f a c a s t l e w h ic h is
o n e on ly i n n a m e is t h e bri c k hou s e o f H u r s t m on c e a u x i n S u s se x .

Th i s s pl e nd i d bu i ld i n g wa s b e gu n a bou t 1 4 4 6 by S ir R oge r
1
th r Lin
O l hir x m p l f bri k rk wo thth e of
h r t n bb l r dy d rib d r ly ixt nth t r
e co ns e e a es o c -
a re ga e o us e
T a n d th e
rh r t b v G in b r h kn rk y t l
o n o a ey a ea e sc e ,
ea s ee -
ce n u y
m an o -
o use o n th e T e n a o e a s o o ug ,
o wn as To se c as e .
 TH E F RTIFI E
O D D W E LL I NG -
HO USE 3 59

Fi e n n e s I ts po s i t ion i n a s h e l t e r e d hol l o w at th e h e ad o f a
.
,

s m a l l v a l l e y h as n o m i l it a ry a d v a n t ag e s : i t m a
, y b e co m p a r e d
w i th th e s e c l ud e d s i t e o f Co m pton Wyn i a t e s or w i th th e l o w ,

s it e s w i th i n e as y r e a ch o f w a t e r wh ic h t h e bu i ld e r s o f E l i z a b e th a n
, ,

hou s e s we r e fon d o f choo s i n g T h e hou s e wa s s u rrou n d e d by a

.

we t d itch a fe a tu r e s h a r e d by C o m pton Wyn i a t e s K e n twe l l

—
, ,

a nd oth e r T udo r hou s e s

?
T h e i m po s i n g g at e hou s e is i n t h e
c e n t r e o f t h e s ou th fron t ,

a r e ct a n gu l a r bu i ld in g
fl a n k e d by t a l l to we r s 2
,

wi th its port a l a nd th e
roo m a bov e r e c e s se d b e
n e a th a t a l l a rch wh i ch a t
on c e r e c a l l s th e m a ch i co
l a t e d a rc h way s th a t gu a rd
th e e n t ra n ce to c a s t l e s
l i k e C h e p s to w a nd T u t
bu ry T h e g a t e hou se h a s
.

c e rt a i n m i l i t a ry fe a tu re s :
its r a m p a rt a nd th a t o f th e t
’

to we r s is m ac h i c ol a t e d ,

a nd th e e n tr a n c e wa s
c lo s e d by a portcu l l i s
I f c a n non h ad m a d e th e
cu rt a i n o f co m p a r a t i ve ly
l ittl e i m port a n c e i t wa s ,

st i l l a d vi s a bl e to d e fe n d
t h e g a t e hou s e . T h e r e wa s
n o b ase cou rt l i k e th a t a t
-
,

W ing fi e l d i n a d va n c e o f
,

th e m a i n bu i ld in g s Th e
.

c as tl e wa s s i m ply a co l l e c

t i o n o f bu i l d i ng s a rr a ng e d
rou n d a s e ri e s o f c ou rt
y a rd s n on e o f wh i ch wa s
rt n x C t Ch p
,

O f a n y gr e a t s i z e 0 1 COY H u s m o ce a u as l e ; a el
‘

r e s pon d e d to th a t d is tinc
t i v e fe a tu r e o f th e m i l i t a ry s tron ghol d th e op e n wa rd or b a i l e y —
,

w h i c h se rv e d a s t h e m u s t e r groun d fo r th e g a rri s on
-
Th e h a l l .

wa s i n its u s u a l po s i t ion on t h e s id e o f th e fi r s t cou rt oppo s i t e

dit h rt n x dr h t C pt it
,

1
Th e at H u s m o c e au is n o w y T a a t o m o n Wyn a e s
b n p rt d t i b th h
c .

h as e e ly fi ll e up T h e m o a o f Ke ntwe ll a n E l z a e an o us e is
ti p r t
a .
, ,

s ll e fe c
pp r t ri th t r i ir r
.

o we s o nly a re se m c c ul a Th e t wo
2
The u es of

r t h t n t r h v ir r pp r t rr t ik
e s o e se .

l o we s age s a re a l f o c ago s T h e o we s a e c c ul a u e u e s l e
th W r i k
.

o se at a w c .
36 0 T
M ILI ARY AR C I T E CT U R E
H

th e m ai n n tr a n c e e . M
o s t o f th e pri v a t e a p a rt m e n t s we r e ag a i n s t
t h e e a s t wa l l fro m w h i c h th e ch a n c e l o f th e ch a p e l ( 3 59 ) pro
,

j e c t e d i n a h a l f oct a gon a l a p s e
-
.

A n u n ri v a l l e d opportu n i ty fo r s tudyi n g th e progr e ss o f th e

c ast l e i n E ngl a n d is prov id e d by a co m p a ri son o f H u r s t m on c e a u x
w i th its n e ighbou r s a t P e v e n s e y a n d B od i a m P e ve n se y t a k i n g .
,

us b a c k i n its ou t e r c i rcu i t to t h e R o m a n e ra is s o fa r a s th e
, , , ,

a c tu a l c as tl e a r e a is con c e rn e d a N or m a n m ou n t a n d b a i l e y ,
- -

s tron ghold w i th s ton e forti fi c a t i on s c h i e fly o f t h e th i rt e e n th

,

c e n tu ry B od i a m r e pr e s e n t s o ne o f th e l as t a n d h igh e s t e ffort s
r
.

o f p e r fe ct e d c as t l e bu i l d i n g i n E n gl a n d H u s t m on c e a u x I S a .

hou se d e s ign e d fo r e ase and co m fort bu t k e e pi n g s o m e th i n g o f ,

t h e ou t e r s e m bl a n c e o f th e s tronghol d o f a n E n gl i s h l a n d o wn e r
M
.

A fu rth e r s t e p was t a k e n at C o wd ray n e a r id h urs t H e r e th e ,

.

hou se n o m i n a l ly a c as tl e was bu i l t a bou t 1 5 30 by S ir W i l l i a m

, ,

Fi t z w i l l i a m : th e b a ttl e m e n t s o f th e gr e a t h a l l a n d its b e a u t i fu l
porch to we r a re th e on ly r e l i c o f m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e wh i c h i t
-

r e t a i n s ; a nd t h e s e a re r e a l ly n o m or e m i l i t a ry i n ch a r a c t e r
th a n th e b a tt l e m e n t s o f a chu rch to we r o r c l e r e s to ry Th e .

co m p a ri s on a nd con tr a s t b e t we e n th e se S u sse x bu i l d i n g s m ay
b e fu rth e r e x t e n d e d by i nc l ud i n g i n th e l i s t th e e a rly fortr e ss e s
o f L e we s a n d H a s t i n g s a n d th e e pi s cop a l c as t l e o f A m b e rl e y
?
,

I n th e s e w i t h w h a t r e m a i n s o f th e e a rly c as tl e o f A ru n d e l
, ,

we h a v e as p e r fe c t a n e pi to m e o f t h e h i s tory o f th e ri s e a nd
d e cl i n e o f c as tl e a rch i t e c tu r e i n E n gl a n d as a ny cou n ty c an
a fford .

C ast l e bu i ld i n g a ft e r th e fi t ful e x a m pl e s o f l a t e r P l a n t ag e n e t
,

t i m e s c e ase d a l tog e th e r u nd e r th e po we r fu l m on a rchy o f th e

,

T ud or s wh e n p ro mi n e n t s ubj e ct s we r e m ad e to fe e l th e r e a l i ty
,

o f th e i n flu e n c e o f t h e C ro w n O n ly on c e a g a i n d u ri n g th e c i vi l
.
,

wa r s o f th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry we r e c as t l e s g e n e r a l ly r e s ort e d ,

to a s s t ron ghol d s Th e th re e s i e g e s o f Pon t e fr a ct th e op e r a t i on s

.
,

o f th e roy a l t roop s i n th e T r e n t v a l l e y b e t we e n th e c as tl e s o f ,

N e wa rk a nd B e l voi r a nd th e fort i fi e d hou s e o f VVive rto n th e ,

d e fe n c e o f D e n bigh R oc k i n gh a m a nd S c a rborou gh s ho w th a t
, , ,

th e pri v a t e fortr e ss cou l d s t i l l b e u s e d on o c c a s ion ; w h i l e s u ch

a m a n s ion as B as in g hou s e prov e d i t s e l f c a p a bl e o f s tubborn

r e s i s t a n c e T o t h i s b e l a t e d c a s tl e wa r fa r e we o we m u ch d e s truc
.

t ion : i t wa s fol l o we d by th e s l ight i n g o f d e fe n c e s a nd th e “

,

g e n e r a l r e d u ct ion o f c as t l e s to th e i r pr e se n t s t a t e o f p i c tu r e s qu e
ru m .

1
tl f mb rl y w b i l t b t
The by i h p d A B s Re of

Chi h t r th r r r ly t m p r ry ith di m 37 9
cas e o e e as u a ou 1 o e
and is e e fo w Bo I t is
r t n l r in h p ith l fty rt in t h flnk d by
c es e , e ne a co n e o a a .

w an d h as
r nd t r
ec a gu a s a e, o cu a s, a .
ga e o us e a e
ou o we s .
 TH E F RT I F I E
O D D WE L ING
L -
HO USE 36 1

I n con cl ud i n g th i s a c c ou n t o f m i l i t a ry a rch i t e ctu r e i t m ay b e ,

u se fu l to g a th e r fro m s o m e of th e s u rv e y s d r a wn u p i n t h e r e ign
V
,

o f H e n ry I I I th e s t a t e o f s o m e o f ou r pri n c i p a l c a s tl e s a t
.
,

a p e riod wh e n m e d i e v a l id e a s we r e d i s a pp e a ring Th e colou r e d .

d r a wi n g s a l r e ady m e n t ion e d o f c a s tl e s a m on g th e d uchy o f

, ,

L a n c a s t e r r e cord s wh ic h prob a bly be lon g to th e e a rly p a rt o f

,

th e r e ign o f E l i z a b e th m ay o we s o m e th in g to fa n cy
, B ut o f th e .

g e n e r a l a ccu r a cy o f th e s e v e rb a l s u rv e y s a p a rt fro m i n ad e qu a t e ,

m e a s u r e m e n t s th e r e ca n b e l e s s doubt
,
T h e y a ll s h o w c l e a rly .

th a t c as tl e s a s m i l i t a ry s t ronghold s we r e ob s ol e t e a nd th a t n ot
, , ,

m e r e ly th e i r d e fe n c e s bu t e v e n th e i r d o m e s t ic bu i ld i ng s we r e
, ,

a l l o we d to go to d e c a y i n t i m e o f p e a c e A s u rv e y o f C a rl i s l e .

c a s tl e r e tu rn e d z 2 ud S e pt e m b e r 1 5 2 9 is e l oqu e n t o f th e n e gl e ct
, ,

o f th e fo rt r e ss by its c on s t a bl e Lord D a cr e T h e wood e n d oor s

, .

o f t h e g a t e hou s e o f th e b as e cou rt h ad rott e d a way : th e l e a d o f

-

t h e roo f h ad b e e n cu t a w ay prob a bly w i th a n e ye to bu s i n e ss so

, ,

th a t th e r a i n s o a k e d th rough th e t i m b e r b e lo w a nd h ad l e a k e d ,

t h rough th e v a u l t i n to th e b ase m e n t wh i ch was a t th i s t i m e u se d ,

as t h e c ou n ty g a ol Th e g a t e hou s e o f th e i n n e r wa rd was i n a
.

n ot m uch b e tt e r s t at e ; bu t th e g a t e s we re o f i ron a nd o ffe r e d

m o r e r e s i s t a n c e to t h e we a th e r T h e do m e s ti c bu i ld i ng s on th e
.
,

e a s t s id e o f t h e i n n e r wa rd h a d b e e n roo fe d w i th s ton e s l a t e s :
,

t h e roo f o f t h e gr e a t c h a m b e r h ad fa l l e n i n a nd th e g a l l e ry or ,

p as s ag e b e t we e n th e gr e a t ch a m be r a nd h a l l was c l e a n gon e “

d o wn .
”
T h e ch a p e l a nd a c lo s e t adj oi n i n g we r e p a rtly u n roo fe d
t h e c lo se t ch i m n e y h a d fa l l e n a n d th e p a rlou r b e n e a th was i n a
,

ru i nou s s t a t e T h e h a l l i t s e l f was l i k e to fa l l : th e k i tch e n

.
“ ”

a n d s o m e o f its offi c e s h a d fa l l e n a nd t h e b a k e hou se a nd p a n try ,

we r e on t h e po i n t o f fa l l i ng wh i l e r a i n h ad gon e through t h e
'

p a n t ry floor i n to th e bu tt e ry w h ich i n th i s c a s e was a pp a re n tly ,

”
on a l o we r l e v e l Th e gr e a t to we r c a l l e d th e D ung e on was
.
,
“
, ,

th rough th e d e c ay o f th e l e ad e n roo f op e n to r a in a n d th e floor s , ,

o f it s th r e e hou s e s o r s t a g e s we re gr a d u a l ly rott i ng Th e
“
.

c a s tl e wa s s u ppl i e d wi th a rt i l l e ry bu t th i s was o f s m a l l e ffe c t ,

“

a n d l i ttl e v a l u e I t i n c l ud e d t we n ty thr e e i ron s e rp e n t in e s o r

”
-
.

s m a l l c a n n on s ix o f wh i c h we r e provid e d w i th i ron a x l e tr e e pi n s
,

or t ru n n ion s fo r u se on gu n c a rri a ge s ; a s m a l l br a ss se rp e n t in e
-
,

a foot l on g ; n i n e oth e r s e rp e n t in e s ; forty fi ve c h a m b e r s ; o n e -

i ron s l i n g fo r d i s ch a rgi n g s ton e s hot ; fou r h agbu s h e s ( a rqu e

bu s e s o r h a nd gun s) ; a nd two bo m b a rd s or m ort a r s h a p e d
- -

c a n n on .T h e a m m u n i t ion fo r th e s e rp e n t i n e s a nd a rqu e bu se s
con s i s t e d o f 5 6 0 l e a d e n bu l l e t s : th e r e was a l s o s o m e s ton e s hot
a n d gun po wd e r S o m e gu n s toc k s bo ws a nd a rro ws co m pl e t e
.
-
, ,
?
th e l i s t o f a rt i l l e ry
1
L eft a nd P ap H e n VI I I vo l I V n o s
. . . .
,
. .
,
.
36 2 MI LIT AR Y A R C I T E CT U R E H

S h e ri ff H u tton c as e s e s e e d d u ri ng th e sa m e tl i n Y o rk h i r u rv y ,

y e a r was be tt e r o ff a s r e g a rd s its d we l l i n g hou se fo r th i s a s we

,
-
,

k n o w fro m con t e m por a ry h i s tory h ad b e e n occu pi e d wi th l i ttl e ,

i n t e rm i ss ion fro m th e e nd o f t h e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry on wa rd s .

T h e re we r e th r e e wa rd s th e ou t e r m o s t b e i ng e vid e n t ly a l a rg e ,

b a s e cou rt a nd th e m idd l e wa rd prob a bly as a t C a r e w a s m a l l

-
, , ,

cou rt i n a d v a n c e o f t h e i n n e r g a t e hou se T h e h a l l k i tch e n .

, ,

bu tt e ry p a n try b a k e hou se ch a p e l a nd l odgi ng s fo r th e l ord

, , , ,

we r e i n th e i n n e r wa rd I n th e b ase c ou rt we r e th e br e w hou se .
- -

a n d hor se m i l l s w i th s t a bl e s b a rn s a n d gr a n a ri e s
-
,
T h e l e ad on , , .

th e roo fs w as i n a g e n e r a l ly b a d s t a t e a n d th e gutt e r s a n d s pou t s ,

wa n t e d m e n d i n g ; bu t t h e t i m b e r of th e i n n e r roo fs was s t i l l fa i rly

good T h e wa l l s a nd to we r s of th e i n n e r wa rd th e pl a n o f w h i ch
.
, ,

a s we h a v e s e e n was a k i n to th a t o f th e con t e m por a ry B ol ton

,

c as tl e we r e s tron g a n d h igh bu t m u s t b e m e n d e d w i th l i m e
,
“
,

a nd s a n d T h r e e ton s o f i ron we r e r e qu i r e d to m e n d th e g a t e
.
”

m an t l e wa l l
”
o f th e i n n e r wa rd Th e o f t h e m id d l e w a rd wa s
.

d e fe ct i v e a nd p a rtly i n ru i n w h i l e th e b as e cou rt wa s a l l o pe n -

,
”

its wa l l s d e c ay e d a nd its g a t e s gon e I n th e i n n e r wa rd was a

,
.

we l l and pon d s for b a k i n g a nd br e w i n g w e r e n e a r th e ou t e r

“
,

wa l l s T h e a rt i l l e ry i n c l ud e d s ix br ass fa l c on s w it h th e i r c a rt s
“
.

a n d t we n ty o n e a rqu e bu s e s fo r wh i ch s ix b a rr e l s o f po wd e r a n d
-
,

t e n s cor e i ron s hot s w e r e provid e d bo ws bo ws t ri n g s a n d a rro ws , , , ,

a n d two bu l l e t m ou l d s
?

A ft e r th e a tt a in d e r and e x e cu t ion o f t h e th i rd d u k e of
B uck in gh a m i n 1 5 2 1 t wo roy a l e s c h e a tor s too k a s u rv e y o f h is ,

l an d s a nd hou se s T h e i r r e tu rn con t a i n e d i n a boo k o f e ighty .

,

e ight p ag e s
2
s u ppl i e s d e t a i l s a s,
to e l e v e n m a n or hou se s a n d -

c a s t l e s O f th e s e C a u s c as t l e i n we s t S hrop sh i r e was a m e r e ru i n
.
, , , .

H u n t in gd on c as tl e was d e c ay e d bu t a to we r was r e s e rv e d fo r ,

pri s on e r s T h e d e s c ri pt ion o f O a kh a m c as t l e m ight b e r e p e a t e d

.

at th e pr e s e n t d ay I t was a l l ru i n ou s b e i n g a l a rg e grou n d .
“
,

w i th i n th e m a n t e l l wa l l
”
Th e h a l l ho we v e r wa s i n e xc e l l e n t .
, ,
”
r e p a i r and o f a n ol d fas h ion : th e e s ch e a tor s r e co m m e n d e d
,
“

it s pr e se rv a t i on b e c a u s e t h e cou rt s w e r e h e l d th e r e
, T h e th r e e .

to we r s o f th e c as tl e o f N e wport n e x t th e U s k a re m e n t ion e d ,

w i th th e wa t e r g a t e b e l o w t h e m idd l e to we r -
to r e c e i v e i n to th e ,

s a i d c as tl e a good v e s s e l th e h a l l a n d oth e r l od gin g s we r e

d e c ay e d e s p e c i a l ly i n t i m b e r bu t th e s ton e cou l d b e r e n e we d
, ,

w i th a qu a n t i ty o f fr e e s ton e an d ru bbl e s tor e d i n t h e c as tl e .

H e r e a s a t C a rl i s l e L a u n c e s ton and e l s e wh e r e th e b ase m e n t

, , , ,

o f t h e g a t e hou se wa s u s e d as a pri s on ; a n d its m a i n t e n a n c e is

th e r e fore i n s i s t e d u pon T h e h a l l at B r e con c as tl e h ad a n e w .

a nd P ap H
1
L e ft VI I I , vo l I V
C d d
. . en . . . .
,
no .

2 l are z bz rzi, vo l I I I , no
' ’

a en . . .
C A E R L A V E R OC K CA STL E

M AX T K E C A T
S O S L E
 TH E F R T I FI E
O D D WE LLIN G -
HO USE 36 5

a nd co s tly roo f w ith p e n d a n t s : i t wa s s e t 0 11 h e igh t with ,

w i n d o ws a t e i th e r e n d a n d n on e u pon th e s id e s , A s a m a tt e r .

o f fa ct t h e r e m a i n s o f th i s h a l l s t a n d a bov e a t we l fth c e n tu ry
,
-

s ub s tructu r e w h i c h was v a u l t e d fro m a c e n t r a l ro w of col u m n s :

,

t h e s outh s id e wa l l s ti l l r e m a i n s a nd is pi e rc e d w i th a ro w ,

o f l a n c e t w i n d o ws so th a t th e s t a t e m e n t o f th e s u rv e y m ay
,

r e fe r to a n e we r h a l l wh ich h as d i sa pp e a r e d T h e r e was a ne w
K
.

h a l l i n th e i n n e r wa rd a t i m bol ton wh ich h ad b e e n bu i l t s o m e ,

s i x ty y e a r s b e for e by t h e d u k e s gr e a t gr a n d m oth e r Th e ol d
’
-
.

c u rt a i n a g a i n s t wh ich i t s tood was i n a b a d way a nd th r e a t e n e d ,

to ru i n t h e h a l l R ou n d t h e i n n e r wa rd wa s a m o a t : th e b a se
.

c ou rt on t h e out e r e dg e wa s ov e rgro w n w i th gr a s s bu t t h e b a rn ,

a n d s t a bl e s we r e i n good cond i t ion .

Th e s t ron g e s t fort r e s s a nd m o s t l i k e u n to a c a s t l e o f a ny
oth e r th a t th e D u k e h ad was th e c a s tl e o f Ton bridg e a m oun t ,

a n d b a i l e y s t ron ghol d w ho s e s h e l l k e e p is s t i l l o n e o f t h e fi n e s t
- -

e x a m pl e s o f t h e typ e Th e k e e p o r . d un g e on n o m e n t ion o f “
—

t h e m oun t is m a d e wa s a t th i s t i m e cov e r e d w i th a l e a d roo f

—
,

h a l f o f wh i c h wa s gon e O th e r w i se th e c a s tl e a nd its cu rt a i n
.
,

we r e i n good r e p a i r th e r a m p a rt wa l k k e e pin g its b a ttl e m e n t e d

,
-

ou t e r p a r a p e t a nd r e a r wa l l T h e g a t e hou s e on th e n orth s id e
-
.
,

o f t h e c a s tl e wa s a s s t ron g a fort r e s s a s fe w b e i n E n gl a n d
“
,

on th e e a s t cu rt a i n wa s a s q u a r e to we r c a l l e d th e S t a fford
to we r a nd a t the s ou th e a s t c orn e r n e x t th e e d way wa s th e
,
-
,
M ,

oct a gon a l W a t e r to we r T h e r i v e r con s t i tut e d th e ch i e f s ou th e rn

.

d e fe n c e o f th e c a s tl e a nd th e r e was n o s out h cu rt a i n : th e s ub
,

s tructu r e o f t h e h a l l a nd l odgi ng s 2 6 fe e t h igh a nd bu i l t o f ,

a s hl a r wa s on th i s s i d e bu t th e bu i ld i n g s th e m s e l v e s h ad n e v e r
, ,

be e n fi n i s h e d
M
.

C a s tl e s o f a l a t e r typ e we r e S t a fford a n d a x s to k e ( 36 4 ) i n ,

VVa rwic k s h ire S t a fford c as tl e a t th i s t i m e c on s i s t e d o f a s i ngl e

.

bl o c k o f l odgi n g s w i th two to we r s a t e i th e r e nd a nd a noth e r i n

t h e m id d l e o f th e s ou th fron t T h e h a l l was i n th e c e n tr e o f th e
.

blo c k w i th th e k i tch e n l a rd e r butt e ry a nd p a n try b e n e a th i t :

, , , ,

a t o ne e n d o f t h e h a l l w as t h e gr e a t ch a m b e r w i th a c e l l a r b e l o w ,

s u rv e y i ng c h a m be r o r s e rvic e roo m ”
a nd a t t h e oth e r was a
“
-
, ,

to w h i ch d i s h e s wou l d b e brough t fro m th e k i tch e n E a ch o f .

t h e fi ve to we r s con t a i n e d th r e e roo m s i n e a ch o f wh ich w a s ,

a fi r e pl a c e Th e to we r s we r e m ac h i col a t e d th e e nb a te ll ing
“
.
,

b e i ng tru s s e d forth u pon c o rb e l l e s O ut s id e th e hou s e we r e

”
.

t h e c h a p e l g a t e hou s e a n d a noth e r k i tch e n but th i s fron t c ou rt

M
, ,

w as a pp a r e n tly w i thou t d e fe n s i v e wa l l s a x s tok e origi n a l ly .

,

a c as tl e o f th e C l i n ton s wh ich wa s bu i l t a n d fort i fi e d i n or

,

a ft e r 1 3 4 5 ? h a d b e e n l a rg e ly r e p a i r e d by th e d uch e s s A n n e

pt
,

1
P at 1 9 E d w I I I 1 m 2 5
. . .
, .
, . .
36 6 M ILIT A RY A R C I T E CT U R E H

th e bu i l d e r o f t h e a a t h ll K i m bol ton T h r
e e was a b a s e cou rt .
-

w i th a g a t e hou s e s t a bl e s a nd b a rn s wh i c h we r e w a l l e d w i th
, , ,

s ton e a n d c ov e r e d w i th s l a t e R ou n d t h e c a s t l e a right prop e r

.
,
“

th i ng a ft e r th e ol d bu i ld i ng wa s a m o a t T h e hou s e w i th a , .
,

to we r a t e ac h corn e r wa s bu i l t rou n d a qu a d r a ngl e a nd i n

, ,

t h e s i d e n e x t th e bridg e ov e r th e m o a t wa s a g a t e hou se to we r ,

wi th a v a u l t e d e n try T h e h a l l th e ch a p e l th e gr e a t c h a m b e r
.
, , ,

a nd th e l odgi n g s g e n e r a l ly we r e i n good cond i t ion a l though ,

th e y w e r e n ot e n t i re ly fi n i s h e d a n d m uch gl a z i n g wa s s t i l l
n e c e s s a ry . Th e provi s ion o f fi r e pl a c e s is s p e c i a l l y m e n t ion e d ,

as we l l a s a po i n t i n t h e p l a n n i ng o f t h e hou s e th e con v e n i e n t —

a cc e s s to th e c h a p e l or r a th e r to its g a l l e ry or g a l l e r i e s fro m
, , , ,

th e v a ri ou s fi rs t fl o o r roo m s a t
”
th e ov e r e nd o f th e h a l l a n d
“
-

gr e a t c h a m b e r .

T h e m o a t e d m a n or hou s e o f W r i ttl e i n E s s e x c a n h a rd ly
-

b e coun t e d a m on g c a s t l e s : i t wa s a t i mb e r bu i ld i ng roun d a
c l oi s t e r e d qu ad r a ngl e T h e r e wa s n o h a l l bu t a good ly a n d “

G
.
,

l a rg e p a r lou r i n s t e a d Thorn bu ry c as tl e i n . l ouc e s t e r s h i r e ,

’
ho we v e r w h i ch w as i n gr e a t p a rt o f th e d u k e s o w n bu i l d i n g
, ,

wa s o ne of tho s e hou se s i n wh i ch s o m e s e m bl a n c e o f m i l i t a ry
a r c h i t e ctu r e was k e pt T h e r e was n o m o a t bu t a b ase cou rt
.
,
-

a nd a n i n n e r w a rd T h e bu i l d i n g s o f th e b as e cou rt i t se l f h a d
.
-

b e e n se t o u t bu t we r e i n a v e ry i n c om pl e t e s t at e a nd l i ttl e h ad
, ,

b e e n fi n i sh e d b e yon d th e fou n d a t ion s o f th e n orth a nd we s t s id e s .

Th e e n tr a n c e to th e i n n e r wa rd was i n t h e we s t fa c e o f th e
qu a d r a n gl e ; but o f th e we s t a nd n orth bl oc k s on ly th e l o we r
s to ry h ad b e e n co m pl e t e d T h i s was o f as hl a r wh i l e i n th e .
,

b as e court as h l a r h ad b e e n u s e d on ly fo r th e w i n d o w op e n in g s
-
,

d oor way s a nd quo i n s Th e h a l l a nd k i tch e n o ffi c e s for m e d th e

,
.

e a s t bl oc k a l l o f th e ol d bu i l d i n g a n d o f a ho m e ly fas h ion
“
, ,

bu t th e s o uth bl oc k o f th e n e we r work w as fu l l y fi n i s h e d wi th
, ,

c u riou s w ork s a nd s t a t e ly l odgi n g s a nd fro m i t a g a l l e ry of ,

”

t i m b e r c ase d w i th s ton e wi th a n u pp e r a nd l o we r p ass ag e , ,

c ro sse d th e s ou th g a rd e n to th e p a ri s h ch u rch a nd th e d u k e s
’

c h a p e l th e r e i n A m a gn i fi c e n t fe a t ur e o f t h i s h ou s e w h i ch
.
,

b e c a m e m or e a nd m or e ch a r a ct e ri s t i c o f th e p a l a c e s o f n obl e m e n
o f th e a e
g we r e th e gr e a t p a rk s to th e e as t o f th e c as tl e a n d
, ,

th e g a rd e n s o n its e as t a n d s ou t h s i d e B e t we e n t h e e as t g a rd e n .

a nd th e Ne w p a r k was t h e o rch a rd i n wh i c h a re m a ny a l l e y s “
,
”
to wa l k i n O p e n ly a nd rou nd a bou t th e o rch a rd we r e oth e r
,
”
a l l e y s o n a good h e ight w i th roo s t i n g pl a c e s cov e r e d w i th
,
“
,

w h i t e thorn a nd h a z e l .

Thorn bu ry c as tl e h ad r e a ch e d th i s d e gr e e o f un fi n i sh e d
s pl e n dou r on ly a fe w y e a r s b e for e th e s u rv e y wa s ma d e Th e .

g a t e way o f th e out e r wa rd s t i l l b e a r s a n i n s cr i pt ion w i th th e

 T11 E F RT I F I E
O D D WE L LI N G -
HO USE 36 7

d at e 1 51 1 ,
wh i l e
b a s e o f th e m oul d e d bric k c h i m n e y s o f
at th e
t h e s outh bloc k is th e d a t e 1 5 1 4 R e m a i n s m ay s ti l l b e s e e n
o f m o s t o f t h e bu i l d i n g s m e n t ion e d i n th e s e s u rv e y s Thorn bu ry
M
.

a nd a x s tok e are s t i l l oc c u pi e d a nd o f T horn bu ry i n p a rt i c u l a r

,

t h e d e t a i l s o f th e s u rv e y s t i l l hol d good T h e gr e a t v a l u e o f .

th e s e d e s c ri pt i on s is th e fa ct th a t th e y t e l l Us s o m e th in g 0 11 th e ,

e v e o f t h e R e n a i ss a n c e p e riod o f t h e s t a t e o f a s e ri e s o f fortr e s s e s
,

wh ich r e pre s e n t e d a l m o s t e v e ry typ e o f a n a rch i t e ctu r e th a t h ad

gro wn u p u n d e r the i n flu e n c e o f cond it ion s r a pid ly be c o m in g
ob s ol e t e A t Ton bridg e we s e e th e m ou n t a nd b a i l e y fortr e s s
.
- -

o f e a rly N or m a n t i m e s bu i l t to m e e t n e e d s w h i c h we r e pu r e ly
,

m i l it a ry a n d s t r e n gth e n e d w i th a s ton e k e e p a nd wa l l s a nd
,

to we r s o f s ton e a s tho s e n e e d s b e c a m e m ore pre ss i n g A t .

C a rl i s l e we h a ve th e fortr e s s w i th its c o m p a ct i n n e r wa rd a n d
gre a t to we r a ppro a ch e d th rough the s p a c iou s b a s e court wh ich
,
-
.

s e rv e d t h e n e e d s o f t h e g a rri s on a n d m ight s h e l t e r flock s a nd

h e rd s i n t i m e o f wa r N o c a s tl e o f th e m o s t pe r fe ct typ e
.
,

pl a n n e d i n th e gol d e n age o f m i l it a ry a r c h it e ctu r e is r e pre se n t e d ,

.

A t B r e con ho we v e r we c a n s tudy th e gro w in g i m port a n c e o f

, ,

th e d o m e s t ic bu i ld in g s o f th e c as t l e A t S h e ri ff H utton we .

h a v e th e qu a d r a n gu l a r c as tl e o f th e fou rt e e n th c e n tu ry w i th
its a ngl e to we r s a nd its wa l l e d b a se cou rt se rvin g th e pu rpo s e s
-
,
-

o f a fa r m y a rd -
S t a fford c as t l e th e pl a n o f w h ic h h as b e e n
.
,

i m i t a t e d i n th e m od e rn hou se on th e s i t e is a fort i fi e d r e s id e n c e ,

bu i l t i n a s in gl e bl oc k to wh ich s o m e o f th e s t ron g hou s e s o f th e

M
,

n orth o f E n gl a n d a re a n a logou s Th e m o a t e d hou se o f a x s tok e

.

pr e s e rv e s t h e qu a d r a n gu l a r pl a n a nd h as its provi s ion s fo r ,

d e fe n c e bu t its d o m e s t i c ch a r a ct e r wa s th e fi r s t a im O f its bu i l d e r s ,

a n d its w a l l s a n d to w e r s a re w i thou t th e for m id a bl e h e ight a n d

s t r e n gth o f S h e ri ff H utton a n d B ol ton H e re a nd a t Tho rnbu ry .

t h e b as e cou rt was s t i l l r e t a i n e d ; but a t T horn bu ry th e e n e rgy

-

o f th e bu i l d e r s was con c e n tr a t e d i n th e be a ut i fu l m an s ion a nd ,

th e id e a o f th e d e fe n s i v e s tronghol d h a d a l m o s t d e p a rt e d
T h e d ay o f th e c as t l e a nd th e wa l l e d to w
.

n wa s ov e r a nd i n t h e , ,

fa c e o f m e thod s o f a tt a c k o f wh i c h t h e bu i l d e r s o f N or m a n
c a s tl e s h ad n e v e r d r e a m e d m i l i t a ry e ngin e e r s we r e be gi n n i ng to
,

mov e a l on g n e w l i n e s to wh i c h a rch i t e c tu r a l con s id e r a t ion s we re

n o l on g e r a m a tt e r o f gre a t i m port a n c e A n a r c h i t e ctu re wh ich .
,

d e ve l op e d fro m e a rth work i n th e be gi n n i n g r e prod uc e d i n ,

s ton e ,
a t its h e igh t th e d i s po s i t ion o f th e con c e n tri c e a rth
,

work s o f pri m e v a l t i m e s g a v e pl ac e i n its tu rn to a s c i e n c e i n

,

w h ic h th e e m pl oy m e n t o f e a rth work a n d t h e n a tu r a l r e s ou rc e s
o f a d e fe n s i v e po s it ion pl a y e d a n i n c r e a s i n gly pro m i n e n t p a rt .
 I N D EX O F PE R SO N S AND PLA C E S

[V B . . a re d e w /ed by n umbers fol l o wed by tl ze na me o f [b e

p/zo to r a /zer, d ra zz /z fsma n
g p from rvb z e/z t/ze p zetu re is d e rived
' '

g ,
o r so u rce .

nn l y rli l A
A
g e se , s e o f, 2 78

A t n ( l p) tl n j nt F lk g us , e a o f, see U m fra vill e

A
c o

A dri n pl i
rn
33 8 ll Bu e

nk
Sa
r riv
o

r , cas e, 2 9 8, 3 1 7 ,
A
o u, c o u o f, see u

Aitb e lfl
a

l dy
o

M ri n
e , s e ge o f, nti h ( yr ) i
ntrd nnrp d p rt nt rtifi d
73 A
A
e

oc S
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ia
10 1

,
s e e o f,
g 71, 1 64 , 241

h rh
ae d , a o f th e e c a 2 6, 2 8, we 2
s, , 90
A
kin x me fo
2
9 , 30 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 10 1 e es e a e c u c es
,

W
A d ( r lt ) th dr l
Z E th e l wul f,
Ar r ( C l i tl
g of e sse ,
2 8 in , 3 1 5

Ai M rt ( G rd )
g e H e a u , ca
A Th p n A rl ( h
e a ) , 31 5 d e s Pas d e a a s , ca s e , 5 4 , 5 5
- -

A rn l R b rt
g ue s -
o es a , 7 , ) . om so ; e s B o uc e s d u R hOne , 3 1 5 - -

ir riv r2 42 , 2 4 6 , 2 50 ,
A rr (
2 89
C l i o d , so n o f o e , 52

A i n d p rt nt rtifi d h r h in
A
A r nd l ( x ) tl
, 85 ) as P a s d e
e e a a s , 2 90 - -

s e e a me , fo e c u c es , u e S usse , cas e , 3 7 , 1 1 5 , 1 90 ,

Al n ritt ny rl R i h nd rby
315 3 60

R n xili ri
a o f B a , ea ( of) c mo , 47 , A sh b o u m e D e , 3 1 8

A lbi ( T rn ) rtifi d th r l A kl nd ( rh ) tl A sture s, o ma au a es , 1 9

A l n n ( rn ) tl A Th p n
a , fo e ca ed a , 31 5 uc a D u a m , ca s e , 1 97 , 1 9 8,

A t n( n ir
e
co O e , cas e, 2 89 , . om so

A l i [A li i A vi n n ( V l ) p l p
A l e nco n nais , th e , 52 ) u u S ao e -et -
Lo e , 1 5
es a se

A v n riv r ( ri t l )
ll W r
s e
ge o f, 46, g o auc use , a ace o f th e

i k)
o
pe s ,

A l x nd r bi h p in ln
5 9 . 60 . 6 I , 7 9 3 0 4 ; wa s , 2 4 6 , 2 5 0 , 2 9 5
e

Al r d
a

G r t kin
89
e , s o

A y n ( N rth
iof

l L

rl n tl
co , 97, 99 , o e B s o , 2 , 88 ; (
A x h o l m e , s e o f, 5 6
a w c

rtifi
, 2 9

A ln riv r
fe th e

A ln i k ( N rth b rl n )
e e , 86
ea

tl
,

h g, 2 6, ) 2 8 , 64 do o um b e a d , ca s e o r fo
o use , 1 8 9 , 1 9 0 , 3 1 2 , 33 8
ed

G T Cl rk G ib n
w c o um e a d , cas e, 1 1 5,

A Th p n
. .
J ; 2 43 ,
a . P .
31 0 , so ;
. o m so ; 7 , 42 , 4 3 , 86 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 ,
2 10 , 2 3 5, 2 45 , 2
r t
47 .

k b rllh( Nrbyrth) b rl n
2 6 5 . 30 9 . 3 1 0 .

ry nt E vr x
32 8 ( ) B ad b ury D o se
32 7 . , 5 2

A
A b rl y (
m au , c o u
x
of

tl
eu , 1 65

G ib n M itl nd
B a e we D e , 2 9

tl
(C rl nd
m e e S usse , cas e , 3 60
) ( ) B am u g um d
J
o e a , cas e, 91,

A b i ( In r ir tl
A m b o gl anna um b e a ,
1 5) P . so .
, “ 7
. a a ; 2 5, 62 ,

A i n (
m o se d e e t L o e , cas e , 33 8
) - -
66 , 8 6 , 9 0 , 1 20 , 3 2 , 1 33 ,
1 1 34 , 1 37 ,

A n t r ( in ln ) R b rt
m e s S o mm e , 2 2
) 50 , 1 5 5 , 2 0 2 ,
1 2 30 , 2 3 3

c as e L co
x , 35 5

v n y rkin (Mi l x
rlrn rd C h tl( rby rh) h ll tl
B ard o l f, o e , 33 5

d d e se , 3 8
A nd v r ( nt )
A n d e rid a S usse
( ) 12, 22 see P e e se , ) Ba g
a , 318

An r ( M in ir
o e Ha s ,
2 2 B a b o o ug D e ,

G
A n vin
ge s
ge illi I ith
s,
) a e -e t - L o

war o f W T Cl rk e(
am
. 2 )7 , 88
. w
. 1 1

, 52
8 B a ar
a
as e

.
D u a m , c as
; 8 5 86 1 6 3 , 1 8 5 . ,
e, 87 , .
 37 0 I N D EX
rr ihk E l rn t Y rk di Gam

R R v
x tl A T
E
n
tl ( S usse )
Ba o c e , la ( O e ) , 5 2 Bo , cas e, 3 2 3, . A a nd .

B a w c in m e ( o s,
- -
c as e , . . ee e ; 32 6, . h o m pso ;
s6
h nt
B asirig o use ( H a s ) , 3 60 yk
lt n in W n l yd l ( Y rk
thth r llt bi h p
B o k e rl ey d e, 2 4, 2 5
N R
rn ll
Ba ( S o m e se ) , 2 4 , 2 5 Bo o e s e a e o s, . .

a n d We s,
Ba
ttl x ilt t h s o
B a e ( S usse ) , ga e o use o f a bbo f, see B u e
e y, 30 4 Bo o lt t n r l ( Y rk
-
o n -S wa e hr o s, c u ch
B a ttl e sb ury ( W s ) , 2 5
ybi xh pC lv d tl
B a e u ( a a o s ) , ca s e , 4 5 Boo thb n ll ( in ln ) n r h
o we
316
y P ag e L co
,

, ma o o use , -

h p h ( N rth b rl nd )
s o o f, see O d o 1 90 , 1 9 2
A
Th
o m as , e arl
B e auc a m , o use o f, 1 0 9
r i k
o f Wa w c
Th n rl ir t r i tlk d d
o f Wa w c
( 32 1 .
B o rco vicus
o m so Tht r p r n
o um e a

; 1 5, 1 8,
,

A Th p n
1 4,
o m so .
.

h y ( x t px ) try A Th p n ( t r
o m as , e a ( 32 1 . af e B uc e ; 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9
( )
A
Th ri p An l y tl
B e a uge cy ( L o e ) , c as e , 1 1 6, . B o s a m S usse , 3 6 , o m so af e .

G T tth l (N inrth ln ) b rl n y t tlr

o m so n ; 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 0 B a eu a es 1 90 )

Cl rk A Th p n
o we
B ea um a s ( g e s e ) , c as e , 2 7 7 , . . B o s o n L co , H usse a t, 3 5
5
; 2 36 , 2 7 8 , o m so

rbr r ChLr i
um e a d , ca s e , 2 4 5 , 3 2 7
a ; 7, . Bo a o ( )
2 1 1 , 2 2 5 , 2 3 6 , 2 5 1 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 5 , 2 66 , B o u o u g, o u s d e , 54

vi i
2 6 8 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6 9 , 2 80 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4
v ( ) i
-
B o u ge s e ( ) , 22
B e au a s ( O se ) , 2 2 , 2 7

l Y rk N
B e b b a nb urh , 2 5 see B am u g
h br r
h h
t r
B o e s So m m e
B o we s Yo rk s, ( N t r ,

.
s e ge o f, 70 , 7 6
o we , 1 3 1 , 1 32 , 1 33 ,

B e bu n d rr riv r
B e d a e ( o s,
e , 8
c u c

tl
o we , 3 1 6

J hn
1
n
42 ,
um e a (C
I

rr di xll j xi rr M r E x
B o w e ss ,
b Io rl nd
4 S, 3 1 2
)

k
B e d fo d , 2 9 , 30 , 3 2 ; ca s e , 30 , 3 2 ; o ,
B ac e u , P e e d e , 7 3

A nt ny bi h p
d u e o f, 3 30
rh
B a we
rr nn pt thr ( N rrhlk ) tl
u ta a e sse , 2 2 ( )
- -

B ek , o , s o ofD u a m , 1 88 , 1 8 9 , B a c as e o fo , 12

ll h
1 9 8 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , 30 9
B e em e , o use o f, 5 1 R b rt
o e o f, 5 5 , 6 7 , B a e r nd nb r (Nr r ilk)
B a ce e D u a m , ca s e , 8 6
u g P uss a
(
26
)
,

l y GNib r hn b rl nd l r ntlb n
85 B ra no d unum o fo ( 12 )
J
,

B e sa ( o t um e a ) , cas t e , 3 1 3 , . B e co e aco s , 2 7 4
P
lvrk irl y L Gi l t r t r tl tl
. so ; 2 36 , 3 1 2
r t il Willi
cas e , 4 4 , 5 6 , 8 7 , 3 6 2 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 7

rri v nl (rth l p i ) tl
Be o ( e ce s e ) , c a s e , 8 5 , 3 60 B e eu , am o f, 55

A Th p n
Be e e ( o uc e s e ) , c a s e , 1 4 2 , 1 8 6 , B e a S e ine e t O se , 5 5 , 6 7 ‘ -

. o m so ; 42 , 1 42 , 1 86, 1 9 3 , B dg o S a o , 2 9 ; c as e , 1 0 8 ,
( ) 1 C9 ,

Be rkhTh p pt nd ( rt ) l
am s ea He A s , cas t e , 42 , . B ri linpr tr n ( Y rk
d
”

g o
9, 1 33
oth s,
ga e o use o f

Be , orry
rry , J hn
om

r d
y k so

v n u
; 42

tl e
, 9
o f, 3 3 8
1 1 , 2 63
B o rir tnnl ( Etlr ) tl ll
io y, 3 0
e u e
1

t cas e, 56

r i k T d t n ll
Be Po m e o ( ) D e o , cas e, 2 29, 35 8 B is o , c as e, 88 wa s a nd ga e ways, 2 92 ,
Be w c

Be e e
on

vi rlr y ( Y rk th ) dr l
2 91
we e

E R
, o w wa s, 2 90 ,

B
h nn l
rittAnyl n nt A l n il tl in
c a e
mo u
, 2 4 , 30 8
a nd - b a
2 95
-
o s, , a , e y cas es , 45

i n r ( Cx ) Rb rl ndn
B ez e s ca e a , 31 5
rix
a

rth (N
o f, se e

) h r h
a

rr ll h ( r kn k ) tl
B g o S usse , o ma v ill a , 12 B wo o rth an ts , c u c , 100

i h Ap Akl ndkl d ( rh )
B ird o swa l d ( um
) e a , 5 1 B o n ys B e c oc , cas e, 1 83 , 1 84

rr nt nbMrhr b ttl
B s o uc an D u am , 8 ; a nd see B uc e , o use o f, 8 5

i h p C nnin
uc a

n rh B u a u , a e o f, 6 3

kintl h
B s o s a
gs ma o -
o us e , B u us, a cus , 6 2

ii hh pp CW tl ( rdl W) ilt n r h
30 ’1 B uc g am , 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 2

dilthk r kn kfl tl
B s o s as e Sa op , 2 ca s e, 30 , 3 2

G T
’
B s o s o o d fo
( ) s , ma o -
o us e , u e o f, see S ta o rd

l k nt intl v n
30 1
B ac m o u a s , 1 8 4
Bu
Cl rk
( B ec oc ) , cas e, 50 , . .

A ll r h C tl ( fl )bi h p Lin ln
a ; 50 , 5 1
A
r t
B l ack b ury c as e D e o

ll kk ri tr r riv r n n
c of ; 6
( ) , 7, . H . Bu g as

B urgh e rsh ,
e Su o lk
I l e nry,
,

s
12 ,

o
1 6,
of
22
co ,

rr hndylli ( Y rk
B a c f a s, see L o d o 30 1

lly i h ( N irtt Chtlr) tl

B ac wa e e , 22 , 29 Bu g wa s o s, 1 00

Ti khill
B o s Lo B u gu
rn ll R b rt bi h p th W ll 5 9 , 64 , 98
et e , cas
- -
e, 337 , 1
B t
o
o

pri r
s cas e , 8
(
y, 8 5
) 5 an d see c Bu e , o e ,
s o o f Ba and e s,
 I N D EX S7 I

Bu y r dit h ( l p ) A Th p n Sa CC d tlY ( rk l pW) o m so

tl
c es o , 6, .
; a us cas e Sa o , 36 2

ryh ll Ed nd ( lk ) M
6 (
kin W t x n awo o 8 5 33 8
2 , o s, . cas e, ,

Bu St mu s S uffo , 2 5 ; o yse s Cea wl in , g of es Sa o s, 25

R r Cry ( C lv d ) bb y h r h
a , 1 90 C e d d , S t, 2 2
B usl i, o
ge d e , 85 e is l a Fo ré t - -
a a os , a e c u c ,

Ch i h r i h t ir ) bb y
1 00

( a se - D e u, la H au e -L o e , a e

CC nb ryC ( lv r t )
ad u S o me se Ch plitt
bb y h r h C r t k ( v n ) n r h
,
2 5
18 ;
G ill am
c u c
e,
, 315
u a ume de, 7 3

Ch rl l kin N tri
ae ( a ad o s ,
) 1 a e c u c e s, ha d s D e o ma use ,
oc o o 30 1
-
,

C r C r d ( n r Clri n tl )
93
Sa l o p
a es th e Ba d , g of e us a, 2 7, 2 9,

kin N tri
u 6
J
ae a a oc ea , .
32

Gi n
Cae rl a v e ro c k D um f e s , ca s e , Fat,
i pl kin N tri 36 4,
( ) P . . th e g o f e us a, 2 7 , 64

C rphill A ( GThl rp nn) tl

b so ; 30 4 , 30 7
am o p r r th e S m e, g o f e us a, 2 8

M rt l
ae y ga , cas e 2 7 0 2 7 1 , , , V .
, em e o ,
2 90

Ch rtr nt ( E r Th irb) ld
2 72 , o m so ; 7 , 1 60 , 1 8 9 2 0 5 ,
.
, a e , 65
2 36 . 2 6 4 . 2 6 5 2 7 0 2 . 2 7 4 5 . 2 7 6 2 7 7 . .
- -
. a es u e - e t- L o , 22
2 7 8. 2 79

Ch t G ill rd ( E r )
2 80 2 8 2 . 2 84 . 2 8 7
.
30 9 . . . co u o f, see eo a

A
C h r ( ) ll d t n nt Th p n t r A
a e au a a u e , 1 63 , .

Th p n
a o s Lo t ,
wa e o w , 65 ; Po om so , af e 75 E n l art ; 1 , .

CC ll i r rivt Mr n th tl
a de
V al e ntré , 2 9 7 , 3 5 5
e , 85 1 63 .
om

1 72
so

.
66 , 68 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 6 , 7 7
1 7 5. 1 76. 2 1 5 2 1 6. 2 2 9 2 57 . .
,

a d co

il h
( o mo u

t r
)
cas e ,
nt .

E pt ( E r )
1 82 , 84 1 2 64
Ca ll e va A tre ba tum H a s ,
Ch ny ( Ai n )
( ) 1 4 ; a nd see C h fite a u -
sur- e u e , 1 65

C brid
S c es e

ll tl Ch
Ch t rth (Gl t r ) R n vill au s e ,
2 95

(M n h tl
am ge , cas e , 39 , 4 0 , 4 1 ed wo o uce s e , o ma a, 12

C l n (E x)
co ege s , 1 9 3
A Th p n
)
A
e ps o w 8 2 ; cas e , 1 0 3 ,
o m o ut , 1

h
a m u o d u um

t r Th p n ( t r fi
Co l
ss e 12 ; , a nd see 2 4 9 , 2 68 , o m so 1 0 4, . .

C nt rb Rry b( Krt nt ) J i rdbhbir h p o m so af e O eza l G u id e 56 ,

'

c es e )
a e u 98 ; a c e s o s , 2 8, , 1 88 , 1 0 4 1 0 7 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 5 , 1 89 , 2 2 3 , 2 4 9 ,
o f, see

tlt t o e o f um ege s , S u

c as e , 4 6 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 8
u y

Ch t t r tl ll 2 5 0 , 2 6 8 , 2 6 9 , 2 80 , 2 8 2 , 35 9

o wn and wa s , 8 8 , 2 5 1 , 2 9 5

C r nn ( A Ad )Tht np n tl
we s ga e , 2 9 6 30 4
a casso e u e ow and cas e , 7 8 ,
,

Ch t r ( N rth b rl nd )
, ll es e
c ity a n d
, cas
wa
e, 39
s, 1 4, 2 2 , 2 3, 2 4, 1 19
d
2 39 , 2 42 , o m so ; 2 64 , 2 8 3 .
, es e s o um e a , 1 5 an see

Chi h t r ( x )
V io l l e t l e D uc 7 9 , 8 2 , 2 36 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 6 , Cil urn um
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K inn rd F rr ( in ln ) tl
,
m o o H u s , cas e, 3 6 5 , 3 66
rrt rdrd hir N r n tltl in
\V ill iam , so n o f O sb e rn ’
a s e y L co , cas e, 56, 5 7 ,
H e e fo s e, o ma cas e 37
K irkby M l rd ( Y rk t
,
83
H e fo
rl Cl r x 2 9 , 30 , 3 2 ; cas e, 30 , 3 2 , 1 1 9 ; ’
,
a z ea o s, cas e,
ea o f, see a e

K n r b r h ( Y rk W ) tl
56 . 5 7 . 83
H
H txh ThN rth b rl nd
e ste ngac e aste r

e o u,
( )

rtifi d
S usse
o m as d e 31 8
. 45 a es o o ug o s, . R . ca s e, 85,

K ni ht n ( R dn r )
,

H e

n (
r a

h m

i h h rFh rr r ( N rth pt n ) tl
ma o
) o
-
um e a
o use , 31 2
, 3 1 7 ; fo e

Kr k
g
Ch v li o

r A Th p n
a o , 6

( t r G
a , le , d e s e a e s, 1 76 . . om so
H g am e e s o am o cas e a nd

K y ( in ln ) t r
af e
) R ey 1 7 6 , 2 63
,

inld trnn d Yn rk( C rn ll ) b ttl

.

c u c 109
,
me L co o we 35 5
wa , a
,
ow
,
H gs o o e o f, 2 7
H
H
o

o lyrk It l nd (inN rthln Rb rl nndvill) tl

e (
s a
)
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o
s, E R
um e a
, 86

, c as e, 86
H o

rn tl ( in ln )
s ow( ) L co , oma a, 12
Tit
d n ( in i ) d nj n L ab ie nus,
nr rl Lin ln
H o ca s e L co , 3 55 us , 61
H ou a Se e -e t- O se , o o , 1 65 L acy, H e y d e, ea o f co , 32 7
 I N D EX 37 5

L ac yR I lbr rt
, e d e , 56 l nd v ry ( C r rth n ) r tln h r h L a o e a ma e , cas e , 87 , 2 29

i l tt( rni nifi

ge d e , 1 0 2
tln pl n t r ( ) Ll a n fi h ange l c wm D B
o - -
u e co c u c
,

L a g e O e , cas e , 1 9 3)
l n t ph n ( C r rth n tl
o we ,
316
L am o e , s g
ph y br
ca ce o f

k
ace

n r h
a me , 4 6 La s e a a ma e c as e,
-

L am
A Th p n
Pe m o e , m a o
( )
br k tl
e o use , 3 4 1 ,
30 9
-

n t r tl o m so
.
; 33 8 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 2
L a ca s e cas e , 1 0 4 , 1 4 5 , 2 4 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 2 7 , hd v ( r lt irth) dr l tl
( ) L 'a wh ad e n P e m o
L o c e s I nd re e t L o ~ -
e

e
,

.
cas

cas
e,

e,
34 2
82

ucd hyr rd tl
3 2 8 , 3 36 , 3 3 7
o f, cas e s o f, 2 7 9 , 3 2 7 , 336 iri Wriv dr n N rth pt n h r h
( ) Lo e e H e a u , ca
Lo e e , 2 7
e a , 31 5

o JThhn d k rl
e co

,
s o f, 1 8 6, 3 3 6 , 3 6 1

u e o f, 336 , 3 3 7 nd n ( ) Lo
Lo
s

o
ee

,
o

2 1 , 2 6,
o

2
am

7, 2
o

8 , 3 7 , 38 , 6 4 , 6 5 ,
, c u c , 1 00

nn l yi InN rth
o mas , e a

r b rlir nd) tl tl
o f, 30 8
L a ge a s ( d e e t L o e , c as e , 1 1 6 -

lFl kt ritrr t h
-
tl 95
2
’
B ayna rd s cas e, 3 8 , 39

bi h p li
La g e o ( um e a , )
ca s e , 1 56, B ac f a s, 39

La n t n W lt r bi h p C v ntry
317
g o , a e , b ry l th dr l l
s o o f o e an d
ee

u ,
S
30
ee
1
,
o use o f s o s o f Sa s

L nn Adi n rtifi d h r h in
L ich fi e ld , 98
T r M J hn t n A Th p n 98
’
2 S t Pau s ca e a c o se , 2

a gue o c , fo e c u c es , 315 o we o f, 12 1 , 122 , . o m so ;

n t n ( C rn ll ) tl
L ao ( ) s e , 2 95 1 2 3, P 38 , 39 , 40 , 4 7 ,
. . o s o ;
L au ce s o o wa , c as e, 89 , 1 82 , 88 1 2 0 , , 1 2 3, 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 7 ,

v l ( M y nn ) tl A Th n
1 88 , 2 64 , 3 6 2 1 2 8 , 1 34 , 1 3 7 , 1 4 6 , 1 5 0 , 1 54 , 1 88 , 2 0 2 ,
La a a e e , cas e, 80 , . o m pso 2 1 0 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 4 2 6 5 , 2 66 2 6 8 , , ,

t riv r ll
8 1 , 88
o wn wa s, 88 n i hVI pkinW illi Fr bin h p E ly 277

L o gc a m , am , s o of 2 65 ,

( Y rk n rh
Le a e , 2 9, 1 20 Lo u s , g of a ce , 6 6 , 6 7 , 6 8 , 9 3 ,
.

I X kin Fr n
L e co nfi e ld o s, ma o -
o use , 1 65

dY (rkK ntW) tl
30 7
X II kin Fr n , g of
. a ce , 6 8 , 7 4 , 2 6 4

(T ny
Le e s e , cas e,32 6 g of a ce , 3 3 7 33 8 ,

Le i ttl r
( o s, .

( rn )
56 )
tl L ucca usca , 2 90

L dl ( l p) tl
ce s e 9 , 30 , 22 , 2 L uce O e , ca s e , 5 2

ea rl i rr dl by t M nt int
cas e , 88 , 1 0 9 , 1 9 7
o f, see D u e A Th p n
CG bn R K n
u ow S a o , cas e , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 1 0 8 ,
o m so
.
; 1 0 6, ee e ; 1 9 5, .

Mi h l
L e R o y, P e e , a b o of o Sa -
er e .
; 98, 1 02 1 0 3 . .

L e we s
c e , 2 36

Th p n x
S usse , cas e ,
( ) tl
50 , 98, A .
1 0 4 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 37 , 1 49 , 1 5 3
1 56 , 1 5 9 1 6 1 , 1 89 , 1 9 4 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 2 0 9
, , ,
,

o m so ; 49 . 9 6 . 9 7 . 9 8. 9 9 . 1 1 5 . 2 1 0 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 9 , 2 52 ,

( t rd ) bi h p t ll
2 2 0 , 2 3 5 , 2 36 , 3 60

Cthvdrntryl l
L ich fi e l d
dl l y rhr n tl
S a ffo , 24 ; s o o f, see wn wa s, 8 7
o

o e L u o w, L aw e c e o f, 30 7

Liddin t n ( R tl n ) n r h
ca e

g o
a c o se , 2
u a
98 (
d , ma o -
o use , 1 90 ,
L um e D u am ) ,
L und e nb urh , 2 6
cas e, 318

ilill Nrn rd( N r h pt n ) tl 5

L bo u
30 1
e o t am o , ca s e, 4 3, 1

ill b nn ( in
L e ( ) o ,

di t
2 90

b r ( r i n x ny
L e o e Se e e c o f, 8 9 ,
M
M id n C tl ( r t )
) P Sa 6
Linbi lnh p
ag d e u g uss a o , 2
A T h o mp
A l x nd r
co 8, 1 9 ,
, 12 , 1 20 , 2 3 30 , 30
, 1 , 355 a e as e D o se , 3, 2 ,
.

M in nt b rt
s o s o f, 85 a nd see e a e , so n ; 2 , 3, 5, 1 9 , 2 6 , 2 30 , 2 82

bi h p p Wl W M l i
B urgh e rsh a e , co u o f, see H u e

M l l kin t 66
tl tkin 9 8 , 30 3 3 8 , 34 8 3 5 1
’
s o s a ace , 1 1 , ,
a a ss s ,

G
M ld n ( E x ) b ttl
cas e, 40 , . . a s ; 39 , 4 0 , 41, a co m IV .
, g o f S co s, 1 20

M l t W illi
42 4 3 44 . 4 7 . 4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 . 8 5 . 86 . 8 7 .
. .
a o ss e , 29 a e o f, 6 3

M llin W t ( K nt ) n rd am ,

thth drr ll l
1 0 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 8 8 , 2 36 , 2 7 9 , 30 1 39
a e ,
'

h r h
St L eo
ed a , 2 3, 9 4
th
es e a s
ca a g , ,

M lt n ( Y rk N tl
ca e a c o se , 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 ga e o use s , c u c , 120

M n rbi r ( br k l 85
ityrl ll y
a o o s, . ca s e,

A
c wa s, 2 0
Th p n C
2 96 ) a o e Pe m o e cas t e , 20 8 .
, ,
,

om G e th e n ; 89 ,
ind y p rt
o f,

( in ln )
L ac
ea see so ; 2 1 7, . 1 192 ,
3 1 6,
Ll nb ri ( C rn rv n )
L se , a s of L co ,
2 8 2 29, 30 4 ,

a e s a a o , 87 , 1 85 3 3 4 33 5 ,

40
 37 6 I N D EX
Ma nn r h( rth )r E ypt
le Sa M nt r ( E x )
br y R b rt
Bu 44 , 4 6
s, e ,
2 2 , 2 3 ou es s se ,

M M
nt ( in
su a (
i L o we) 68 , 7 4
v l ( Y rk
w 66 , 9 0
a
g , o a , o e ,

M
( Y rk n rh
Se e - e t- O se

M br y r v lt
a es ) , 2 7 a e of o s, 83
M ark e n fi e l d ma ow

( N rth b rl nd )
o s, o o use , a s, o f th e , 56, 83
-
e o
M
M rl r h
uncan ce a ste r o um e a , 2 1

M r i n R b rt
a bo o ug 2 4

M rn riv r
a m o , o e , 10 1

M rr h ( yri ) i
a e e , 2 7

M r ill h bb
a a S a , s e ge o f, 7 1
a se

i h
c u cr h Bo uc e s
(
o f Sa
es

int Vi t
c o , 31 5 r )
-
d u R h One , a ey
Nae o d un um D iab l intum ( M a
NN ntrb n irA dIn ri r y nn ) e e , 2 3

M r h l W illi rl br k
s e e o f, 6 1 , 6 2 , 7 0 , 7 , 7 8
g 3 a es ( Lo e fé e u e ) , 2 7 -

(C rl nd tl
a s a , am , e a o f Pe m o e and a (o ) ne u e , 65
Na wo rth
M rt n ( in ln ) h r h NN ttl h r h ( in rnlnrd) n r hN
S triguil , 1 7 9 ) um b e a , cas e, 1 89

M ili M r ill
L co c u c , 1 00 , 1 0 e am L co ma o
a o 1 e o use , 30 1
-
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t in N Chtri rl kin d
e ufm a c

kin e, B e a d e , see e wm a rch

ass a , se e a se es
M
M l i
fite P u -
66 a ,
e us a,
g om o f,
34 ; gs o f, see

M x t k (W r i k ) tl NN villrk J hnTr Lnt rdN ttin h

a u e , s e e o f, 9 0 a es
g

k r a w c
364 , H
tl
e
a s o e , ca s e, . e,
3 1 0, 31 7
o , o ,

M d riv r e wa

A Th p n F nd
B a e ; 3 6 5 3 66 , 3 6 7 ,
on e (-
o g am ,
) -
c as e,99 ,

M h n ( Ch r ) tl
e way e , 36 5 o m so
.
; 1 57 , Bo . 8 5 , 86 ,

M l rn ( rby ) tl N tl T n ( N rth b rl nd )
e u s ur Y é vre-
e , c as
-
e, 3 38 9 7 . 9 8 . 9 9 1 8 9 . 2 3 2 . 3 60 .

e wcas e o n

M l nby ( Y rk h rht r
e bo u e D e , cas e, 3 36 y e o um e
- -
a , 2 1 ,

o we
tl G ib n
22

J
e so o s, c u c -
,

M l ( in M rn ) A Th p n
31 5 c as e, 1 39 , 1 52 , . P . so ; 7, 22
e un S e
tl e - e t- a e 2 7 om so ; 22 4 7 , 48 , 5 1 86 , 8 8 ,
.
, , ,

M
M r i ki kin
e rch e m , cas 5 3 , 54 e o f, 1 20
3 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 33 ,
, 1 141,

nd f,
ngd o m o f, 2 8 O ffa , 1 46, 1 49 , 1 5 3, 1 4 , 1
e c a,
gs o see 5 55,

M r i n l dy t n ll rn rd M itl nd
Pe 1 8 8, 2 0 2 , 2 1 0 , 2 2 7 , 2 6
a
5
fl wa s , 2 9 3 , W
M r b r ( r i x ny
e c a s, f th e , see zE th e l
a o ae d ow a a 88 , 2 9 2 .

Ne w march , B e a
M r y riv r NN tp nrt NM ttn thG l tlr n rtifi
e se u g P uss a n S a o , 2 6
) o f, 5 6
ew o

M rt n ( rr y )
e se e , 2 8, 2 9 ( o m o u ) , cas e , 3 6 2

M xb r h ( Y rk W tl h r h
e o Su e , 3 6 ew o o age ( a m o ga ) , fo ed

M i l h ( Y rk N
e
dd
o

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am otl
o

s,
s,

.
.

c as
cas

e,
e, 42 , 5 1
8 5 , 87 , NNildd riv
i
c

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e , 85
,

M idh r t ( x NiN irrt ( ti xr Vvrn ) tl

1 32 , 33 , 1 34 , 1 4 2 ,
1 e , 68
1 50 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 2 e r

M il r h v n
u s S usse , 3 60
) o D e u Se -
es , cas e, 1 75

M it rd ( N rth b rl nd )
fo d
tl N rh (GNibrthn rl nd ) tl d ee , 8
a e , 1 79 o mo u ( ) e e 2 7, 2

fo um e a 86, 1 66 , m um b e

J 57 ,
o , c as e, o a o a , cas e, 1

M l ( C rn rv n )
1 67 . P . so ; 86, 12 9, 1 31 , 1 32 , 1 33 ,

M i ( T rn G r nn ) b y N r ndyR bdrt hyR ll d k

o e S iab o d a a o , 1 85 1 49 . 1 60 . 1 6 3
o ssac a e t- a o e ab e 315 o ma
t b il
uc
y o f, 8 , 34 ; 2 u es o f,
-
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M M
br k ) pri ry h r h tl in
o nk ch e s te r, see unca nc e as te r see o e ,
o o ; m o un -
a nd - a e

M n th rtifi d brid N rth ll rt n ( Y rk N tl

o nk to n ( Pe m o e , o c u c , 31 6 cas es , 45, 5 1 , 52
A
o

Th p n
mou , fo e
ge , 2 97 , . o a e o o s, . cas e, 56 ,

M nt b n ( T rn G r nn ) nt N rtht n pt n
om so ; 2 98 57 . 83
o

C n au

l a a et a o e Po d es o am o 44
- -
, ,

M nt
M
o go m e
o

ry
cas e , 4 3tl
su s , 2

h
97

rtifi NN rth
o rth bbrirl ndki drl
ow

um e r y
wal l , 2 9 5

kin a , ea s o f, 2 1 1 see Pe c

bb y
o ntm a o ur B o uc e s d u R h On e
j ( ) fo ed o um a, ng o m o f, 2 8; g o f,
- -
,

M nt tr ( in ) N r i h ( N r lk ) tl
a e , 315 s ee Ida

M nt int M i h l ( M n h ) bb y
o m ar e Se e , 64 o w c o fo , cas e, 88 , 1 2 8, 1 34 ,

A Th p n bb t th dr l l
o -
Sa -
c e a c e , a e 35 , , 2 1 37 , 1 41 , 1 55

t n ll
R o y,
w wa
T.

tin om

A Th p n
us
so 2 36 a

om
o s o f, see L e

t
ca

N ttintlh
ow n lle 98
wa , 88 , 8 9 , 30 1
a c o se , 2

o s, 2 91, . so ; 2 50 , o g am , 2 8 , 2 9 , 30 , 3 2

M rp th ( N rth b rl nd ) NN rnn y (r Mr i t ) l tlFr n ni t n

2 89 ca s e , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 9 , 4 1 , 8 5 , 8 8 , 1 2 0

( Y rk nrh
o e o um e a , 661 u e S o m e se c as e , 3 2 5 .

M
ll
o rt h a m o s, ma o - o us e , u e m be g dd e
( ) a co a , ow

338 wa s 8 2 ,
 I N D EX 37 7

Pe rrt r tt r hJ hnN rth nt

o , S ir o , 33 3

bb y pr in t
Pe e bo ( )
o ug o a s , 2 5

tv n rthy ( x )x Rn r hn t ti n
e 2 98
a ec c

kh R tl nd ) tl
,

Pe wo S usse , m a o
-
o use ,
30 7
Oa a m ( u a cas e, 10 7, 1 97, 1 98 ,
tl A Th p n
Pe e se S usse , ma
.

( ) o s a o a nd

kl y
36 2
( rr y ) b ttl
dih bi h( p nt ) y tlx
Oc e S u e , a e o f, 2 8
c as e , 1 6, 2 46, . om so 12 , 1 6,

O am H a s ca s e , 1 8 5
hilip kin Fr n
t ) kin Fr n
P I of
,

g a ce ,55
kdykn M r i
Od o , o f Ba e u , 6 6
.
,
s o

O ffa , i g o f e c a , 2 4, 3 2
I I (A . ugus us , g of a ce , 6 2 , 7 0 ,

7 1 , 7 3, 7 6. 1 7 5 , 1 76, 1 7 8, 2 1 , 2 1 6,
5
ii riv
O ffa s
r
’
e, 2 4

O se
l ( r in
e , 2 7
II
32 2
I kin
i k rin ( Y rk g of Fr n tl
a ce , 2 6 4

p tl
O ss e Se e I nferic ure , 2 7
)
.
- ,

P c e g o s, cas e , 4 3 , 8 5 ,
O ld S a um ca m a nd c as e , 4 ,

( i ) tl
86 , 1 1 5 , 2 7 9
A H A l l c ro ft ; 3 , 5 , 6 , 1 9 2 4 , 2 5 ,

I iittt R iv ri t G n r l A
l ie rre fo nd s O se , cas e , 33 8
. .
. ’

r rd ( lk ) tl
O fo S uffo cas e, 1 1 9, 1 65, 1 66 ,
’
s e s e d c o f, 3 2 , 3 ,
, 5 55

itiit r R( Vi nnr )
,
P -
e s e e a H L F, 25
rl n i Chd krl k
, . . . .

Po e s e e 2 7
O é a s, a e s , d u e o f, 33 7
,

r nt riv Wr illi
L o u s , u e o f, 3 38
O o es e 1 64
Po
Po n o u,

A e lii ( o
s N Erthr b rl n )
e
o ge

a d , 2 1
o f,
32 7
um

nt r t Y rk tl
P o n ta ud e m e r
,
( u e ) 71
tryE( lx p ) tl
O s b e rn , see am
,

Po e f ac ( o s , cas e , 4 9 ,
5 6,
O s we s Sa o 2 4 ; ca s e , 1 1 9
8 5 , 8 6 , 1 8 5 , 1 86 , 1 8 7 , 2 3 6 , 2 7 9 , 33 6 ,
,

tl y riv( Y rrkG rWt

O th o na ( ss e ) , 2 2

r h tlt r
360
nt nTh t pti nn
rk
O e o s, 85
.

Y Po c e s e ( H a s), o ma s a o a nd R
O us e
shir ) N r lk h ll
e , e a , 2 9 , 30 , 3 3 , 6 3 ; (

e , 4 1 , 85
o
cas 97 , 1 3 1 , e, o m so ; 12,
9 6 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 99 , 1 0 0 , 1 2 2 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 ,
A .

x Chri
O fo rd t Ch
O x b urgh (
tl r h
o fo ) , a , 35
5
c as e , 8 8 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 9 , 1 88
1 33,
1 50 ,
1 34 ,
1 53,
I 37 , 1 4 1 . 1 4 2 ,
1 54 ,
1 4 5, 1 46 ,
1 5 5 , 1 5 6, 1 89 , 2 3 ,
5
Ne w
s

ll
co
u c
e ge ,
,

1 90
1 90 2 4 7 ’ 3 3 5 35 7
r t ,

rtrt th h rb r
.

I ortish e ad ( S o m e se ) , 2 4
’

P o sm o u a o u , 99 , 3 3 5

M n nt
Po us A d urn i, 1 2

iri r inAri th dr ntl Po e e tt rn

ag us ( H a

r t n
ma o r h
s) , 1 2
o us e , 30 1 -

E d
Pa m e s ( ege ) , ca e a , 3 1 5

vr d nj n
Pa s ( S e e ) , 2 2 , 2 7
i co u o f, see u es ; rr vin hin i Mbrirn tl
Po und b ury ( D o se ) , 2 , 1 9 , 2 5
P ague ( B o e m a ) , d ge , 2 9 7 , 2 9 8

n
Lo u e , o o o f, 1 7 8 ; s e g e o f, b
y P o
rr ddhnti Nbi rth
s ( Se

h p b Trrl ny
e et e ) , cas e , 1 7 2 , 1 8 2
-
a -

kbr ktl tlrb

D a e s , 2 7 , 6 3 , 64 , 6 5 , 6 7 , 7 0 , 8 1

A Th p n
P e a cas e ( D e y ) , 35 , 1 5 6 , 3 1 5
P u e
P u oe
us ,

( o
s o of

tl
um e a d ) ,
o e s, 2 7

cas e , 86 ,
Pe m o e , cas e , 1 80 , 2 2 4 ,
1 81 , C
A r e/t aco ] jo u rn a l ;
o m so

2 1 3,
.

G e th e n ; 1 7 9 , 1 80 , 1 8 2 , 2 0 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 5 ,
.

.
Pu d y h bi h p rh
se
315
H ug , , s o o fD u am , 56, 10 7 ,

i t ( E r L ir) i
1 33 , 1 9 8 , 20 2
200 ,
2 2 3 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 2 36 , 2 39 , 2 40 , 2 4 8 , 2 Pu le f, 67 ,
51 , se , u e - e t- o ; s e ge o

31 6
St Ma ry h
P e m o e , e a o f, see
r h
brbr kk hirrl h r hM r h l illi
’
s c u c , 316

a s a , W
P yr nh r h ri ntin l d p rt nt rtifi d
68
e ee s O -
e a es e a me , fo e
am c u c es , 31 5

Pe nd ki MC rrni rv n
Pe m o e s
a, ng o f
e , c u c e s o f, 3 1 6

e c a, 2 5

Pe nrith C b rl nd tl
P e n mae n m a wr ( a a o ) , 8

nnt h r tt K nttl nr r hrd

( um e a ) , cas e , 3 1 6
Pe s u s ( e ) , m a o o use , 2 0 6 R by ( rh ) tl D m re/t ac o ]
-
a u a , ca s e , 31 1 , A .

ntri h rb R l n (M n th tl
’
Pe e c o s s cas e ( H e e fo ), 37 j o u rn a l
3 1 0 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8, 32 2
;
G W
Pe
nr y rth nryn t r tl
P e wo
c ( D e y ) , 34 5
a m ( La cas e ) , cas e ,
32 7 n
ag a

r
R b ry ( Wilt )
o mo u
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,

h
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cas e , 3 3 1 , . .

nry rl N rth rl nd
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R y nd
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R i bl riv r
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s ap o m a s , 3 30 Sa - b
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3 38 , 3 4 1 , 3 42
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9 4 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 7 , 1 3 1 , 1 33 , Sa -
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1 42 , 1 43 , 1 4 6, 1 50 ,
1 54 , 1 5 6, 1 8 8, Sa e s- a ie s sur l a e r, l es B o uc e s - - -

b rt k N r nd 6 e , fo
libib hryp ( Wpiltl ) r
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nd l ( Y rk tl
G iro ie , 5 2 , 9 0
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R h G y n in i ) tl nd i ( K nt )
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I 72 , 1 75 Sa e e , 2 3

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rb r Ah Th( Y rkp nN tl
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S e ge d unum ) o rth um b e rl a nd , 1 0

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e , 2 7 , 6 3 , 64 , 1 7 2 , 1 7 5

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R
R thb ry ( N rth b rl nd ) rtifi d ( Y rk W
o me , 2 92 Se e e , 2 9, 1 1 9

t ry
R th r riv r
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bb y int
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pri ry
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in
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o uss o , fo e c u c es , 3 1 5 S e ws u 9 , 2

hrl h T Jlbli tn
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2 9 ea o f, see a o
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, ga e

l r rivrd (r in ln )
S k irl a w ,
S e afo
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o

riv
fa
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30 1 e ,

Th n t i l
L co , 35 5 am e s e , 2 8 , 6 , 64
3 1 19 ,

So a
S o sso sil yn firth (A i n )
s e , 2 95
e , 2 8
Th l ll ( Ch ntt r ) Ch rtr
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28

, 2 6, 2 9

S o wa
nnin,

( rk )
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tht n pt lln ( nt )C tl n r h Th r nn
Th e o t a l d , c o u
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h pa e s, 6 7 , 6 8

Th t r ( N r lk ) tl
So g B e s , ma o -
o use , 30 1 e o ua e , s o o f, see V a rne to n
V

Thir k ( Y rk tl
S o u am o Ha s , cas e, 88 , 9 1 1 e fo d o fo , 2 4 ; cas e , 44
ow wa s , 2 9 3 , . G e th e n ; 88 , 22 3, s o s, ca s e , 56 , 5 7 ,

p nnith rn ( Y rk N h r h t r Th
83
rnb ry (Gl t r tl
Th rnt n A( inThln ) p nt h b y
S e o e o s, c u c -
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p rth ( Y rk W
316
S o ffo n rh o o L co , ga e o use o f a b e ,

F nd
o s, . ma o -
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30 2 , o m so ; 3 0 3 , A rc/ meal
. .

S pt rnr h ( Y rk
u e ad ) o s, E R , 86
jou r n a l ;

3 8 5
33 1 , Bo 3 0 3 , 30 4 , .

S a ffo

t rd Ed r k
cas tl
d,
e ,
2 9
3 6 5 , 36 7
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T h urk l l l , 6 4
c o s, tl
cas e , 6 7 , 8 5 , 9 6 , .

af

Tin h br y ( rn ) ttl
S fo , wa d , d u e of B uc g am , 9 8, 9 9 , 2 2 0 , 2 35

A nn h T l ( C til ) brid A l nt r
c e a O e , ba e o f, 1 1 7
e, d uc e ss , 3 6 5 , 3 66 o ed o Ne w as e , ge o f ca a a,

t rd ( Lin tlln N rth pt n )

S ta inm o o r, 3 1 2
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2 97

S a m fo co a nd o am o , 2 9 , o es u a o ss e , ma o o use -

S ett phk ny kinl p tl A Th p n

30 , 3 2 ;
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cas 30 , 3 2
g, 5 6 , 5 7
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T nbrid ( K nt ) tl
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30 8
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S
R K n C TT rkr yy ( inv nln ) tl
o e sa ( )Sa o , cas e, 20 7, . om so ; To r B ay, 3 5 8
30 6 , ee e , . . G e th e n ; 1 9 3, 2 06, o se L co , c as e , 358

S ou tt r rivrkr ( Kinnt )ln n r h

2 8 1 , 30 7 , 3 4 2 , 3 5 2
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TT tnl ( v nt) G tlr nn
o

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D e o , 358
(
, cas
)
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S o w Pa
tri bklrynd i Willin r hbi h p C nt rb ry
L co ( ma ) o o use , 30 1 o u o use

nt H au e
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TT rnrn i ( inn lt ) rtifi
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S c a ,
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S ud u , S m o , a c s o o f a e u ,
ou a H a a u , fo e ge , 2 9 7
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(
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30 4
- -

S u e , e a o f, see a e e

TT r ( Indr 31 5

t r
ln d l G l r n tl ( N rth pt n
S wa e e , 90 ou s e 22

S wa e a e , 8 5
TT yr iv r M r ( in ln )
o wc e s e o ) am o , 2 6, 2 9 , 65

kin n rk
S wa se a a m o ga
( , cas e , 3 3 8 , 34 1
) o we o n th e oo L co , 35 5
S we ge n ,
yng o f D e ma , 6 4
Tr
ow

br

nie , 30 8

Tr Thtl p( rn kn k ) tl G i 6 1 , 62
S we
yri tl
G o d winsso n , 3 7
h r h in
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S a , cas e s and c u c e s , 1 76 e ca s e B ec A oc , cas e, 44 , .

Tr nt iv r
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, 2 8,
; 44 , 5 6 , 8 7
2 9 , 5 0 , 8 3 , 8 5 , 99 , 1 20 ,

Tr
Tr tr r ( C rn rv n )
TT dlb t t Jr hn( Y rk rl W hr b ry tl ( r kn k ) tl
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a ca s e o s, . 2 95 cas e, 85
Tripe

li ( yri )
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Tr y r d ( Anti b )
B
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bi h p
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TT l r rivG illr
a o , o , ea of S e ws u , 34 7 o S a , co u o f, 2 63
a y as , u aum e , 51 o es u e , 22 s o o f, sec

TT rivrthr t rd
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c as e , 48 , . om so ; 32 , 4 7 , 10 1 ,

TT tbtinry bb t M nt tl int M i h l
2 00

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Sa
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TTyn drivr r r
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44 , 3 2 7 ,
86
33 5 , 3 3 6 , 3 5 9

TT vi riv
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86, 3 1 2
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3 80 I N D EX
We sse x k n Cyn l Ed ndfi EAdl r r
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U re e , 8 3, 85 \ e s o su e -
a e S o m e se , 8 -

U sk 1 83

( n hir ) th bb y
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VV h a l l e y La ca s e , ga e o use o f a e ,

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30 3

V h n Ed r bi h p vid wa d , fS t D
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kin e , 85

VV rrnin tE rixr 34 2 am I
s o o a s,
g, 2 2 , 3 4 , 3 7 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 ,
a ug a , .
,

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VV rpn i (nV tip )r r

e ( on ) u e , 2 7

kin1 2 0 , 2 65

W illi Li n kin t
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5 , 6 2 , 6 6, 90 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 9 3
e o a 2
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Vill
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g o f S co s , 8 3
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x
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a o e ,

A Th p n
a e au
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W in h t r ( nt ) tl
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( )
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Sa é , 30 7 , om 30 4
W in r ( rk ) tl
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c es e s cas e, 39 , 40 , 1 97 , 202
.

Vivi r ( é )
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B e s , ca s e , 1 0 9 , 1 1 9 , 2 8 2 ;
a e , d so
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31
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W
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rk W ) ( Yo
3 4 9 , 353 , G am ; 2 2 9 , 2 69 , . .

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\V ak e f1 e l cl s, . IL , 85 33 6 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 7 , 3 4 8 , 3 5 1 , 3 5 2 , 3 55 ,

W n b k riv r W i th x
a se o um e a , 10

(E
W ith riv r
86, 66 m
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a s ec e ,
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W iv rt n ( N tt ) n r h
\ V a nsd yk e , th e , 2 4, 2 5 am e , 12 , 20

W r nn I b l W ll t h ll ( N tt )
\ V arb urto n , 2 9 e o o s , ma o -
o use , 3 60

W illi rl rr y
67 de,
W tt n l d ( rby )
a e e, sa e 1 o a on a o s , 318

W rk ( N tl
o f Su e , 1 67

W r t r
am d e , e a , 31 8
oo o o ge D e

W rk rth ( N rth b rl nd ) tl
o rth um b c rl and , cas e , 8 6 , 1 1 9
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W
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t 1 19
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wo o um e a cas e , 4 9 , o rl e b ury( ) So me H A l l cro ft ;
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W rthin ( x
o m so 22 1, P so 44,
. . . 2 5
4 8 , 86 , 1 0 7 , 1 90 , 1 9 4 , 1 9 7 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 ,
Wr ll ( Y rk E tl
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) , 2
2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 3, 2 4 7 , 2 48, 2 5 1 ,
W r xh nbi h
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rt
29 ,
i
9
fi br i d
rn t n J hn bi h p Th r nn
3 3
ge , 2 9 8
0 , 35 6 , 35 7

Writtl ( E x )
e ( am

n) D
r h e g , 2 4
fo ed e
r Fr ss e

ni ma o o us e , 3 66
-
,

Wa e o , o o f, s o o f e o ua e , W
W riv r
iirz b urg( L o we ) a nco a , 26

W rrin t n ( n t r ) R b rt bi h p li b ry
53 ye e , 2 4 , 2 68
W
W r i k
La 26 o f Sa
a g o cas e , yvill , o e , s o s u , 30 1

tl
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2

A Th p n
cas 31 , e, 2 B a e ; 2 34 , 3 2 1 , 31 9, H .

Y
o m so
. ; 3 2 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 1 C9 , 1 8 9 , 1 9 0 ,
1 9 4 , 2 0 6 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 5 , 2 46 , 3 1 8 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , Y
Yo
nrk th ( A Th p n) n r h
a wa VV e stm o rl a nd , ma o -
o use , 33 8

hrlr h M ryh p R r
3 2 7 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 0 , 35 9
c u c o f St a , 1 09 3
,

r
A Th p n
2 8, 3 , 4 1 hbi
1
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7,
a cp b ro m so

W M it
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s o s o f, 8 5 ; a s,
; 1 4, 1 1 8, 2 3,

t n ll
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ln
2 2 9, o m so ; 2 37 ,
o ge . a .

W t dyk
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tl
a d ; 7, 2 2 9, 2 0 , 2
3
A
33 , 2 3 6 , 2 4 1 , 2 4 5 ,

W r riv r
cas e s , 1 8 5 , Th o m p
’
a s e, 2 4 2 9 5 , 2 9 6, 2 9 7 .

ea
r t ) p
e , 86 , 202 so n ; 3 2 , 39 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 5 2 , 5 5 , 8 ,
5

W ll nd riv r thM drry l b y th dr l l

VV e d m o re ( So m e se , e ace o f, 2 8 86 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 1 1 5 , 1 2 0 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 6

W ll ( r t
e a e , 2 8, 2 9 ca e a , 1 00 ca e a c o se , 2 9 8

bi h p p l M J i Ll d M r i h phill J ni r
’
e s ) So m e se , 2 4 St a s ab e , 3 3 , 1 0 7 , 2 9 8

Y rk hir h ri
’
s o s a a ce , 30 0 , rs e ss e oy St a y B s o u o , 1 00

th
W l h n
dr
ca l l e a c o se , 2 9 8 , 30 1
o s

E x
e, s e f f o f, 55
Y th a nce a ste r ( sse ) , 2 2

W nh ittl lk ) h ll
e s me , 37

W n l yd l ( Y rk
e am , L
( e S uffo a 355
, ,
Z
W x kin d
e
e sse
s e

,
a e

g
o
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s,
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85
Z r
a a (D a l ti ) i
ma a , s e ge o f, 70
 I N D EX RE RU M
B ri tk rrk in i tern Mntir ill
c wo-
e as co u es, 35 5 , 3 5 8

ri bri rtifi bri n n

o we o f, at s e e o f a se 62
g e s,

Ad u lt rin e
A d u l l e r izm r, 5 6
e ca s tl e s, 5 6 5 7 , 89
.
B d ge s ,
d ge , 6 4 ;
B u rg , 2 5 , 2 6
ed ,

ri
fo
297, 2 98 ;
d ge s at Pa s , 6 3
do Lo

x n En l n
A gge r , 1 1 , 60 B u rg m o r bu zgm m , 30 , 4 1
‘

lln lr d in rtifi ti n
A l a/o rz u w, 8 9
A Th p n
'

B u r/z , 2 5 ; ou r/1 s in S a o g a d , m ap
A u e, 89 o f,
31, om s o ; 2 5 2 7 , 2 8 33 ,
.
-

A
n l r d ti n Cr in rtifi ti n
fo
y nt i n in
g e, , d eaca o , 1 6 2 38 , 4 1 , 4 2
A g e s , e uc o o f, fo ca o , 1 6 5 B za e m il ita rv sc e ce , 5 9 , 6 1 , 6 7 , 7 3
A rb a l ast , 7 3 roe o ss b o w -

A rx , 2 2 , 3 2 , 5 3 , 6 5 ; a rro w f o n d e re , e tc .
,

A tt k i n th
38

h ll n r h
ac , sc e ce a nd m e o d s o f, 66 7 9 -

A ula , a o r ma o
ll o us e , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8

Cr x
Cal m/u s, 7 6
-

A u /a 5 6 see H a a fa , 2 2

Carte l , 3 5 , 37 , 4 2
Cartel /u m , 35 , 5 5 , 60 . 6 6 ; ( axl e /11 1 1 1 1 ro u
s/ru e re , e tc , 38 ; t aste/11 s , z 'a sl al a in ,
'

C tlin dE n llin
as
42
e s, h in
l n N r n rth rk
we g
-
o us e s , 1 88 -
2 1 1

Ba ei l y C tl pl n
, 40 , 43 . 44 , 45
of
, 4 6 , so , 55 ,
56 ;
b il y pl n r l tiv t
2 6,
ga
30 , 3 2 , nt
d,
33 ,
o ma , ea

mo u
wo
-
an d
s,

s ee as es, a a e 4 7 48 52 , 55 56 , 1 1 2 ,
a 42
- - -
, ,

H o l l is/a , 1 6 , 6 3 , 6 7 , 7 3 , 7 4

rbi n
B al l z u m , 40
'

i t nrt nrtifi ti n r r
1 1 3 , 1 60 , 1 6 1 ; e a e d a e o f,

5 7 ; m po a ce in wa fa e , 6 5 , 66 ,
5 6,

Ba
rrti kinn
ca , 2 1 5 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 3 6 , 2 3 9 4 1

in r l ti n pl n
83 7 s o e fo

ll d t n
ca o s , 4 7 , 8 9 1 0 7
- -

Ba m , 1 89 , 2 2 9 3 1 2 , 3 4 7 . e a o to a o f wa e o w s,

rt
B a z a , 1 8 7 , 2 3 5 , 2 36
pl n ith n ntriiv b il y
87 89 -

B ase c o u , 4 0 , 9 6
-
a o f, w s ucc e ss e a e s, 1 62 ,
B asso ( o u r, 4 0 1 63, 1 64 ;

nt
c o ce c, 7 , 1 6 4 , 2 64 ,
-

titt rinn
B as til l e 2 3 6
Ctr t tl inp Eitin l ndin NN rthr n En l n
2 6 4 8 2 , 30 4 ; m o u a nd ba il e v , se e
- - -
,

B as o , 2 8 9 , 2 9 0 as es g a , o ma
Ba e
Ba euy x t p try
g ram , see R a m
a es , 36 , 3 8 , 4 5 , 4 6 , Th o m p A .
s

map ill tr tin

a e gic

us a g A Th p n
os on

. 84 ,
o

.
o f g a d,
o m so

so n ; 3 6 , 3 8 , 44 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 5 2 , 66 , 1 9 0 ,

l ry
1 92 Syri n Cr d r
838 7
a , see

Ca stru m , 35 , 5 3
usa e s

B e f , 7 2 V io l l e t l e D .
- -
uc ; 67 , 7 0 .
7 1 , 78
B e f rea u m , 6 7
f
ri h p p l C t p lt
Ca t, 6 8
'

rtifi d
B e ni , 5 , 1 1 , 60 a a u 7 3, ,
V io lle t l e D uc ; 1 6 1 7 , 5 1 ,
- -
.
’

33 8 , 34 1 , 67 , 70 , 7 1 , 7 3 6 ; see B a l l z s/a , Al a nga n a ,

’
B s o s a ace s , fo e , 30 1 ,

Bo rr h
34 2
e , 7 0 , V io l l e t l e D
- -
uc ; 6 1 , 64 , 6 8 C nt rin v lt n t r tl
e
e tc

e
.

g o f au at La cas e ca s e, 32 7

Ch r
Ce rw , 60
r t
'

Bo o ug , 3 0

8 0m g, 2 6
r
B o we , 1 9 2 , 1 9 3 Ch pKl pin tl
am b e , g ea
l
, 54 . 20 5 ,
2 06 , 2 0 7

r tti
a e s cas es, 10 7 9 -
, 209 -
1 1 se e a so

B a ce , 7 9 , 1 8 7 ee

B reté c/ze , : 7 9 a 1 8 7 Clufl el el , 2 36

38 2 I ND EX
Cha ts ( b atea ux , 6 8 Fr n rl in
nt tl in y cas l e s 36
-
a ce , e a ,

Ch r h rtifi
C/z e m z se , 9 0 , 1 7 7
'

mo u -
a nd il ey ca s es , 46 , 52 ,
u c e s , fo e d , 3 1 5, 3 1 6

ClC nt r th rtdr l rtifi d

Czppz , 6 0 , 6 1
' '

o se s o f c a a s , fo e , 2 9 8 , 30 1
pr ll rd t n ilitin ry in 5
53, 55
o g e ss o f m a art , 6

Fr h p lwa ow 64 , 6 5 ,
e e s , 2 50 , 2 90 , 2 92
o ou fo s, 1 , 2 ee c a e s, 1 09

C nt rv ll ti n ll
Co r/z zza , 8 9
'

ou e a a o , wa o f, 6 2
Co u rszé re , 80 , 8 2 , 1 7 8
'

Cr n ll t li n
Co u r/in g , 8 9
e e a e, c e c e s to , 2 9 8 , 30 1 , 30 3 , 3 0 4 ,
G llrd ri r bin ll
a e tl l K p M r l
es wa s o f c as e s, 2 84 , 2 85
3 0 7 . 3 0 8 , 30 9 Ga
CrCr
Cre ne ll at1 o n s, 7 9
,

G t h
h b r
e- o

tl rly
am
e s, 2 47 ; s ee a so ee , u a

l r
c e s

fir t rth
o ss b o w, 6 7 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 8
-

o use s of ate
a e cas e, ea 95 9 ;
-

Cr r tl in ri
, ,
usad e , s , 6 6 , 7 4 ; fo u 70
G t R n t ti n
, 220 -
9
usad e s, c as e s o f, S y a, 1 7 5 , 1 7 6 , a e ways o f o ma s a o s, 1 4, 1 5, 1 9
Cr in n
usad e s , ilit r i n
2 4 0 , 2 4 1 , 2 62 , 2 6 3
flue ce o f, o n m a y sc e ce , Gr t h b r
ea Ch b r
G eweo rc, 30 , 33 , 6 3
c am e ,
see a m e
5 9 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 1 60 , 1 6 3 , 1 7 6,
2 6 2 , 2 63

ll tl
H a za , 5 5
'

n l H a o f ca s e , 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 7 , 1 9 0 3 , -

n i v i n E n l nd Fr n
D a e ge d , 33
D a es ,
b y. 2 6 ,
n as o
2 7,
s of

2 8, 2 9,
ga an d a ce

30 , 3 3 , 34 , 39 , 6 3 ,
He
rid rrin b n
g o e nry
1 96 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8, 2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 , 2 0 6
m aso -
5
, 9 3, 9 9 1 0 2
-

D e fe n in
64 . 6
5
ce , pr r sc e ce a nd o
g e ss o f, 7 9 8 2 ,
H e se , 7 0
H d pr t t p li
e s , ra w, use to o ec a sad e s, 6 2 ,

il n 5
1 5 61 -
H oa rdin
6 4 , 68
g, 7 9 , V io l l e t l e D uc ; 7 9 , 80 , 8 1 ,
- -

drl y tl k vi n i th r rd
D em u e, 2 1

krn rkr pplin

-

82 , 1 8 7
D o me s a Bo o e de ce W e ga to
, H o o s, g a g, 6 1 , 7 1
ea y cas e s, 30 , 3 7 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 8 3 Ho wo , 2 1 5
rdin
-

nr inj n rn n
D
'

o izzg zo , 4 6

rdl
H o u ra , see H o a
in tt k
’
g
D o o o r d u ge o , 4 3 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 3 6 1 , 3 6
5 Hu e s , use o f, a ac , 6 1
D
D
D
r n bridn
a
aw
age o f o o fs , 1 5 6 , 1 7 9

nj n
ge 5 5
u ge o , see D o
.

o
D um o, 4 6
'

I t ly rtifi d t n in
a , fo e ow s , 2 90 , 2 92

E rth nk in ritntr inn rl

a wo r s B a ea y, 1 10 91

p r d l di pp r n
-
, ,

b ilt lld e fe
in x n E n l n ce o f e a ce s, 3, 5 7 ; d ry Kee
-

, g a ua sa ea a ce o f, 1 64 , 2 14,
u wa s, 8 ; Sa o
g a d,

E br r
m asu e , 1 69
c ylin
r
2 1
ri l
nt
ange m e
5
t dr 5 int
ca rn l o we ,

68 7 2 ,
1 6 -
85 ;
1 7 8,
e a ar

82 ,
s, 1 -
1 79, 1

t tr n ill t rr
o c ago a to we ,
1 85

r A t nTh l rpt n r in Fr n t r
q ua e fo o we 1 72 1 85 7 -
, ,

Fir r intr ti n
ms ,
e -a o d uc o o f, 58, 59 , 2 8 7 90 -
ec a

n .
gu

E n l nd
om
a o we

so
;
,
m ap
a
o f
ce
o we s,

a nd No r
1 30 ,

Firm a me n t u m , 3 8
vi tn r d t
m a d y, 1
rly 1 6 - 8 ; in g a 1 1 8 59 ;-
,

Fz rm zl a s, 5 5
FlF rnkb ildin K p p r tiv 8 No r
'

d e ce fo r
'

e a e, 1 1 -
20 ; ea

ing, 1 0 2 , 1 6 1 , 1 62 1 64 , 2 1 6 20
t
m an o we s , 1 2 0
r
5 co m me a
a ,
-
a a e

ptr itti nnt in pl n

s ure m e n ts o f o we
xtntr rnn l 5 7 8,
o e- u g , see ee s, 1 2 , 12 -
1 31 -
3;
Fo ru m ,
Fr n G ll R n iti in
1 4, 1 8, 19 . 22 , 2 3 os o a , 1 28 31 -
e e a

a ce , o- o ma 22 2 me 1 33 , 1 34 , 1 37 ;
a c es , , 3 ea , e a ce
 IN D EX 38 3

rr bn ntt r ll t ir
an d int r
fo re b uil d ing , 1 3 7 8 , 1 4 1 2 ;
n al a a ge m e n a nd c o ss wa , 1 2 ,
e - -

4
-

h p l
as e me

li t k
145 6 ; 1 4 6 , 1 4 9 50 ; s a s , 55
- -
,

hb r n ll r l h
1 4 6 , 1 4 9 ; c a e s, 1 50 , 1 5 3 4 ; k it -
Pa sa de a nd s oc f, 5 , 2 5 , 2 6
ad e , use o ,

ll ri r 5 4 ; mu a c am
c e s , 1 5 4 ; we s , 1 2
9 , 32 , 3 6 , 4 0 , 4 s, 4 6 , 5 2 , 5 3 , 5 5 , 5 8 ,

rh pp rt dr b k ntry
e s a nd
ga e e s , 1 5 5 6 ; o o f a nd 59 , 6 1 , 6 5 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 68 , 7 3 , 8 9
-

rrvip t
am a 1 57 , 1 59 ; a w ac s o f Pa
, , 54

K p r i ni l
s a e, 1 6 1 2 -
Pa a e s , 7 9 , 80 , 8 2 , 1 0 2 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5
, 2 46

h nll l r t r bin ti n ith r t

ee e s d e t a use o f, 5 3
5 1 7 9 , 1 88 Pa
ll t r
se , 1 9 2
-
, ,

s e , 1 1 3 6 ; co m a o -
w ec Pe e, 2 2 9, 3 1 2

d nt r
a gu a

nt
o we , 1 2 9 Pe
lnt yh r
e o we s 1 85 , 2 1 9 2 2 0 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 5, 3 1 6
-
, ,

wo o e o we o n m o u , 4 3 , 4 4, 4 5 , 46 , Pe e a d, 3 1 5
-

K it h n tl
4 7 5 1 , 5 2 5 , 5 6 , 1 1 3 1 60 Pe o use s , 6 2 , 6 4 79
- -
, , ,

K p
in c as e s , 5 4 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 , 2 0 9 ; see
'

c e P e/ra r z a , 7 3
" '

0 ee P ze rrz e re , 7 3
P o merz u m , 2 9 2 , 2 9 5
'

P o rl a d ea n/l a n d , 1 9 ; pracl o rz a , 1 9 ; [br in d

'

rt lli
'

pa l z y , 1 9
P o c u s, 7 0 , 9 6 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9

t rn
P o rto co ul is , 7 0
-

ii t t n
L z l z u m , 60 , 6 1
' '

Po s e , 2 4 7 , 2 5 1
L s s, 2 64
L m es o e ,
L og iu m , 5 4
o Y rk hir s e, 35 5 r nt ri
P ra eto r iu m , 1 4 , 1 8
P o m o o e s, e a cam s o n , 1 , 2 rly p
P ropug zza rul m /z , 8 9

M hi l ti n
ac co a o s, 82 , 1 75, 22 3, 2 46 Qu in t a /1 x 6 0 ,

n
Al a /w in k , 6 6

M ntl t
n n l rp
Al a rzg a n a , m a ngo , m a go e , 6 4 , 7 3
a e s, 6 1 , 64 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 9 ; o f o e , 6 2

M
M il tl R n ll
arl o n , 1 6 9 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5 , 2 4 6
R am , 6 9 , V io l l e t l e D uc ; 6 3 , 64 , 6 8 , 7 8 ,
M in i o ma wa , 1 1 , 1 7 , 60
vi in t
- -

e cas e s o n
-

R p rt lk
e s , use o f, in s e ge , 5 8 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 68 , 7 0 , 79 d e c e s aga s , 7 9

M n t ri rtifi d
am a

l K p
wa , 2 4 1 , V io l l e t l e D uc ; 7 9 ,
- - -

71

R v lin
fo 2 98, 80 89 , 102 see a so ee
o as e e s, e , 30 1 , 30 3, 30 4, ,

R v t nt ll
5 3 1 a e ,
2 1 5

R n ilit ry i n
M me wa s o f, 86
M t
1
arie . 4 1
, 4
6 , 54 e e ,

o un . 4 1 , 4 3 , 44 4 7 , 4 8 5 3 , 5 4 o ma m
ti n ri in sc e ce , 59 6 2 , 7 3
-
- - a

M
rt tid nin rit in of B
o cc upa ta 10 20
o use 6 2 , 6 8
o ,
,

Mm z icipiu m , 3 5 , 5 3
,
oa s B a , 1 1 , 12 ,
2 5
mm z z l zo n e m fi r ma re
ll N rth rl n C b r 10 1 2 20
’ ’

Al zm zfz o , 3 5 , 5 3
’

o s,
'

s a
-

,
,

l n A Th p n ( t r r )
wa in o um b e a d a nd um e
e tc , 3 8 .

d, om af e B
M uscat /us , 6 2 a 1 1 , . so uce

10 ,
2 5

N r n n t tl ildin t r
o ma co q ue s , cas e -b u g af e ,
Sa x hn rinv irtrn rit in
o as o s o fB a , 2 1 , 2 2

Nr n o rt Ed rd C n r
3 8 9 39
m a s at co u o f wa th e o fe sso ,
tlin n villlin l d r
s
ow
o e, fo
s a nd
e ss e s o f,

age s , 2
1 2

3,
, 22
2 4
37 S ca g 5
,
8 ; sca g a d e s, 6 1 , 7 0 , 7 1 -

h tt r r r
'

S ro r p zo , 7 3

S u e in e m b as u e , 2 4 5 , V io l l e t l e D uc
- -

i r t n in d in
2 42
68 7 7
S
C t p lt
e ge c a f e es use se e
g
-

, ,

a a u
Oppia u m ,
’
2 1
384 I N D EX

i T inr rl p rrt n tl
we
lnti i h
S e ge s o s o n ra m a s, 60 , 61, 1 61 , 1 62 , 1 64 ;
A
of e s a, 5 9 6 1
Fl nkin R n t ti n
ea y No m a c as es, 102 4 see
- -

A
of
Ch t G ill r
o c , 1 64 , 2 4 1 a
g
of a e au a a d , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 3 ,
tr rviv l
wal l s
k p of o ma
on 1
7s a o s, 5 1
- -

of C nn t nnti pl n
o s a no e, 64
1 T n ll d x n ttl nt
s o n g, su

o w s ; Sa o se
a s of

em e
e e , 2 69 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 2
s, 2 3, 2 4
rly
M r ill in r l ti n tl
o f Lo do
by D a e s, 6 4 , 6 5 wa e , 2 2 8 , 2 8 8 , V io ll e t l e D uc ; e a - -

ri i t
of a se e s, 6 1 , 62 64 , 65 e a o to ca s e s , 8 7 8 9 -

T rr t R n ll
o f Pa s, 6 3 , 64 Tre lm c/zet, 7 5 , 7 6 , V io l l e t l e D uc ; - -
'

S linl r r
o f L e P u se , 6 7 , 6 8

ge s, 5 8
u e s on ema wa , 1 1

S o a , so l ariu m , 1 9 2 , 1 9 3

pt kr b d t i ilr
S o w, 6 8
S u a t ase o f o we s , 1 7 5 , 1 85
S a e s use as m ss e s , 6 1 U r bs , 2 1

t k
S l z m zt l z , 6 1
li
' ’

S o c ad e , see P a sad e

Va l /u m , 2 , 5 , 1 1 , 5 3 , 60 , 6 1
V z a pro el o r za , 8 ; p rin cipa l is ,
'

8,
'

1 1 1 9, 2 3

Te reora , 6 8
Tesl uao , 6 2 , 6 8
’
Vill asin
V z zz ra , 6 2
'
R o ma n rit in
B a , 12 , 2 1

T t ninj rit rinl

Té l e a u po l zt , 6 3 ,
nt il y tl
’
2 34 3 2 6
- -
,

eu o c o g o f mo u an d h a - -
e c as e,

co ec u a , 51

TT rt ri i
Tz flzlfrz a n , 2 9
r
' '

Wa
o o se , 6 8 ; s ee Te x/u d o

T r r t
o we

o we ,
a t s e ge o f a se M
K
rp ill e s, 62 We ll in tl
d , 40
s ca s es, 1 1 9, 12 4, 12 5, 1 41 , 1 4 5,

g e a , see ee

P r in l e a
’
a t TH E D R E N PRE SS
A I ,
E d z flff u rg k
'
G OT H I C A R C H IT E CT U R E
I N E NG LA N D
A n A nal ysis of the Origin and D evel opment of E ngl ish
Church Architecture from the Norman Conquest to the
D issol ution of the Monasteries
B Y FR A N CI S B ON D M A FG S
th 5 I l l tr t n m pri in h t r ph t h
.
, .
, . . .

Wi io
M
M ld n
r d
eas u e r w n
12

I mp r l
4
D
hl n
7 5
us

n a
m l b nd
n
a
r
i g s , a n d 469
s,
m
nv
co s g
P a
8
s,
P o og a
S e c tio s,
s, Ske
D ia g a
c es,
s,
a nd

and

lt
o i gs . e ia 8 v o , 8 0 0 pp , . a d so e y ou in a rt ca as ,
r gi P ice 3 1 5
. . 6d . ne t

Pu b l i h d b y B T BA T SFO R D 94 H i gh H ol b orn L on d on
s e . .
, ,

S O M E P R E SS N OT I C E S
T/ Tim ze M r B ond h giv n t r ly monu m n t l work on as e us a u e a

E n gl i h G t h i A r h it t r i n h i p ro f l y ill t r t d
es .

d v ry f lly
ec u e s use us a e an e u

i n d x d vol m f o m 8 p g min f r diti on

s o c c

u A e u

f d t il d
e o s e a es s a e o

n ly i d in for m t ion f ri t i i m E n gl i h
e e 0 0 .
,

e d an a an o c c s on s

M di v l Ch r h A r h it t r h book i wor thy f ll p r i F

o e a a a s s ,

a u c c ec u e t e s o a a se or

t d nt i t m t b f l t in g v lu f th n ti r f r n i t wi ll b
e ae .

s u us e o as a e o r au e c e e e ce e

lon g b f r i t i l ik ly t o b i n y w y riou l p r d d wh i l h
e s ;
e o e e an a se s y su e se e ; e t e

l vi h i l l tr tion m n f th m n p ubl i h d p h t ogr p h m t b

s e

s us a s, a o e u s e o a s, us e
y
f p r m n n t in t r t t o l l
a
”
o e a e e es a .

Tl A / m m ze l Thi i in v r y n
ze eu f h wor d “
gr t books s, e e se se o t e a ea

I t on t p t o h fron t t hor it t iv
—
.
.
,
”
at t e as au a e
P r f tly or d rl
ce s e s .

Tb B il i N w u A r m rk bl book
d ng
“
a a e e ec e y,

d mo t o m p l t d t horo gh t h i gr t book l v no t h i n g t o b
e e s —
e .

an s c e e an u s ea ea es e

d ir d
,
”

xp t it t
es e .

Tl R l io T h m or r m i Ch r h A r he e e e a an s as a u c c ec

i n t ll ig n t l iol gi t h mor gr t ful wil l h b t o M r

ze y e zia r .

or an o t e e a e e e

B nd f h p rod ti on f n bl vol m l i k t h t w n d r no t i
as e e e cc e s s ,
”
t e uc a o e u e e a no u e ce

T h whol book i xt r or d in r i ly f l l
o or o .

Tl Sp ecl a /o r di e s e a a u e x trao r n

il y m inu t d nr i h d by w l t h f ill t r ti on d m t t nd
ze . e ,

e , an a ea o us a s, an us s a

m ny y r t o o m bj t f
ar e c e

f i book f r f r n on h as f le o e e e ce t e su ec o

l i t i l G o t hi i n E n gl n d f ll r hi t t logi t
or a ea s c e

E d r h a c e c s an a c ae o s s

B on d gi v i m m n qu n
c c e s as ca c a or a .

l W mi G es t nsl er a z el l e e s us a n e se a

t i ty f m t ri l h r l t f h m o t p i n t kin g d l boriou
e .

t e e su o t e s a s a an a s re

r h h h i l l t r t d v ry h pt r no t onl y wi t h p ho t ogr p h
o a e a —

us c a e a s,

wi t h h m o t d m ir bl di gr m f m o l di n g d d t il
sea c ; e as a e e e ,

b ut t e h h a s o u s an e a s e as

r h f x mpl
s a a e a

r ly m i d h r h f i m p rt n in h i u c an y o a ce s se a c or e a es

I n l l th r p t h pl r h it t r hi t t r l
sc a c e sse a c o .

e se hes ec sd h e ace s t e a c ec an t e a c ec u a

t d n t nd r i m m n obl ig t ion
a
”
an

A r h ologi t d g logi t h
s u e u e e se a .

2 7 P ll M ll G hol r “
a z el l e c ae sc a an eo s e

i o m t h i n g m or t h n n th i t f rd o r f h i
16 a a .
—
s , ,

m r h e us as or to t e a u o s

rg m nt h br i n g d p t hni l m t ry m h wid r
s s e e a a e e ,

r h d as e uc e e se a c an

i n ti fi kno wl d g mo t
a u e e s ee ec ca , ,

Th book i f h b orbin g s o ne o t e s a s

t h t w h v r d f long ti m in y fi l d
sc e c e e . e
”
an

go t h i qu
e

L gr nd t r v i l
a e a e ea ora e .

B l/ i M h
’
il dm nl on u l en l a . e a a a s ur a rc ite c ture e

a n gl ai se .
”
S CREENS AN D GALLERI ES INEN GLI S H CHURCHES
F NC I S ON M F BY RA B D ,
. A .
, . G S . .

h n m m n in n
A t 5 I l l tr n
d so e vo lu ta i g wi h atio

r pr d d r m h t r ph M r r n
a e, co 20 4 pp .
, 1 2 us s,

f P s an d e a su e d D aw i O ctavo
tr n l nd l th r
e o uce o o og a gs .
,

s o g y bou in c o . P ice 6 3 . ne t

L O ND O N : H E NR Y FRO W D E O x ford U n iv e r si ty Pr e ss ,

SO ME P R E SS N OT I C E S
B u il d er Wh e n
we lo o k a t th e d e a l e d hotogr aph s we r e al se
“
ti p i
i fi i M t d t
—

th e r c hn e ss o f t h e e ld wh ch r B on d h as rave rse , an d c on gra ul at e

h im on th e c hoi c e o f h is subje c H is m e ho d is o n e o f s in gul ar t t
t t dp
.

horo ughn e ss fro m th e e cc l e s i o logi cal s an oint ”

.

j o urna l of til e A rchi ectu ra l A ssocia tio n

t “
A s a r e c or d o f th e
i t d
—

sc r e e n s r e m ain n
g in o u r c h urc h e s i c annot b e va l ue too hi ghly NO
t t d t
.

book till no w h as brou gh s uc h a n um b e r toge h e r, or trac e h e ir

p i
d e ve lo me nt n so ful l an d in e r e s in g a m ann e r A m o st t t
t
.

d e l i gh ful book
”

t t
.

T h e a u hor m ay b e c on gra ul at e d on th e p ro
’
B u z l rl ers j ou rn a l
’

d ti i tx i i t t
.

uc on o f a b o ok whi c h , n e t as we l l as n ll us r a ion s is o f strikin g

i x i t t it t t
,

a nd n e h aust b l e in e r e s ; is th e kind o f book o whi c h o ne r e urn s

a a in a n d a ain , in th e assuran ce o f r e n e we d and in c r e a se d pl e asur e at
g g
e ac hr p r l e e u sa
”

x l l nt i ll t r tion f h gr t t
.

T bl a T h nu m ro
e/ e e us e ce e us a s are o t e ea e s

in t r t v ri t bl t o h b ty d v ri ty f
.

e es d for m an rpri a e a e su se as t e e au an a e o
h t r t m n t wh i h f r f t h r l v i h d u pon h roo d
,

t e ea e c r n
o ur o e a e s a s e t e sc e e
”

Th book bo nd wit h d m ir bl i ll t r t ion

.

B i / W k ly
'
“
r tts z ee e a u s a a e us a s

f th b t i f l work f p r f ct v n i n h m i nu t d t i l
—

o e se e au u s o art, s o e e e e t e e e a s

t h t y in t r t d in h
a an o ne f wood rvin g o ld r pro d u
e es e h t e a rt o ca c u e ce t e
d i gn wit h
es s fro m h x l l n t pho t ogr ph whi h o r on l m o t
e ase t e e ce e a s c ccu a s

f gr t
.

e v ry p g
e Th r i l o
a e ri f m r d d r win g
e e s a s a se es o
‘
e asu e a s
’
o ea

b ty d i n t r t
.

eau an e es

y t o p r i too hi ghly h i m p l
.

N w Y k N I t i not
'

e or a izo u s e as a se t e s e

ff ti v pr n t t ion f h bj t d h int r t
.

an d e ec e e se f h book
a o t e su ec an t e e es o t e
t o l l p r on wh r f l i logy or f d or tiv
a e s s o ca e o r e cc e s o or ec a e art
”

c l l n t book i i gn f h ti m f h
.

B ol i p / il Thi
’
“
z o z e s ex e e s a s o t e es ; o t e
r w k n d i n t r t in h b ti f l d h i t ori
—
.

ea a e A m od l f t e e au u an e o
hol rly o m pr i on O f h fi n ly prod c d i ll tr t ion it i d iffi
e e es s c .

sc a c e ss t e e u e us a s s

p k in hi gh t r m f p r i
.

cu lt to s ea to o e s o a se
”

M r B on d h prod d work on
.

D ily G pl i
a ra z e l i as uce a o ur e cc e s
wh i h l i k h i l rg r work on h Go t hi
.

i l
a s t ca r n d g ll ri
sc e e s an t e
‘

f E n gl nd i in h fi r t d gr
a e es c e s a e c

A r h it t r m t rly H i k no wl d g
,
’
c ec u e o a s t e s e ee as e s e e

bj t x t d o mpr h n i v i o m pr d into m in i m m
.
,

o f hi s su ec e ac an c e e s e, s c e sse a u
f p d i l l tr t d b y f pho t ogr ph
,

a mo nt u o s ac e , ri an d us a e a se es o a s an

m r d dr win g wh i h r nd r h work f p r m n nt v l
e asu e a s c e e t e o e a e a ue
”

A p re
.

B ll i M
u m
et n l voiro uu ly e i ct m nt q
eu l a s a ana s auss e xa e e ue
p o ibl l i é M B ond no d von l fé l i it r d
,
’
ss e, e d dnt re ssan t tu e e us e s e c e e

nou vo i r donn é i ut i l a gr n d ouvr g

.
,

m pl em
”
s a c c co e nt s e so n a a e .
 FO NT S 8 ! FO NT COV E R S
BY FR A N C IS B O ND , M . A .
, FG S. . .

A hn m lm a d so e vo u e c o nta ining 36 4 pag e s , w t i h Il 42 6 l us tra tio ns

r pr d d r m h r h
e o uce f P ot o g ap s a n d M e as u e d D r r wi O cta vo
tr n l b h
o a ng s .
,

s o g y o und in c ot l . P rice 1 23 . ne t

L O ND O N : H E NR Y FRO W D E , O xford U n iv e r si ty Pr e ss

M E P R E SS N OTI C E S SO

G i ua rd a nM r B on d i w l l known b y hi mon m n t l w rk s so e u
on G othi A r h it t r i n E n gl nd t i f l book on
.
s e a o

d by h i b
‘ ’
c c ec u e a an ea u u
d G l l ri th t h i n m l n i ffi i n t g r n t
, s
S cr n
‘ ’
ee s an a e e s, a

t h i w volu m on Fon t d Fon t Cov r h mo t o m p l t

s a e a o e s a su c e ua a ee
f or s ne e
‘
s an
’
t e
d t horou gh t h t h pp r d
e s, s c e e
an
y a as et a ea e

Th fi n t ll t ion f i ll t r t ion f fon t

.

Ci / Timl ure z es
“
d e es co ec us s an
fon t ov r y tt mpt d A r l d l i gh t t o h l iologi t
—
o a s o
”
c e s et a e e ea e t e e cc e s s

u m pt o monogr ph on v ry i n t r t in g
. .

C mm w l lo A on ea tz
“
s u us
ubj t o m p l t d t horo gh
.
—
a a e e es
”
s ec ; c e e an u

I t i m o t d l i gh t f l no t onl y t o
.

C/ / Q zu re z l R iw ua rter y eo e s s u
i nd l g in r i o p r l f th i vol m b t o turn ov r i p g
. e ,

u e a se us e usa u ut ts
r to fi nd wi t hin h l f m inu t
o s

g in d g in m b u ti f l
e, e a es

a a an lw a a a ays s u e a a u
i ll tr t ion o m il l m i n ti n g r m rk
, e so e ea
”
us a or s e u a e a

Th i book on F on t d F on t Cov r m t
.

I i / B il d
r s z u er
“
i s
‘
s an e s
’
s a os

on t rib t i on t o m d i v l t dy p t og t h r in m t rly
—

v lu bl
a a e c u e ae a s u ut e as e
f hion wi t h d p kno wl d g bj t
, e

d lov
”
as f h ee e e an e o t e su ec

in t r t d in h r h r h it t r
, .

IV mi es t G E v ry
n ste r a z e tte e o ne e es e c u c a c ec u e

ul pt r wil l f l l mo t m h ur p r i d li ght i n M r B on d
.

d
’
an sc u e uc
Fon t d Fon t Cov r Th w l th f i ll tr
ee a s as s se as s

tt r t iv vol m
e
’
a ac e u e on s an e s e ea o us a

ti on d v ri ty f int r t t r ly t oni hing

.

s an a e o e es are u as s

m on m n t f
.

j l f fl S i fA / T h book i
'
“
o urn a u: o c ety o re zz teets u
p i n t k i ng l bo r d mon m n t l r r h i l i fi t ion i mo t
o .
—
e s a e o

a s a a u an u e a e se a c ; t s c ass ca s s

a d m ir bl a T h whol e ubj t i tr t d i n m t rly w y wit h p r f t e s ec s ea e a as e a e ec

t horo gh pp r i ti on f h m ny o r f d v lop
. e

se q n ue dc e an a u a ec a o t e a s u ce s o e e

m nte h il l tr ti on
; t e t oo thoroughl y r p r n t t iv T m ny
us a a re e e se a e o a

h bo k wi l l o m r v l t ion W ll r ogn i t h t h fon t

s, ,
.

t e o c e as a e e a e a ec se a t e s

n ti l d i n m ny d i n t r tin g f tur in
.

a re e sse a b ti f l
an a c ase s e au u an e es ea es

our n i n t h r h h v n ti i p t d h xt r ord i n ry
,

a c e b f w u c ut can a e a c a e t e e a a

w l th f d t i l whi h t h y x hibit wh n h pho t o gr p h

c e s, e -

ea o e a cf ll h e e e t e a s o a t e
b t f th m
es o ol l t d t og t h r in
e in gl volu m
are c ec e e e a s e e

M r Fr n i B on d book r f lly in lu d d i n on
.

’ ’
O l k ut o o a c s s ca e u c e e s

wi t h no p i l i t knowl dg p o t l t d t o
.

l gg g n bl
u
’
s u a e

p ur t o mo t p r fi t bl d
a e e a es o ne , s ec a s s e e

f h m o t in t r t in g l mo t
,

sue a s o a e en o ne o t e s e es a s

o ld y ro m n t i br n h l i ti l r hi t t r
, ,

w e c u sa f a c, a c es o e c c e s as ca a c ec u e

Th i book o wi n g t o i h l r hi p d t horo ghn i n l tt rpr

.
,

s ts sc o a s an u e ss e e e ss

d i llu t r t ion wi ll do b t l l i i n ll i m t hod i t t ri k

,

an b u e ss e c ass c ; a ts e s s es

d m i r bl Th b i bl i gr p hy b y n d pr i
s a s,

d h ind
”
u s as a a e . e o a an t e e x e s are e o a se .
VI SI TORS GUI DE TO WESTMIN
STER ABBEY
’

BY FR A N C I S B ON D , M A . .
, FG S. . .

p t br d d r m
ag e s o f i ht n h i th te x i ge f th e t a nd n ne te e n
hp r
93
th r l r r w r W tm t r b
, a o e g ee

s of th e in s
’
te k on “
Ab
n n h fl d rpin M n m
c a au o s a ge o es e ey,

s is ti m ie y of i to o f th e T o bs, e nts , an d

r w th 5 l n r wn g
h r phi
co c e sc o u

C l o iste i P and D i gs an d 32 P o to g a

I ll tr t r
s, 1 a s a c

us a io ns . P ic e 15 . ne t

L O ND O N : H E NR Y FRO W D E , O x ford U n i ve r sity Pr e ss

SO ME P R E SS N OT I C E S
G u a rd ia n Th e r e is probably no b e tte r bri e f h andbook
“
r M
ifi t t
—
.

B ond s qu a l cation s fo r th e ask are b e yon d qu e s ion

’
B y th e use o f
p t t t
.

vari e d ty e in ge n io us arran ge m e n and exce l l e n on e blo ck s an d

p t i it
-
, ,

l an s th e bo o k at ain s a h gh st and ard o f lu c id y as we ll as o f

,

acc ur acy
”

tt t
.

B uild ing N e ws T h is l i l e work is c h aract e ri se d b y its e r se n e ss

“

i i d
—
,

dire ctn e ss a nd pract ca l tr e at m e nt A car e ful ly c o m p l e and schol arly

d
.
,

gui e book
”

t fi
-
.

A rt niteet Thi s book wil l e xc e l l e n ly and ad m irably ful l its

“

di iti
—
.

p ur po se A spl e n d n e rary in whi c h a l m ost e ve ry inch o f th e

t t i
,
.

way is m ad e o sp eak o f its hi s ori ca l conn e c t on s

”

i
.

B irm ingna m D a ily P o st Con c i se in for mat ve r e l i abl e and

t td
.
, , ,

ad m ir ably il lu s r a e
”

t
.

l Ves tern M o rn ing N e ws B y h is k e y pl an and v e ry c l e ar dir e c ion s

t fi d t
.

as to wh e r e o nd the nu m e rou s si e c h ape l s hi storic m onu me n s

t M i i
, ,

an d oth e r obj e ct s o f in e r e st r B ond m ak e s it poss bl e fo r a vi s t o r

t fi d d i
,

o nd h is way ro un th e b uil in g at h is l e sure I t r e fr e sh e s on e s ’

it p t
.

kno wl e dge o f E n gl i sh h s ory and is su pl e me nt e d by thir y tvvo

’

x p i t t ii
-
,

e c e ll e nt l at e s wh c h by h e m se lve s are wor h th e sh ll n g ch arge d

,

fo r it
”

t
.

S co tsma n A m ore c o m pl e e an d d e pe nd abl e guid e to th e

“

i d t
—

N at on a l P anth e on c oul no b e d e sire d ”

itt t M
.

A relziteetu ra l R eview Thi s is an e x c e l l e nt l l e e x t book r “

t t i i t d i i i t ti
— -
.

B ond is o b e c on gra ul at e d n h avin g n ro uc e d nto t a n n e r e s n g

e l e m e nt o f hi stor y Th e no e s i n sm a l l print sho ul m ak e th e vi si to t d t
t fit
.

th e A b b ey bo h m or e pro abl e and m or e int e r e stin g T h e k e y pl an

xt
.

an d th e n u m e rou s s m all pl an s are e r e m e ly c l e ar an d e asily r e ad

i i p t
.

T h e n for mat on give n is c on c i se and to th e oin an d a wo rd o f spe c i al

t t
,

r a i se m ust b e give n o t h e pl at e s at th e e nd th e s ubj e c s o f th e se are

p
we ll c ho se n and are ill us r at e d by v e ry good photo gr a h s t p ”

it t di d
.

A ntigua ry Thi s l t l e book s ron gl y boun n l in e n boar s give s

t i i it ik
.
, ,

c o n c i se ly an d cl e arly al l th e in for m a ion th e ord n ary v s or is l e ly

t i
o r e q u re Ch e ap we l l arran ge d we ll print e d ab und antly i llu s rat e t d
d i i t
.
, , ,

and we ll in exe d th s h andy book which is l gh a nd

i
, ,

is th e b e st po ss ibl e c o m pan on fo r whi c h a vi s itor to o ur nobl e A bb e y

c an wi sh i is an id e al guid e t .
”
 W E S T M I NS T E R A BBE Y
CI N M F S B Y FR A N S BO D , . A .
, . G . .

h n m m nt i n
A p w ith 7 h t
a dso e vo l u e , co a ni g 348 a g e s, 2 0 P o o

r ph gl n ti n a th M r rw
s, P a s, S ec o s, Ske c e s , a nd e as u e d D a in g s
r n l b l th ri m
.

O c ta v o , st o g y o und in c o . P ce s . ne t

L O ND O N H E NRY FRO W D E O xford U n iv r i ty : , e s Pr e ss

SO ME P R E SS N OT I C E S
Oxfo rd Maga z ine love th e A bb ey wil l b e gra e ful fo r A ll wh o t
ti th d
.

th e skill an d a ffe c on b e sto we d o n i s a m irabl e work

it it t
.

B irm ing/za nz P os t W h th e h s o ry o f th e A bb e y th e au hor “

i di i p p d it
—

i nt e r we av e s th e l fe o f th e B e n e c t n e s e o l in g th e b uil in g w h its
t i d t
,

o c c upan s in th e c e nt ur e s wh e n E n gl an was a C ath o l i c c o u n ry and

do e s it it
w h such skil l h an o n e can al m o s i m ag n e o n e se l f at th e t t i ,

i
se rv ce s
”

it t it t i
.

E ngl zk/zma n T h e wr e r h an d l e s h is s ubje c w h c on summ a e sk l l

“

d dp i d
—
.
,

and h is r e war wil l l ie i n th e un m e asure ra se o f h is m an y re a e rs ”

i i t i
.

G ua rd ia n A book wh c h br ngs fr e sh e n h us asm and wil l

p t i d it
.
,

i m ar a ne w mpe tu s to th e st u y o f th e A bb e y and its h s ory ”

i i t it t tfi
.

S eo tsnia n A t onc e in stru ct v e and d e l gh ful m o r e h an j us i e s

xi
.
,

its e st e nc e by its hi storic a l and arch ite c tural l e arnin g

”

d i p
.

L iverpo o l D a ily Co urier We foun the e arl e r art s o f the book

i t i
.

mo st fasc n atin g an d h ave r e ad h e m ove r a nd ove r aga n

t t i i
.
,

A rchitectu ra l A ssoria tio n jo u rna l B ri ght an d in e r e s in g ; e v n c n g “

t t ti i d t
—
.

th e au hor s invari abl e e nth usi as m an d c h ar ac e ri s c n us ry

’ ”

t i
.

Western M orning News fl T o say h at th e bo o k is int e re st n g is to

it ti t id t xt
—

say l t l e it is a m onu m e nt o f pa e n a nd l o vin g n us ry and e re m e

t tb
horo ughn e ss a n in e xh aus i l e m in e o f d e l ght o th e r e a e r ge n e ral or i t d
t
, ,

e c hn i cal
”

di it t t i t
.

Outl oo lz Th e author sc usse s th e ar c h e c ur e wi h a m n u e n e ss

t t i xp it t
.

h a m ght t e rri fy th e in e e rt if we re not fo r th e s us ain e d e ase and

i t t t t
n e re s o f h is s yl e ; gr e a is th e fasc in a ion o f th e e e r h and wh e n t xp t
t
its o uc h is l i ght
”

M t p d
.

S a turd ay R eview r B on d l e av e s us more h an e ve r ro u o f

tt t di ti i t
.

wh at is l e f o u s o f th e s at e ly B e n e c n e ho use o f G o d wh c h is o
ti i p i d
,

th e e n r e E n gl sh s e ak n g world a c o m m o n b o n -
an d ho m e

t t pt i t t p dd
.

A ntiqu a ry I h as a we al h o f c a i al ll us ra ion s is re c e e by
i pp i d it d d t t i t t
.
,

a b blio graphy and is su l e w h goo in e x e s o b o h llu s ra ion s

t
,

ex t
”
an d

i x t
.

C e rt ain s c l c h e s co m me c e u e s vo u e s
’

j o ur n a l d es S a va nta d “

t x pt it
—
, ,

d e s o m b e a u e t d e qu e lq ue s d eta il s d e sc ul ur e so nt d e ve r abl e s
’

t i
ours d e fo rc e L e choix d e s ll ustra on s e s t tres h e ur e u co mm e ti x
d t M ,
.

d ail l e urs an s l e s au r e s ouvr age s d e B on d

’ ”
. .
 Wood arvi
n in
I . M IS E R ICO R D S
BY FR A N CI S B ON D , M . A .
, FG S. . .

A Ha nd s ome Vo l um e , c o nta i nn i g 2 57 p ag e s , wi th 2 41 l r ti
I l us t a o ns

O c t av o , st o r n g ly b o u nd in c l o t h . r
P ice 7 5 . 6d . ne t

L O N D O N : H E N R Y FR O WD E , O x fo rd U n iv e rsity P re ss

M E P R E SS N OT I C E S SO

M o rn in bj t i
g P ost fi r t i m p rt n m di v l
Th e su s o ne o f th e
p p l r hi t ry thi v ry d m ir b l th r h
r . ec s o a c e to e ae a
w l m an d we an d

m n r ph with p i l r tit d
o u a s o ,
e co e s e a a e o o ug
”
o og a s ec a g a u e .

A t/ze na u nz Mr nd r r ind try in th t p rt in Bo h a s p ut h is a ll

l i l y x ll nt rvi i i l t t b k M i ri rd
’
. a e us a e a s

to e c c e s o o g to e c e e se ce n h s a es oo on se co s

th rit tiv m ti m d l i ht l
.

“
A n tiqua ry An an d , th e fu a nd

in tr tiv v l m l ly fir t tt m pt d l m pr h n iv l ith
.
—
au o a e at sa e e, e g
R th e w
r t v ri ty rvin m i ri rd
s uc e o u e . ea s a e to ea co e e s e y

o f ca
”
th e g e a a e gs on se co s .

w
1 Ve Vo rie H int t m t in tin
era l d O ne of th e fasc a n d a t th e
ti m m t l rn d v l m th t r d r l d h pp n p n in q ua es ,
os a g,
m wo u
l i ti m
sa e e os ea e o u es a a ea e a e u o a
”
fe e .

m
C/z ure/z Ti es An indi p n b l id bj t i ll tr t o th e s u Th e
ti n rth pr i gu
. s e sa e e ec . us a
”
o s a re wo y o f al l a se .

A /
r e z iteotura
j lA b l k k n r m ph t r ph
s s o eia tio n o u rn a l Th e
“
fo
x ll n r ll m in h n di fi lti h bj t
—
o c s , ta e o og a s,

o f an g, w e th e f cu e s
pr t m r id r d m t d l i ht l b k
a re e ce e ce ea y a az s uc su ec s
e se n to th e ca e a a re c o n s e e . A os e g fu oo .
”

F o rk s/l ire n th r P o st v l b l ri m n A r ph of th e of
Ch r h in n l nd m t nt rt inin
. o e a ua e se es o og a s on
an d th e o f a ll
”
u c A rt E g a ,
os e e a g .

A n itee ts j
’
a nd x din ly int r tin v l m
B u il d ers
’
o u rn a l
“
A n e ce e
b th in i ll tr ti bj t m tt r l l ri in rm ti
re .
—
g e es g o u e
”
o us a o n s and s u ec -
a e ,
an d fu o f cu o us fo a on .

w
G l a sg o Mr H nd h l r ly
e ra l d m t int r tin b k Bo
’
and
brin v ry n r p p l r l i in M idd l
s sc o a os e es
.
g oo

th e
”
gs us e ea to o u a fe e A ge s .

L iv er
p ool n th r
Co u rie r d m ir b ly ritt n il l tr t d “
A o f th e w a nd
h ndb k hi h th r m
—
o e a a e us a e
is fa
”
a rt a oo s fo r w c th e au o o us .

m
B ir m in /za Thi ll i ll tr t d v l m i
P o st ly v l b l we
t hni l m n r ph l i m p rt nt tri ti n hi t ry
s us a e o u e s no r o n a ua
g . a e
b ut bu t o th e of
i l li th ht in M iddl Mr nd tr t m nt
ec ca o og a ,
a so an o a co n o s o
and th e A ge s Bo
’
fe of th e
bj t x pti n l ly h rm in n r l x ll n
so c a o ug e . s ea e
is l an d s uc c e s s fu T h e ge
b k r t
su ec e ce o a c a g . e a e ce e ce
of th e oo is g ea .
”

Ou tl o o /a M n th r t h m M r nd b k i ll m us b e to w Bo s ne w
’
w be
I nt d t i l thi v ri d m t p l in bj t
a
y e e o oo
we l m a ll th e s of and he
ith th r hn p l nt h m r bibl i r ph d
co e . o e a s a e os uz z g su ec
a nd The
go e s w
idx l M r nd rk d m ir b l
o o ug e ss a e asa u ou og a an
.
y
wo
’
n e e s , a s us ua in Bo s
,
a re a a e.
STALLS AND TABE RNACLE WORK
1 11 E NGLI SH CHURCHE S
B Y FR A N C I S B O ND , M . A .
, FG S
. . .

I ll us trated b y 123 P h o to g rp a hs and D rawi n gs . P ice 6 3 r . ne t

L O ND O N : H E NR Y FR O WD E , O x fo rd U n iv e rsit y P re ss

SO ME P R E SS N OT I C E S
B irming/za m P o st V alu abl e fo r l uc i d e scri ion and e nl gh e n e d d pt i t
t i it t dti t tv
.

c ri i c s m o f arch e c ura l an d t e c hnica l e a l s c o m bin e d wi h s ugge s i e

tre a m e nt o f hi stor i ca l fact s A c e r a n ch ar m o f mann e r contrib u e s o

t . ti t t
th e int e r e st .

l C/zro nigue d es A rts et d e l a Curiosité

a U n e ill us ra ion c o i e u se t t p
ét x
.

abl i e av e c d e s soin s tout do c u m e nta ir e s ; d e s in d e ; un e ta bl e par

ordre chronologiqu e un e autre par no m s d e li e ux, vi e nn e n fac l e r l e s t i it
t ir r b é t r o
,

r e ch e rc h e s e t p e r me ttr e au l e c t e ur de e n é fi ce d es vas e s es r
u ce s

d un e érudition in for m e e t sur e

’
é .
”

R evue d e l A rt C/zrétzen
’
pre m i e r qui ait trai é ce M B ond e st lo t
é t
. .

suj e t ; i l l a fa it ave c un e grand e c o m pete n ce e t so n int re ssan o uvrage

' ’ '

t t
,

nou s fa it r e gre te r que ch e z nou s par e il trava il n e t e n e un d e n o s

é i
rud t s .
”

T/ze B uil d er T h e illu stration s are a d m ir abl e a nd we cordi ally

t i t it p
. ,

r e c o m m e n d o ur re ad e r s to unde r ak e th e r e x amin a ion w h th e h e l o f

p
s o ac c o m l i sh e d an d ge ni al a i c e ron e as r B ond C M .
”

Tlze A volu
n tiqua iy m e a bound s w i h fi
Th en e i ll u s ra on s t t ti ,

t t d
.

hi h
w c e v e n m or e th a n th e t e x m a k e u s r e a l i se th e e x r a o r in ary b ea uty

and vari e ty o f th e craf sman shi p t .

”

t
'

l e A re/ziteeti A m o st d e l i gh ful an d val uabl e a c c o un t o f th e

ti t
marve l lou s fe r li y o f e s gn th e e qui si d i x t e c raf s man shi t p ,
an d th e p io us

t
,
”

ge n e ro s i y o f m e d i ae val E n gl and .

C a maridge R evie w —
“
T h e four th of ase ri e s o f han book s d ofw h ch i
is d ifl
”
it ic ul t to sp eak too hi ghl y .

B uil d ing N e ws . A m onu m e nt of indu s ry and e r u t dit ion ,

T/ze Cabinet zV a ker E v e ry lov e r o f w ood work should po sse ss hi s t

ti i t t t it ti
.

ri hi
w c h c on a n s b ea ut ful i llu s r a i o n s a n d m o s n e r e s ng

t t t
se e s ,

d e scri p ion s o f th e nobl e h e ri age o f magni fi ce nt work h ande d d o vm o

”

us b y th e m e di ae va l Church .

42
 IN TH E PR E SS .

ENGLI SH MILITARY ARCHITECTURE IN THE MlDDLE AGES

By A .T H O M P SO N M A P S A
H A M ILT O N , . .
, . . .

A GR N P N N S P R SH CH R H S R
EN SH P R S H CH R H
u th o r o f
“
TH E OU D LA or TH E E G LI H A I U C TH E H I TO I CA L

"
G Roe 0 ? m a G LI A I U C &c .

Cp l l rtd w h ln
o io us y il ust a e w h it P a s, D ra ing s , an d P o to

r ph r b n h r 7
’

g a s O ctav o , st
. o ng l y ou d in clo t . P ice 5 . 6d . ne t

L O ND O N : H E NR Y FRO W D E

CH U R CH B E LL S IN E NG LA N D
By H . B . WA L T E R S , E sq MA . .
, FS A . . .

Jo i nt -A uth o r o f B E LL S or E sse x a nd B E LL S or WA R W I CK S H RE
I .

p
C o io us l y ill us tra e td h wit P h o t o g ra ph s of B e ll s , B e ll
mp F nd r M ark s
’
S ta s, ou e s & c

b nd i ri 7
, .

O ctavo , s tro ng ly ou n cl o th . P ce 5 . 6d . ne t

L O ND O N : H E NR Y FR O W D E

C A T H E D R A L S or E N G L A N D AND W A LE S
B O ND M A F G S
B y FR A N CI S , . .
, . . .

A Sh r r th ir
o h r b r m ll
t H is to y of e A rc ite c tu e ; eing a e ode ed ,

ll t d
re - i us tra e n l r d di t l an d e a ge e io n of E ng is h C a th e d ra l s
Il r Cn r 7 I rmp
,

i tainin g
”
l us t ate d o o ve 2 0 ll ustra t o ns f o h o to
r ph mp l p dr w
.

a s a nd a co e te s et o f lans s p e ciall y a n to
g a

rm l unifo h l 7 s ca e . O cta vo , c lo t gi t . P ric e 5 . 6d . ne t

LO ND O N B T BA T SFO R D : . .

I NTROD UCTION TO E NGLI SH CHURCH ARCHITECTURE

’

FOR GE NE RA L RE AD E RS
BOND M A F G S
B y FR A N CI S , . .
, . . .

h p i l l pr p r d h w h
T is b o o k h a s b ee n y s ec a
e a e fo r t o se ho av e

no t r ht r r
h ad an i a c i e ctu al t ain in g a nd d es re an a c co unt o f

Enl h l
g is r hi r E li w h
cc e s ia s tic al A c te ctu e no t o ve r a d it
arch a h t l It w l l
e o l o g ica l r a nd te c nical de ai i be
qua to a

h m ll d w h
.

l m
vo u e of l a rg e s iz e an d an d s o e type , i us tra te it
m n h ndr
a y n rw u ed h P la s, D a in gs , an d larg e s iz e P o to

r ph wi p r b bl
g a p l h
s, a nd
i ll o a y be ub is ed at a G u nea

L O ND O N H E NR Y FR O W D E